Annotated

Name: Albarida, Mark Harold C.
Year & Section: Sci 2A

Instructor: Ma’am Vivian Bergaño Subject: EDUC 50
Annotated bibliography
Adhia, A., Gordon, A. R., Roberts, A. L., Fitzmaurice, G. M., Hemenway, D., & Austin, S.
B. (2021). Childhood Gender Nonconformity and Intimate Partner Violence in
Adolescence and Young Adulthood. Journal of interpersonal violence, 36(5-6),
NP3130–NP3152. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518770643
The study examines the connection between childhood gender

nonconformity and the intimate partner violence in adolescence, Using
secondary data analysis on the U.S. Growing Up Today Study conducted in 2007
having the sample size of 7641 respondents. The authors report an increased
risk for both types of intimate partner violence as a victim or a perpetrator (IPV)
among males with very high levels of gender nonconformity, even after
controlling for demographic characteristics and sexual orientation. In contrast,
such a relationship was not found in females. In this very study, childhood abuse
was also analyzed as a possible mediator but no such evidence was found. It is
imperative to emphasize that males who do not conform to gender norms are at
a greater threat of being victims of IPV than for females and that tackling gender
norms could lead to better IPV prevention strategies. There is a limitation of the
current study as the authors emphasize the need for other studies to explore
more gender non-conforming youth even in other populations.
Brown, C. S., & Stone, E. A. (2016). Gender Stereotypes and Discrimination: How
Sexism Impacts Development. Advances in child development and behavior, 50,
105–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.acdb.2015.11.001
The study emphasize gender stereotypes and discrimination against

children and teenagers. The authors outline five major types of sexism, including
discriminating and stereotyping boys in the classroom, stoning girls masculine in
nature by putting on sexist stereotypes in STEM, discrimination on access to
sports, stereotyping based deaf peer relations harassment and more. The
chapter also looks into how children recognize and understand these prejudices
including how they regard themselves and how their behavior is accounted for by
others. It helps understand the effect of such forms of sexism on social,
education, and psychological health of children considering how it can hinder
their growth and development. Along with that, they show that these different
cases of sexism are interdependent with one another, and as a result, they
diminish equity and justice among the children and assist in development of
negative outcomes. The chapter closes by addressing issues for further
investigation; and in particular the relevance of examining implicit biases and
changing gender discrimination in the present globe.
Roberts, A. L., Rosario, M., Corliss, H. L., Koenen, K. C., & Austin, S. B. (2012).
Childhood gender nonconformity: a risk indicator for childhood abuse and
posttraumatic stress in youth. Pediatrics, 129(3), 410–417.
https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-1804
The study uses the data from the 2007 wave of the Growing Up Today
Study with a sample of 9864, this study examined the relationship between
childhood gender nonconformity and abuse experiences during childhood
(physical, psychological, and sexual) and lifetime prevalence of probable
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in youth. The researchers concluded that
youth in the highest docile of childhood gender nonconformity have strongly
higher rates of all three forms of abuse and probable PTSD in comparison with
those below the median. Such an association persisted even after controlling for
sexual orientation, suggesting that gender nonconformity itself is an independent
risk factor for both abuse and PTSD, over and above sexual orientation. This
study further found that childhood abuse partially mediated the relation between
gender nonconformity and PTSD. The authors stress that screening for abuse
among gender-nonconforming children is warranted and recommend further
studies regarding how gender nonconformity increases risk for abuse as well as
interventions for its reduction.
Conclusion:
This studies indicate that in children, gender nonconforming behaviors correlate

with an increased likelihood of encountering violence and other traumatic experiences,
more so amongst boys who resist performing masculinity. This implies that there are
larger sociocultural constructs in the society that govern these imbalances. The
research argues that males who trespass traditional gender boundaries are at a greater
risk, and thus gender based violence needs to be analyzed more in relation to gendered
stereotypes at play and how violence is experienced more as a function of gender
expression. Studies show that such an understanding of gender nonconformity is
superficial and calls for an appreciation of how it interacts with the social environment
and the individual. Addressing the unique issues that gender nonconforming youth
encounter and also correcting the societal injustices that they face will enable the
establishment of an equitable system that is dedicated to their health and development.
Such an approach entails altering negative gender stereotypes, enhancing protective
services, and ensuring that relevant laws are passed in order to safeguard and promote
the well being of gender nonconforming individuals.
APPENDICES
Figure 1: Plagiarism Checking in https://smallseotools.com
Figure 2: Clear view of the result in figure 1.
Figure 3: Plagiarism Checking in Grammarly.

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Name: Albarida, Mark Harold C.

Year & Section: Sci 2A

The study examines the connection between childhood gender

The study emphasize gender stereotypes and discrimination against

This studies indicate that in children, gender nonconforming behaviors correlate

Figure 2: Clear view of the result in figure 1.

Figure 3: Plagiarism Checking in Grammarly.

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