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    ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION AND ENGINEERING

    RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE
    A REPORT ON
    MICROWAVE ENGINEERING
    LABORATORY BASED PROJECT
    B. TECH VII Semester
    Autonomous (A3) Regulation
    2023-2024
    SUBMITTED BY
    (20331A0450) –D.BHANU
    (20331A0451) – D.GRACY TERESA
    (20331A0452) – D.V.N. RAGHAVA
    (20331A0453)- D.NAVIN

    Under the Guidance of


    Dr.M.SATYA NARAYANA, M. Tech ,PH.D
    Professor

    Maharaj Vijayaram Gajapathi raj College Of Engineering(A)


    Reaccredited by NBA of AICTE, Graded ‘A’ by NAAC of UGC, Approved by
    AICTE, New Delhi,
    Permanently Affiliate to JNTU, Kakinada & Listed u/s 2(f) and 12(B) of the
    UGC Act 1956
    Vijayaram Campus, Chintalavalasa, Vizianagaram
    Andhra Pradesh-535005

    1
    CONTENTS

    TITLE PAGE NO

    ABSTRACT 3

    INTRODUCTION 4

    RWG DESCRIPTION 5

    SOFTWARE USED 7

    WORKING PRINCIPLE 8

    SIMULATION 9

    RESULTS 11

    ADVANTAGES 13

    DISADVANTAGES 13

    APPLICATIONS 13

    CONCLUSION 14

    REFERENCES 14

    2
    ABSTRACT

    The waveguide is a hollow tube which is used for transmission of microwave


    range frequency electromagnetic waves. Waveguides are divided into different
    types depending on their shapes. Waveguide in form of a rectangle is termed a
    rectangular waveguide. Rectangular waveguides are the earliest mode of
    transmission lines used for compact systems like radars and inside equipment
    shelter. Rectangular Waveguides are used to transfer electromagnetic energy or
    power from one point in the space to another efficiently. They are used in many
    applications such as radars, isolators, attenuators and slotted lines. A rectangular
    waveguide supports TM and TE modes but not TEM waves because we cannot
    define a unique voltage since there is only one conductor in a rectangular
    waveguide. An air filled Rectangular waveguide is simulated using HFSS (High
    Frequency Structural Simulator) simulation software to obtain different
    parameters. The electric and magnetic field patterns have been analyzed.
    Characteristic profiles are analyzed and the performance of the waveguide is
    studied.

    3
    INTRODUCTION

    A waveguide is a structure that guides waves by restricting the transmission of


    energy to one direction. Common types of waveguides include acoustic
    waveguides which direct sound, optical waveguides which direct light,
    and radio-frequency waveguides which direct electromagnetic waves other than
    light like radio waves.
    Without the physical constraint of a waveguide, waves would expand into three-
    dimensional space and their intensities would decrease according to the inverse
    square law.
    There are different types of waveguides for different types of waves. The original
    and most common meaning is a hollow conductive metal pipe used to carry high
    frequency radio waves, particularly microwaves. Dielectric waveguides are used
    at higher radio frequencies, and transparent dielectric waveguides and optical
    fibers serve as waveguides for light. In acoustics, air ducts and horns are used as
    waveguides for sound in musical instruments and loudspeakers, and specially-
    shaped metal rods conduct ultrasonic waves in ultrasonic machining.
    The geometry of a waveguide reflects its function; in addition to more common
    types that channel the wave in one dimension, there are two-dimensional slab
    waveguides which confine waves to two dimensions. The frequency of the
    transmitted wave also dictates the size of a waveguide: each waveguide has
    a cutoff wavelength determined by its size and will not conduct waves of greater
    wavelength; an optical fiber that guides light will not transmit microwaves which
    have a much larger wavelength. Some naturally occurring structures can also act
    as waveguides. The SOFAR channel layer in the ocean can guide the sound
    of whale song across enormous distances. Any shape of cross section of
    waveguide can support EM waves. Irregular shapes are difficult to analyse.
    Commonly used waveguides are rectangular and circular in shape.

    4
    RECTANGULAR WAVE GUIDE DESCRIPTION

    1. MODES OF RECTANGULAR WAVE GUIDE :

     The modes of a rectangular waveguide are the different ways in which the
    electromagnetic waves can propagate inside the tube.
     The two main modes are the TE mode and the TM mode.
     TE mode: It has the electric field perpendicular to the direction of
    propagation.

     TM mode: It has the magnetic field perpendicular to the direction of


    propagation. The modes are determined by the dimensions of the
    waveguide.

    5
    2. WAVE GUIDE BANDS :

    o X-band: X band radar frequency sub-bands are used in civil, military, and
    government institutions for weather monitoring and air traffic control. X-
    band frequency ranges from 8 GHz to 12 GHz, with a wavelength
    extending from 2.5 cm to 3.8 cm.
    o Ku-band: Ku band is primarily used for satellite communications, most
    notably the downlink used by direct broadcast satellites to broadcast
    satellite television. The frequency ranges from 12GHz to 18GHz.
    o K-band: K-band frequency is best-suited for short-range communication.
    The frequency ranges from 18GHz to 27GHz.
    o Ka-band: The Ka-band consists of frequencies in the range 27 GHz to 40
    GHz and a wavelength between 1.1 to 0.75 centimeters. The Ka-band
    frequency showcases high potential in supporting military forces, radars,
    aircraft, radio communications, and satellite communications.

    6
    SOFTWARE USED

    HFSS – HIGH FREQUENCY STRUCTURE SIMULATOR


    Ansys HFSS (high-frequency structure simulator), is a commercial finite
    element method solver for electromagnetic (EM) structures from Ansys that
    offers multiple state-of-the-art solver technologies. Each solver in ANSYS HFSS
    is an automated solution processor for which the user dictates the geometry,
    properties of the material and the required range of solution frequencies.
    Engineers use Ansys HFSS primarily to design and simulate high-speed, high-
    frequency electronics in radar systems, communication systems, satellites,
    ADAS, microchips, printed circuit boards, IoT products, and other digital devices
    and RF devices. The solver has also been used to simulate the electromagnetic
    behavior of objects such as automobiles and aircraft. ANSYS HFSS allows
    system and circuit designers to simulate EM issues such as losses due to
    attenuation, coupling, radiation and reflection.
    The benefits of simulating a circuit's high frequency behavior with high accuracy
    on a computer reduces the final testing and verification effort of the system as
    well as mitigating the necessity of building costly multiple prototypes, saving
    both time and money in product development.
    HFSS captures and simulates objects in 3D, accounting for materials composition
    and shapes/geometries of each object. HFSS is one of several commercial tools
    used for antenna design, and the design of complex radio frequency electronic
    circuit elements including filters, transmission lines, and packaging.

    7
    WORKING PRINCIPLE
    Involves the following steps:

     Select Band :

    Choose the specific frequency band, for example, X band (8-


    12 GHz), for your design.

     Determine Dimensions:

    Use the appropriate dimensions for the waveguide. The


    dimensions will vary based on the frequency band and mode (TE or TM). For
    TE10 mode, a common dimension for a Ku-band rectangular waveguide is
    approximately 10.9 mm x 5.08 mm.

     Select Material:

    You've mentioned ε (permittivity) and μ (permeability) for the


    waveguide's material. These values are critical for simulations. For air-filled
    waveguides, ε is around 1, and μ is approximately 4π x 10^-7 H/m for free space.

     Calculate Cutoff Frequency:

    Calculate the cutoff frequency for TE and TM modes. The


    TE10 mode is the dominant mode for rectangular waveguides.

     Simulate with ANSYS HFSS:

    You can use ANSYS HFSS to simulate the waveguide. Import


    your waveguide's geometry, specify the material properties, set up boundary
    conditions, and solve for the desired frequency (9 GHz).

     Analyze Modes:
    In ANSYS HFSS, you can analyze and visualize TE and TM
    modes to see how they propagate through the waveguide.

    8
    SIMULATION

    Initially , it is the HFSS software and simulated the rectangular waveguide by

    using the 9GHZ frequency.


    The above figure shows that , the rectangular waveguide in magnitude E field.

    9
    Initially , it is the HFSS software and simulated the rectangular waveguide by
    using the 9GHZ frequency.
    The above figure shows that , the rectangular waveguide in magnitude E field.
    It is in the Vector field.

    10
    RESULTS

    11
    12
    ADVANTAGES

    • Rectangular waveguide has several advantages over other types of


    transmission lines such as coaxial cable.
    • It has lower loss, higher power handling capability, and better shielding
    from external interference. It is also less susceptible to electromagnetic
    interference.
    • It can operate over a wider frequency range.
    • It is more difficult to fabricate and has larger size and weight.

    DISADVANTAGES

    • The Low-frequency signal gets attenuated.


    • TEM mode not supported by the waveguide.
    • Large in size and more weight.
    • Costly.
    • Only used for a specific purpose

    APPLICATIONS

     Antenna Design: You can design waveguides to feed antennas in various


    frequency bands, like those used for satellite communications.
     Waveguide Filters: Design waveguide filters for frequency-selective
    applications.
     RF and Microwave Components: Simulate waveguides for components
    like isolators, circulators, and directional couplers.
     Waveguide Transitions: Create transitions between waveguide types or to
    coaxial cables for signal propagation.
     Radar Systems: Design waveguides for radar systems operating in X-
    band, Ku-band, K-band, or Ka-band frequencies.

    13
    CONCLUSION

    Rectangular waveguide is a versatile and important component of microwave


    systems. It is used in many applications such as radar, satellite communications,
    and medical equipment. The theory and design of rectangular waveguide are
    essential for understanding its behavior and optimizing its performance. By using
    rectangular waveguide, we can achieve higher efficiency, reliability, and
    performance in microwave systems.

    REFERENCES

     Ali Haanafiah Raambe, Suherman, Erwin. Junaidi: Design of


    rectangular microstrip Patch antenna for 1.8 GHz applications. Int. J.
    Environ. Sci.Techno. (2019).

     Hector Kascheel, Cristian Ahumaada: Design of Rectangular Microstrip


    Patch Antenna for 2.4 GHz applied a WBAN ICA-ACCA (2018).

     M. Anto Bennet, R. Himaaya, K. Deepa, V. Divyaa, Aarthi: Design and


    implementation of rectangular microstrip patch antennas for biomedical
    applications, Int. J. Recent Technol. Eng. (IJRTE) ISSN: 2277-3878,
    Vol-7 Issue- 6S3 (2019).

     Houda Werfelli, Khaoula Tayari, Mondher Chaoui, Mongi Lahiani,


    Hamadi Ghariani: Design of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna,
    IEEE transactions on electromagnetic compatıbılıty (2018).

     R. Li, B. Pan, Y. Wu. Wide-band E-shaped patch antennas for wireless


    communications. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat. 49(7) 1094-1100
    IEEE (2017).

    14

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