:- Prepare a report on calculations of

of control level
reservoir.

To control the level of a reservoir, it’s

essential to
understand the balance between the inflow and outflow
of water. Inflow refers to the water entering the
reservoir, while outflow is the water leaving it. By
calculating the net flow rate (inflow minus outflow), you
can determine how the water level changes over time.
This involves measuring the surface area of the reservoir
and using the formula to calculate the change in water
level based on the net flow rate and the time. This
information helps in making adjustments to maintain the
desired water level in the reservoir.

Dr.Darshan mehta

Reservoir operation occupies an important place in the

utilization of water resources. Large-scale reservoirs play
an essential role in water resource management for
agricultural irrigation, water supply, and flood control.
However, we need robust reservoir operation systems
under both normal flow and extreme flow conditions.
The use of models and decision tools for real-world
reservoir operations is limited due to the gap between
the models/tools and real-world practices, the tedious
amount of work in case-by-case developments, and the
computational difficulty of running complex numerical
models. In reservoir operation,
an appropriate methodology for deriving reservoir
operating rules should be selected, and operating rules
should then be formulated. Various algorithms and
techniques are used to optimize the operation of existing
multipurpose reservoirs and to derive reservoir operating
rules for optimal reservoir operations. Parameter
uncertainty inherent in reservoir operation affects
operation model robustness and has been considered in
conventional operations focusing on improving
hydropower generation. With more attention being
paid to ecological environmental protection recently,
reversible ecosystem protection requires environmental
flow (e-flow) management to sustain a near- natural flow
regime. Whether there is e-flow management in reservoir
operation has an impact on the uncertainty of reservoir
operation. Optimizing storage reservoir operations aims
to ensure that all planned reservoir objectives are met
Mehta D. & al. / Larhyss Journal, 56 (2023), 193-214 194
without compromising those ecological water
requirements. It takes into account a variety of objectives
and variables, including cost and revenue considerations
of water allocation for various socioeconomic uses.
Various computer simulation models can be used for
optimization. The models use algorithms to calculate the
optimal balance between water release and reservoir
storage volumes. This era is the era of science and
technology. There are many algorithms for the optimal
reservoir, including the genetic algorithm (GA), the
honey-bee mating optimization (HBMO) algorithm, the
artificial fish swarm algorithm (AFSA), the particle swarm
optimization algorithm (PSOA) (hybrid approach), the Jaya
algorithm, and a multiobjective evolutionary algorithm
(MOEA). The results obtained using the proposed
evolutionary algorithm are able to offer many alternative
policies for the reservoir operator, giving flexibility to
choose the best out of them. Keywords: Multiobjective
optimization, Different algorithms, Reservoirs,
hydropower.
 The overall methodology for this study
entails building a framework for optimizing reservoir operation,
which includes the following three steps to meet the study
objectives. First, a simple reservoir numerical simulation model
is developed to estimate the reservoir behavior under different
inflow and release conditions. Next, flood and dry seasons are
determined based on historical data and statistically evaluate
reservoir risks due to floods in different seasons. Finally, a new
water level is determined for each reservoir to assess both
flood control and water supply performance. In this study,
Python is utilized for preliminary data analysis and simulation
of reservoir performance.

1. Collect 20/09/2 28/09/2 Fatangade chanchal Balu

(1308)
informatio 4 4
n

1. Internetservice - 01 -
2. Pc - 01 -

3. Books - - -
1 Fatangade chanchal Balu 1308
 Prepare a report on calculations of
control level of reservoir.

Rule curves
A rule curve specifies the ideal storage level for a
reservoir at different times of the year. The rule curve
is based on historical flows or generated flows.

Reservoir inflow
The total water flow into the reservoir is called the
reservoir inflow. It can be estimated using a
regionalized Tank model.

Reservoir outflow
The reservoir outflow can be estimated using a
regionalized reservoir operation model.

Water level recording

A pressure transducer or data-logger can be used to
record water levels. The pressure measurements are
converted into depth using a conversion factor.

Silting
Silting is the deposition of silt and clay in the
reservoir, which reduces its storage capacity. To
prevent silting, you can select a proper dam site,
construct the dam in stages, provide vegetation
screens, and design the reservoir to allow silt water to
escape.
Flood-warning systems
Flood-warning systems can be used to forecast reservoir

inflow. Reservoirs are mainly used for flood control and

water conservation.

Estimate crop
water
requirements of a command area and capacity of
canals.

(Panagopoulos & Giannika, 2023) to

flood control and mitigation, and more recently to hydro-
power generation and environmental water management
(McCully, 1996; MDBA, 2021). And there is renewed
interest in dam construction due to the ever-increasing
demand for water and power (World Bank, 2009). On the
other hand, the construction of large dams is heavily
criticized, due to not only their high cost but also the
increased awareness of the associated social and
environmental impacts that cannot be easily assessed in
monetary terms (Ho et al., 2017; World Commission on
Dams, 2000). The way reservoirs are managed adds to
this controversy, as reservoirs often serve competing
purposes (e.g., water supply security and flood
mitigation) and the way they perform is governed by
subjective decisions about potential tradeoffs in the face
of imperfect information and uncertainty in both the
natural environment and human society. Therefore,
reservoir management, which includes operation,
maintenance, rehabilitation, redevelopment or
repurposing of existing reservoir systems, has been
referred to as a wicked problem (Lund, 2012; Mamatova
et al., 2016; Reed and Kasprzyk, 2009).
 First of all we select the topic of micro project.

 Then we collect the required information to complete the

project.
 Then we get the Laptop / PC and prepared a

micro-project. Following are the information of

micro-project procedures.

Internetser
vice
Book
Wikipedia
Camera

Reservoir storage is
divided into four zones, or pools. These include, from
top to bottom, the flood-control zone, conservation zone,
buffer zone and inactive zone. The conservation and
buffer pools, together, constitute the reservoir's active
storage.
 1. Flood control
2. Irrigation
3. Water supply
4. Hydroelectric power generation
5. Development of fishery
6. Navigation
7. Soil conversion.

When selecting a site for a reservoir, you should

consider many factors, including:

Geology: The geological setting, stability of the

foundation rocks, and resistance to erosion

Topography: The topographic and hydrologic

conditions, and the feasibility of constructing a
spillway

Environmental and social aspects: The need to be able

to cope with extreme flood or earthquake conditions

Regulatory and legal aspects: Any relevant regulations

and legal requirements
Economic and technical aspects: The availability of
construction materials

Watertightness: The reservoir base and sides should

be reasonably watertight

Geological hazards: The site should be free of

geological hazards, such as instability of the valley
sides or the likelihood of earthquakes

Dam site: A suitable site for the dam, preferably in a

narrow valley

The site selection process can be a multi-stage

process that considers a wide range of criteria,
including community, economic, environmental, and
technical factors.

Reservoir storage is divided into four zones, or pools.

These include, from top to bottom, the flood-control
zone, conservation zone, buffer zone and inactive
zone. The conservation and buffer pools, together,
constitute the reservoir's active storage.

Level monitoring of water level in reservoirs using

submersible pressure transmitters has proven over
time to be the most simple, reliable and accurate
method to control the water level in reservoirs.
Reservoirs are designed to store the rain that falls
during the wetter parts of the year, so that there is a
continuous supply of water for the drier periods. The
water from reservoirs must be cleaned before it is
used. This is done at a water treatment works.

Full Reservoir Level means the level of water in a

reservoir corresponding to Conservation Storage
Capacity.

(1) Top of Dam Level (TDL/TBL)

This is the R.L. of the top of dam. The height of dam
at any section is the difference in elevation between
the TDL and GL. It depends upon the capacity,
storage, flood lift and free board.

(2) High flood level (HFL)/Maximum Water

level (MWL) During floods water in the
reservoir is allowed to rise to MWL.
(3) Full reservoir level or maximum pool level (FRL)
Water in reservoir is stored upto a level known as
FRL or FTL. Usually the crest of spillway is kept at
this level. In case of crest gates, top of gate is kept
at FRL.

(4) Dead storage level (DSL)

This is the storage of water in reservoir below the
lowest supply sluice. This is the lowest level of water
surface (LWL) in the reservoir. This storage cannot be
used and hence it is called DSL. In water planning,
dead storage is kept equal to or more than the volume
of silt. The U/s silt of outlet is kept 50 to 100 cm below
DSL.

(5) Live storage

It is the storage of water between DSL and FRL
Live Storage = Crop water requirements + Reservoir
losses due to evaporation, seepage etc.

(6) Gross storage

The total storage of reservoir upto FRL is known as
gross storage.
Gross storage = Dead storage + Live Storage

(7) Free Board

The vertical distance between HFL and top of dam is
known as free board.

This is decided from the expected quantity of

incoming silt, rate of silting varies from 200 to
500 m³/km² of C.A. per year of life of reservoir.
The life of reservoir is equal to number of
years required to fill up the reservoir upto
DSL. For small tanks it is 60 years and for
large tanks it is usually taken as 100 years.

(a) R.L. corresponding to silt capacity =

Rate of silting (m³) km²/year × C.A. (km²) x
life (years)
(b) R.L. corresponding to 10% of gross
storage or crop water requirement
approximately.
(c) R.L of canal bed + full supply depth at
the head of canal.
The annual demand of water is calculated from
proposed irrigable area, crop pattern and duty,
transit losses and dead storage. Then available
yield is calculated. The lesser of the demand
and supply is adopted as value of gross
storage.
The F.R.L. is fixed at gross storage level.

(a) F.R.L. = Gross storage level = Dead

storage + Live storage
(b) H.F.L = F.R.L + Flood Lift (H)
(c) T.D.L. H.F.L. + Free board
 Sr.No. Actual Quantit Remarks
recoursesused y
1) Mobile 1
2) Camera 1
3) Book 1

 To know the reservoir.

 Information about control level of reservoir and their

meaning.

 Understand about control level of reservoir knowledge.

The essential principle of this control is to convert all the

severe conflicts like through and right turn conflicts into
milder conflicts like merging, weaving and diverging. It is
a form of 'at-grade' intersection laid out for the movement
of traffic such that no through conflicts are there.

Humans have long

augmented the water storage available in nature by
constructing dams—barriers to the flow of water—in
streambeds to create reservoirs. Broadly, the function of
a reservoir determines whether storage of water is
temporary or indefinite, e.g., flood-control reservoirs are
kept empty while water-supply reservoirs are kept full.
Most reservoirs are single-purpose, though multi-
purpose reservoirs have been increasingly built in the
twentieth century.
For water-supply reservoirs, the key parameter is yield,
whose evaluation requires a long period of flow records for
the impounded river(s).
Dependable yield is that draft which can be maintained
constantly without failure throughout the time history of
reservoir storage. Use of dependable yield as a basis for
safe allocation therefore assumes the historical drought
is the worst possible, an assumption that is flawed if the
measurement record is too short, or if hydroclimate
changes. A reservoir is a replacement of a segment of the
river with a watercourse that is very different, a larger,
more quiescent water body with different water quality
and capable of stratification. All reservoirs act as
sediment traps and will eventually silt up, unless special
actions are taken to manage sediment.
Reservoirs significantly alter the hydrology of the river
downstream from the dam, and can affect its water
quality and its ecosystem. With increases in population
and agriculture, water demands will increase,
exacerbated by climate changes. Skillful management
will be needed to temper conflicts that arise over how
reservoirs will be operated under situations of
incompatible objective.

 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/
article/pii/S 1364815223001639.
 SHARMA K.V., KUMAR V., SINGH K.,
MEHTA D.J.
(2023). LANDSAT 8 LST Pan sharpening
using novel principal component based
downscaling model. Remote Sensing
Applications, Society and Environment,
Vol. 30, Paper 100963.