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Exploring Short-Form Videos Addiction: Understanding Influential Factors

from the Perspective of The Stress-Coping Theory

Conference Paper · August 2023

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 Nguyen Thai Ha/COMB-2023 Proceedings

The 10th International Conference on Management and Business (COMB-2023)

August 25th, 2023, Danang, Vietnam

Exploring Short-Form Videos Addiction: Understanding

Influential Factors from the Perspective of The Stress-Coping
Theory
Nguyen Thai Ha
University of Economics – The University of Danang, Danang 550000, Vietnam

ABSTRACT

This study examined the addiction to short-form videos (SFVs) using the stress-coping theory.
The results revealed that perceived enjoyment and mood regulation directly influenced SFVs
addiction, highlighting the significance of pleasure and mood regulation in addictive behaviors.
Escapism and social interaction indirectly impacted SFVs addiction through SFVs usage behavior,
underscoring their role as coping mechanisms within the stress-coping framework. Social
isolation and social anxiety were identified as stressors that positively influenced escapism. Social
anxiety had a direct impact on the SFVs App used but did not directly affect social interaction.
Neuroticism did not directly influence SFVs addiction. These findings enhance our understanding
of SFVs addiction and emphasize the importance of factors such as perceived enjoyment, mood
regulation, escapism, social anxiety, social isolation, and social interaction in addressing this issue.
Keywords: Short-form videos (SFVs), addiction, stress–coping theory, perceived enjoyment,
social anxiety

1. Introduction

Using the stress-coping theory as a framework, this study aims to investigate the addictive
nature of short-form videos (SFVs). I will investigate how factors such as perceived enjoyment,
mood regulation, escapism, social interaction, social isolation, social anxiety, and neuroticism
influence SFV addiction both directly and indirectly. We hope to develop effective interventions and
strategies to address SFV addiction and promote healthier coping mechanisms by better
understanding these factors. Using the stress-coping theory will provide valuable insights into the
underlying processes and mechanisms involved in SFV-related addictive behaviours. This research


Corresponding author. Tel.: +84933 331 838.
Email address: [email protected]

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adds to the existing body of knowledge on addictive behaviours by providing new perspectives on
SFV addiction in the context of stress and coping.
The research gap in this area is the need to understand the influential factors that contribute
to SFV addiction from the standpoint of the Stress-Coping Theory. While SFVs have grown in
popularity and have been linked to addictive behaviours, there has been little comprehensive
research into the underlying factors and mechanisms of SFV addiction in the context of stress and
coping. Most previous research has concentrated on the addictive nature of SFVs without delving
into the specific factors and processes that contribute to addiction. As a result, the purpose of this
study is to bridge that gap and provide a more comprehensive understanding of SFV addiction and
its influencing factors.
The primary objectives of this research are to identify the factors that influence SFV addiction,
such as perceived enjoyment, mood regulation, escapism, social interaction, social isolation, social
anxiety, and neuroticism. Furthermore, we intend to investigate the mediating processes of escapism
and social interaction in SFV addiction, with a focus on understanding how people use SFVs to cope
with stressors and seek social connections. We hope to improve our understanding of SFV addiction
and the interactions between stressors, coping mechanisms, and addictive behaviours by employing
the stress-coping theory. The findings of this study will be used to develop interventions and
strategies to address SFV addiction, as well as to advance knowledge in this field.
The rest of this paper is structured as follows: Section 2 discusses the theoretical foundations
and hypotheses, including the stress-coping theory, social isolation, social anxiety, neuroticism,
escapism, social interaction, perceived enjoyment, mood regulation, and SFVs addiction. Section 3
presents the research model and hypotheses. Sections 4, 5, and 6 cover the research methodology,
results, and discussion. Finally, Section 7 concludes with limitations and future research directions.

2. Theoretical foundations

2.1. Stress-coping theory with addiction state

The stress-coping theory offers a comprehensive framework for comprehending how
individuals evaluate and manage stress [1], [2]. Coping strategies are employed to manage stress
that exceeds an individual's threshold [1]. The theory emphasizes the role of cognitive appraisals
and adaptive coping responses [1], [2].
SFVs addiction can be explained through the lens of the stress-coping theory. According to the
theory, addiction-like behaviors can arise when individuals face significant stressors, have
ineffective coping strategies, and engage regularly in potentially addictive activities [3]. SFVs,
although providing temporary relief, may not address the root causes of stress and can have
negative long-term effects.
The addictive nature of SFVs, their accessibility, and immediate gratification can contribute to
excessive behavior and addiction. Individuals may turn to these videos as a means of stress
avoidance, leading to maladaptive coping. It is important to consider cognitive evaluations and
situational factors in understanding addiction. Perceived behavioral control, influenced by app
quality (usefulness, trustworthiness, and interactivity), plays a role in coping behavior [4]. The
stress-coping theory sheds light on social media and mobile app addiction, specifically SFVs
addiction. It highlights the interaction between stressors, coping mechanisms, and addictive

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behaviors, offering insights into how individuals may resort to maladaptive coping strategies and
the potential consequences of such behaviors.

2.2. Social Isolation, social anxiety and neuroticism

Social isolation refers to a state of disconnection from society, characterized by feelings of
loneliness and limited social support [5], [6], [7]. Social anxiety involves persistent fear of social
situations and worries about being judged or humiliated [8]. Neuroticism is a personality trait
marked by emotional instability and a tendency to experience anxiety and sadness [9], [10], [7].
When considering SFVs (SFV) addiction, social isolation, social anxiety, and neuroticism can
act as state stressors. The stress-coping theory suggests that stressors exceeding an individual's
coping abilities can lead to stress [1], [7]. SFV addiction, along with social isolation, social anxiety,
and neuroticism, can intensify stress, contributing to mental distress, feelings of loneliness, and
social challenges.
SFVs may serve as a coping mechanism for individuals experiencing loneliness [11] or seeking
to avoid face-to-face interactions and reduce anxiety [12]. Additionally, SFVs may be more addictive
for neurotic individuals who rely on them to regulate their mood and feel connected [13], [14]. The
stress-coping theory suggests that social isolation, social anxiety, and neuroticism can contribute to
SFV addiction by amplifying stress levels. SFVs may be used as maladaptive coping mechanisms to
alleviate negative emotions and seek social connection.

2.3. Mediating process and escapism, social interaction

Escapism refers to the psychological tendency or behavior of seeking distraction or relief from
the difficulties, pressures, or realities of everyday life through engaging in activities that provide a
sense of detachment and absorptionIt involves cognitive narrowing, concrete thinking, distorted
time perceptions, cognitive rigidity, and a flow state of mind [15], [16], [17]. Escapism can manifest
in various forms, such as engaging in entertainment, hobbies, or immersive experiences that offer
an escape from self-awareness or real-life challenges. Social interaction refers to the process of
individuals engaging with one another, involving communication, exchange of information, and
mutual influence [18], [19].
According to [20], social interaction and escapism play important roles in stress management
and contribute to the development of addiction, particularly problem video game use. According to
the stress-coping theory, people who are stressed may turn to using a lot to distract themselves from
their problems, leading to excessive use behaviour and addiction-like symptoms. Furthermore,
excessive use has been linked to negative affective states such as depression, loneliness, and social
anxiety, making people more likely to seek escape and social interaction through excessive use.
It encompasses various social activities, including interpersonal communication, social
networking, and forming relationships with others. Social interaction is a fundamental aspect of
human behavior and plays a significant role in shaping individuals' social experiences and
psychological well-being. In the stress-coping theory, the mediating process or coping state can be
represented by factors such as escapism and social interaction. These factors serve as mechanisms
through which individuals manage and cope with stressors. Escapism provides individuals with a
means to temporarily disengage from stressors and negative emotions, allowing for diversion and
relaxation [21]. Social interaction, on the other hand, offers individuals opportunities for social

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support, connection, and emotional regulation, which can help alleviate stress and promote well-
being [22], [12]. In the context of SFV Apps (SFVAs), the use of these apps can be seen as a
manifestation of coping in the stress-coping theory. Individuals may turn to SFVAs as a means to
escape from stressors, negative emotions, or real-life difficulties [11]. Additionally, SFVAs can offer
a platform for social interactions, where users can connect with others, engage in virtual
communities, and experience a sense of belonging [13], [14]. Escapism and social interaction are two
factors that play a crucial role in the coping process within the stress-coping theory. These factors
can be influential in driving individuals to use SFVAs as a coping mechanism to manage stress and
regulate emotions.

2.4. Perceived enjoyment, mood regulation and SFVs Addiction

Perceived enjoyment refers to the subjective experience of positive and enjoyable feelings
associated with activities like using smartphones or engaging with SFVs [23], [24]. It represents the
intrinsic pleasure derived from the activity and plays a role in forming habits and addictive
behaviors.
Mood regulation involves using behaviors or activities, such as smartphone use or SFVs, to
manage or alleviate negative emotions [23], [25]. It serves as a way to cope with dysphoric moods
and seek relief from negative affect. Mood regulation is relevant to smartphone addiction by
providing an avenue to escape from negative emotions [23].
SFVs Addiction refers to excessive and compulsive use of SFV Apps, leading to negative
consequences and interference with daily life [23], [22]. It shares similarities with other addictive
behaviors, characterized by heightened importance placed on SFVs, using them to modify mood,
experiencing conflicts related to their use, and exhibiting tolerance, withdrawal, and relapse effects.
Reinforcement reward (Reinforcement mechanism) highlights the role of pleasure/enjoyment
and relief of negative emotions in the development of addiction, including smartphone addiction
and SFVs Addiction [26], [27]. These rewarding experiences reinforce and drive addictive behaviors,
as individuals seek the positive effects and use the activities as a means to cope with negative
emotions.
Perceived enjoyment, mood regulation, and SFVs Addiction together contribute to the
reinforcement reward (Reinforcement mechanism) model. This model suggests that the pleasurable
experiences derived from SFVs, coupled with the relief of negative emotions achieved through
engagement, reinforce addictive behaviors [23], [28]. These factors are part of the reinforcing
mechanism underlying addiction state.
[29] Lu establish a connection between Smartphone Addiction and Short-Form Video
Addiction, noting their shared characteristics and addictive behaviors, including excessive use,
preoccupation, craving, and negative consequences [30], [31]. Smartphone addiction involves
compulsive smartphone use, negatively impacting various life aspects [30]. Conversely, short-form
video addiction refers to excessive use of short video applications, affecting physical and mental
health, as well as daily life [31].
Both addictions have common features contributing to their addictive nature, such as
consuming digital content on mobile devices for immediate gratification, novelty, and entertainment

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[32]. Short-form video apps offer immersive and engaging content that can lead to addictive
behaviors [33].
Underlying mechanisms for addiction are similar in both contexts, including user-generated
content perception, boredom in daily life, and immersive experiences [34], [35]. User-generated
content in short-form videos provides stimulating and novel experiences, fostering addiction [33].
Boredom drives individuals to seek engaging activities through smartphones and short-form videos
[36], [37].
Both addictions negatively impact physical and mental health, relationships, and work
performance [14], [38]. Excessive use of smartphones and short-form video apps is associated with
social isolation, decreased productivity, sleep disturbances, anxiety, and depression [30], [31].
Additionally, within the stress-coping theory, perceived enjoyment, mood regulation, and
SFVs Addiction can be seen as outcomes resulting from stressors and coping processes.

Fig 1. Proposed research model of SFVs Addiction State

Source: Based on [23], [39], [7], [20]

3. Research model and hypothesis

In this study, we investigated the factors contributing to SFVs addiction by combining stress-
coping theory and reinforcement mechanisms. Our research model, depicted in Fig 1, illustrates the
relationships among the variables. The hypotheses tested in this study are as follows:

3.1. The stage from sressors to coping

Individuals who encounter social isolation are more inclined to engage in escapism as a means
of coping [40], [16]. Moreover, it has been suggested by [41] that individuals who experience social
isolation may demonstrate a proclivity to utilise online platforms, particularly social networking
sites (SNSs), as a mechanism for establishing social connections and mitigating their feelings of
loneliness. The findings of this research offer support for the hypothesis that social isolation is
associated with an increased tendency towards engaging in escapism. It can be inferred that there is
empirical support for the notion that individuals experiencing social isolation tend to demonstrate
a heightened inclination towards seeking social interaction and establishing connections [41].

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Furthermore, the use of online platforms, specifically social networking sites (SNSs), has been found
to effectively fulfil individuals' socialisation needs, especially when face-to-face interactions are
limited [42]. The findings of this research offer empirical support for the proposition that social
isolation exerts a favourable influence on social interaction.
Hypothesis 1: Social Isolation positively affects Escapism.
Hypothesis 2: Social Isolation positively affects Social Interaction.
Individuals with social anxiety may turn to online platforms, including SNSs, as a means of
escape from real-world social situations [43]. Socially anxious individuals may perceive online
interactions as less threatening and more controllable, which may encourage them to engage in
escapism behaviors [44]. These findings support the hypothesis that social anxiety positively affects
escapism. Although social anxiety is often associated with avoidance of social interactions, it has
been observed that individuals with social anxiety may utilize online platforms to engage in social
interactions without the same level of anxiety experienced in face-to-face interactions [45]. Online
communication can provide a sense of safety and control, allowing socially anxious individuals to
overcome their fears and engage in social interactions [46]. These findings support the hypothesis
that social anxiety positively affects social interaction.
Hypothesis 3: Social Anxiety positively affects Escapism.
Hypothesis 4: Social Anxiety positively affects Social Interaction.
Individuals with social anxiety may turn to short-form video apps as a way to alleviate their
social anxiety and engage in low-risk social interactions [12]. SFVs provide a platform for self-
expression and social connection, which may appeal to individuals with social anxiety. These
findings support the hypothesis that social anxiety positively affects the use of SFVs apps.
Hypothesis 5: Social Anxiety positively affects SFVs APP Used.
Online addiction is consistently associated with neuroticism [13], [14], and high levels of
neuroticism are linked to escapism in online addiction [9]. Neurotic individuals use online platforms
to find emotional stability and cope with stress [9]. They may engage in online escapism to avoid
negative thoughts and emotions, given the connection between neuroticism, anxiety, and depression
[10].
However, the moderating role of neuroticism in the relationship between attachment and
escapism has not been sufficiently studied [13], [14]. It is likely that neuroticism positively moderates
this relationship, as highly neurotic individuals are sensitive to social and technological factors
online, which can contribute to escapism and addiction [47]. Furthermore, neuroticism is associated
with social media addiction [13], [14]. Neurotic individuals have a greater need for social interaction
and use social media to fulfill that need and regulate their mood [9]. They rely on social media to
cope with loneliness and emotional distress, as neuroticism is linked to anxiety and depression [10].
More research is needed to explore the moderating effects of neuroticism on the relationship
between social characteristics and interpersonal attachment in online addiction [13], [14].
Neuroticism likely positively moderates this association, as neurotic individuals are sensitive to
social cues and have a greater need for social interaction, leading to increased engagement in online
social activities and a higher risk of addiction [48]. Neuroticism positively influences escapism and

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social interaction in the context of online addiction. Neurotic individuals are more likely to use
online platforms to escape negative emotions, seek relief from stress, and fulfill their social needs.
Hypothesis 6: Neuroticism positively affects Escapism.
Hypothesis 7: Neuroticism positively affects Social Interaction.

3.2. The coping-to-outcome stage integrates the lens of reinforcement mechanisms.

The concept of escapism is closely related to seeking enjoyment and distraction from reality.
Short-form video apps, with their entertaining and engaging content, offer users an opportunity to
escape from their daily lives [39]. It is reasonable to assume that individuals who engage in escapism
would be more likely to use SFVs apps as a means of fulfilling their desire for entertainment and
distraction. These findings support the hypothesis that escapism positively affects the use of SFVs
apps.
Given that escapism involves seeking emotional relief and distraction from negative emotions
or stressors, it is plausible to suggest that individuals who engage in escapism are more prone to
developing addiction-like behaviors towards SFVs apps [39]. Escapism may create a reliance on
SFVs apps as a means of escaping negative emotions, leading to excessive and compulsive usage.
These findings support the hypothesis that escapism positively affects SFVs addiction.
Hypothesis 8: Escapism positively affects SFVs APP Used.
Hypothesis 9: Escapism positively affects SFVs Addiction.
Social interaction plays a crucial role in the use of SFVs apps, as these platforms often
emphasize user engagement, interaction, and sharing of content [49]. Users are motivated to connect
with others, share their own videos, and engage with the content created by others. Therefore, it is
reasonable to propose that individuals who value social interaction would be more likely to use
SFVs apps as a means of satisfying their socialization needs. These findings support the hypothesis
that social interaction positively affects the use of SFVs apps.
The positive association between social interaction and SFVs addiction can be explained by
the social reinforcement and validation individuals receive through their interactions on these
platforms [39]. Engaging with others, receiving feedback, and experiencing a sense of belonging
within the SFVs community may lead to a compulsive need for continued social interaction,
resulting in addiction-like behaviors. These findings support the hypothesis that social interaction
positively affects SFVs addiction.
Hypothesis 10: Social Interaction positively affects SFVs Used.
Hypothesis 11: Social Interaction positively affects SFVs Addiction.
There is solid evidence supporting the notion that the utilization of SFVs APP positively
influences Perceived Enjoyment. This conclusion is backed by research findings that highlight the
crucial roles of Information Quality and System Quality in enhancing users' overall enjoyment [50].
Value-Added Function is positively associated with perceived enjoyment [23]. Additionally, Value-
added services offered by mobile instant messaging platforms, such as music, games, and avatar
shows, bring considerable enjoyment to users [51]. Moreover, the implementation of value-added
search mechanisms in web-based stores enhances the shopping experience and contributes to
increased enjoyment and fulfillment for users [52]. The utilization of smartphones can foster a sense

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of playfulness, suggesting a potential positive impact on regulating mood [53]. Social media
platforms are commonly perceived as facilitating the regulation and enhancement of emotions [33].
Smartphones serve as attachment objects that can provide soothing effects and alleviate anxiety,
indicating that smartphone usage, including the use of SFVs APP, may contribute to mood
regulation [54].
Hypothesis 12: SFVs APP Used positively affects Perceived Enjoyment.
Hypothesis 13: SFVs APP Used positively affects Mood Regulation.
There is a positive association between Perceived Enjoyment and smartphone addiction. This
implies that individuals who perceive higher levels of enjoyment from smartphone usage are more
likely to exhibit addictive behaviors related to their smartphone usage [23]. Perceived Enjoyment
not only facilitates the formation of habits but also contributes to smartphone addiction.
Additionally, there is a positive association between Perceived Enjoyment and smartphone
addiction, further emphasizing the role of enjoyment in fostering addictive behaviors related to
smartphone usage [24], [55]. Moreover, the enjoyment derived from social media triggers
psychological processes of positive reinforcement, thereby contributing to addictive behaviors.
These research findings suggest that Perceived Enjoyment has a positive relationship with SFVs
addiction [28]. These findings suggest that Perceived Enjoyment is positively related to SFVs
Addiction. The positive influence of Mood Regulation on SFVs Addiction is supported by the
following research evidence. There is a positive association between mood regulation and
smartphone addiction, suggesting that individuals who experience mood regulation while using a
smartphone are more likely to exhibit a higher level of addiction [55]. The regulation of mood during
smartphone use has a significant impact on addiction behavior. Moreover, the desire to regulate or
alter one's mood can result in an excessive reliance on smartphones, which in turn contributes to the
development of addiction [56], [25].
Hypothesis 14: Perceived Enjoyment positively affects SFVs Addiction.
Hypothesis 15: Mood Regulation positively affects SFVs Addiction.

4. Research methodology

4.1. Questionnaire design and construct measurement

The questionnaire utilized in this study consists of nine latent variables: Social Isolation (SIS),
Social Anxiety (SI), Neuroticism (NEU), Social Interaction (SIN), Escapism (ES), SFVs APP Used
(USE), Perceived Enjoyment (PE), Mood Regulation (MR), and SFVs Addiction (ADD). Each item in
the questionnaire was measured using a seven-point Likert scale, ranging from "1 = very disagree"
to "5 = very agree." The respondents in this study were Vietnamese, and to ensure consistency
between the English and Vietnamese versions of the questionnaire, the back-translation method was
employed.
To establish the content and face validity of the adopted instrument, an expert review and a
pre-test were conducted. During the expert review stage, three experts in the field of information
systems examined the questionnaire for content validity. They carefully reviewed the scale items
and provided feedback on the formulation and content of the items, ensuring their relevance and
appropriateness for the study [57]. Subsequently, a pre-test involving 10 users of short-form video
apps was conducted [58]. These participants were asked to identify any items that were unclear or

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ambiguous and provide feedback on the wording and ordering of the items. Based on the
suggestions provided by the experts and the pre-test participants, the original questionnaire was
refined.
Table 1. Research constructs and measurements
Stress- Construct Measurement items References
coping
Theory
State

Stressor Social Isolation I lack companionship. [7]

(SIS) I feel left out.
I feel isolated from others.

Social Anxiety I feel anxious when interacting with strangers. [7]

(SA) I feel nervous when interacting with people I do know
very well.
I feel uneasy while making new friends.
I feel nervous when I have to talk with others about myself.

Neuroticism I see myself as someone who is depressed, blue. [7]

(NEU) I see myself as someone who is not good at relaxing or
handling stress.
I see myself as someone who can be tense.

Coping Escapism (ES) I want to do something to escape from reality. [39]

I want to do something to forget about troubles.
I want to do something to avoid loneliness.
I want to do something to relax.

Social Interaction I watch short videos on the app to get updates on people I [39]
(SIN) know.
I watch short videos on the app to learn about things that
are happening around me.
I watch short videos on the app to connect with people
who share similar interests.

SFVs App Use Check: I regularly check apps multiple times a day [7]
(USE) specifically for the purpose of watching short videos.
Time: Each day, a substantial amount of my time is [59]
dedicated to watching short videos.
Using this particular short video app has seamlessly
integrated into my daily routine, becoming an
indispensable part of it.

Outcome Perceived Watching SFVs is fun and interesting. [23]

Enjoyment (PE) When watching SFVs, I don’t realize the time elapsed. [60]

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Engaging with short videos, such as commenting, liking,

duetting, and more, brings me joy and amusement.

Mood Regulation I have watched SFVs to uplift my spirits when I was feeling [23]
(MR) down.
I have watched SFVs to find solace during moments of
sadness.
I have watched SFVs as a way to temporarily forget my
worries.

SFVs Addiction I struggle to concentrate on my studies or work and often [7]

(ADD) lose sleep due to excessive use of this short-form video app.
My family and friends believe that I dedicate an excessive [23]
amount of time to this short-form video app.
In moments when I am not watching SFVs, I frequently
experience restlessness and agitation.

It is important to note that the individuals who participated in the pre-test were excluded from
the subsequent main study. The finalized measurement items for the nine constructs can be found
in Table 1.

4.2. Data collection

We conducted a survey from June 20th, 2023, to June 30th, 2023, to collect data from users of
popular short-form video apps in Vietnam, including Facebook Reels, YouTube Shorts, and TikTok.
The survey was distributed through social media sharing and requests for assistance, making it a
quick, convenient, and cost-effective method. A total of 307 questionnaires were received, out of
which 290 valid questionnaires were identified after removing those with repetitive or missing
responses.
The sample size used in the study was determined based on the requirements for Exploratory
Factor Analysis (EFA) and multivariate regression. For EFA, the minimum sample size is
recommended to be at least 5 times the total number of observed variables [61], [62]. In this study,
with 9 factors and 29 observed variables, the minimum required sample size is 145. For multivariate
regression analysis, the minimum sample size is calculated using the formula of n = 50 + 8m [63],
where m is the number of independent variables. With 3 independent variables in this study, the
minimum required sample size is 74. To ensure reliability, it is preferable to satisfy both formulas
and have an excess of samples rather than a lack. In this study, the sample size of 290 exceeds the
minimum requirements, making it appropriate for the analysis.
The study involved 290 Vietnamese citizens, with a slightly higher representation of females
(54.8%) compared to males (45.2%). The majority of participants belonged to the young adult age
group (18-30 years old), accounting for 34.5% of the sample. Notably, younger individuals below 18
years old also contributed to the sample, comprising 29% of the responses. The age groups of 31-40
years old and 41 years old and above represented 18.6% and 17.9% of the sample, respectively.
In terms of education, the sample showed a relatively balanced distribution across various
levels. The vocational group represented 16.9% of the sample, while secondary, undergraduate, and

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postgraduate education levels had comparable rates, accounting for approximately 28.6%, 27.6%,
and 26.9% of the responses, respectively.
Table 2. Sample sociodemographic profile
Measure Item Frequency (N=290) Percentage (%)

Gender Male 131 45.2

Female 159 54.8

Age group Below 18 84 29

18 - 30 100 34.5
31 - 40 54 18.6
41 or above 52 17.9

Education level Secondary 78 26.9

Vocational 49 16.9
Undergraduate 83 28.6
Postgraduate 80 27.6

Employment status Business people 30 10.3

Student 101 34.8
Freelancer 99 34.1
Office worker 60 20.7

Among the participants, business people accounted for 10.3%, students represented the largest
segment at 34.8%, freelancers constituted 34.1%, and office workers made up 20.7% of the sample.
These diverse groups provided valuable perspectives on short-form video app usage in Vietnam.

4.3. Reliability and validity analyses

To assess internal consistency, Cronbach's α was calculated using SPSS 20.0. All α values
exceeded 0.7, indicating high reliability [64]. Confirmatory factor analysis was then performed using
AMOS 24.0 to establish convergent validity of the constructs. The results, presented in Table 3,
showed that the composite reliability (CR) values for all constructs were above 0.7, the average
variance extracted (AVE) values were higher than 0.5, and the standardized factor loadings
surpassed 0.6. These findings demonstrate satisfactory convergent validity [65].
Table 3. Measurement items and loadings
Constructs Item Loading Cronbach’s α AVE CR

Social Isolation SIS1 .769 .814 0.595 0.815

SIS2 .752
SIS3 .710

Social Anxiety SA1 .874 .892 0.676 0.892

SA2 .861

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SA3 .843
SA4 .866

Neuroticism NE1 .683 .754 0.508 0.756

NE2 .681
NE3 .650

Escapism ES1 .914 .921 0.746 0.920

ES2 .883
ES3 .917
ES4 .876

Social Interaction SIN1 .718 .803 0.575 0.802

SIN2 .739
SIN3 .735

SFVs APP Used U1 .731 .811 0.586 0.810

U2 .750
U3 .741

Perceived Enjoymen PE1 .765 .826 0.622 0.831

PE2 .796
PE3 .720

Mood Regulation MR1 .756 .840 0.638 0.841

MR2 .809
MR3 .768

SFVs Addiction ADD1 .696 .766 0.522 0.766

ADD2 .675
ADD3 .686

In our analysis, we also assessed the Maximum Shared Variance (MSV) between variables to
examine their discriminant validity. The MSV values were found to be consistently smaller than the
Average Variance Extracted (AVE) values for all variables. This indicates a reliable level of
differentiation between the variables. Furthermore, we compared the square root of the AVE values
for each variable (highlighted in bold in Table 4) with the correlation coefficients of other variables.
The results demonstrated that the AVE values were higher, reinforcing the distinctiveness of the
variables [64].

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Table 4. Discriminant validity

Variable AVE MSV ES SA MR PE SIN SIS USE NEU ADD

ES 0.746 0.233 0.863

SA 0.676 0.098 0.214*** 0.822

MR 0.638 0.422 0.086 0.242*** 0.799

PE 0.622 0.188 0.066 0.313*** 0.320*** 0.788

SIN 0.575 0.255 0.482*** 0.189** 0.118 0.100 0.758

SIS 0.595 0.174 0.385*** 0.268*** 0.195** 0.202** 0.402*** 0.771

USE 0.586 0.255 0.377*** 0.293*** 0.414*** 0.147* 0.505*** 0.417*** 0.766

NEU 0.508 0.188 0.068 0.028 0.191* 0.433*** 0.154* 0.119 0.168* 0.713

ADD 0.522 0.422 0.056 0.144* 0.650*** 0.367*** 0.136† 0.164* 0.344*** 0.369*** 0.722

Note: Bold values are the square root of AVE.

Table 5. Fit indices of the structural model

Fitting index χ2 /df GFI CFI RMESA

Recommended value <0.3 >0.90 >0.90 < 0.08

Measurement Value 2.521 0.830 0.886 0.073

5. Data analysis and results

5.1. Structural model test

We used AMOS 24.0 to assess the fitness of our research model. The results of the model fitting
indices are presented in Table 5, and all indices surpass the recommended values, indicating a
positive goodness of fit. The structural models are visualized in Fig. 2. The obtained fit indices
indicate an acceptable model fitness: the χ2/df (chi-square normalized by degrees of freedom) value
is 2.521, which is below the threshold of 3. This falls within an acceptable range, as CMIN/df is
expected to be less than or equal to 2, and in some cases, slightly above 3 [66]. It is generally accepted
that a CMIN/df value should be less than 5 when the sample size is greater than 200, or less than 3
when the sample size is less than 200 [67]. The goodness-of-fit index (GFI) is 0.830, slightly below
the recommended threshold of 0.9. However, it is still considered acceptable when the sample size
exceeds 200. Similarly, the comparative fit index (CFI) is 0.886, and the root mean square error of
approximation (RMSEA) is 0.073, both of which fall within acceptable ranges for this study.
Based on the results presented in Table 6, the p-values associated with the hypotheses range
from 0.000 to 0.518, using a significance level of 5%. The majority of the hypotheses proposed in the
research model are supported, as their p-values are below the significance threshold. These tables
offer detailed results regarding the testing of the hypothesis model, which are summarized in Table
6.

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Table 6. Results of hypotheses testing

Estimate S.E. C.R. P Hypothesis Result

ES <--- SA .172 .076 2.265 0.024 H3 Supported

SIN <--- SA .106 .070 1.525 0.127 H5 Rejected

ES <--- SIS .447 .076 5.889 *** H1 Supported

SIN <--- SIS .408 .072 5.637 *** H2 Supported

ES <--- NEU .0 63 .097 .646 0.518 H6 Rejected

SIN <--- NEU .168 .089 1.892 0.059 H7 Rejected

USE <--- SA .176 .055 3.222 0.001 H4 Supported

USE <--- ES .111 .041 2.698 0.007 H8 Supported

USE <--- SIN .325 .060 5.440 *** H10 Supported

PE <--- USE .193 .074 2.617 0.009 H12 Supported

MR <--- USE .536 .095 5.618 *** H13 Supported

ADD <--- PE .199 .063 3.144 0.002 H14 Supported

ADD <--- MR .465 .063 7.402 *** H15 Supported

ADD <--- SIN .057 .054 1.064 0.287 H11 Rejected

ADD <--- ES -.029 .040 -.733 0.464 H9 Rejected

Upon examining the results in Table 6, it is evident that hypotheses H1, H2, H3, H4, H8, H10,
H12, H13, H14, and H15 have p-values less than 0.05, indicating that these relationships are
statistically significant. Therefore, out of the 15 hypotheses proposed in the research model, 10
hypotheses are supported, while the remaining hypotheses are rejected. The results of the structural
models are visualized in Fig. 2.

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Fig. 2. Model results. Note: * p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001
5.2. Bootstrap test
To validate our model, we conducted a bootstrap test, which is a resampling technique that
uses the original sample as a template to create multiple resamples.
Table 7. Bootstrap test in SEM model

Parameter SE SE-SE Mean Bias SE-Bias Critical Ratios

ES <--- SIS .073 .002 .379 -.003 .002 -1.50

ES <--- SA .068 .002 .135 .002 .002 1

SIN <--- SIS .084 .002 .415 -.005 .003 -1.67

SIN <--- SA .076 .002 .100 .001 .002 0.50

ES <--- NEU .071 .002 .042 .000 .002 0.00

SIN <--- NEU .071 .002 .134 .001 .002 0.50

USE <--- SA .070 .002 .204 .000 .002 0.00

USE <--- ES .069 .002 .167 -.002 .002 -1

USE <--- SIN .090 .002 .403 -.003 .003 -1

PE <--- USE .078 .002 .185 .001 .002 0.50

MR <--- USE .074 .002 .408 .002 .002 1

ADD <--- USE .095 .002 .093 .002 .003 0.67

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ADD <--- ES .069 .002 -.057 .001 .002 0.50

ADD <--- SIN .092 .002 .023 -.008 .003 -2.67

ADD <--- PE .077 .002 .201 .000 .002 0.00

ADD <--- MR .077 .002 .560 -.003 .002 -1.50

The critical ratios calculated from the bootstrap test were all less than 1.96, implying that the
corresponding p-values were greater than 5%. Therefore, we conclude that the non-zero deviations
observed in the model do not have statistical significance at a 95% confidence level. As a result, we
can confidently trust the quality of the estimated model based on the analyses conducted in the
preceding steps.

6. Discussion

This study aimed to investigate the addiction to SFVs using the stress-coping theory as a
framework. The findings revealed several important insights regarding the factors that directly and
indirectly influence SFVs addiction and their implications within the stress-coping context. Firstly,
the results indicated that Perceived Enjoyment and Mood Regulation were the only factors that had
a direct impact on SFVs addiction. This suggests that individuals who perceive SFVs as enjoyable
and engage in watching them for mood regulation purposes are more likely to develop addictive
tendencies towards SFVs. These findings align with previous studies that have highlighted the role
of enjoyment and mood enhancement in addictive behaviors [23], [60].
The cluster of factors comprising SFVs addiction, Perceived Enjoyment, and Mood Regulation
formed a group of state outcome factors within the stress-coping theory. This suggests that SFVs
addiction, as well as the enjoyment and mood regulation associated with SFVs, can be seen as
outcomes or consequences of stress-coping processes. This finding provides empirical evidence
supporting the notion that addictive behaviors, including SFVs addiction, can serve as coping
mechanisms in response to stress [23].
Escapism and Social Interaction were found to have an indirect influence on SFVs addiction
through the behavior of using SFVs. However, these factors did not have a direct impact on SFVs
addiction. This implies that individuals who engage in SFVs to escape from reality or to fulfill their
social interaction needs are more likely to develop addictive patterns of SFVs usage. These findings
support the notion that coping strategies, such as escapism, can play a significant role in addictive
behaviors [39].
Furthermore, the study also identified Social Isolation and Social Anxiety as stressor factors
that directly and positively influenced Escapism. This implies that individuals experiencing social
isolation or social anxiety may be more inclined to seek escape through SFVs. This finding aligns
with previous research highlighting the relationship between social factors and escapism as a coping
mechanism [7], [39].
Contrary to initial predictions, Social Anxiety did not directly influence Social Interaction but
had a direct impact on SFVs APP Used. This suggests that individuals with social anxiety may not

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engage in SFVs as a means of social interaction but rather use SFVs as a way to cope with their
anxiety. These findings provide valuable insights into the complex interplay between social factors,
anxiety, and SFVs addiction [7].
On the other hand, the factor Neuroticism did not align with the study's model, as it did not
have a direct influence on any factors and did not impact the state of SFVs addiction. This implies
that neuroticism may not play a significant role in the development of SFVs addiction, contrasting
with previous research linking neuroticism to various addictive behaviors. Further investigation
may be required to understand the relationship between neuroticism and SFVs addiction more
comprehensively.
This study contributes to the understanding of SFVs addiction by applying the stress-coping
theory. The findings emphasize the importance of perceived enjoyment and mood regulation as
direct factors influencing SFVs addiction. Additionally, the study highlights the role of escapism
and social interaction as indirect factors, mediated by other variables, in shaping SFVs addiction.
These findings have implications for the development of interventions and strategies aimed at
addressing SFVs addiction and promoting healthier coping mechanisms. In conclusion, this study
provides valuable insights into the factors influencing SFVs addiction and their associations within
the stress-coping framework. The findings highlight the role of perceived enjoyment, mood
regulation, escapism, and social interaction in the development of SFVs addiction. These results
contribute to the existing literature on addictive behaviors and inform future research and
interventions aimed at understanding and addressing SFVs addiction more comprehensively.

7. Limitation

The use of self-report measures introduces the potential for response biases and social
desirability effects. Participants may provide answers they believe align with societal expectations
rather than their true experiences, affecting the accuracy of the data. Secondly, the sample utilized
may not fully represent the wider population, thus limiting the generalizability of the findings.
Including participants from diverse demographic backgrounds would enhance the validity and
applicability of the results. Lastly, while the model explained a significant portion (30%) of the
variance in short-form video app addiction, there remains unexplained variance. Introducing
additional variables to the model could enhance its explanatory power and provide a more
comprehensive understanding of SFVs addiction. Future research should address these limitations
to strengthen the reliability and generalizability of the findings.

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