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    Enotes 8 April 2023

    Uploaded by

    Rubi Kumari
    kb8day 3

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Enotes 8 April 2023

    Uploaded by

    Rubi Kumari
    5 views7 pages
    kb8day 3

    Original Title

    enotes-8-April-2023

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    TXT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

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    kb8day 3

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as txt, pdf, or txt
    5 views7 pages

    Enotes 8 April 2023

    Uploaded by

    Rubi Kumari
    kb8day 3

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as txt, pdf, or txt
    of 7

    sudo -i

    *.pem --> *.ppk (puttyKeyGen)


    sudo su -

    Delhi --> Eye Close --> Australia


    ec2-user root ec2-user

    sudo su -

    sudo su ( Existing user home directory)

    sudo su -

    dr-xr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Mar 21 22:01 boot


    permission SymLink Owner Group Size Date/Time Dir

    ls
    ls -l
    ls -la
    ls -ltr

    ls -al

    . -> Current File System


    .. -> Prevous File System

    whoami
    id
    pwd
    cd
    .
    ..
    ls
    ls -l
    ls -la
    ls -ltr

    mkdir
    echo "hihi" > hello.txt

    touch bye.txt

    init 0
    ----------------------------------------
    cat hello.txt
    tail -f
    head
    tail

    Apache Web server :


    80 http://
    443 https://

    RHEL -> yum


    DEBIAN (ubuntu) -> apt-get
    yum install httpd -y

    systemctl status httpd

    systemctl start httpd

    Open port in Security group of AWS EC2 instance ( 80 / 443)

    netstat -plant

    Cross test on browser

    http://PUBLIC-IP

    Customize webpage

    cd /var/www/html/

    echo "hello world" > index.html

    systemctl restart httpd

    Cross test on browser

    http://PUBLIC-IP

    Read log frequently :

    cd /var/log/httpd/

    ls -ltr

    tail -f access_log

    --------------------------------------
    Soft Link vs Hard Link :

    ln
    Soft Link -> Short-Cut (-s)
    Hard Link -> Store at differnt Memory address

    inode number ( Unique Integer number)

    ls -iltr

    Soft Link ( Differ inode)

    ln -s mydata.txt /opt/

    /root/mydata.txt --> /opt/mydata.txt

    If we delete origional file of symlink, then link file will treated Dangling
    link.

    Hard link :

    - same inode number


    - If we delete origional of that link, hard link will work as actual
    file.
    ----------------------------------------
    network commands:
    ifconfig
    nmcli (need to install when we read RPM command)
    ip a
    ip addr
    ip route
    cat /etc/hosts
    curl ifconfig.io
    netstat -plant
    man
    cat
    -------------------------------------
    less

    more

    Linux FHS

    df -hT
    / -> Main file system
    /dev -> HDD + USB + CDROM mount here
    /bin/ -> Binary command (ls , pwd, mkdir)
    /sbin/ -> system binary (OS)
    /home/ -> Local user create (By default)
    /home/tgIndia/
    /home/Mahindra/

    /usr/ -> user file system (Program files)


    /var/ -> variable file system (Web Hosting) most of the
    servers are exist here.
    /srv/

    /etc/ -> Configuraton file system (Config files)


    /opt/ -> optional file system
    /mnt/ -> mount point
    /tmp/ -> temp file system (30 days data can store)

    mount point --> logical location where partition availble for access.
    / \
    Temp FS Parmanent FS

    /lib/
    /lib64/
    Kernel -> Itermediate unit (OS Software) Intraction between h/w and s/w.

    (Kernel is collection of multiple modules


    Bluetooth module
    wifi module
    Graphics module)

    Linux -> Kernel

    Linux Operating System -> Kernel + applications


    ------------------------------------------------------------------
    Unix : HP-UX , IBM - AIX , Sun Microsystem , Apple ios
    ------------------------------------------------------------------
    du
    -> Disk Usages

    Ex: du -hs <File-or-Dir>

    du -hs *

    pwd

    free -gh

    (Diff b/w buffer and cache memory)


    cat /proc/meminfo
    cat /proc/cpuinfo

    id
    uid - user id
    gid - group id

    /etc/passwd

    root :x: 0: 0 :root: /root/: /bin/bash


    Uname Password UID GID Gcos Home Directory shell
    (Comment Area)

    User / Process

    0 -> root (Super user)


    1-999 -> process (Mysql database, Apache webserver, Oracle)

    1 -> PID -> SystemD (init)

    1000 - 65k (Local Users range)


    /etc/passwd
    -> /sbin/nologin (System)
    -> /bin/bash (User can login)

    > -> STDOUTPUT operator


    >> -> Append operator
    < -> STDINPUT operator

    cat /etc/passwd | grep '/sbin/nologin' > tgIndiainfo.txt

    cat /etc/passwd | grep '/bin/bash' >> tgIndiainfo.txt

    -------------------------------------------------------
    ps aux | less

    top

    ps -> process
    a -> all
    u -> user
    x -> executable

    Daemon -> Background Process are k/as daemons


    (Antivirus / Clock / apache web server)
    Zoombiee ->
    -------------------------------------------------------
    useradd or adduser

    passwd

    ls -l /home/

    When we create user in Linux OS , where its password and structure create ?

    Local user Schema --> /etc/passwd


    Password -> /etc/shadow
    Hint for Shadow Encryption Algorithm -->
    https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/understanding-etcshadow-file/#:~:text=
    %246%20%E2%80%93%20The%20hashing%20algorithm%20prefix,Linux%20but%20not%20common
    %20elsewhere.

    group -> /etc/group


    group password --> /etc/gshadow

    groupadd tgIndia
    --------------------------------------------------
    Permission in Linux OS

    r read 4
    w write 2
    x execute 1
    -------
    rwx 7

    USer/Owner Group Others

    - rw- r-- r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 8 03:30 aa.txt


    6 4 4

    d rwx r-x r-x 2 root root 6 Apr 8 03:30 TgIndia


    7 5 5

    Permission bits = 10 bits

    7 5 0
    rwx r-x ---

    7 7 7
    rwx rwx rwx

    u user
    g group
    o other

    a all

    + allow
    - deny
    = assign
    --------------------------------------------------

    chmod --> Change Modification of permission bit


    chown -> Change ownership of file / dir
    chgrp -> Change group ownership

    Special permission
    Stricky bit
    SGID
    SUID
    ---------------------------------------------------
    Group
    / \
    P. Group Supplimentry / Secondary Group
    -g -G
    (1) (n)

    ---------------------------------------------------
    chattr

    usermod

    uname

    timedatectl

    hostnamectl
    ---------------------------------------------------
    cp
    rm
    mv
    --------------------------------------------------
    ssh-keygen
    scp
    tar

    cronjob

    yum / dnf / rpm

    ps
    kill
    top
    htop
    nice
    renice

    nmap
    host
    dig
    nslookup

    screen
    last
    lastlog
    w
    whoami
    which
    whereis

    grep -> Pattern find (like operater in SQL)

    cat /etc/acpi/actions/power.sh | grep -i gnome --color

    pgrep
    ----------------------------------------
    cut

    awk

    sed

    ------------------------------------

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