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    1. Critically identify and discuss the major theories of cross-cultural communication.

    (200-
    250 words)
    The major theories of cross-cultural communication that help to understand how people from
    different cultures communicate are Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions, Hall's High-Context or Low-
    Context, and face negotiation.
    Hofstede's theory identifies six key cultural dimensions that influence communication:
    Power Distance: This is about how much a culture accepts inequality.
    Individualism vs. Collectivism: This is about how much people prioritize themselves or their
    group.
    Masculinity vs. Femininity: This is about the roles of men and women in a culture. In masculine
    cultures, traditional gender roles are more emphasized.
    Uncertainty Avoidance: This is about how comfortable a culture is with uncertainty. Predictability.
    Long-Term vs. Short-Term Orientation: This is about how a culture focuses on the past, present,
    or future.
    Indulgence vs. Restraint: This is about how a culture balances its pleasure and manages control in
    life.
    Hall's theory categorizes cultures based on how much they rely on context in communication.
    High-context cultures (e.g., Japan) depend heavily on unspoken cues and relationships, while low-
    context cultures (e.g., the United States) prioritize explicit language.
    Stella Ting-Toomey’s Face-Negotiation theory explains how people manage self-image or "face"
    during communication, especially in conflict situations. Individualistic cultures emphasize self-
    face, while collectivist cultures prioritize maintaining group harmony and saving others' faces.
    By understanding these theories, we can better appreciate cultural differences and avoid
    misunderstandings. For example, in a high-context and collectivist culture like Japan, a simple nod
    might convey a complex message, while in a low-context and Individualistic culture like the
    United States, a clear explanation would be expected.

    References:
    • Dingwall, J. R., Labrie, C., McLennon, T., & Underwood, L. (n.d.). Professional
    communications: Cross-cultural communication (pp. 312-324). Professional
    Communications by Olds College.
    https://openlibrary.ecampusontario.ca/catalogue/item
    • Communication Theory. (2013). Wikibooks.org (pp. 1-18).
    https://openlibrary.ecampusontario.ca/catalogue/item

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