Communicative Competence Strategies in Various 1.

You are a student journalist articulating your

Speech Situations stand on current issues through the school’s
newspaper.
Types of Speech Context
2. The production of live events that are
Intrapersonal Communication refers to communication communicated to a broad audience such as
that centers on one person where the speaker acts both as concert that is broadcast by internet, radio or
the sender and the receiver of message. television.

Examples: Organizational Communication refers to

communication that occur within organizations, such as
1. You spent the night thinking and analyzing why a corporations, non-profits, and governmental bodies. It
student from the other class talked to you on the way includes both communications within an organization and
home and you decided it probably meant nothing. public-facing communications.
2. You felt happy while thinking about how your teacher Examples:
appreciated you for submitting your project before the 1. A manager discussing a new project to his/her
due date and you reflected on why this was so. subordinates.
Interpersonal communication refers to communication 2. A Club President discussing the organizational
between and among people and establishes personal rules.
relationship between and among them. Intercultural Communication refers to communication of
Types of Interpersonal Context different groups of varied cultures gather and convey
information correctly and skillfully in a manner
Dyad Communication refers to communication that acceptable to the group’s diverse opinions.
occurs between two people
Examples:
Examples:
1. An American and African share their views.
1. You offered feedback on the speech performance of 2. A Chinese politician’s discussion with an
your classmate. American leader.
2. You provided comfort to a friend who was feeling
down. Types of Speech Style
Small Group refers to communication that involves at The context dictates and affects the way people
least three but not more than twelve people engaging in a communicate, which results in various speech styles.
face-to-face interaction to achieve a desired goal. All According to Joos (1968), there are five speech styles.
participants can freely share ideas in a loose and open These are (1) intimate, (2) casual, (3) consultative, (4)
discussion. formal, and (5) frozen. Each style dictates what
Examples: appropriate language or vocabulary should be used or
observed.
1. You are participating in an organizational meeting
which aims to address the concerns of your fellow 1. Intimate – This style is private, which occurs between
students. or among close family members or individuals. The
language used in this style may not be shared in public.
2. You are having a discussion with your group mates on
how to finish the assigned tasks. 2. Casual – This style is common among peers and
friends. Jargon, slang, or the vernacular language are
Public Communication refers to communication that used.
requires you to deliver or send the message before or in
front of a group. The message can be driven by 3. Consultative – This style is the standard one.
informational or persuasive purposes. Professional or mutually acceptable language is a must in
this style. Examples of situations are communication
Examples: between teachers and students, employers and employees,
1. You deliver a graduation speech to your batch. doctor and patient, judge and lawyer, or President and
2. You participate in a declamation, oratorical, or his/her constituents.
debate contest watched by a number of people. 4. Formal – This style is used in formal settings. Unlike
Mass Communication refers to communication that the consultative style, this is one-way. Examples are
takes place through television, radio, newspapers, sermons by priests and ministers, State of the Nation
magazines, books, billboards, internet, and other Address of the President, formal speeches, or
types of media. pronouncements by judges.

Examples: 5. Frozen – This style is “frozen” in time and remains

unchanged. It mostly occurs in ceremonies. Common
examples are the Preamble to the Constitution, Lord’s Example: I will take you to school every day starting
Prayer, and Allegiance to country or flag. tomorrow.
4. Expressive – a type of illocutionary act in which the
speaker expresses his/her feelings or emotional reactions.
Speech Acts
Some examples of expressive acts are thanking,
Speech Acts are actions done by saying them. The listener apologizing, welcoming, and deploring
must first determine the type of act being performed
5. Declarative – a type of illocutionary act which brings
before he can determine which way a speech act is to be
a change in an external situation. Simply put, declarations
interpreted. These speech acts are categorized as follows:
bring into existence, or cause the state of affairs which
Locutionary acts according to Susana Nuccetell and they refer to. Some examples of declarations are blessing,
from Gary Seay (from Philosophy of Language: The firing, baptizing, and bidding
Central Topics) 2007, “the mere act of producing some
Example: You are fired!
linguistic sounds or marks with a certain meaning and
reference.". Perlocutionary act is the third aspect of speech acts. It is
a speech act that produces an effect, intended or not,
Locutionary act refers to any utterances that may contain
achieved in an addressee by a speaker’s utterance.
statements or words about objects. It may be a word, or
even a phrase that has a meaning. Perlocutionary act can bring about a consequence to the
audience. They have an effect to the listener in feelings,
For example: “It is raining.” “My teacher is wearing a red
thoughts, or actions such as changing someone’s mind.
dress today.” “I love dogs.”
Unlike illocutionary act, perlocutionary act can project a
Illocutionary act is the acting part of the speech act. It sense of fear in the audience.
carries a directive for the audience. It may be a command,
Consider the following utterance, “By the way, I have a
an apology, an expression of thankfulness or just an
CD of Debussy. Would you like to borrow it?” Its
answer to a question for the information of other people
illocutionary function is an offer, while its intended
in the communication process. There are two kinds of
perlocutionary effect might be to impress the listener, or
illocutionary acts. The first is called constantive, or
to show a friendly attitude, or to encourage interest in a
making something true or false by saying it. This is
particular type of music.
commonly done by someone in authority like a judge or
an official. Communicative strategies are plans, ways or means of
sharing information that are adopted to achieve a
Examples: I name this dog Chubby. You are free to leave.
particular social, political, psychological, or linguistic
You are not my friend anymore. The meeting is
purpose.
adjourned.
Types of Communicative Strategies
The second is doing something by just saying it. It is also
called performative. Examples: I nominate Lancer for A. Nomination
president. I accept the challenge. I promise to take care of
This is usually used at the beginning of the interaction to
you as long as I live. I challenge you to prove me wrong.
set the purpose of the conversation. The speaker tries to
You are invited to my birthday celebration.
open a topic with the people he is talking to.
Illocutionary acts can be categorized into common
One must present a particular topic clearly and
families of speech acts. The following is John Searle’s
truthfully.
categories of illocutionary acts. Each has its own
illocutionary purpose. Example: Good morning, class. How are you today? Is it
raining in your area?
1. Assertive – a type of illocutionary act in which the
speaker expresses belief about the truth of a proposition B. Restriction
like boasting, suggesting, asserting, concluding, and
swearing This is used in constraining the reaction or response
within a define set of categories. This is useful when
Example: I am still the best student in class. narrowing down a listener’s response to an expected set
of answers. This prevents the conversation from going off
2. Directive – a type of illocutionary act in which the
topic.
speaker tries to make the addressee perform an action by
way of commanding, requesting, begging, inviting, Example: We will have 30 minutes of online discussion
pleading, or insisting regarding the topic on Pandemic and Mental Health. An
additional 10 minutes will be allotted for your questions
Example: Take me to that place.
and related concerns.
3. Commissive – a type of illocutionary act which
C. Turn-taking
commits the speaker to future actions such as promising,
planning, vowing, and betting
 This strategy is used to establish and sustain a productive 5. Recasting – This refers to changing the form of the
conversation. Turn taking is recognizing when and how message that could not be understood.
to speak when it is one’s turn. This requires each speaker
Example: We definitely should practice social
to wait for the others to complete their turn talking. This
distancing, I mean, physical distancing to become safe
strategy can be used to avoid participants talking over one
during this pandemic. Can anyone restate the difference
another that may cause conflicts. Turn-taking provides
between these two terms?
persons equal opportunity to say their piece.
G. Termination
Example: I am so sorry for not wearing the complete
uniform today. Participants must watch out for the verbal This strategy ends the interaction by using verbal and
and non-verbal cues that signal the next speaker that the nonverbal messages that the participants send to one
previous speaker has finished talking. One may employ another. Nonverbal may include a handshake or walking
visual signals like a nod, a look, or a step back. out.
Example: (Clicked the raise hand button) Can I please Example: Thank you ….
add something to the discussion?
Okay, all done…
D. Topic Control
See you later on our following online meeting schedule.
This is a communicative strategy used in keeping the
conversation going on by asking questions that requires a
response from the listener. Topic control also allows the
other participants to take turns, contribute ideas, and
continue the conversation.
Example: That was an excellent point, Arlene! How
about the rest of the class?
You may put your responses on the jam board link found
on the chat box, or you may simply click the raise hand
button and share your thoughts.
E. Topic Shifting
This is defined as introducing a new topic followed by
the continuation of that topic. Topic shifting is a strategy
that works best when there is a follow through so that a
new topic continues to be discussed. One may also use
effective conversational transitions to indicate a shift.
Examples: By the way, in addition to what I have already
mentioned, it is dangerous to go out, especially that the
Delta COVID-19 variant is here! But even if we practice
physical distancing, we should not stop to socialize with
our friends and family members via phone calls or social
media applications.
F. Repair
This communicative strategy refers to overcoming
communication breakdown to send more comprehensible
messages. Repair Communicative Strategy includes:
1. Requesting clarification – One may ask questions or
use non-verbal communication such as eyebrows, eyes,
head, hands, or shoulders to show that the message could
not be understood.
2. Not acknowledging the new situation – The situation
already in progress will continue.
3. Topic shifting – This can help direct the discussion to
another topic or divert the attention of the listener from
the topic that has become problematic.
4. Repeating – This is a good way of correcting oneself.