MTH 104

Lecture # 15
Calculus and Analytic
Geometry
Dr. Tanvir Akbar Kiani, Tenured Associate Professor
Department of Mathematics
First Floor,Faculty Block I
 Explicit and Implicit Functions

An equation of the form y = f ( x) is said to define y

explicitly as a function of x . For example

y = 3x − 2
y = x2 + 5
Implicit Function

y 2 + 2 yx + 4 x 2 = 0

y5 − 3 y 2 x 2 + 2 = 0
 Implicit differentiation
Consider y = f ( x)
dy
• To find
dx
• Differentiate both sides with respect to x, creating y
as a differentiable function of x

dy
• Solve for
dx
Example
dy
Find of xy = 1
dx
Solution
d d
( xy ) = (1)
dx dx

dy d
x + y ( x) = 0
dx dx
xdy
+y=0
dx
xdy
= -y
dx
dy − y
=
dx x
Example
dy
Use implicit differentiation to find if 5 y 2 + sin y = x 2
dx
Solution
d  2
5 y + sin y  =  x 2 
d
dx   dx  

d 2 d
5 y + sin y  = 2x
dx dx

 dy  cos y dy =
5 2 y  + 2x
 dx  dx
dy dy
10 y + cos y = 2x
dx dx
dy dy 2x
10 y + cos y  = 2x  =
dx 10 y + cos y
dx
Example
d2y
Use implicit differentiation to find of x3 + y3 = 1
dx 2
Solution
d  3  d
x + y = 1
3
dx   dx

d 3 d  3
(x ) + y =0
dx 
dx  
2 2 dy
3x + 3 y =0
dx
dy
3 y2 = −3 x 2
dx
dy − x 2
= 2
dx y
Again differentiating both side implicitly
d2y d  − x2 
2
=  2 
dx dx  y 

 2 d  2 2 d  2
 y dx  x  − x dx  y  
= − 4 
 y 
 

 2 2 dy  
 y (2 x) − x  2 y dx  
= −  
 y4 
 
  2 dy 
 2 xy − 2 x y dx 
2

= − 4 
 y 
 

  x 2 
 2 xy − 2 x y  − 2  
2 2
  y 
= − 4 
 y 
 
 

d2y  2 xy 3 + 2 x 4 
2
= − 5 
dx  y 
Example
Find the slopes of the tangent line to the curve y 2 − x + 1 = 0
at the points (2, -1) and (2, 1).

Solution
d  2
y − 2 x + 1 = 0
dx  

d  2 d
y −  x = 0
dx   dx

dy
2 y −1 = 0
dx
dy 1
=
dx 2 y
 dy 1
=
dx 2 y
Slope of the tangent line at (2, -1)
dy x = 2 1 −1
= =
dx y = −1 2(−1) 2

Slope of the tangent line at (2,1)

dy x = 2 1 1
= =
dx y = 1 2(1) 2
 Derivatives of logarithmic functions

d 1
  ,x  0
ln x =
dx x
d  x  d  ln x  1 1
logb =   = .
dx   dx  ln b  ln b x

d  x 1
logb = ,x0
dx   x ln b

Generalized derivative formulas

d 1 du
ln u  =
dx u dx
d  u 1 du
logb =
dx   u ln b dx
 dy
Examples Find
dx

1. y = ln 5x 2. y = x3ln x
3. y = x 2 log 2 (3 − 2 x) 4. y = ln ( ln x )
5. y = cos ( ln x )

Solution 1. y = ln 5x
d 1 du
ln u  =
dy d dx u dx
= (ln5 x)
dx dx
1 d
= (5 x)
5 x dx
1 1
= .5 =
5x x
2.
y = x3ln x
dy d 3
= ( x ln x)
dx dx Product rule
3 d d  3
=x ln x  + ln x  x 
dx dx
1
= x + ln x 3x
3
x
2
( )
dy
= x 2 + 3 x 2ln x
dx

3.
y = x 2 log 2 (3 − 2 x)
dy d  2
= x log 2 (3 − 2 x) 
dx dx  
 d d  2
=x 2
log 2 (3 − 2 x) + log 2 (3 − 2 x)  x 
dx dx
Product rule

1 d
=x .2
3 − 2 x  + log 2 (3 − 2 x).(2 x)
( 3 − 2 x ) ln 2 dx
d  u 1 du
x (−2)
2 logb =
= + 2 x log 2 (3 − 2 x) dx   u ln b dx
( 3 − 2 x ) ln 2
−2 x 2
= + 2 x log 2 (3 − 2 x)
( 3 − 2 x ) ln 2
4. y = ln ( ln x ) 5.
y = cos ( ln x )
dy d
= ln(ln x)  dy d
dx dx =  cos(ln x) 
dx dx
1 d d
= ln x  = − sin(ln x) ln x 
ln x dx dx

=
1 − sin(ln x)
=
x ln x x

dy
Example Find using logarithmic differentiation
dx
1
y= x(1 + x 2 ) 3
Solution 1
y= x(1 + x 2 ) 3

Taking ln of both sides

 1
ln y = ln  x (1 + x 2 ) 3 
 
 
1
lny = lnx + ln(1 + x 2 ) 3

1
lny = lnx + ln(1 + x 2 )
3
Differentiating with respect to x

lny  = lnx + ln(1 + x 2 ) 

d d  1
dx dx  3 
1 dy d 1 d 
= lnx + ln 1 + x 2 
y dx dx 3 dx  

1 dy 1 1 1 d
= + (1 + x 2
)
y dx x 3 1 + x dx
2

1 dy 1 1
= + 2x
y dx x 3(1 + x )
2

dy 1 2x 
= y + 
 x 3(1 + x ) 
dx 2

1
dy 1 2x 
= x(1 + x 2 ) 3  + 
 x 3(1 + x ) 
dx 2
 Derivatives of exponential

d  x
b = b x ln b (b>0, b  1)
dx  

d x
(e ) = e x
dx

Generalized form
d  u du
b = bu lnb (b>0, b  1)
dx   dx
d u du
[ e ] = eu
dx dx
Examples
d  x
2 = 2 x ln 2
1. dx  

d  −2x  −2 x d −2 x
2. e =e (−2 x) = −2e
dx   dx

d  x3  x3 d  3  2 x3
3.  e  =e x = 3x e
dx   dx  

d  cos x  cos x d
4. e =e  cos x  = − sin x e
cos x
dx   dx
 Derivatives of inverse Trigonometric Functions

Generalized derivative formulas

d  −1  1 du
1. sin u =
dx  
1 − u 2 dx
2. d  −1  −1 du
cos u =
dx  
1 − u 2 dx
d  −1  1 du
3. tan u =
dx   1 + u 2 dx

d  −1  −1 du
4. cot u =
dx   1 + u 2 dx
d  −1  1 du
sec u =
5. dx  
u u 2 − 1 dx
 d  −1  −1 du
6. csc u =
dx  
u u 2 − 1 dx

if y = sin −1 ( x3 )
dy
Example Find
dx

solution dy d d  −1  1 du
= sin −1 ( x3 ) sin u =
dx dx dx  
1 − u 2 dx
1 d 3
= (x )
1 − ( x3 ) 2 dx

3x 2
=
1 − x6
 dy −1
Example Find if y = e x
sec x
dx

solution dy d  x
= e sec−1 x 
dx dx  

d  −1  d
= ex sec x + sec−1 x e x
dx   dx
1
= ex. + sec−1 x.e x
x x2 − 1
dy ex
= + e x sec−1 x
dx x x 2 − 1
d  −1  1 du
sec u =
dx  
u u 2 − 1 dx