2

1 Fig. 1.1 shows two cells from the leaf of a plant observed using a light microscope.

A
Cambridge O Level cell wall

cytoplasm
* 1 6 6 2 2 5 3 8 4 7 *

BIOLOGY 5090/22
Paper 2 Theory May/June 2024 Fig. 1.1
1 hour 45 minutes
(a) Complete Table 1.1 to identify the structures labelled A and B and to describe the function of
You must answer on the question paper. each structure.

No additional materials are needed. Table 1.1

INSTRUCTIONS
structure name of structure description of function
● Answer all questions.
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided. ............................................................................
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid. A .........................................................
● Do not write on any bar codes.
● You may use a calculator. ............................................................................
● You should show all your working and use appropriate units.

INFORMATION ............................................................................
● The total mark for this paper is 80. B .........................................................
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
............................................................................

[4]

(b) State one structure that is not visible in Fig. 1.1 but would be visible in the cytoplasm in an
electron micrograph of the same two cells.

........................................................... [1]

[Total: 5]

This document has 16 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

DC (JP/CB) 329297/3
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BLANK PAGE 2 Organisms can be classified into groups using the features they share.

(a) Fish are one of the main groups of vertebrates.

(i) State three main features used to classify an organism as a fish.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................
[3]

(ii) State two main groups of vertebrates other than fish.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) Swordfish are large fish that live in the ocean.

They have a long, bony extension to the skull, called a sword.

Fig. 2.1 is a diagram of a swordfish.

sword

Fig. 2.1

The binomial name of the swordfish is Xiphias gladius.

(i) Define the term species.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) State the species name of the organism shown in Fig. 2.1.

........................................................... [1]

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(c) Swordfish swim near the surface of the ocean where the water temperature is low. 3 (a) Complete Table 3.1, using terms from the list below to match each description to a term.
During evolution, swordfish developed a muscle behind each eye that warms the eyes and
the brain to a temperature above that of the ocean. phenotype dominant gene genotype
This feature gives swordfish improved vision.
heterozygous homozygous allele recessive
(i) Name the process that led to the evolution of the muscle behind each eye of the
swordfish.
Table 3.1
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Suggest reasons why the evolution of this feature has adapted swordfish to survive in description term
the ocean.

........................................................................................................................................... a form of a gene that codes for one of a

pair of contrasting features ...............................................
...........................................................................................................................................
a form of a gene that always has an effect
........................................................................................................................................... when it is present ...............................................

...........................................................................................................................................
having two different forms of a gene for a
........................................................................................................................................... particular feature ...............................................

...........................................................................................................................................
having two of the same form of a gene for a
particular feature ...............................................
...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4] the combination of alleles that an organism

has in its chromosomes ...............................................
[Total: 13]

[5]

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(b) Fig. 3.1 is a diagram of part of a molecule of DNA taken from a bacterial cell. 4 Fig. 4.1 is a simplified diagram of a nephron.

structure P

blood in

G C C
T A G A
A C G A G structure R
T C T
T
glomerulus

blood out

Fig. 3.1
direction of
(i) State the term which describes the shape of the DNA molecule. blood flow

........................................................... [1]

(ii) Most of the DNA in bacterial cells is found in one large loop in the cytoplasm.

Name another structure in bacterial cells which contains DNA.

........................................................... [1] structure Q

(iii) State the name of the type of molecule that is represented by the letters A, T, G and C in
Fig. 3.1.
fluid S
........................................................... [1]

(iv) Outline the importance of the sequence of A, T, G and C in DNA. Fig. 4.1

........................................................................................................................................... (a) (i) Identify each of the structures labelled P, Q and R in Fig. 4.1.

........................................................................................................................................... P ...........................................................

........................................................................................................................................... Q ...........................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2] R ...........................................................

[3]
[Total: 10]
(ii) Name the organ which contains many nephrons.

........................................................... [1]

(iii) Name the organ that stores fluid S before it is released from the body.

........................................................... [1]

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(b) Table 4.1 shows the composition of a sample of fluid S from a healthy person. 5 Fig. 5.1 is a diagram of a pineapple growing on a pineapple plant.

The person that provided the sample of fluid S eats a balanced diet.
crown
Table 4.1

pineapple
component concentration / arbitrary units

glucose 0.00
leaf
protein 0.00

ions 1.50 stem suckers

urea 2.00 ground level

roots
(i) State why it is important that urea is removed from the blood in fluid S.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]
Fig. 5.1
(ii) Use your knowledge of the function of a nephron to explain the concentration of each of
the following components of fluid S. (a) Pineapple plants can be grown on farms by removing the suckers from a parent plant and
planting these in the ground to form new plants.
glucose
(i) State the type of reproduction used to grow pineapple plants in this way.
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................... [1]
...........................................................................................................................................
(ii) State two advantages and two disadvantages of producing pineapple plants in this way.
...........................................................................................................................................
advantages
...........................................................................................................................................
1 ........................................................................................................................................
protein
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[5] disadvantages
(iii) Explain what would happen to the concentration of ions in fluid S if the person drank a 1 ........................................................................................................................................
large volume of water several hours before the sample was collected.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [4]
..................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 14]
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(iii) Pineapples are an important crop in Hawaii, USA. They were introduced to Hawaii from (ii) The effect of changing pH on the activity of the enzymes found in bromelain was
South America. investigated. The results of this investigation are shown in Fig. 5.2.

Birds called hummingbirds pollinate pineapple flowers. If pollinated, pineapple fruits 100
develop and they contain hard, inedible seeds. If not pollinated, pineapple fruits develop
without seeds. 80

Hummingbirds are not found in Hawaii. percentage

60
of maximum
Suggest why it is illegal to introduce hummingbirds into Hawaii. enzyme
activity 40
...........................................................................................................................................
20
...........................................................................................................................................
0
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
...........................................................................................................................................
pH
...........................................................................................................................................
Fig. 5.2
...........................................................................................................................................
To assist digestion, some people swallow bromelain in the form of a powder with their
........................................................................................................................................... food.

........................................................................................................................................... Use the information in Fig. 5.2 and your knowledge of the human digestive system to
discuss the effectiveness of using bromelain in this way.
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
...........................................................................................................................................
(b) Pineapples contain a mixture of protease enzymes called bromelain.
...........................................................................................................................................
(i) When bromelain is added to its substrate, a product is formed.
...........................................................................................................................................
Complete the word equation to show the substrate and product.
...........................................................................................................................................

.............................................. .............................................. ...........................................................................................................................................

(substrate) (product)
[2] ...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

[Total: 15]

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6 Flowering plants are sometimes grown in soil to provide cut flowers that can then be displayed. (iii) The chemical components of the fertiliser solution are absorbed by the root hair cells of
the plants and are then transported to the leaves.
(a) A gardener watered flowering plants with a fertiliser solution containing dissolved chemicals.
Complete the words below to name the three main tissues in the pathway taken by the
Table 6.1 shows the information printed on the label of the container of fertiliser powder used chemical components of the fertiliser solution from the root hair cells to the leaves.
to prepare this fertiliser solution.
The first letter of each word has been completed for you.
Table 6.1

C .............................................
chemical component mass / g per 100 g fertiliser powder

nitrates 4.0
X .............................................

phosphates 4.0

M ............................................. [3]
sulfur 1.0
(b) When flowers from the plants are cut and used for display, the leaves are removed before
magnesium 0.5 each stem is placed in water.

A solution containing sucrose is often added to this water.

(i) To prepare the fertiliser solution, the gardener dissolved 20 g of the fertiliser powder in
10 dm3 of water. Sucrose is not needed in fertiliser solution used to water plants growing in soil.

Calculate the total mass of sulfur in the fertiliser solution prepared by the gardener. Explain the benefit of providing sucrose to cut flowers.

Space for working. ...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................... [2] ...................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Explain which chemical component of the fertiliser solution is the most important to ............................................................................................................................................. [3]
plants for:
[Total: 12]
making the leaves of the plants green in colour

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

the production of enzymes by cells in the leaves of the plants.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[4]

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7 Plastics are produced in very large amounts by industrial processes around the world. (ii) Most plastics that enter ecosystems as pollution are non-biodegradable.

These plastics can enter ecosystems as pollution. Describe the harmful effects of non-biodegradable plastics on both aquatic and terrestrial
ecosystems.
(a) The total mass of plastics produced globally in the year 2020 was 367 million tonnes.
...........................................................................................................................................
It is estimated that 3% of all plastics produced globally each year enters the ocean as plastic
pollution. ...........................................................................................................................................

Calculate the total mass of plastic pollution that is estimated to have entered the ocean during ...........................................................................................................................................
the year 2020.
...........................................................................................................................................
Space for working.
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................... [2] ...........................................................................................................................................

(b) (i) Some packaging is made from biodegradable carbohydrates. ..................................................................................................................................... [7]

Microorganisms break down larger carbohydrate molecules into smaller molecules. [Total: 11]

Identify this process and name one type of microorganism that is involved.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

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