LAYER DISCRIPTION

CONCRETE ROAD

Embankment(sub-grade)

Granular sub-base(su-base couse)

Drylene concrete(DLC)

Pavement Quality Concrete(PQC)

BITUMINOUS ROAD

Embankment

Granular sub-base Bitumen Concrete (wearing)

Wet mix macadam

Dense Bitumen macadam(Strength course

EMBANKMENT
An Embankment refers to the volume of earth that is place and compacted for purpose of raising the
level of railway or roadway above the ground level.It is made up of local soil.

CONSTRUCTION OF AN EMBANKMENT
Clearing &Grubbing

Layering & Compaction of Base layer

Layering & compaction of sub-base layer

Clearing and Grubbing- After a site has been surveyed ,

vegetation and surface debris are removed by clearing and grubbing
the site. Clearing refers to the removal of all vegetation, while
grubbing is the removal of roots that may remain in the soil. This
includes the removal of all logs, brush, and debris, as well as
grinding and removal of stumps. Once completed, the site is ready
for grading and drain installation.

Grading - In civil engineering is the work of ensuring a level base,

or one with a specified slope, for a construction work such as a
foundation, the base course for a road or a railway, or landscape and
garden improvements, or surface drainage.

Proof Rolling - is done through a compactor to ensure flat and

solid ground before starting work .( done by compactor).

C) Selection of borrow area -A borrow is identify nearby construction area.

Before excavating soil from borrow area below soil test should be done.
Layering & campaction of sub base -
Dumping of soil : the soil excavative from borrow pit is dump between two lines .The dumper
should empty their dumper in such a way double handling is avoided.
Layering of soil : Layering of is done using MOTOR GRADER . Dump soil is right
a way is evenly spread on the const. area through the motor grader.

COMPACATION :
Soil compaction is the process in which a stress applied to a soil
causes densification as air is displaced from the pores between
the soil grains. When stress is applied that causes densification
due to water (or other liquid) being displaced from between the
soil grains, then consolidation, not compaction, has occurred. It
is the process ofclosely packing soil parties together by
reducing

the air voids in the system. This is achieved by repetitive

application of loads which incereases the dry density and shear
strength,reduces chances of settlement and permeability and
lowers adverse efffects of water. The various factors affecting
campaction are:

The moisture content

The mode and amount of comapction

Soil type and stone content

Compacting equipment used

To obtain adequate compaction the road embankment should

be constructed in uniform layers not exceeding 25cm in loose
thickness. Succcessive layers of embankment should not be
placed until the layer under construction has been thoroughly
compacted.The moisture content of each layer of the soil at the
time of compaction should be from 1 % above to 2% below the
optimum moisture content. Densities to aimed at in
compaction should be condition, position of the individual
layers and type of plant available for compaction.

The object of soil compaction are:

To increase the dry density of the soil

To reduce compressibility, stability of soil etc.

To improve bearing capacity of soil.

To improve stability of soil

Compaction Equipment

A soil may be compacted in four ways by mechanical means:

Rolling :In this process heavy weights in the form of rollers are used to press the soil particles
together .Smooth wheeled rolers are typical examples of comapction equipment which operate on
the principle.

Kneading: In this process kneading of the soil while at the same time applying pressure is allowed.
sheeps foot rollers are typical examples of compaction equipment which operate on this principle.
The pneumatic tyred roller has a compromose between that obtained with a smooth wheeled roller
and a sheep's foot roller .

Vibrations : In this process the soil particles are shaken together into a compact mass.Vibratrating
rollers are typicall examples of compaction equipment which operate on this principle.

EMBANKMENT MATERIAL REQ. FOR SOIL TEST

 Pre -test(before const.)
 Post -test(after const.)

Pre test –

Free Swell Index(FSI)

Grain Size Analysis(GSA)

Liquid limit & Plastic limit

Moisture Dry Density & Optical Moisture Content(MDD&OMC)

CBR
Post test –

Field dry density(FDD) BY sand replacement method.

OUALITY CONTROL
For every 3000m 3 of soil test for quality should be performed as per following table :
S.No Name of the to be Frequency IS CODE
performed

1 Sand content 2 Test 2720 Part 4

2 Plasticity test 2 Test 2720 Part 5

3 Procter test 2 Test 2720 Part 8

FREE SWELL INDEX (FSI)

FSI is the increase in volume of a soil,without any external constrain on submergence in water.

OBJECTIVE/scope

For determination of free swell index of soil

soil with high shrinkage swell capacity is problematic & is known as expansive.

soil.Clay mineral directly affected the shrink swell capacity of soil.

The ability to change of vol. can cause damage to structure such as crackes.

REFERENCE STANDARD

IS: 2720- Methods of test for soils:

EQUIPMENT / APPARATUS

Oven(1050C to 1100C, min)

Balance (0.01g accuracy)

Sieve [425 micron]

(CASAGRSNDE) Graduated glass cylinder [100ml capacity]

PREPARATION SAMPLE

The soil passing 425 micron sieve is used in this test.

PROCEDURE

Two no. of 10 g oven dried soil specimens passing through 425 micron IS sieve is taken.

Each soil specimen is poured in each of the two glass graduated cylinders of 100 ml. capacity.

Then one cylinder is filled with kerosene oil and the other with distilled water up to the 100 ml.
mark.

It is to be stirred with a glass rod to remove entrapped air and allowed to settle for 24 hours.

After completion of 24 hours the final volume of soils in each of the cylinder is read out.

CALCULATION

The free swell index of the soil is to be calculated as follows :

Free swell index, percent = (Vd - Vk) /Vk X 100

Where

Vd = The volume of soil specimen read from the graduated cylinder containing distilled water.

Vk = The volume of soil specimen read from the graduated cylinder containing kerosene.

REPORT

Swelling ≤ 50%
GRAIN SIZE ANALYSIS(GSA)

For determining the grain size distribution of soil sample, usually done by mechanical
analysis (sieve analysis) . Determination of particle size is more important in Civil Engineering, as the
particle size determines the effectiveness of final product.

A sieve analysis (or gradation test) is a mehod of particle size analysis done for

Soil classification

Filter Design for Earth dams

Soil stabilization

Soil compaction

Particle size distribution of finner fraction like silt and clay is determine by sedimentation method
using stocks’s law.

Grain size distribution of course particle like sand & gravel shall be obtained by set of sieves using IS
Code:2720 part 4.
Apparatus :

Brush

Oven

Sieve

Riffler

tray

Procedure:

Clean the sieves of sieve shaker using cleaning brush if any particles are struck in the openings.

Dry the specimen in oven for 3-4 minutes to get the dried specimen (ignore, if the specimen is
already dried).

The sample is separated into arious frations by sieving through a set of sieves of 10,75,19 and 4.75
mm .while sieving through each sieve shall agitated so that sample roll irregular motion over the
sieve. Any particles may be tested to see if they will fall through but they shall not be pushed
through.

The mass of the soil fraction retained on each sieve will recorded.

Resut: The result is plotted between grain size on x-axis and %finer
on y-axis.
 QUALITY OF SAMPLE TAKEN FOR TEST
Maximum size of Weight to be taken for
material present in test
substantial quantities
75mm 60kg
40mm 25kg
19mm 6.5kg
12.5mm 3.5kg
6.5mm 0.75kg
4.75mm 0.40kg
Liquid limit & Plastic Limit

A fine-gained soil can exist in any of several states; which state depends on the amount of water in
the soil system. When water is added to a dry soil, each particle is covered with a film of adsorbed
water. If the addition of water is continued, the thickness of the water film on a particle increases.
Increasing the thickness of the water films permits the particles to slide past one another more
easily. The behavior of the soil, therefore, is related to the amount of water in the system.
Approximately sixty years ago, A. Atterberg defined the boundaries of four states in terms of "limits"
as follows:

Atterberg's Definitions

Liquid limit: The boundary between the liquid and plastic states; The Liquid Limit, also known as the
upper plastic limit, is the water content at which soil changes from the liquid state to a plastic
state. Or min. water content at which the soil is still in liquid state but has a small sitting strength
against flowing.
Plastic limit: The boundary between the plastic and semi-solid states; The water content at which
the soil begins to crumble when rolled into threads of specified size(2mm od dia.).

Shrinkage limit: The boundary between the semi-solid and solid states.

Scope

This test method covers the determination of the liquid limit, plastic limit and plasticity index of
soils. The liquid and plastic limits of soils are often referred the as the Atterberg’s limit.

Apparatus

Liquid Limit Device a mechanical device consisting of a brass cup suspended from a carriage
designed to control its drop onto a hard rubber base. The device may be operated by either a hand
crank or electric motor.

Cup brass with mass (including cup hanger) of 185 to 215 g.

Cam designed to raise the cup smoothly and continuously to its maximum height, over a distance of
at least 180o of cam rotation, without developing an upward or downward velocity of the cup when
the cam follower leaves the cam.

Flat Grooving Tool a tool made of plastic or noncorroding metal having specified dimensions.

Gage A metal gage block for adjusting the height of the drop of the cup to 10 mm.

Ground Glass Plate used for rolling plastic limit threads.

Procedure for Determination of the liquid Limit

1.Place a portion of the prepared sample in the cup of the liquid limit device at the point where the
cup rests on the base and spread it so that it is 10mm deep at its deepest point. Form a horizontal
surface over the soil. Take care to eliminate air bubbles from the soil specimen. Keep the unused
portion of the specimen in the storage containe

2.Form a groove in the soil by drawing the grooving tool, beveled edge forward, through the soil
from the top of the cup to the bottom of the cup. When forming the groove, hold the tip of the
grooving tool against the surface of the cup and keep the tool perpendicular to the surface of the
cup.

3.Lift and drop the cup at a rate of 2 drops per second. Continue cranking until the two halves of the
soil specimen meet each other at the bottom of the groove. The two halves must meet along a
distance of 13mm (1/2 in).
4.Record the number of drops required to close the groove.

5.Remove a slice of soil and determine its water content, w.

6.Repeat steps 1 through 5 with a sample of soil at a slightly higher or lower water content. Whether
water should be added or removed depends on the number of blows required to close the grove in
the previous sample.

Procedure for Determination of the plastic Limit

From the 20g sample select a 1.5 to 2 g specimen for testing.

Roll the test specimen between the palm or fingers on the ground glass plate to from a thread of
uniform diameter.

Continue rolling the thread until it reaches a uniform diameter of 3.2mm or 1/8 in.

When the thread becomes a diameter of 1/8 in. reform it into a ball.

Knead the soil for a few minutes to reduce its water content slightly.

Repeat steps 2 to 5 until the thread crumbles when it reaches a uniform diameter of 1/8 in.

When the soil reaches the point where it will crumble, and when the thread is a uniform diameter of
1/8", it is at its plastic limit. Determine the water content of the soil.

Note: Repeat this procedure three times to compute an average plastic limit for the sample.

Plasticity Index

Calculate the plasticity index as follows: PI = LL PL where:

LL = liquid limit, and PL = plastic limit.