Down Syndrome - It is a genetic division after fertilization.
disorder that occurs when there is an 3. Translocation - Approximately extra copy of chromosome 21. This 3-4% of cases involve a additional genetic material can lead to rearrangement of genetic various physical and intellectual material. In this form, part of disabilities. chromosome 21 attaches to another chromosome. While Dr. John Langdon Down - Down the total number of Syndrome was detected and named chromosomes remains 46, the by physician Dr. John Langdon Down extra chromosome 21 material in 1866. The condition inherited his can still lead to Down last name, Down. syndrome.
Professor Jerome Lejeune - In 1959, RISK FACTORS:
Professor Jerome Lejeune showed 1. Maternal Age - The most that Down syndrome was a significant risk factor is chromosome disorder. He discovered maternal age. The risk of the extra 47th chromosome (U.S having a child with Down National Library) syndrome increases with the mother's age. CAUSES: - The risk is relatively low Down syndrome is primarily caused for women under 35 by an extra copy of chromosome 21 years of age but (trisomy 21), but there are several significantly increases ways this can occur after that. - The majority of children 1. Trisomy 21 - About 95% of with Down syndrome are Down syndrome cases result born to mothers under 35 from trisomy 21. This happens because younger women when an individual has three have more children copies of chromosome 21 overall. instead of the usual two, typically due to an error in the 2. Previous Child with Down formation of the egg or sperm Syndrome - If a woman has cell. previously given birth to a 2. Mosaicism - In about 1-2% of child with Down syndrome, cases, individuals have a there is a slightly increased mixture of cells, some with the risk in subsequent normal two copies of pregnancies. chromosome 21 and others with three. This is called mosaic 3. Family History of Down syndrome and occurs Translocation - A small percentage of cases (3-4%) 1. Generally sociable and are caused by translocation affectionate. Down syndrome, which can 2. Varied behavioral and be inherited from a parent emotional characteristics, who carries a balanced often similar to typically translocation. developing individuals. - If there is a family history of translocation, the risk Growth Differences: is increased 1. Slower physical growth compared to peers. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: 2. Short stature. Physical Features: 1. Flattened facial profile with Dental Issues: upward-slanting eyes. 1. Delayed eruption of teeth. 2. Small head, ears, and mouth. 2. Dental problems like crowding 3. A short neck with excess skin at and misalignment. the back. 4. A single deep crease across the COMMON WAYS TO IDENTIFY IF A palm of the hand (Simian PERSON HAS DOWN SYNDROME crease). 1. Genetic Testing - A definitive 5. Low muscle tone (hypotonia). diagnosis is often made through genetic testing, which Development Delays: can identify the presence of an 1. Delayed physical and extra copy of chromosome 21 intellectual development, (trisomy 21) in a person's cells. including speech and language. This may include karyotyping, 2. Cognitive impairment, ranging fluorescence in situ from mild to moderate. hybridization (FISH), or 3. Challenges with memory and chromosomal microarray learning. analysis. 2. Prenatal Testing - In some Health Issues: cases, Down syndrome can be 1. Increased risk of certain identified during pregnancy medical conditions, such as through prenatal screening congenital heart defects, tests like maternal serum gastrointestinal issues, and screening, non-invasive respiratory problems. prenatal testing (NIPT), or 2. Hearing and vision problems chorionic villus sampling (CVS). are more common. 3. Clinical Evaluation - A clinical 3. Increased susceptibility to evaluation by a pediatrician, infections. geneticist, or other healthcare specialist is crucial for a Behavioral Characteristics: comprehensive assessment. This evaluation considers changes that can cause physical and developmental Parkinson’s disease. characteristics. 2. Environmental triggers - exposure to certain toxins or TREATMENT environmental factors may 1. Early Intervention Programs increase the risk of later 2. Educational Support Parkinson’s disease, but the 3. Speech and Language Therapy risk is small. 4. Physical and Occupational Therapy COMPLICATIONS: 5. Medical Care 1. Thinking Difficulties 6. Behavioral Therapy 2. Depression and Emotional 7. Supportive Services Change 8. Inclusion and Socialization 3. Swallowing Problems 4. Chewing and Eating Problems NURSING INTERVENTION 5. Sleep problems and Sleep 1. Early Intervention Disorders 2. Medical Care 6. Bladder Problems 3. Therapies 7. Constipation 4. Educational Support 8. Blood Pressure Change 5. Behavioral Management 9. Head injuries 6. Advocacy 7. Social & Emotional Support SYMPTOMS 8. Encourage Independence 1. TREMORS - Essential tremor is a nervous system condition, also known as a PARKINSON’S DISEASE PPT neurological condition, that Parkinson’s Disease – is a brain causes involuntary and disorder that causes unintended or rhythmic shaking. uncontrollable movements, such as 2. DYSTONIA - uncontrolled shaking stiffness and difficulty with muscle cramps and spasms. balance and coordination. Symptoms 3. BRADYKINESIA - is the usually begin gradually and worsen medical term for movements over time. As the disease progresses, that are slower than people may have difficulty walking expected. and talking. 4. VOCAL SYMPTOMS - Vocal cord disorders caused by CAUSES: abuse or misuse are easily The cause of Parkinson’s disease is preventable. unknown, but several factors appear 5. RIGITY AND POSTORAL to play a role, including: INSTABILITY - It is a type of 1. Genes - researchers have increased muscle tone identified specific genetic generally defined as an increased resistance to 4. Nutritional supplements passive movement of a joint. 5. Acupuncture 6. WALKING OR GAIT DIFFICULTIES - You may RISK FACTORS notice an abnormal gait if you 1. AGE – young adults rarely drag your toes when you walk, experience parkinsons take high steps or feel off disease. It ordinarily begins in balance when walking. middle or late life, and the risk 7. SENSE OF SMELL - sense of increase with age. smell has many functions, 2. HERIDITY – having a close including detecting desirable relative with parkinsons foods, hazards, and disease increase the changes pheromones, and plays a role that you'all develop the in taste. disease. 8. HYPOMIMIA - usually 3. SEX – men are more likely to symmetrical, meaning that develop parkinson's disease both sides of the face are than are woman. affected. 4. EXPOSURE TO TOXINS - 9. MICROGRAPHIA - It is ongoing exposure to commonly associated with herbicides and pesticides neurodegenerative disorders may slightly increase your of the basal ganglia, such as risk of parkinsons disease. in Parkinson's disease, but it has also been ascribed to MEDICATION: subcortical focal lesions. 1. DOPAMINE AGONISTS - such as ropinirole, are the DIAGNOSTIC first-line treatment for Currently, there isn't a specific restless legs syndrome, test to diagnose Parkinson son’s while bromocriptine is disease. given for neuroleptic A diagnosis of Parkinson’s is malignant based on your medical history a 2. INHALED CARBIDOPA- review of your symptoms, and LEVODOPA - Levodopa neurology and physical exam. inhalation will not work to prevent ''off'' episodes but TREATMENT will help to control Parkinson’s disease can't be cured, symptoms when an ''off'' but medicines can help control the episode has already symptoms, often dramatically. begun. 1. Physical, Occupational and 3. CARBIDOPA-LEVODOPA Speech therapy INFUSION - This 2. Surgery medication is used to treat 3. Lifestyle changes symptoms of Parkinson's disease (such as that collects and empties shakiness, stiffness, urine) and in front of the difficulty moving). rectum (the lower part of the intestine). It is about 4. CARBIDOPA- the size of a walnut and LEVODOPA(RYTARY,SIN surrounds part of the EMET,DOUOA,OTHERS) - urethra (the tube that These two drugs work to empties urine from the together to reduce bladder). The prostate symptoms of PD and gland makes fluid that is parkinsonism by part of the semen. increasing levels of the brain chemical dopamine. CAUSES: Researchers do not know HEALTH TEACHINGS exactly what causes prostate cancer. 1. Slow onset But they have found some risk 2. Slow position changes factors and are trying to learn just how 3. Never stop abruptly these factors might cause prostate 4. Not elimination of tremors or cells to become cancer cells. rigidity 5. No heigh protein meals RISK FACTORS: (NCLEX TIP) 1. Old age – Your risk of 6. Red Brown urine, sweat, prostate cancer increases as saliva you age. It's most common after age 50. NURSING INTERVENTION 2. Race - For reasons not yet 1. Assess ability to swallow and determined, Black people chew have a greater risk of prostate 2. Provide high calorie cancer than do people of 3. Provide high fiber other races. In Black people, 4. Soft diet with small frequent prostate cancer is also more feeding likely to be aggressive or 5. Increase fluid intake to advanced. 2000ml 3. Family History – If a blood relative, such as a parent, PROSTATE CANCER PPT sibling or child, has been Prostate Cancer - is a disease in diagnosed with prostate which malignant (cancer) cells form in cancer, your risk may be the tissues of the prostate. increased. Also, if you have a - The prostate is a gland in family history of genes that the male reproductive increase the risk of breast system. It lies just below cancer (BRCA1 or BRCA2) or the bladder (the organ a very strong family history of breast cancer, your risk of 6. Targeted therapy prostate cancer may be 7. Immunotherapy higher. 8. Bisphosphonate therapy 4. Obesity - People who are obese may have a higher risk HEALTH TEACHINGS of prostate cancer compared 1. Maintain a healthy weight. with people considered to Obesity is linked to several have a healthy weight, though prostate health issues, studies have had mixed including prostate cancer. results. In obese people, the 2. Eat more vegetables cancer is more likely to be 3. Reduce consumption of red more aggressive and more meat likely to return after initial 4. Know your risk and get tested treatment. 5. Exercise regularly 6. Hydrate daily SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS 7. Manage stress 1. Trouble urinating 8. Stop smoking 2. Decreased force in the stream of urine MUTE AND DEAFNESS 3. Blood in the urine Deafness - Refers to a hearing 4. Blood in the semen impairment, meaning a person has 5. Bone pain difficulty or an inability to hear sound. 6. Losing weight without trying This can range from mild hearing loss 7. Erectile dysfunction to complete deafness.
Muteness - Refers to an inability to
DIAGNOSIS: speak. This can be caused by various 1. Digital rectal examination Factor's, including physical 2. Trans rectal ultrasound impairments of the vocal cords or 3. MRI Fusion Biopsy mouth or developmental delays. 4. PCA 3 (Prostate Cancer Gene 3) CAUSES OF HEARING LOSS: 5. Prostate-specific antigen 1. Birt asphyxia ( a lock of blood test (PSA) oxygen at the Time of birth). 2. Low birth weight. TREATMENT 3. Noise Exposure (lLike 1. Watchful waiting or active concerts, construction sites, surveillance or even loud music Through 2. Surgery headphones). 3. Radiation therapy and 4. Lifestyle (Smoking and Lock radiopharmaceutical therapy of exercise). 4. Hormone therapy 5. Chemotherapy CAUSES OF MUTENESS: 1. Aphasia: This is a language 4. Behaving disruptively (such disorder tha affect a person's as throwing temper tantrums) ability to communicate. It can to avoid talking. be caused by a stroke, Brain 5. Respond without words (hand injury,or other neurological gestures,miming). Condition. 2. Autism spectrum Disorder: DIAGNOSIS OF HEARING LOSS: Some individuals with Austim 1. Initial assessment: may have Difficulty with - Medical history: A communication, including through review of speaking. patients medical history, 3. Psychology Factor: anxiety, including Family history Depression and other of Hearing loss , psychological Factors Can exposure to loud noises also affect a person's ability and any previous ear to speak. infaction or Surgeries. - Physical examination: A SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF inspection of the outer DEAFNESS: ear and ear canal to 1. Difficulty Hearing Other identify any people Clearly And abnormalities or misunderstanding what day blockages. say specially in noisy Places. 2. Imaging Studies: 2. Often asking others to speak - Computed tomography more slowly, Clearly And (CT) Scan: provides loudly. detailed images of the 3. Being Bothered by ear structure helping to background noise. identify in the bones of 4. Listening to Music or the middle ear or inner Watching TV with The higher ear. than Other people need. - Magnetic Resonance 5. Finding it Hard to keep up with Imaging (MRI): Offers a a Conversations more detailed view of the ear structure including SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF MUTISM: the cochlea and auditory 1. Feeling unable to speak. It nerve. can Happen because you feel overwhelmed or Paralyzed by TREATMENT FOR HEARING LOSS fear or anxiety. 1. Hearing Aids 2. Tense or stiff posture, 2. Cochlear Implants freezing or feeling unable to 3. Assistive Listening Device move. 4. Sign Language 3. Avoiding eye contact. 5. Speech Therapy 6. Medical Treatment are infected. Hepatitis A is very 7. Prevention contagious.
TREATMENT FOR MUTISM 2. Hepatitis B - Is spread when
1. Identifying the Underlying blood, semen, or other body cause: fluids from a person infected - Medical Evaluation: is crucial with the virus enters the body of to rule out any physical or someone who is not infected. neurological Condition that might be contributing to 2 Types of Hepatitis B Mutism. Acute Hepatitis B – short term - Psychological Assessment: illness can assess for underlying Chronic Hepatitis B – life-long psychology Factor As anxiety, illness trauma or selective mutism. 2. Therapy: 3. Hepatitis C - Liver infection - Speech Therapy: can caused by hepatitis c virus help individuals develop (HCV). Is a blood virus communication skills, improve articulation, and 4. Hepatitis D build confidence in 5. Hepatitis E speaking. CAUSES OF HEPATITIS A HEPATITIS PPT - Eating food handled by HEPATITIS - any acute inflammatory someone with the virus who disease of the liver. doesn’t thoroughly - wash hands after using the LIVER - Is a vital organ that processes toilet nutrients, filters the blood and fights - Drinking contaminated water infections. - Eating food washed in When the liver is inflamed or contaminated water damaged, its function can be - Eating raw shellfish from water affected. polluted with sewage - Being in close contact with a INFLAMMATION - is swelling that person who has the virus happens when tissues of the body are - --- even if that person has no insured or infected. This swelling and symptoms damage can affect how well your liver - Having sexual contact with functions. someone who has the virus
5 MAIN HEPATITIS VIRUSES: CAUSES OF HEPATITIS B & C
1. Hepatitis A - Is found in the • Sexual contact stool and blood of people who • Sharing of needles • Accidental needle sticks • Health care workers who have • Mother to child been exposed to infected blood • Sharing contaminated items w/c may happen if an infected (toothbrush, razors) needle pierces your skin • Poor infection control in health • Who injected or inhaled illicit care facilities. drugs • Unscreened blood transfusions • HIV positive • Received a piercing or tattoo in an unclean environment using RISK FACTOR OF HEPATITIS A unsterile equipment • Travel or work in areas of the • Received a blood transfusion or world where hepatitis A is organ transplant before 1992 common • Received clotting factor • Live with another person who concentrates before 1987 has hepatitis A • Received hemodialysis patient • Men who have sexual contact • Born to a woman with a with other men hepatitis C infection • Sexual contact with someone • Were ever in prison who has hepatitis A • Born between 1945 and 1965, • HIV positive the age group with the highest • Homeless incidence of hepatitis C • Using of recreational drugs, not infection just those that are injected SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF HEPATITS A RISK FACTOR OF HEPATITIS B ´ Tiredness and weakness • Sex with multiple sex partners ´ Nausea, vomiting and diarrhea or with someone who’s infected ´ Abdominal pain or discomfort, with HBV especially on the upper right • Share needles during IV drug side beneath your lower ribs, use w/c is over your liver • Men who have sex with other ´ Clay or gray colored stool men ´ Loss of appetite • Live with someone who has a ´ Low-grade fever chronic HBV infection ´ Dark urine • Infant born to an infected ´ Joint pain mother ´ Jaundice • Job that exposes you to human ´ Intense itching blood • Travel to regions with high SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF HEPATITIS infection rates of HBV, B ´ Abdominal pain RISK FACTOR OF HEPATITIS C ´ Dark urine ´ Fever ´ Joint pain Laboratory Examination for Hepatitis ´ Loss of appetite (C) ´ Nausea and vomiting ´ Magnetic Resonance ´ Weakness and fatigue Elastography (MRE) ´ Jaundice ´ Transient Elastography ´ Liver biopsy SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF HEPATITIS ´ Blood tests C ´ Bleeding easily Treatment for Hepatitis (A) ´ Bruising easily v No specific treatment exists for ´ Fatigue hepatitis A. Your body will clear ´ Poor appetite the hepatitis A virus on its own. ´ Jaundice In most cases of hepatitis A, ´ Dark-colored urine the liver heals within six months ´ Itchy skin with no lasting damage. ´ Fluid buildup in your abdomen v Get hepatitis A vaccine (ascites) ´ Swelling in your legs Treatment for Acute Hepatitis B ´ Weight loss v Treated with first-line oral, ´ Confusion, drowsiness and therapy, such as Tenofovir, slurred speech (hepatic Disoproxil Fumarate (TDF) or encephalopathy) Entecavir (ETV) ´ Spiderlike blood vessels on your skin (spider angiomas) Treatment for Chronic Hepatitis B v Anti-viral medication Laboratory Examination for Hepatitis v Treated with first-line oral, (A) therapy, such as Tenofovir, ´ Blood tests are used to look for Disoproxil Fumarate (TDF) or signs of the hepatitis A virus in Entecavir (ETV), and your body. A sample of blood is Lamivudine Adefovir can help taken, usually from vein in your fight the virus and slow its arm. It’s sent to a laboratory for ability to damage your liver. testing. ´ Additional test include Reverse Treatment for Hepatitis (C) Transcriptase Polymerase v Treated using Direct Acting Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) to Antiviral (DAA) tablet. The detect the hepa A virus. safest and most effective Laboratory Examination for Hepatitis medicines for hepa C virus (B) (taken 8-12 weeks) v Blood Test v Liver Transplant v Liver ultrasound v Liver biopsy Nursing Intervention for Hepatitis (A) Ø Encouraged to rest q Practice good personal hygiene Ø Improved nutritional status q Don’t use an infected person’s Ø Avoid alcohol and use personal items medications with care q Get the vaccine for hepatitis A Ø Check stool for the presence of &B blood ANEURYSM PPT Nursing Intervention for Hepatitis Aneurysm - is a bulge in the wall of an (B) artery. Aneurysms form when there’s Ø Promote physical well being a weak area in the artery wall. Ø Preventing complication of Untreated aneurysms can burst open, hepatitis leading to internal bleeding. They can Ø Enhance self-concept also cause blood clots that block the Ø Acceptance of situation flow of blood in your artery. providing about the disease Depending on the location of the treatment aneurysm, a rupture or clot can be life-threatening. Nursing Intervention for Hepatitis (C) Ø Observe standard precautions 1. Aortic Aneurysm - They form in in handling blood and body your aorta, your body’s largest fluids artery. Your aorta carries blood Ø Disposed used needles out of your heart. Aortic properly aneurysms are by far the most Ø Emphasize proper nutrition common. (high calorie, low fat diet) 2. Abdominal aortic aneurysm Health Teaching for Hepatitis (A) (AAA) - Abdominal aortic q Wash your hands after going to aneurysms may form where the bathroom, changing your aorta carries blood into diapers, and touching garbage your abdomen (belly). or dirty clothes q Wash your hands before preparing food and eating 3. Thoracic aortic q Get the hepatitis A vaccine aneurysm: These aneurysms are less common than Health Teaching for Hepatitis (B & C) AAAs. Thoracic aortic q Avoid direct contact with blood aneurysms form in the upper and bodily fluids part of your aorta, in your chest. q Clean up blood spills with a fresh diluted bleached solution 4. Cerebral aneurysms: Also q Use condoms during sex called brain aneurysms, these q Don’t share needles to take aneurysms affect an artery in drugs your brain. A saccular (or berry) aneurysm is the most common female at birth (AFAB). They affect type of cerebral aneurysm. It only about 1% of people AMAB aged forms as a sac of blood 55 to 64. But the incidence increases attached to an artery. It looks by 2% to 4% with every decade. like a round berry attached to the artery. RISK FACTORS Different types of aneurysms 5. Carotid aneurysm: Carotid affect different groups. Brain artery aneurysms form in aneurysms affect people AFAB more your carotid arteries. These than those AMAB. Aortic aneurysms blood vessels bring blood to more often affect people AMAB. your brain, neck and face. Abdominal aortic aneurysms occur Carotid aneurysms are rare. most often in people who are: • Assigned male at birth. 6. Popliteal aneurysm: These • Over the age of 60. develop in the artery that runs • Smokers. behind your knees. • White, although they affect people of any race. 7. Mesenteric artery aneurysm: This type of CAUSES aneurysm forms in the artery In some cases, people are born with that brings blood to your aneurysms. They can also develop at intestine. any point during your life. Although the cause of an aneurysm is often 8. Splenic artery unknown, some possible causes aneurysm: These aneurysms include: develop in an artery in your • Atherosclerosis (narrowing of spleen. the arteries). • Family history of aneurysms. Unruptured brain aneurysms affect • High blood pressure. 2% to 5% of healthy people, and • Injury to your aorta. about 25% of them have multiple aneurysms. Most brain aneurysms SYMPTOMS develop in adulthood, but they can • Lightheaded. also occur in children with mean age • Rapid heartbeat. of detection around 50 years. Most • Sudden, severe pain in your brain aneurysms don’t rupture. head, chest, abdomen or back. • Sudden loss of consciousness Aortic aneurysms become more following a severe headache. prevalent with age. Abdominal aortic • Confusion or dizziness. aneurysms are four to six times more • Difficulty swallowing. common in those assigned male at • Fatigue. birth (AMAB) than those assigned • Headache. • Nausea or vomiting. endovascular aneurysm repair • Pain in your abdomen, chest or (TEVAR). If your surgeon has to back. make a special graft with • Pulsating abdominal mass or custom openings, the swelling in your neck. procedure may be fenestrated • Rapid heart rate. endovascular aneurysm repair • Vision changes. (FEVAR). • Open surgery: In some cases, a DIAGNOSIS surgeon may perform the graft Imaging tests that can find and help or remove the aneurysm diagnose an aneurysm include: through an incision (open • CT scan. surgery). • CT or MRI angiography. • Endovascular coiling: This • Ultrasound. procedure treats cerebral aneurysms. The surgeon CLASSIFICATIONS inserts multiple coils (a spiral of 1. Fusiform aneurysm bulges out platinum wire) through a on all sides of your artery. catheter to pack the aneurysm. 2. Saccular aneurysm causes This reduces blood flow to the just one side of your artery to aneurysm and eliminates the bulge. risk of rupture. 3. Mycotic aneurysm develops • Microvascular clipping: This after an infection (typically in type of open brain surgery your heart valves) has treats cerebral aneurysms. The weakened an artery wall. surgeon places a metal clip at 4. Pseudoaneurysm or false the base of the aneurysm to cut aneurysm occurs when just the off blood supply. outer layer of your artery wall • Catheter embolization: This expands. This can occur after procedure cuts off blood injury to the inner layer of your supply to the aneurysm. The artery called dissection. surgeon inserts a catheter into the affected artery, using the TREATMENTS tube to place medication or • Endovascular aneurysm repair embolic agents that prevent (EVAR): During endovascular bleeding. surgery, your provider inserts a catheter (thin tube) into the PREVENTIONS vessel. Through the catheter, • Eat a heart-healthy diet. the surgeon inserts a graft • Exercise regularly. (section of specialized tubing) • Maintain a healthy weight. to reinforce or repair the artery. • Avoid or quit smoking. For thoracic aneurysms, this procedure is called thoracic HIV PPT 4. BLOOD TRANSFUSION AND Human Immunodeficiency Virus - Is ORGAN TRANSPLANTS: a virus that attacks the body’s Although rare in countries where immune system, specifically the CD4 blood is screened for HIV, the virus cells (T cells), which are a type of can be transmitted through white blood cell important for fighting transfusions of contaminated blood or infections. If left untreated, HIV can transplanted organs from an HIV- weaken the immune system to the infected donor. point where the body has trouble defending itself from infections SIGNS & SYMPTOMS disease. 1. ACUTE HIV INFECTION (2-4 WEEKS AFTER EXPOSING): CAUSES • FEVER 1. UNPROTECTIVE SEXUAL • FATIGUE CONTACT: • CHILLS HIV is most commonly transmitted • HEADACHES through unprotected sex (vaginal, • NIGHT SWEATS anal, or oral) with an infected person. • SORE THROAT The virus is present in the sexual • JOINT PAIN fluids (semen, vaginal fluids, rectal • MUSCLE PAIN fluids) and can enter the body through • MOUTH ULCERS mucous membranes or small tears in • SWOLLEN LYMPH the skin. This early symptoms are often 2. SHARING NEEDLES OR mistaken for other viral infection, SYRINGES: which is many people may not know HIV can be transmitted through blood they are infected. when people share needles, syringes, or other equipment used to inject 2. CHRONIC HIV (CLINICAL drugs. This is a common route of LATENCY STAGE) transmission among individuals who This stage can last for several years use intravenous drugs. with little or no symptoms, but the virus is still active. Some people may 3. MOTHER TO CHILD experience swollen lymph nodes. TRANSMISSION (MTCT): An HIV positive mother can transmit RISK FACTOR OF HIV the virus to her baby during pregnancy, childbirth, or 1. Multiple sexual partners: breastfeeding. However, with proper 2. Having other sexually medical care and antiretroviral transmitted infections (STIs): treatment, the risk of mother to child STIs like SYPHILIS, HERPES, transmission can be significantly GONORRHEA, or CHLAMYDIA can reduced. cause sores or inflammation, making it easier for HIV to enter the body. PREVENTION against the walls of the arteries as the 1. SAFE SEXUAL PRACTICES: heart pumps it throughout the body. • Use condom consistently and Measured by: correctly. 1. The SYSTOLIC pressure • Limit the number of sexual represents the force when the partners. heart contracts and pumps • Get tested and know your blood into the arteries partner’s HIV status. 2. The DIASTOLIC pressure • Avoid alcohol or drug abuse. represents the force when the 2. PRE-EXPOSURE heart is at rest between beats. PROPHYLAXIS (PREP) Prep is a daily medication for CAUSES people at high risk of HIV. When • are overweight taken consistently, it greatly • eat too much salt and do not eat reduces the risk of HIV enough fruit and vegetables infection. • do not do enough exercise 3. POST-EXPOSURE • drink too much alcohol or PROPHYLAXIS (PEP): coffee (or other caffeine-based PEP is a short term drinks) (ANTIRETROVIRAL • Smoke TREATMENT) taken within 72 • have a lot of stress hours after potential HIV • are over 65 exposure to prevent infection. • have a relative with high blood 4. REGULAR TESTING: pressure Regular HIV testing helps in • live in a deprived area early detection and treatment. RISK FACTORS HIV IS NOT TRANSMITTED BY: 1. AGE • Casual contact such as 2. FAMILY HISTORY hugging, shaking hands, or 3. OBESITY sharing utensils. 4. SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE • Air, water, or food. 5. UNHEALTHY DIET • Saliva, tears, or sweats. 6. SMOKING • Insect bites (e.g., mosquitoes). 7. EXCESSIVE ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION 8. STRESS HYPERTENSION PPT 9. CERTAIN MEDICAL Hypertension - commonly known as CONDITIONS high blood pressure, is a medical 10.MEDICATION AND condition characterized by elevated SUBTANCES blood pressure levels consistently exceeding the normal range. Blood SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS pressure is the force exerted by blood • severe headaches • chest pain Urine tests: Urine tests can help • dizziness evaluate kidney function and identify • difficulty breathing any abnormalities that may be • nausea contributing to hypertension. These • Vomiting tests may include: • blurred vision or other vision • Urinalysis: Examines the urine changes for the presence of protein, • anxiety blood cells, and other • confusion substances that may suggest • buzzing in the ears kidney disease or other • nosebleeds related conditions. • abnormal heart rhythm • Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR): Measures the LABORATORY EXAMINATION amount of the protein albumin Blood tests: Blood tests can provide in the urine and can help detect information about various factors kidney damage associated with related to hypertension, including: hypertension. • Lipid profile: Measures the • ECG (Electrocardiogram): An levels of cholesterol and ECG measures the electrical triglycerides in the blood. High activity of the heart and can levels of these --substances identify any abnormalities in can contribute to hypertension. heart rhythm or structure that • Renal function tests: Assess may be associated with kidney function, as hypertension. hypertension can be associated with kidney disease. TREATMENTS • Electrolyte levels: Check the • Eating a heart-healthy diet with levels of sodium, potassium, less salt and other electrolytes, as • Getting regular physical imbalances can contribute to activity high blood pressure. • Maintaining a healthy weight or • Fasting blood glucose: losing weight Measures blood sugar levels to • Limiting alcohol screen for diabetes, a condition • Not smoking that can increase the risk of • Getting 7 to 9 hours of sleep hypertension. daily • Complete blood count (CBC): Evaluates red and white blood MEDICATIONS cell counts, as well as hemoglobin levels, which may • Diuretics: These medications indicate certain conditions help your body get rid of excess related to hypertension. sodium and water, reducing the volume of blood in your vessels. Diuretics are often include metoprolol, atenolol, prescribed as a first-line and propranolol. treatment for hypertension. • Alpha-Blockers: Alpha- Examples include blockers reduce nerve hydrochlorothiazide, impulses that constrict blood chlorthalidone, and vessels, allowing them to relax furosemide. and improving blood flow. • ACE inhibitors (Angiotensin- These medications are Converting Enzyme sometimes prescribed in Inhibitors): ACE inhibitors block combination with other blood the production of angiotensin II, pressure medications. a hormone that causes blood Examples include doxazosin vessels to narrow. By dilating and prazosin. blood vessels, ACE inhibitors • Renin Inhibitors: Renin lower blood pressure. inhibitors reduce the Examples include lisinopril, production of renin, an enzyme enalapril, and ramipril. involved in the production of • ARBs (Angiotensin II Receptor angiotensin II. Aliskiren is an Blockers): ARBs work similarly example of a renin inhibitor. to ACE inhibitors by blocking the effects of angiotensin II. NURSING INTERVENTION They help relax blood vessels 1. Health Assessment: Conduct a and lower blood pressure. thorough assessment of the Commonly prescribed ARBs patient's blood pressure, include losartan, valsartan, and medical history, lifestyle irbesartan. habits, and any existing • Calcium Channel Blockers: conditions. This will help in These medications prevent determining the severity of calcium from entering muscle hypertension and the cells in the heart and blood appropriate interventions. vessels, causing them to relax 2. Medication Administration: and reducing blood pressure. Assist with medication Examples include amlodipine, administration as prescribed by diltiazem, and verapamil. the healthcare provider. • Beta-Blockers: Beta-blockers Educate the patient about the reduce the heart rate and the importance of taking force of the heart's medications regularly and the contractions, resulting in potential side effects. Monitor lowered blood pressure. They and document the patient's also help reduce the production response to medications. of renin, a hormone that raises 3. Lifestyle Modifications: blood pressure. Commonly Provide education and support prescribed beta-blockers for lifestyle changes, including: - Dietary Modifications: recorded blood pressure readings Encourage a low-sodium diet rich to track progress and adjust the in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, treatment plan accordingly. and lean proteins. Advise the patient to limit the consumption of 6. Health Education: Provide processed foods, saturated fats, education about hypertension, its and added sugars. risk factors, and complications. - Weight Management: Help the Emphasize the importance of patient set realistic weight loss regular follow-up appointments goals if overweight or obese. Offer with healthcare providers and guidance on healthy eating, adherence to the prescribed portion control, and physical treatment plan. activity. - Regular Exercise: Encourage the 7. Collaborative Care: Collaborate patient to engage in regular with other healthcare aerobic exercise, such as walking, professionals, such as physicians, swimming, or cycling, for at least dietitians, and pharmacists, to 150 minutes per week. Discuss the ensure coordinated and importance of exercise in lowering comprehensive care for the blood pressure and improving patient. cardiovascular health. - Smoking Cessation: If the HEALTH TEACHINGS patient smokes, provide support 1. UNDERSTAND THE CONDITION and resources for smoking 2. HEALTHY LIFESTYLE cessation. Discuss the harmful MODIFICATION effects of smoking on blood 3. MEDICATION ADHERENCE pressure and overall health. 4. REGULAR MONITORING 4. Stress Management: Teach 5. STRESS MANAGEMENT relaxation techniques such as deep 6. IMPORTANCE REGULAR CHECK- breathing exercises, meditation, or UP guided imagery to help the patient 7. EDUCATION ON POTENTIAL manage stress. Encourage engaging COMPLICATIONS in activities that promote relaxation 8. SUPPORT SYSTEM and well-being, such as hobbies, 9. AWARENESS OF WARNING SIGNS socializing, or engaging in nature. 10. FOLLOW-UP CARE
5. Regular Monitoring: Instruct the
patient on how to measure and CEREBRO VASCULAR ACCIDENT record their blood pressure at (BRAIN Attack) PPT home. Teach them to recognize CEREBRO VASCULAR ACCIDENT - it signs of elevated blood pressure is a sudden loss of functioning and when to seek medical resulting from disruption of the blood attention. Regularly review the supply to the part of the brain. Also termed as "Brain Attack”. This event Ø Ischemic Stroke Treatment - is usually result of long standing To treat an ischemic stroke, you cerebro vascular disease. may be given a clot-dissolving drug or a blood thinner. You BRAIN FUNCTIONS BY LOBE may also be given aspirin to 1. Frontal lobe prevent a second stroke. 2. Temporal Lobe 3. Parietal Lobe Ø Hemorrhagic Stroke 4. Occipital Lobe Treatment - you may be given 5. Cerebellum a drug that lowers the pressure 6. Brain Stem in your brain caused by the bleeding. If the bleeding is RISK FACTORS severe, you may need surgery Non-Modifiable: to remove excess blood. v AGE: more than 65 yr. v GENDER: More men than SIGNS & SYMPTOMS women 1. Weakness of the face, arm, leg, v RACE: African American especially on one side of the v FAMILY HISTORY: Heredity body 2. Confusion or Mental Changes Modifiable: 3. Trouble Speaking v Hypertension 4. Visual Disturbances v Heart Attack 5. Difficulty in walking, dizziness, v Smoking or loss of balance or v Excessive alcohol coordination consumption 6. Sudden severe headache v Obesity 7. Motor loss v Sleep apnea 8. Communication Loss v Metabolic syndrome 9. Perceptual Disturbances v Poor diet 10. Sensory loss v Drug abuse 11. Cognitive and v Oral contraceptive Psychological effects
DIAGNOSIS STROKE, Act Fast!
Ø Blood tests F – FACE Ø Angiogram A – ARM Ø Carotid ultrasound S – SPEECH Ø CT scan T - TIME Ø MRI scan Ø Echocardiogram COMPLICATIONS Ø Electrocardiogram 1. Tissue Ischemia 2. Pneumonia TREATMENT 3. Cardiac Failure 4. Decreased Cerebral blood flow ● Work Hazards due to ICP ● Lung infection/Respiratory 5. Inadequate oxygen delivery to infection the brain ● Dust ● Chemical fumes EMPHYSEMA/BRONCHITIS (COPD) ● Genetic disorder Alpha-1 PPT antitrypsin deficiency Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) - is a common lung RISK FACTOR disease causing restricted airflow and ● Cigarette smoker breathing problems. ● Genetics ● Occupational exposures Emphysema - is a lung disease ● People with history of Asthma involving damage to the air sacs ● Age 40 years and older (alveoli). Air is trapped in the lungs ● A childhood history of due to lack of supportive tissue which respiratory disease decreases oxygenation. ● Environment ● Lack of access to healthcare Alveoli - Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles that function as a basic SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS respiratory units (tiny branches of air ● Long-term coughing (smoker’s tubes in the lungs). Gas exchange cough). occurs here. ● Wheezing. How it works? ● Shortness of breath, especially - Once oxygen inhaled into the during light exercise like lungs is passed from the alveoli climbing steps. into the bloodstream through ● Constant feeling of not being capillary veins for distribution able to get enough air. to the rest of the body. ● Tightness in your chest. Emphysema affects how your ● Increased mucus production. lungs transfer oxygen into your ● Abnormal mucus color (yellow bloodstream. or green). ● Fatigue. CAUSES OF DAMAGE TO AVEOLI ● Heart problems. ● Inflammation ● Trouble sleeping. ● Scarring ● Weight loss ● Infection ● Fluid (water, pus and blood DIAGNOSTIC TESTS build up) 1. Chest X-Ray - X-rays are usually not helpful in detecting CAUSES OF EMPHYSEMA the early stages of ● Cigarette SMOKING emphysema. They’re more ● Air Pollution useful in diagnosing moderate There is no cure for Alpha-1 or severe emphysema. AntiTrypsin deficiency but a lifelong 2. CT Scan - A CT scan creates a treatment called augmentation 3D image of your lungs. It therapy using ATT protein taken from provides more detailed images the blood of donors. This treatment than an X-ray. increase the level of protein to help 3. Arterial Blood Gas ABG - slow down lung damage. measures the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in There is no cure for emphysema, the blood from an artery although it is treatable. Appropriate (arterial blood). An artery is a management can reduce symptoms tube that carries blood away and progression. The goal of from your heart. If emphysema treatment for people with pulmonary gets worse, It can help emphysema is to live more determine if you need an extra comfortably, control symptoms, and oxygen. prevent the disease from getting 4. Spirometer - It is a test used to worse. assess how well your lungs work by measuring how much TREATMENTS air you inhale, how much you ● Stop smoking immediately and exhale and how quickly you completely – this is the most exhale. It is also use to effective treatment for diagnose asthma, chronic emphysema obstructive pulmonary disease ● Avoiding other air pollutants (COPD) and other conditions ● respiratory (pulmonary) that affect breathing. rehabilitation programs 5. Blood Genetic Test - This is a ● oxygen treatment, in advanced type of blood test to find out the cases genetic disorder called alpha-1 Medications such as antitrypsin deficiency. This ○ Anti-inflammatory disorder is linked to abnormally medications low levels or a lack of alpha-1 ○ Antibiotics antitrypsin (AAT) protein in the ○ Bronchodilators blood. Stress management techniques Gentle, regular exercise to improve Alpha-1 AntiTrypsin deficiency overall fitness (AAT) - It is inability to make enough of AAT, a protein that protects the NURSING INTERVENTION lungs from risk of damage. Emphysema is a progressive disease, How it is treated? help support is crucial in long-term ● Genetic test treatment. Interventions that aim at ● Blood test reducing symptoms and preventing ● Pulmonary test complications. Educating the patient about the disease process and how to 1. Virus - Influenza (flu), slow progression will aid in improved Rhinovirus (colds) quality of life. 2. Bacteria - Mycoplasma 1. Educate the client regarding pneumoniae, Streptococcus smoking cessation. pneumoniae, influenzae and 2. Maintaining Patent Airway Bordetella pertussis Clearance - Assess and monitor 3. Pollution respirations and breath sounds 4. Cigarette smoking 3. Observe signs and symptoms 5. Work environment of infections. 4. Keep environmental pollution Viral to a minimum such as dust, - Clear, white mucus often indicates smoke, and feather pillows, viral infection according to the individual - Antibiotics can’t be used to treat situation. viral infections 5. Administer medications as - Acute Bronchitis is caused by Viral prescribed. infections 6. Assist the client to assume a position of comfort (elevate the Bacterial head of the bed, have the client - Yellow or green mucus lean on an overbed table, or sit - Antibiotics used to treat bacterial on edge of the bed) infections 7. Evaluate the client’s level of the - Can progress to Pneumonia activity. RISK FACTOR HEALTH TEACHINGS 1. Cigarette smoker or exposure to Emphysema needs pulmonary secondhand smoke (cigarette smoke rehabilitation, which includes from someone else) 1. Education 2. Older age 2. Nutrition counseling 3. Exposure to fumes or certain kinds 3. Learning special breathing of dust/pollution. techniques 4. A family history of COPD (Chronic 4. Help them to quit smoking and start Obstructive Pulmonary disease) an exercise regimen. 5. History of respiratory diseases such as asthma, cystic fibrosis. BRONCHITIS Bronchitis - is an infection of the main TYPES OF BRONCHITIS airways of the lungs (bronchi), causing 1. Acute bronchitis (Short term): them to become irritated and This is the most common type inflamed. of bronchitis, which often develops due to infection CAUSES around the respiratory system or a cold or flu virus. This type of bronchitis is very common 6. Blood test and usually goes away in a few days or weeks, depending on TREATMENT the type of care. 1. Antiviral medications 2. Chronic bronchitis (Long 2. Bronchodilators term): This is a much more 3. Anti-inflammatory medications serious type of bronchitis, often 4. Cough suppressants requiring medical attention. 5. Antibiotics You know you have chronic 6. Nebulizer bronchitis when your bronchi are constantly getting inflame NURSING INTERVENTION know more about bronchitis 1. If symptoms persist, do not self year after year and the medicate, consult a physician. symptoms last for months. 2. Instruct the patient to complete 3. Allergic bronchitis: Allergic the full course of prescribed bronchitis results from an antibiotics allergic reaction to a specific 3. Get plenty of rest allergen that triggers 4. Be sure the patients symptoms. These are airway understands the dosage, action irritants such as: and adverse effect of medicine. 1. Pollen 5. Eating proper nutrition 2. Dust 3. Mold HEALTH TEACHINGS 4. Fumes 1. Stop smoking 5. Animal fur 2. Teach the patients to recognize 6. Perfume & fragrance the early sign and symptoms of bronchitis SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS 3. Wash your hands thoroughly 1. Cough 4. Drink Vitamin C everyday 2. Fever 5. Cover your mouth when 3. Dyspnea (Shortness of breath) sneezing and coughing 4. Sleep pattern disturbance 6. Use protective gears when 5. Irritability using chemical or exposed to 6. Excess mucous production chemical fumes 7. Fatigue 8. Sore throat OSTEOPOROSIS PPT LABORATORY EXAMINATION Osteoporosis – skeletal disorder that 1. Nasal swab weakens bones. Develops when the 2. Chest x-ray structure and strength of bone 3. CT scan changes. Literally translates to 4. Sputum test “Porous Bones” 5. Pulmonary test - Derived from two Greek words: “Osteo” – means bones 4. Severe (Advanced) “Porosis” – means porous or Osteoporosis – Extremely full of holes. fragile bones
Bones Have: Two Types of Osteoporosis
1. Compact Bone – Solid outer 1. Primary – Most common form surface occurs as a natural part of aging 2. Spongy Bone - Inner bone, less process. Related to older age dense than compact bone, has as well as a reduced amount of small holes like a sponge. estrogen in women. 2. Secondary – affects both Common Fracture Locations: children and adults or may be 1. Spine related to other conditions like 2. Hips cancer, hormone problems, use 3. Wrists of certain medications.
Bone Cells: Causes
1. Osteoblasts – make bone: 1. Decrease in bone density bone formation. Makes new 2. Being confined to a bed due to bone tissue using minerals prolonged illness such as calcium and phosphate 3. Spine Fracture from the blood. 4. Hormonal, Calcium and Vitamin 2. Osteoclasts – remove bone: D deficiencies resorption. Cells that break 5. Cancer Treatments down bone tissue. Risk Factors Hormones: crucial for osteoblasts’ 1. Family History bone formation 2. Lack of exercise - Estrogen 3. Having fallen in the past - Growth Hormone 4. Poor diet - Testosterone 5. Lifestyle Behaviors
Peak Bone Mass – Strongest most Signs and Symptoms
dense bones. 1. Severe back pain 2. Loss of height Stages of Osteoporosis 3. Kyphosis/ Spine malformation 1. Normal Bone Density – 4. Fractures Healthy Bone 2. Osteopenia – Low bone Laboratory Examination Density 1. DEXA SCAN: Dual – Energy X- 3. Osteoporosis – Weakened ray Absorptiometry – used to Bones measure bone density T – score – compare to healthy 5. Provide a diet high in proteins, young adults carbs, vitamins and minerals. Z – score – compare to someone of the same age HEALTH TEACHINGS • 15 minutes of Sun Daily 2. Calcium Blood test – • Eat healthy diet (increase measures the level of calcium Calcium and Vit D intake) in the blood. • Get regular exercise 3. Vitamin D Test – measure the • Avoid smoking level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in • Responsible Drinking the blood.
TREATMENTS PNEUMONIA PPT
Exercises: Pneumonia – is an infection in one or • Weight-Bearing Exercise both lungs. • Strength Training - Causes inflammation in the • Balance exercise alveoli • Flexibility/ Stretching routines - alveoli are filled with fluid or Vitamin & Mineral Supplements pus making it difficult to • Calcium: “Building blocks of breathe. bones” • Vitamin D CAUSES • Magnesium - When immune system is weak • Vitamin K - Organism is very strong Medications - Body fails to filter the • Bisphosphonates organisms • Denosumab - Congestion - presence of a • Selective Estrogen Receptor proteinaceous exudate – and Modulators (SERMS) often bacteria in the alveoli • Calcitonin - Red Hepatization - presence of erythrocytes in the cellular NURSING INTERVENTION intraalveolar exudate 1. Provide a range of motion - Neutrophils are also present exercises every shift. - Bacteria are occasionally seen 2. Reposition the patient every 2 in cultures of alveolar hours specimens collected 3. Apply trochanter roll/pillows to - Bacterial maintain joint alignment - Viral 4. Use mechanical lifts for - Mycobacterial patients who cannot bear - Fungal weight, and help them out of be - Parasitic at least daily. RISK FACTORS - Smoking tube to help people who are not - Upper respiratory tract able to breathe on their own. infections When people contract - Alcohol pneumonia as a result of using - Corticosteroid therapy a ventilator, it is called - Old age ventilator-associated - Recent influenza infection pneumonia. - Pre-existing lung disease 3. Pneumocystis Pneumonia - - - Bacteremia this type of pneumonia is - Abdominal sepsis caused by a fungal infection - Intravenous cannula infection and is most common in people - Infected emboli who have a weakened immune system. SYMPTOMS 4. Aspiration Pneumonia - -it can 1. High grade fever occur when food, saliva, vomit, 2. Cough-productive or another substance manages 3. Pleuritic chest pain to enter the lungs. These 4. Breathlessness substances can carry 5. Sharp or stabbing chest pain infectious pathogens or inflame 6. Headache or block the lungs and cause a 7. Excessive sweating and pneumonia infection. clammy skin 8. Loss of appetite and fatigues TESTS 9. Confusion, older people 1. A medical history review includes a COMPLICATIONS discussion of your current S – septicaemia symptoms as well as your L – lung abcess overall health and medical A – ARDS history. The doctor will P – Para-pnuemonic effusions usually ask about how long H – Hypotension you have had symptoms E – Empyema and may ask questions R – Respiratory Failure/renal failure about your medications, vaccinations, if you have TYPES OF PNEUMONIA been around other people 1. Hospital Acquired Pneumonia who are sick, if you smoke - this type of pneumonia cigarettes, or if you have develops as a result of an other health issues that infection contracted while a may affect your risk for person is in a hospital. pneumonia. 2. Ventilator Associated Pneumonia - a ventilator is a 2. A physical exam for device that uses a breathing pneumonia typically includes using a about overall health, a CBC can stethoscope to listen to show if there is an elevated your lungs. A health care level of white blood cells, which provider may tap on your is associated with some chest and ask you to take infections. several breaths while they listen. During this exam, the - This is another routine blood doctor is checking to see if test that assesses kidney they hear certain sounds function, electrolytes, and that are associated with blood sugar levels. pneumonia.
LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS NURSING INTERVENTION
1. Chest x-ray is the typical 1. Ineffective Airway Clearance imaging test used to diagnose 2. Impaired Gas Exchange pneumonia. This testing can show 3. Ineffective Breathing Pattern the presence of a pneumonia 4. Risk For Infection infection in the lungs. 5. Acute Pain 2. Computed Tomography (CT) 6. Decreased Activity Tolerance Scan of the chest may be 7. Hyperthermia considered in select situations. A 8. Risk For Deficient Fluid Volume CT scan provides more detailed 9. Risk for Imbalanced Nutrition: images and are usually used when Less Than Body Requirement the initial chest x-ray has 10.Deficient Knowledge unexpected results, if symptoms 11.Deficient Fluid Volume are abnormal, or if symptoms may be explained by another lung PREVENTION condition. 1. Smoking cessation 3. In some hospitals and medical 2. Better Nutrition offices, an ultrasound of the lung 3. Respiratory hygiene may be used to help diagnose measures pneumonia. This method of 4. Pneumococcal imaging is not as common, but it polysaccharide vaccine may be most useful when it is 5. Inactivated influenza otherwise difficult to perform a vaccine chest x-ray or CT scan. 6. live attenuated influenza vaccine - Complete Blood Count (CBC)This test measures the TREATMENT amount of each type of blood 1. Outpatients Treatment cell in a blood sample taken (empirical) – previously from a vein in your arm. In healthy and no antibiotic in past addition to providing insight 3 months, a macrolide. 2. Inpatients, non-ICU - A X-ray is unusual, or your Respiratory fluoroquinolone immune system is weakened. 3. Active TB - The germs multiply TUBERCULOSIS PPT and make you sick. You can Tuberculosis - is an infectious spread the disease to others. disease that can cause infection in Some 90% of active cases in your lungs or other tissues. It adults come from a latent TB commonly affects your lungs, but it infection. can also affect other organs like your - Outside of lungs - A spine, brain or kidneys. The word tuberculosis infection that “tuberculosis” comes from a Latin spreads from your lungs to word for "nodule" or something that other parts of the body is known sticks out. as extrapulmonary Tuberculosis is also known as tuberculosis. Your symptoms TB. Not everyone who becomes will depend on which part of infected with TB gets sick, but if you your body the infection affects. do get sick you need to be treated. SYMPTOMS TYPES: - A cough that lasts more than 3 1. Primary TB - This is the first weeks stage of a tuberculosis - Chest pain infection. Your immune system - Coughing up blood may be able to fight off the - Feeling tired all the time germs. But sometimes it - Night sweats doesn't destroy all of them, and - Chills they keep multiplying. You may - Fever not have any TB symptoms at - Loss of appetite this stage, or you might have a - Weight loss few flu-like symptoms. Tb symptoms may look different in 2. Latent TB - You have the germs teens, children, and babies. Teens' in your body, but your immune symptoms are similar to those of system keeps them from adults. Children ages 1-12 may have spreading. You don’t have any weight loss and a fever that won't go symptoms, and you’re not away. contagious. But the infection is Babies may: still alive and can one day • Be inactive or move slowly become active. If you’re at high • Have a bulge in the soft spot on risk for reactivation, your their head doctor will give you • Be very fussy medications to prevent active • Throw up or have trouble TB. This usually happens if you feeding have HIV, you had an infection in the past 2 years, your chest CAUSES • Tuberculosis bacteria spread • You’re a health care worker for through the air, just like a cold or patients at high risk of TB. the flu. You can get TB only if you • You’re a smoker. come into contact with people who have it. TREATMENTS • When someone who has TB Most cases are cured with antibiotics. coughs, sneezes, talks, laughs, or But it takes a long time. You have to sings, they release tiny droplets take medications for at least 6 to 9 that contain the germs. If you months breathe in these germs, you can get the disease. This is why people • If you have latent TB, your doctor who have active tuberculosis in will give you medication to kill the their lungs or throat are more likely bacteria so the infection doesn’t to infect others. You usually can't become active. You might get spread TB if you have it in other isoniazid, rifampin, or rifapentine areas of your body. either alone or combined. You’ll have to take the drugs for 3 YOU CAN GET IT FROM: months or more. If you see any • Shaking hands signs of active TB, call your doctor • Kissing right away. • Sharing food or drink • A combination of medicines also • Sharing bed sheets, towels, or treats active TB. The most toothbrushes common are ethambutol, • Toilet seats isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and rifampin. You’ll take them for 6 to RISK FACTORS 12 months. • A friend, co-worker, or family • If you have drug-resistant TB, your member has active TB. doctor might give you one or more • You live in or have traveled to an different medicines. You may have area where TB is common, like to take them for much longer, up to Russia, Africa, Eastern Europe, 30 months, and they can cause Asia, Latin America, and the more side effects. Caribbean. • You’re part of a group in which TB PREVENTION is more likely to spread, or you To help stop the spread of TB: work or live with someone who is. • If you’re traveling to a place where This includes people who are TB is common, avoid spending a lot unhoused, people with HIV, those of time in crowded places with sick in jail or prison, and those who people. inject drugs. • If you have a latent infection, take • You work or live in a hospital or all your medication so it doesn’t nursing home. become active and contagious. If you have active TB, you'll need to early childhood and permanently take care to protect others from affect body movement and muscle infection during your first few weeks coordination. CP is caused by of treatment: damage to or abnormalities inside • Limit contact with other people. If the developing brain that disrupt you live with others, sleep in a the brain's ability to control separate room and isolate yourself movement and maintain posture as much as possible. and balance. The term cerebral • Cover your mouth when you laugh, refers to the brain; palsy refers to sneeze, or cough. the loss or impairment of motor • Wear a surgical mask when you’re function. around other people. • Keep your space ventilated. Open ➢ CP is the leading cause of windows, if possible, and use a fan. childhood disabilities in the Germs spread more easily in U.S., but it doesn't always poorly ventilated places. cause profound disabilities. Someone with mild CP may not CEREBRAL PALSY PPT need any assistance or may In 1860’s know as “CEREBRAL have slight problems, such as PALSY” or “LITTLE’S DISEASE” difficulty walking, while a person with severe CP might William John Little is recognized as need special equipment or the first person to study CEREBRAL lifelong care. The disorder isn't PALSY or CP and defined it in 1853. progressive, meaning it doesn't Dr. Little himself had a clubfoot and get worse over time and some various illnesses from childhood, symptoms may even change as including polio, so he decided to turn the child gets older. his experiences into a lifelong project ➢ The signs and symptoms of CP to understand and help others with appear early in childhood and similar symptoms and conditions. can vary widely from person to person. CEREBRAL – Latin Word : Cerebrum ➢ Cerebral Palsy also affects - Affected part of the Brain vision, hearing, and sensation. PALSY – Greek Word : ➢ Cerebral palsy is the most Para – Beyond common cause of motor Lysis – Loosening disabilities in childhood. - Lack of muscle control/means According to the Centers for weakness or problems Disease Control and Prevention with body movement. (CDC), CP ranging from 1 to nearly 4 per 1,000 live births or CEREBRAL PALSY (CP) per 1,000 children. - refers to a group of neurological disorders that appear in infancy or THIS AFFECTS: - Movements - increased deep - Coordination tendon reflexes Most - Balance common form 70- - Posture 80% of all affected.
TYPE/DEGREE SEVERITY OF - Extapyra Midal:
CEREBRAL PALSY Athetoid/Dyskinesia 1. Mild CP- 20% of cases CP - Dyskinetic -Not require self help for assisting their movement of mouth impaired ambulation capacity. - Grimacing, drooling 2. Moderate CP- 50% and dysarthria. - Require self help for assisting their - Adductor spasm impaired ambulation capacity. 3. Severe CP- 30% - Ataxic CP - Poor -Totally incapacitated and bedridden and balance and lack of they always need care from others. coordination - Wide-based gait CLASSIFICATION - Depth perception 1. Neurologic deficits - Based on usually affected. the; extent of the damage, area - Tendency to fall and of brain damage. Each type stumble involves the way a person - Inability to walk moves straight true. 3 MAINTYPES: - Least common 5- - PYRAMIDAL - originates l0oZ»of cases from the motor areas of the cerebral cortex - Mixed: Spastic and - EXTRAPYRAMIDAL - basal Athethoid CP - A ganglia and cerebellum common combination - MIXED is spastic and athetoid 2. Type of movement involved - Spastic muscle tone 4 MAINTYPES: and involuntary - Pyramidal: Spastic movements CP - Increased - 25% of CP cases, muscle tone, tense fairly common and contracted muscles 3. Area of affected limbs - Have stiff and jerky or awkward movements CAUSES - limbs are usually ● Gene changes that result in underdeveloped genetic conditions or differences in brain People with cerebral palsy can also development. have a range of other problems, ● Maternal infections that affect including: an unborn baby. ● feeding, drooling and ● Stroke, which interrupts blood swallowing problems supply to the developing brain. ● constipation ● Bleeding into the brain in the ● problems with speaking and womb or as a newborn. communication ● Infant infections that cause ● seizures or fits (epilepsy) swelling in or around the brain. ● difficulty falling asleep and/or ● Traumatic head injury to an staying asleep infant, such as from a motor ● gastro-oesophageal reflux vehicle accident, fall or disease (GORD) – where acid physical trauma. from the stomach leaks up into ● Lack of oxygen to the brain the oesophagus (gullet) related to a hard labor or ● an abnormally curved spine delivery, although this cause is (scoliosis) less common than previously ● hips that pop out (dislocate) thought. easily ● difficulty controlling the SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS bladder (urinary incontinence) The main symptoms of cerebral palsy ● a learning disability – about half are problems with movement, of children with cerebral palsy coordination and development. have a learning disability Possible SIGNS ● eye problems – including ● delays in reaching reduced vision, a squint or development milestones – for uncontrollable eye movements example, not sitting by 8 ● hearing loss months or not walking by 18 months RISK FACTORS ● seeming too stiff or too floppy ● Premature birth (babies born (hypotonia) before 28 weeks of gestation ● weak arms or legs have the highest risk overall). ● fidgety, jerky or clumsy ● Low birth weight (under 3.3 movements pounds, or 1.5 kilograms). ● random, uncontrolled ● Substance use by a pregnant movements person. ● muscle spasms ● Conditions affecting the ● shaking hands (tremors) pregnancy, such as ● walking on tiptoes preeclampsia. SYMPTOMS ● Multiple fetuses (twins, triplets, etc.). ● Infections affecting the ● Physical therapy and placenta or amniotic fluid. rehabilitation. ○ Occupational therapy. COMPLICATIONS ○ Recreational therapy. Cerebral palsy often happens ○ Speech and language therapy. simultaneously with other conditions ● Social work and educational that affect brain function. These other support: conditions may happen because of the same damage that caused CP. PREVENTION Examples of conditions that often Here are ways you can help lower happen alongside or because of CP your risk: include: ● Access to quality medical care ● Seizures and epilepsy. while you’re pregnant ● Intellectual disability. ● Good nutrition ● Conditions that affect your ● Staying up to date on your ability to communicate. vaccines ● Vision and hearing problems. ● Take an Rh factor test early in ● Bone and muscle conditions. your pregnancy. The Rh ● Feeding issues. (Rhesus Factor) is a protein in ● Behavior disorders. red blood cells. Most people have it, but some don’t. DIAGNOSIS Problems can arise if the ● Brain scans/Brain-imaging mother’s blood is different from tests the baby’s. ● Electroencephalogram (EEG) ● Keeping any health issues you ● Laboratory tests have in check (such as diabetes ● Additional tests or high blood pressure) (Vision,Hearing,Speech,Intelle ● Avoiding substances that can ct,Development,Movement,Ot harm your baby (alcohol, drugs, her medical conditions.) certain medications) ● Medications ● Reducing your exposure to ● Therapies infections and viruses that ● Surgical procedures affect fetal health (For ● Other treatments example, Zika, Hepatitis B, Group B streptococcus) TREATMENTS Treatments can include any of the NURSING INTERVENTION following: ● Ensure therapeutic ● Medications: communication. To ease the ● Orthotic devices change of environment, the ● Assistive devices and nurse needs to communicate technologies with the family to learn as much ● Surgeries: as possible about the child’s appropriate for the child’s age activities at home. and condition). ● Enhance self-esteem. Assist ● Facilitate communication. Talk the patient to increase his/her to the child deliberately and personal judgment of self- slowly, using pictures to worth. reinforce speech when needed; ● Provide emotional support. encourage early speech Provide of reassurance, therapy to prevent poor or acceptance, and maladaptive communication encouragement during times of habits; and provide means of stress. articulate speech such as sign ● Strengthen family support. language or a picture board. Utilize the family’s strengths to ● Enforce therapeutic measures. influence patient’s health in a Assist in multidisciplinary positive direction. therapeutic measures designed ● Prevent injury. Prevent to establish locomotion, physical injury by providing the communication, and self-help, child with a safe environment, gain optimal appearance and appropriate toys, and integration of motor functions. protective gear (helmet, kneepads) if needed. There is NO CURE for CEREBRAL ● Prevent deformity. Prevent PALSY, but supportive treatments, physical deformity by ensuring medications, and surgery can help the correct use of prescribed many individuals improve their motor braces and other devices and skills and ability to communicate with by performing ROM exercises. the world. ● Encourage mobility. Promote mobility by encouraging the child to perform age-and condition-appropriate motor activities ● Increase oral fluid intake. Promote adequate fluid and nutritional intake. ● Manage sleep and rest periods. Foster relaxation and general health by providing rest periods. ● Enhance self-care. Encourage self-care by urging the child to participate in activities of daily living (ADLs) (e.g. using utensils and implements that are