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DOWN SYNDROME PPT because of errors during cell

Down Syndrome - It is a genetic division after fertilization.


disorder that occurs when there is an 3. Translocation - Approximately
extra copy of chromosome 21. This 3-4% of cases involve a
additional genetic material can lead to rearrangement of genetic
various physical and intellectual material. In this form, part of
disabilities. chromosome 21 attaches to
another chromosome. While
Dr. John Langdon Down - Down the total number of
Syndrome was detected and named chromosomes remains 46, the
by physician Dr. John Langdon Down extra chromosome 21 material
in 1866. The condition inherited his can still lead to Down
last name, Down. syndrome.

Professor Jerome Lejeune - In 1959, RISK FACTORS:


Professor Jerome Lejeune showed 1. Maternal Age - The most
that Down syndrome was a significant risk factor is
chromosome disorder. He discovered maternal age. The risk of
the extra 47th chromosome (U.S having a child with Down
National Library) syndrome increases with the
mother's age.
CAUSES: - The risk is relatively low
Down syndrome is primarily caused for women under 35
by an extra copy of chromosome 21 years of age but
(trisomy 21), but there are several significantly increases
ways this can occur after that.
- The majority of children
1. Trisomy 21 - About 95% of with Down syndrome are
Down syndrome cases result born to mothers under 35
from trisomy 21. This happens because younger women
when an individual has three have more children
copies of chromosome 21 overall.
instead of the usual two,
typically due to an error in the 2. Previous Child with Down
formation of the egg or sperm Syndrome - If a woman has
cell. previously given birth to a
2. Mosaicism - In about 1-2% of child with Down syndrome,
cases, individuals have a there is a slightly increased
mixture of cells, some with the risk in subsequent
normal two copies of pregnancies.
chromosome 21 and others with
three. This is called mosaic 3. Family History of
Down syndrome and occurs Translocation - A small
percentage of cases (3-4%) 1. Generally sociable and
are caused by translocation affectionate.
Down syndrome, which can 2. Varied behavioral and
be inherited from a parent emotional characteristics,
who carries a balanced often similar to typically
translocation. developing individuals.
- If there is a family history
of translocation, the risk Growth Differences:
is increased 1. Slower physical growth
compared to peers.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: 2. Short stature.
Physical Features:
1. Flattened facial profile with Dental Issues:
upward-slanting eyes. 1. Delayed eruption of teeth.
2. Small head, ears, and mouth. 2. Dental problems like crowding
3. A short neck with excess skin at and misalignment.
the back.
4. A single deep crease across the COMMON WAYS TO IDENTIFY IF A
palm of the hand (Simian PERSON HAS DOWN SYNDROME
crease). 1. Genetic Testing - A definitive
5. Low muscle tone (hypotonia). diagnosis is often made
through genetic testing, which
Development Delays: can identify the presence of an
1. Delayed physical and extra copy of chromosome 21
intellectual development, (trisomy 21) in a person's cells.
including speech and language. This may include karyotyping,
2. Cognitive impairment, ranging fluorescence in situ
from mild to moderate. hybridization (FISH), or
3. Challenges with memory and chromosomal microarray
learning. analysis.
2. Prenatal Testing - In some
Health Issues: cases, Down syndrome can be
1. Increased risk of certain identified during pregnancy
medical conditions, such as through prenatal screening
congenital heart defects, tests like maternal serum
gastrointestinal issues, and screening, non-invasive
respiratory problems. prenatal testing (NIPT), or
2. Hearing and vision problems chorionic villus sampling (CVS).
are more common. 3. Clinical Evaluation - A clinical
3. Increased susceptibility to evaluation by a pediatrician,
infections. geneticist, or other healthcare
specialist is crucial for a
Behavioral Characteristics: comprehensive assessment.
This evaluation considers changes that can cause
physical and developmental Parkinson’s disease.
characteristics. 2. Environmental triggers -
exposure to certain toxins or
TREATMENT environmental factors may
1. Early Intervention Programs increase the risk of later
2. Educational Support Parkinson’s disease, but the
3. Speech and Language Therapy risk is small.
4. Physical and Occupational
Therapy COMPLICATIONS:
5. Medical Care 1. Thinking Difficulties
6. Behavioral Therapy 2. Depression and Emotional
7. Supportive Services Change
8. Inclusion and Socialization 3. Swallowing Problems
4. Chewing and Eating Problems
NURSING INTERVENTION 5. Sleep problems and Sleep
1. Early Intervention Disorders
2. Medical Care 6. Bladder Problems
3. Therapies 7. Constipation
4. Educational Support 8. Blood Pressure Change
5. Behavioral Management 9. Head injuries
6. Advocacy
7. Social & Emotional Support SYMPTOMS
8. Encourage Independence 1. TREMORS - Essential tremor
is a nervous system
condition, also known as a
PARKINSON’S DISEASE PPT neurological condition, that
Parkinson’s Disease – is a brain causes involuntary and
disorder that causes unintended or rhythmic shaking.
uncontrollable movements, such as 2. DYSTONIA - uncontrolled
shaking stiffness and difficulty with muscle cramps and spasms.
balance and coordination. Symptoms 3. BRADYKINESIA - is the
usually begin gradually and worsen medical term for movements
over time. As the disease progresses, that are slower than
people may have difficulty walking expected.
and talking. 4. VOCAL SYMPTOMS - Vocal
cord disorders caused by
CAUSES: abuse or misuse are easily
The cause of Parkinson’s disease is preventable.
unknown, but several factors appear 5. RIGITY AND POSTORAL
to play a role, including: INSTABILITY - It is a type of
1. Genes - researchers have increased muscle tone
identified specific genetic generally defined as an
increased resistance to 4. Nutritional supplements
passive movement of a joint. 5. Acupuncture
6. WALKING OR GAIT
DIFFICULTIES - You may RISK FACTORS
notice an abnormal gait if you 1. AGE – young adults rarely
drag your toes when you walk, experience parkinsons
take high steps or feel off disease. It ordinarily begins in
balance when walking. middle or late life, and the risk
7. SENSE OF SMELL - sense of increase with age.
smell has many functions, 2. HERIDITY – having a close
including detecting desirable relative with parkinsons
foods, hazards, and disease increase the changes
pheromones, and plays a role that you'all develop the
in taste. disease.
8. HYPOMIMIA - usually 3. SEX – men are more likely to
symmetrical, meaning that develop parkinson's disease
both sides of the face are than are woman.
affected. 4. EXPOSURE TO TOXINS -
9. MICROGRAPHIA - It is ongoing exposure to
commonly associated with herbicides and pesticides
neurodegenerative disorders may slightly increase your
of the basal ganglia, such as risk of parkinsons disease.
in Parkinson's disease, but it
has also been ascribed to MEDICATION:
subcortical focal lesions. 1. DOPAMINE AGONISTS -
such as ropinirole, are the
DIAGNOSTIC first-line treatment for
Currently, there isn't a specific restless legs syndrome,
test to diagnose Parkinson son’s while bromocriptine is
disease. given for neuroleptic
A diagnosis of Parkinson’s is malignant
based on your medical history a 2. INHALED CARBIDOPA-
review of your symptoms, and LEVODOPA - Levodopa
neurology and physical exam. inhalation will not work to
prevent ''off'' episodes but
TREATMENT will help to control
Parkinson’s disease can't be cured, symptoms when an ''off''
but medicines can help control the episode has already
symptoms, often dramatically. begun.
1. Physical, Occupational and 3. CARBIDOPA-LEVODOPA
Speech therapy INFUSION - This
2. Surgery medication is used to treat
3. Lifestyle changes symptoms of Parkinson's
disease (such as that collects and empties
shakiness, stiffness, urine) and in front of the
difficulty moving). rectum (the lower part of
the intestine). It is about
4. CARBIDOPA- the size of a walnut and
LEVODOPA(RYTARY,SIN surrounds part of the
EMET,DOUOA,OTHERS) - urethra (the tube that
These two drugs work to empties urine from the
together to reduce bladder). The prostate
symptoms of PD and gland makes fluid that is
parkinsonism by part of the semen.
increasing levels of the
brain chemical dopamine. CAUSES:
Researchers do not know
HEALTH TEACHINGS exactly what causes prostate cancer.
1. Slow onset But they have found some risk
2. Slow position changes factors and are trying to learn just how
3. Never stop abruptly these factors might cause prostate
4. Not elimination of tremors or cells to become cancer cells.
rigidity
5. No heigh protein meals RISK FACTORS:
(NCLEX TIP) 1. Old age – Your risk of
6. Red Brown urine, sweat, prostate cancer increases as
saliva you age. It's most common
after age 50.
NURSING INTERVENTION 2. Race - For reasons not yet
1. Assess ability to swallow and determined, Black people
chew have a greater risk of prostate
2. Provide high calorie cancer than do people of
3. Provide high fiber other races. In Black people,
4. Soft diet with small frequent prostate cancer is also more
feeding likely to be aggressive or
5. Increase fluid intake to advanced.
2000ml 3. Family History – If a blood
relative, such as a parent,
PROSTATE CANCER PPT sibling or child, has been
Prostate Cancer - is a disease in diagnosed with prostate
which malignant (cancer) cells form in cancer, your risk may be
the tissues of the prostate. increased. Also, if you have a
- The prostate is a gland in family history of genes that
the male reproductive increase the risk of breast
system. It lies just below cancer (BRCA1 or BRCA2) or
the bladder (the organ a very strong family history of
breast cancer, your risk of 6. Targeted therapy
prostate cancer may be 7. Immunotherapy
higher. 8. Bisphosphonate therapy
4. Obesity - People who are
obese may have a higher risk HEALTH TEACHINGS
of prostate cancer compared 1. Maintain a healthy weight.
with people considered to Obesity is linked to several
have a healthy weight, though prostate health issues,
studies have had mixed including prostate cancer.
results. In obese people, the 2. Eat more vegetables
cancer is more likely to be 3. Reduce consumption of red
more aggressive and more meat
likely to return after initial 4. Know your risk and get tested
treatment. 5. Exercise regularly
6. Hydrate daily
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS 7. Manage stress
1. Trouble urinating 8. Stop smoking
2. Decreased force in the stream of
urine MUTE AND DEAFNESS
3. Blood in the urine Deafness - Refers to a hearing
4. Blood in the semen impairment, meaning a person has
5. Bone pain difficulty or an inability to hear sound.
6. Losing weight without trying This can range from mild hearing loss
7. Erectile dysfunction to complete deafness.

Muteness - Refers to an inability to


DIAGNOSIS: speak. This can be caused by various
1. Digital rectal examination Factor's, including physical
2. Trans rectal ultrasound impairments of the vocal cords or
3. MRI Fusion Biopsy mouth or developmental delays.
4. PCA 3 (Prostate Cancer Gene
3) CAUSES OF HEARING LOSS:
5. Prostate-specific antigen 1. Birt asphyxia ( a lock of
blood test (PSA) oxygen at the Time of birth).
2. Low birth weight.
TREATMENT 3. Noise Exposure (lLike
1. Watchful waiting or active concerts, construction sites,
surveillance or even loud music Through
2. Surgery headphones).
3. Radiation therapy and 4. Lifestyle (Smoking and Lock
radiopharmaceutical therapy of exercise).
4. Hormone therapy
5. Chemotherapy CAUSES OF MUTENESS:
1. Aphasia: This is a language 4. Behaving disruptively (such
disorder tha affect a person's as throwing temper tantrums)
ability to communicate. It can to avoid talking.
be caused by a stroke, Brain 5. Respond without words (hand
injury,or other neurological gestures,miming).
Condition.
2. Autism spectrum Disorder: DIAGNOSIS OF HEARING LOSS:
Some individuals with Austim 1. Initial assessment:
may have Difficulty with - Medical history: A
communication, including through review of
speaking. patients medical history,
3. Psychology Factor: anxiety, including Family history
Depression and other of Hearing loss ,
psychological Factors Can exposure to loud noises
also affect a person's ability and any previous ear
to speak. infaction or Surgeries.
- Physical examination: A
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF inspection of the outer
DEAFNESS: ear and ear canal to
1. Difficulty Hearing Other identify any
people Clearly And abnormalities or
misunderstanding what day blockages.
say specially in noisy Places. 2. Imaging Studies:
2. Often asking others to speak - Computed tomography
more slowly, Clearly And (CT) Scan: provides
loudly. detailed images of the
3. Being Bothered by ear structure helping to
background noise. identify in the bones of
4. Listening to Music or the middle ear or inner
Watching TV with The higher ear.
than Other people need. - Magnetic Resonance
5. Finding it Hard to keep up with Imaging (MRI): Offers a
a Conversations more detailed view of the
ear structure including
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF MUTISM: the cochlea and auditory
1. Feeling unable to speak. It nerve.
can Happen because you feel
overwhelmed or Paralyzed by TREATMENT FOR HEARING LOSS
fear or anxiety. 1. Hearing Aids
2. Tense or stiff posture, 2. Cochlear Implants
freezing or feeling unable to 3. Assistive Listening Device
move. 4. Sign Language
3. Avoiding eye contact. 5. Speech Therapy
6. Medical Treatment are infected. Hepatitis A is very
7. Prevention contagious.

TREATMENT FOR MUTISM 2. Hepatitis B - Is spread when


1. Identifying the Underlying blood, semen, or other body
cause: fluids from a person infected
- Medical Evaluation: is crucial with the virus enters the body of
to rule out any physical or someone who is not infected.
neurological Condition that
might be contributing to 2 Types of Hepatitis B
Mutism. Acute Hepatitis B – short term
- Psychological Assessment: illness
can assess for underlying Chronic Hepatitis B – life-long
psychology Factor As anxiety, illness
trauma or selective mutism.
2. Therapy: 3. Hepatitis C - Liver infection
- Speech Therapy: can caused by hepatitis c virus
help individuals develop (HCV). Is a blood virus
communication skills,
improve articulation, and 4. Hepatitis D
build confidence in 5. Hepatitis E
speaking.
CAUSES OF HEPATITIS A
HEPATITIS PPT - Eating food handled by
HEPATITIS - any acute inflammatory someone with the virus who
disease of the liver. doesn’t thoroughly
- wash hands after using the
LIVER - Is a vital organ that processes toilet
nutrients, filters the blood and fights - Drinking contaminated water
infections. - Eating food washed in
When the liver is inflamed or contaminated water
damaged, its function can be - Eating raw shellfish from water
affected. polluted with sewage
- Being in close contact with a
INFLAMMATION - is swelling that person who has the virus
happens when tissues of the body are - --- even if that person has no
insured or infected. This swelling and symptoms
damage can affect how well your liver - Having sexual contact with
functions. someone who has the virus

5 MAIN HEPATITIS VIRUSES: CAUSES OF HEPATITIS B & C


1. Hepatitis A - Is found in the • Sexual contact
stool and blood of people who • Sharing of needles
• Accidental needle sticks • Health care workers who have
• Mother to child been exposed to infected blood
• Sharing contaminated items w/c may happen if an infected
(toothbrush, razors) needle pierces your skin
• Poor infection control in health • Who injected or inhaled illicit
care facilities. drugs
• Unscreened blood transfusions • HIV positive
• Received a piercing or tattoo in
an unclean environment using
RISK FACTOR OF HEPATITIS A unsterile equipment
• Travel or work in areas of the • Received a blood transfusion or
world where hepatitis A is organ transplant before 1992
common • Received clotting factor
• Live with another person who concentrates before 1987
has hepatitis A • Received hemodialysis patient
• Men who have sexual contact • Born to a woman with a
with other men hepatitis C infection
• Sexual contact with someone • Were ever in prison
who has hepatitis A • Born between 1945 and 1965,
• HIV positive the age group with the highest
• Homeless incidence of hepatitis C
• Using of recreational drugs, not infection
just those that are injected
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF HEPATITS A
RISK FACTOR OF HEPATITIS B ´ Tiredness and weakness
• Sex with multiple sex partners ´ Nausea, vomiting and diarrhea
or with someone who’s infected ´ Abdominal pain or discomfort,
with HBV especially on the upper right
• Share needles during IV drug side beneath your lower ribs,
use w/c is over your liver
• Men who have sex with other ´ Clay or gray colored stool
men ´ Loss of appetite
• Live with someone who has a ´ Low-grade fever
chronic HBV infection ´ Dark urine
• Infant born to an infected ´ Joint pain
mother ´ Jaundice
• Job that exposes you to human ´ Intense itching
blood
• Travel to regions with high SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF HEPATITIS
infection rates of HBV, B
´ Abdominal pain
RISK FACTOR OF HEPATITIS C ´ Dark urine
´ Fever
´ Joint pain Laboratory Examination for Hepatitis
´ Loss of appetite (C)
´ Nausea and vomiting ´ Magnetic Resonance
´ Weakness and fatigue Elastography (MRE)
´ Jaundice ´ Transient Elastography
´ Liver biopsy
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF HEPATITIS ´ Blood tests
C
´ Bleeding easily Treatment for Hepatitis (A)
´ Bruising easily v No specific treatment exists for
´ Fatigue hepatitis A. Your body will clear
´ Poor appetite the hepatitis A virus on its own.
´ Jaundice In most cases of hepatitis A,
´ Dark-colored urine the liver heals within six months
´ Itchy skin with no lasting damage.
´ Fluid buildup in your abdomen v Get hepatitis A vaccine
(ascites)
´ Swelling in your legs Treatment for Acute Hepatitis B
´ Weight loss v Treated with first-line oral,
´ Confusion, drowsiness and therapy, such as Tenofovir,
slurred speech (hepatic Disoproxil Fumarate (TDF) or
encephalopathy) Entecavir (ETV)
´ Spiderlike blood vessels on
your skin (spider angiomas) Treatment for Chronic Hepatitis B
v Anti-viral medication
Laboratory Examination for Hepatitis v Treated with first-line oral,
(A) therapy, such as Tenofovir,
´ Blood tests are used to look for Disoproxil Fumarate (TDF) or
signs of the hepatitis A virus in Entecavir (ETV), and
your body. A sample of blood is Lamivudine Adefovir can help
taken, usually from vein in your fight the virus and slow its
arm. It’s sent to a laboratory for ability to damage your liver.
testing.
´ Additional test include Reverse Treatment for Hepatitis (C)
Transcriptase Polymerase v Treated using Direct Acting
Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) to Antiviral (DAA) tablet. The
detect the hepa A virus. safest and most effective
Laboratory Examination for Hepatitis medicines for hepa C virus
(B) (taken 8-12 weeks)
v Blood Test v Liver Transplant
v Liver ultrasound
v Liver biopsy Nursing Intervention for Hepatitis
(A)
Ø Encouraged to rest q Practice good personal hygiene
Ø Improved nutritional status q Don’t use an infected person’s
Ø Avoid alcohol and use personal items
medications with care q Get the vaccine for hepatitis A
Ø Check stool for the presence of &B
blood
ANEURYSM PPT
Nursing Intervention for Hepatitis Aneurysm - is a bulge in the wall of an
(B) artery. Aneurysms form when there’s
Ø Promote physical well being a weak area in the artery wall.
Ø Preventing complication of Untreated aneurysms can burst open,
hepatitis leading to internal bleeding. They can
Ø Enhance self-concept also cause blood clots that block the
Ø Acceptance of situation flow of blood in your artery.
providing about the disease Depending on the location of the
treatment aneurysm, a rupture or clot can be
life-threatening.
Nursing Intervention for Hepatitis (C)
Ø Observe standard precautions 1. Aortic Aneurysm - They form in
in handling blood and body your aorta, your body’s largest
fluids artery. Your aorta carries blood
Ø Disposed used needles out of your heart. Aortic
properly aneurysms are by far the most
Ø Emphasize proper nutrition common.
(high calorie, low fat diet)
2. Abdominal aortic aneurysm
Health Teaching for Hepatitis (A) (AAA) - Abdominal aortic
q Wash your hands after going to aneurysms may form where
the bathroom, changing your aorta carries blood into
diapers, and touching garbage your abdomen (belly).
or dirty clothes
q Wash your hands before
preparing food and eating 3. Thoracic aortic
q Get the hepatitis A vaccine aneurysm: These aneurysms
are less common than
Health Teaching for Hepatitis (B & C) AAAs. Thoracic aortic
q Avoid direct contact with blood aneurysms form in the upper
and bodily fluids part of your aorta, in your chest.
q Clean up blood spills with a
fresh diluted bleached solution 4. Cerebral aneurysms: Also
q Use condoms during sex called brain aneurysms, these
q Don’t share needles to take aneurysms affect an artery in
drugs your brain. A saccular (or berry)
aneurysm is the most common female at birth (AFAB). They affect
type of cerebral aneurysm. It only about 1% of people AMAB aged
forms as a sac of blood 55 to 64. But the incidence increases
attached to an artery. It looks by 2% to 4% with every decade.
like a round berry attached to
the artery. RISK FACTORS
Different types of aneurysms
5. Carotid aneurysm: Carotid affect different groups. Brain
artery aneurysms form in aneurysms affect people AFAB more
your carotid arteries. These than those AMAB. Aortic aneurysms
blood vessels bring blood to more often affect people AMAB.
your brain, neck and face. Abdominal aortic aneurysms occur
Carotid aneurysms are rare. most often in people who are:
• Assigned male at birth.
6. Popliteal aneurysm: These • Over the age of 60.
develop in the artery that runs • Smokers.
behind your knees. • White, although they affect
people of any race.
7. Mesenteric artery
aneurysm: This type of CAUSES
aneurysm forms in the artery In some cases, people are born with
that brings blood to your aneurysms. They can also develop at
intestine. any point during your life. Although
the cause of an aneurysm is often
8. Splenic artery unknown, some possible causes
aneurysm: These aneurysms include:
develop in an artery in your • Atherosclerosis (narrowing of
spleen. the arteries).
• Family history of aneurysms.
Unruptured brain aneurysms affect • High blood pressure.
2% to 5% of healthy people, and • Injury to your aorta.
about 25% of them have multiple
aneurysms. Most brain aneurysms SYMPTOMS
develop in adulthood, but they can • Lightheaded.
also occur in children with mean age • Rapid heartbeat.
of detection around 50 years. Most • Sudden, severe pain in your
brain aneurysms don’t rupture. head, chest, abdomen or back.
• Sudden loss of consciousness
Aortic aneurysms become more following a severe headache.
prevalent with age. Abdominal aortic • Confusion or dizziness.
aneurysms are four to six times more • Difficulty swallowing.
common in those assigned male at • Fatigue.
birth (AMAB) than those assigned • Headache.
• Nausea or vomiting. endovascular aneurysm repair
• Pain in your abdomen, chest or (TEVAR). If your surgeon has to
back. make a special graft with
• Pulsating abdominal mass or custom openings, the
swelling in your neck. procedure may be fenestrated
• Rapid heart rate. endovascular aneurysm repair
• Vision changes. (FEVAR).
• Open surgery: In some cases, a
DIAGNOSIS surgeon may perform the graft
Imaging tests that can find and help or remove the aneurysm
diagnose an aneurysm include: through an incision (open
• CT scan. surgery).
• CT or MRI angiography. • Endovascular coiling: This
• Ultrasound. procedure treats cerebral
aneurysms. The surgeon
CLASSIFICATIONS inserts multiple coils (a spiral of
1. Fusiform aneurysm bulges out platinum wire) through a
on all sides of your artery. catheter to pack the aneurysm.
2. Saccular aneurysm causes This reduces blood flow to the
just one side of your artery to aneurysm and eliminates the
bulge. risk of rupture.
3. Mycotic aneurysm develops • Microvascular clipping: This
after an infection (typically in type of open brain surgery
your heart valves) has treats cerebral aneurysms. The
weakened an artery wall. surgeon places a metal clip at
4. Pseudoaneurysm or false the base of the aneurysm to cut
aneurysm occurs when just the off blood supply.
outer layer of your artery wall • Catheter embolization: This
expands. This can occur after procedure cuts off blood
injury to the inner layer of your supply to the aneurysm. The
artery called dissection. surgeon inserts a catheter into
the affected artery, using the
TREATMENTS tube to place medication or
• Endovascular aneurysm repair embolic agents that prevent
(EVAR): During endovascular bleeding.
surgery, your provider inserts a
catheter (thin tube) into the PREVENTIONS
vessel. Through the catheter, • Eat a heart-healthy diet.
the surgeon inserts a graft • Exercise regularly.
(section of specialized tubing) • Maintain a healthy weight.
to reinforce or repair the artery. • Avoid or quit smoking.
For thoracic aneurysms, this
procedure is called thoracic
HIV PPT 4. BLOOD TRANSFUSION AND
Human Immunodeficiency Virus - Is ORGAN TRANSPLANTS:
a virus that attacks the body’s Although rare in countries where
immune system, specifically the CD4 blood is screened for HIV, the virus
cells (T cells), which are a type of can be transmitted through
white blood cell important for fighting transfusions of contaminated blood or
infections. If left untreated, HIV can transplanted organs from an HIV-
weaken the immune system to the infected donor.
point where the body has trouble
defending itself from infections SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
disease. 1. ACUTE HIV INFECTION (2-4
WEEKS AFTER EXPOSING):
CAUSES • FEVER
1. UNPROTECTIVE SEXUAL • FATIGUE
CONTACT: • CHILLS
HIV is most commonly transmitted • HEADACHES
through unprotected sex (vaginal, • NIGHT SWEATS
anal, or oral) with an infected person. • SORE THROAT
The virus is present in the sexual • JOINT PAIN
fluids (semen, vaginal fluids, rectal • MUSCLE PAIN
fluids) and can enter the body through • MOUTH ULCERS
mucous membranes or small tears in • SWOLLEN LYMPH
the skin. This early symptoms are often
2. SHARING NEEDLES OR mistaken for other viral infection,
SYRINGES: which is many people may not know
HIV can be transmitted through blood they are infected.
when people share needles, syringes,
or other equipment used to inject 2. CHRONIC HIV (CLINICAL
drugs. This is a common route of LATENCY STAGE)
transmission among individuals who This stage can last for several years
use intravenous drugs. with little or no symptoms, but the
virus is still active. Some people may
3. MOTHER TO CHILD experience swollen lymph nodes.
TRANSMISSION (MTCT):
An HIV positive mother can transmit RISK FACTOR OF HIV
the virus to her baby during
pregnancy, childbirth, or 1. Multiple sexual partners:
breastfeeding. However, with proper 2. Having other sexually
medical care and antiretroviral transmitted infections (STIs):
treatment, the risk of mother to child STIs like SYPHILIS, HERPES,
transmission can be significantly GONORRHEA, or CHLAMYDIA can
reduced. cause sores or inflammation, making
it easier for HIV to enter the body.
PREVENTION against the walls of the arteries as the
1. SAFE SEXUAL PRACTICES: heart pumps it throughout the body.
• Use condom consistently and Measured by:
correctly. 1. The SYSTOLIC pressure
• Limit the number of sexual represents the force when the
partners. heart contracts and pumps
• Get tested and know your blood into the arteries
partner’s HIV status. 2. The DIASTOLIC pressure
• Avoid alcohol or drug abuse. represents the force when the
2. PRE-EXPOSURE heart is at rest between beats.
PROPHYLAXIS (PREP)
Prep is a daily medication for CAUSES
people at high risk of HIV. When • are overweight
taken consistently, it greatly • eat too much salt and do not eat
reduces the risk of HIV enough fruit and vegetables
infection. • do not do enough exercise
3. POST-EXPOSURE • drink too much alcohol or
PROPHYLAXIS (PEP): coffee (or other caffeine-based
PEP is a short term drinks)
(ANTIRETROVIRAL • Smoke
TREATMENT) taken within 72 • have a lot of stress
hours after potential HIV • are over 65
exposure to prevent infection. • have a relative with high blood
4. REGULAR TESTING: pressure
Regular HIV testing helps in • live in a deprived area
early detection and treatment.
RISK FACTORS
HIV IS NOT TRANSMITTED BY: 1. AGE
• Casual contact such as 2. FAMILY HISTORY
hugging, shaking hands, or 3. OBESITY
sharing utensils. 4. SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE
• Air, water, or food. 5. UNHEALTHY DIET
• Saliva, tears, or sweats. 6. SMOKING
• Insect bites (e.g., mosquitoes). 7. EXCESSIVE ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
8. STRESS
HYPERTENSION PPT 9. CERTAIN MEDICAL
Hypertension - commonly known as CONDITIONS
high blood pressure, is a medical 10.MEDICATION AND
condition characterized by elevated SUBTANCES
blood pressure levels consistently
exceeding the normal range. Blood SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
pressure is the force exerted by blood • severe headaches
• chest pain Urine tests: Urine tests can help
• dizziness evaluate kidney function and identify
• difficulty breathing any abnormalities that may be
• nausea contributing to hypertension. These
• Vomiting tests may include:
• blurred vision or other vision • Urinalysis: Examines the urine
changes for the presence of protein,
• anxiety blood cells, and other
• confusion substances that may suggest
• buzzing in the ears kidney disease or other
• nosebleeds related conditions.
• abnormal heart rhythm • Urine albumin-to-creatinine
ratio (ACR): Measures the
LABORATORY EXAMINATION amount of the protein albumin
Blood tests: Blood tests can provide in the urine and can help detect
information about various factors kidney damage associated with
related to hypertension, including: hypertension.
• Lipid profile: Measures the • ECG (Electrocardiogram): An
levels of cholesterol and ECG measures the electrical
triglycerides in the blood. High activity of the heart and can
levels of these --substances identify any abnormalities in
can contribute to hypertension. heart rhythm or structure that
• Renal function tests: Assess may be associated with
kidney function, as hypertension.
hypertension can be associated
with kidney disease. TREATMENTS
• Electrolyte levels: Check the • Eating a heart-healthy diet with
levels of sodium, potassium, less salt
and other electrolytes, as • Getting regular physical
imbalances can contribute to activity
high blood pressure. • Maintaining a healthy weight or
• Fasting blood glucose: losing weight
Measures blood sugar levels to • Limiting alcohol
screen for diabetes, a condition • Not smoking
that can increase the risk of • Getting 7 to 9 hours of sleep
hypertension. daily
• Complete blood count (CBC):
Evaluates red and white blood MEDICATIONS
cell counts, as well as
hemoglobin levels, which may • Diuretics: These medications
indicate certain conditions help your body get rid of excess
related to hypertension. sodium and water, reducing the
volume of blood in your
vessels. Diuretics are often include metoprolol, atenolol,
prescribed as a first-line and propranolol.
treatment for hypertension. • Alpha-Blockers: Alpha-
Examples include blockers reduce nerve
hydrochlorothiazide, impulses that constrict blood
chlorthalidone, and vessels, allowing them to relax
furosemide. and improving blood flow.
• ACE inhibitors (Angiotensin- These medications are
Converting Enzyme sometimes prescribed in
Inhibitors): ACE inhibitors block combination with other blood
the production of angiotensin II, pressure medications.
a hormone that causes blood Examples include doxazosin
vessels to narrow. By dilating and prazosin.
blood vessels, ACE inhibitors • Renin Inhibitors: Renin
lower blood pressure. inhibitors reduce the
Examples include lisinopril, production of renin, an enzyme
enalapril, and ramipril. involved in the production of
• ARBs (Angiotensin II Receptor angiotensin II. Aliskiren is an
Blockers): ARBs work similarly example of a renin inhibitor.
to ACE inhibitors by blocking
the effects of angiotensin II. NURSING INTERVENTION
They help relax blood vessels 1. Health Assessment: Conduct a
and lower blood pressure. thorough assessment of the
Commonly prescribed ARBs patient's blood pressure,
include losartan, valsartan, and medical history, lifestyle
irbesartan. habits, and any existing
• Calcium Channel Blockers: conditions. This will help in
These medications prevent determining the severity of
calcium from entering muscle hypertension and the
cells in the heart and blood appropriate interventions.
vessels, causing them to relax 2. Medication Administration:
and reducing blood pressure. Assist with medication
Examples include amlodipine, administration as prescribed by
diltiazem, and verapamil. the healthcare provider.
• Beta-Blockers: Beta-blockers Educate the patient about the
reduce the heart rate and the importance of taking
force of the heart's medications regularly and the
contractions, resulting in potential side effects. Monitor
lowered blood pressure. They and document the patient's
also help reduce the production response to medications.
of renin, a hormone that raises 3. Lifestyle Modifications:
blood pressure. Commonly Provide education and support
prescribed beta-blockers for lifestyle changes, including:
- Dietary Modifications: recorded blood pressure readings
Encourage a low-sodium diet rich to track progress and adjust the
in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, treatment plan accordingly.
and lean proteins. Advise the
patient to limit the consumption of 6. Health Education: Provide
processed foods, saturated fats, education about hypertension, its
and added sugars. risk factors, and complications.
- Weight Management: Help the Emphasize the importance of
patient set realistic weight loss regular follow-up appointments
goals if overweight or obese. Offer with healthcare providers and
guidance on healthy eating, adherence to the prescribed
portion control, and physical treatment plan.
activity.
- Regular Exercise: Encourage the 7. Collaborative Care: Collaborate
patient to engage in regular with other healthcare
aerobic exercise, such as walking, professionals, such as physicians,
swimming, or cycling, for at least dietitians, and pharmacists, to
150 minutes per week. Discuss the ensure coordinated and
importance of exercise in lowering comprehensive care for the
blood pressure and improving patient.
cardiovascular health.
- Smoking Cessation: If the HEALTH TEACHINGS
patient smokes, provide support 1. UNDERSTAND THE CONDITION
and resources for smoking 2. HEALTHY LIFESTYLE
cessation. Discuss the harmful MODIFICATION
effects of smoking on blood 3. MEDICATION ADHERENCE
pressure and overall health. 4. REGULAR MONITORING
4. Stress Management: Teach 5. STRESS MANAGEMENT
relaxation techniques such as deep 6. IMPORTANCE REGULAR CHECK-
breathing exercises, meditation, or UP
guided imagery to help the patient 7. EDUCATION ON POTENTIAL
manage stress. Encourage engaging COMPLICATIONS
in activities that promote relaxation 8. SUPPORT SYSTEM
and well-being, such as hobbies, 9. AWARENESS OF WARNING SIGNS
socializing, or engaging in nature. 10. FOLLOW-UP CARE

5. Regular Monitoring: Instruct the


patient on how to measure and CEREBRO VASCULAR ACCIDENT
record their blood pressure at (BRAIN Attack) PPT
home. Teach them to recognize CEREBRO VASCULAR ACCIDENT - it
signs of elevated blood pressure is a sudden loss of functioning
and when to seek medical resulting from disruption of the blood
attention. Regularly review the supply to the part of the brain. Also
termed as "Brain Attack”. This event Ø Ischemic Stroke Treatment -
is usually result of long standing To treat an ischemic stroke, you
cerebro vascular disease. may be given a clot-dissolving
drug or a blood thinner. You
BRAIN FUNCTIONS BY LOBE may also be given aspirin to
1. Frontal lobe prevent a second stroke.
2. Temporal Lobe
3. Parietal Lobe Ø Hemorrhagic Stroke
4. Occipital Lobe Treatment - you may be given
5. Cerebellum a drug that lowers the pressure
6. Brain Stem in your brain caused by the
bleeding. If the bleeding is
RISK FACTORS severe, you may need surgery
Non-Modifiable: to remove excess blood.
v AGE: more than 65 yr.
v GENDER: More men than SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
women 1. Weakness of the face, arm, leg,
v RACE: African American especially on one side of the
v FAMILY HISTORY: Heredity body
2. Confusion or Mental Changes
Modifiable: 3. Trouble Speaking
v Hypertension 4. Visual Disturbances
v Heart Attack 5. Difficulty in walking, dizziness,
v Smoking or loss of balance or
v Excessive alcohol coordination
consumption 6. Sudden severe headache
v Obesity 7. Motor loss
v Sleep apnea 8. Communication Loss
v Metabolic syndrome 9. Perceptual Disturbances
v Poor diet 10. Sensory loss
v Drug abuse 11. Cognitive and
v Oral contraceptive Psychological effects

DIAGNOSIS STROKE, Act Fast!


Ø Blood tests F – FACE
Ø Angiogram A – ARM
Ø Carotid ultrasound S – SPEECH
Ø CT scan T - TIME
Ø MRI scan
Ø Echocardiogram COMPLICATIONS
Ø Electrocardiogram 1. Tissue Ischemia
2. Pneumonia
TREATMENT 3. Cardiac Failure
4. Decreased Cerebral blood flow ● Work Hazards
due to ICP ● Lung infection/Respiratory
5. Inadequate oxygen delivery to infection
the brain ● Dust
● Chemical fumes
EMPHYSEMA/BRONCHITIS (COPD) ● Genetic disorder Alpha-1
PPT antitrypsin deficiency
Chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD) - is a common lung RISK FACTOR
disease causing restricted airflow and ● Cigarette smoker
breathing problems. ● Genetics
● Occupational exposures
Emphysema - is a lung disease ● People with history of Asthma
involving damage to the air sacs ● Age 40 years and older
(alveoli). Air is trapped in the lungs ● A childhood history of
due to lack of supportive tissue which respiratory disease
decreases oxygenation. ● Environment
● Lack of access to healthcare
Alveoli - Tiny air sacs at the end of the
bronchioles that function as a basic SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
respiratory units (tiny branches of air ● Long-term coughing (smoker’s
tubes in the lungs). Gas exchange cough).
occurs here. ● Wheezing.
How it works? ● Shortness of breath, especially
- Once oxygen inhaled into the during light exercise like
lungs is passed from the alveoli climbing steps.
into the bloodstream through ● Constant feeling of not being
capillary veins for distribution able to get enough air.
to the rest of the body. ● Tightness in your chest.
Emphysema affects how your ● Increased mucus production.
lungs transfer oxygen into your ● Abnormal mucus color (yellow
bloodstream. or green).
● Fatigue.
CAUSES OF DAMAGE TO AVEOLI ● Heart problems.
● Inflammation ● Trouble sleeping.
● Scarring ● Weight loss
● Infection
● Fluid (water, pus and blood DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
build up) 1. Chest X-Ray - X-rays are
usually not helpful in detecting
CAUSES OF EMPHYSEMA the early stages of
● Cigarette SMOKING emphysema. They’re more
● Air Pollution
useful in diagnosing moderate There is no cure for Alpha-1
or severe emphysema. AntiTrypsin deficiency but a lifelong
2. CT Scan - A CT scan creates a treatment called augmentation
3D image of your lungs. It therapy using ATT protein taken from
provides more detailed images the blood of donors. This treatment
than an X-ray. increase the level of protein to help
3. Arterial Blood Gas ABG - slow down lung damage.
measures the amount of
oxygen and carbon dioxide in There is no cure for emphysema,
the blood from an artery although it is treatable. Appropriate
(arterial blood). An artery is a management can reduce symptoms
tube that carries blood away and progression. The goal of
from your heart. If emphysema treatment for people with pulmonary
gets worse, It can help emphysema is to live more
determine if you need an extra comfortably, control symptoms, and
oxygen. prevent the disease from getting
4. Spirometer - It is a test used to worse.
assess how well your lungs
work by measuring how much TREATMENTS
air you inhale, how much you ● Stop smoking immediately and
exhale and how quickly you completely – this is the most
exhale. It is also use to effective treatment for
diagnose asthma, chronic emphysema
obstructive pulmonary disease ● Avoiding other air pollutants
(COPD) and other conditions ● respiratory (pulmonary)
that affect breathing. rehabilitation programs
5. Blood Genetic Test - This is a ● oxygen treatment, in advanced
type of blood test to find out the cases
genetic disorder called alpha-1 Medications such as
antitrypsin deficiency. This ○ Anti-inflammatory
disorder is linked to abnormally medications
low levels or a lack of alpha-1 ○ Antibiotics
antitrypsin (AAT) protein in the ○ Bronchodilators
blood. Stress management techniques
Gentle, regular exercise to improve
Alpha-1 AntiTrypsin deficiency overall fitness
(AAT) - It is inability to make enough
of AAT, a protein that protects the NURSING INTERVENTION
lungs from risk of damage. Emphysema is a progressive disease,
How it is treated? help support is crucial in long-term
● Genetic test treatment. Interventions that aim at
● Blood test reducing symptoms and preventing
● Pulmonary test complications. Educating the patient
about the disease process and how to 1. Virus - Influenza (flu),
slow progression will aid in improved Rhinovirus (colds)
quality of life. 2. Bacteria - Mycoplasma
1. Educate the client regarding pneumoniae, Streptococcus
smoking cessation. pneumoniae, influenzae and
2. Maintaining Patent Airway Bordetella pertussis
Clearance - Assess and monitor 3. Pollution
respirations and breath sounds 4. Cigarette smoking
3. Observe signs and symptoms 5. Work environment
of infections.
4. Keep environmental pollution Viral
to a minimum such as dust, - Clear, white mucus often indicates
smoke, and feather pillows, viral infection
according to the individual - Antibiotics can’t be used to treat
situation. viral infections
5. Administer medications as - Acute Bronchitis is caused by Viral
prescribed. infections
6. Assist the client to assume a
position of comfort (elevate the Bacterial
head of the bed, have the client - Yellow or green mucus
lean on an overbed table, or sit - Antibiotics used to treat bacterial
on edge of the bed) infections
7. Evaluate the client’s level of the - Can progress to Pneumonia
activity.
RISK FACTOR
HEALTH TEACHINGS 1. Cigarette smoker or exposure to
Emphysema needs pulmonary secondhand smoke (cigarette smoke
rehabilitation, which includes from someone else)
1. Education 2. Older age
2. Nutrition counseling 3. Exposure to fumes or certain kinds
3. Learning special breathing of dust/pollution.
techniques 4. A family history of COPD (Chronic
4. Help them to quit smoking and start Obstructive Pulmonary disease)
an exercise regimen. 5. History of respiratory diseases such
as asthma, cystic fibrosis.
BRONCHITIS
Bronchitis - is an infection of the main TYPES OF BRONCHITIS
airways of the lungs (bronchi), causing 1. Acute bronchitis (Short term):
them to become irritated and This is the most common type
inflamed. of bronchitis, which often
develops due to infection
CAUSES around the respiratory system
or a cold or flu virus. This type
of bronchitis is very common 6. Blood test
and usually goes away in a few
days or weeks, depending on TREATMENT
the type of care. 1. Antiviral medications
2. Chronic bronchitis (Long 2. Bronchodilators
term): This is a much more 3. Anti-inflammatory medications
serious type of bronchitis, often 4. Cough suppressants
requiring medical attention. 5. Antibiotics
You know you have chronic 6. Nebulizer
bronchitis when your bronchi
are constantly getting inflame NURSING INTERVENTION
know more about bronchitis 1. If symptoms persist, do not self
year after year and the medicate, consult a physician.
symptoms last for months. 2. Instruct the patient to complete
3. Allergic bronchitis: Allergic the full course of prescribed
bronchitis results from an antibiotics
allergic reaction to a specific 3. Get plenty of rest
allergen that triggers 4. Be sure the patients
symptoms. These are airway understands the dosage, action
irritants such as: and adverse effect of medicine.
1. Pollen 5. Eating proper nutrition
2. Dust
3. Mold HEALTH TEACHINGS
4. Fumes 1. Stop smoking
5. Animal fur 2. Teach the patients to recognize
6. Perfume & fragrance the early sign and symptoms of
bronchitis
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS 3. Wash your hands thoroughly
1. Cough 4. Drink Vitamin C everyday
2. Fever 5. Cover your mouth when
3. Dyspnea (Shortness of breath) sneezing and coughing
4. Sleep pattern disturbance 6. Use protective gears when
5. Irritability using chemical or exposed to
6. Excess mucous production chemical fumes
7. Fatigue
8. Sore throat
OSTEOPOROSIS PPT
LABORATORY EXAMINATION Osteoporosis – skeletal disorder that
1. Nasal swab weakens bones. Develops when the
2. Chest x-ray structure and strength of bone
3. CT scan changes. Literally translates to
4. Sputum test “Porous Bones”
5. Pulmonary test - Derived from two Greek words:
“Osteo” – means bones 4. Severe (Advanced)
“Porosis” – means porous or Osteoporosis – Extremely
full of holes. fragile bones

Bones Have: Two Types of Osteoporosis


1. Compact Bone – Solid outer 1. Primary – Most common form
surface occurs as a natural part of aging
2. Spongy Bone - Inner bone, less process. Related to older age
dense than compact bone, has as well as a reduced amount of
small holes like a sponge. estrogen in women.
2. Secondary – affects both
Common Fracture Locations: children and adults or may be
1. Spine related to other conditions like
2. Hips cancer, hormone problems, use
3. Wrists of certain medications.

Bone Cells: Causes


1. Osteoblasts – make bone: 1. Decrease in bone density
bone formation. Makes new 2. Being confined to a bed due to
bone tissue using minerals prolonged illness
such as calcium and phosphate 3. Spine Fracture
from the blood. 4. Hormonal, Calcium and Vitamin
2. Osteoclasts – remove bone: D deficiencies
resorption. Cells that break 5. Cancer Treatments
down bone tissue.
Risk Factors
Hormones: crucial for osteoblasts’ 1. Family History
bone formation 2. Lack of exercise
- Estrogen 3. Having fallen in the past
- Growth Hormone 4. Poor diet
- Testosterone 5. Lifestyle Behaviors

Peak Bone Mass – Strongest most Signs and Symptoms


dense bones. 1. Severe back pain
2. Loss of height
Stages of Osteoporosis 3. Kyphosis/ Spine malformation
1. Normal Bone Density – 4. Fractures
Healthy Bone
2. Osteopenia – Low bone Laboratory Examination
Density 1. DEXA SCAN: Dual – Energy X-
3. Osteoporosis – Weakened ray Absorptiometry – used to
Bones measure bone density
T – score – compare to healthy 5. Provide a diet high in proteins,
young adults carbs, vitamins and minerals.
Z – score – compare to someone
of the same age HEALTH TEACHINGS
• 15 minutes of Sun Daily
2. Calcium Blood test – • Eat healthy diet (increase
measures the level of calcium Calcium and Vit D intake)
in the blood. • Get regular exercise
3. Vitamin D Test – measure the • Avoid smoking
level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in • Responsible Drinking
the blood.

TREATMENTS PNEUMONIA PPT


Exercises: Pneumonia – is an infection in one or
• Weight-Bearing Exercise both lungs.
• Strength Training - Causes inflammation in the
• Balance exercise alveoli
• Flexibility/ Stretching routines - alveoli are filled with fluid or
Vitamin & Mineral Supplements pus making it difficult to
• Calcium: “Building blocks of breathe.
bones”
• Vitamin D CAUSES
• Magnesium - When immune system is weak
• Vitamin K - Organism is very strong
Medications - Body fails to filter the
• Bisphosphonates organisms
• Denosumab - Congestion - presence of a
• Selective Estrogen Receptor proteinaceous exudate – and
Modulators (SERMS) often bacteria in the alveoli
• Calcitonin - Red Hepatization - presence
of erythrocytes in the cellular
NURSING INTERVENTION intraalveolar exudate
1. Provide a range of motion - Neutrophils are also present
exercises every shift. - Bacteria are occasionally seen
2. Reposition the patient every 2 in cultures of alveolar
hours specimens collected
3. Apply trochanter roll/pillows to - Bacterial
maintain joint alignment - Viral
4. Use mechanical lifts for - Mycobacterial
patients who cannot bear - Fungal
weight, and help them out of be - Parasitic
at least daily.
RISK FACTORS
- Smoking tube to help people who are not
- Upper respiratory tract able to breathe on their own.
infections When people contract
- Alcohol pneumonia as a result of using
- Corticosteroid therapy a ventilator, it is called
- Old age ventilator-associated
- Recent influenza infection pneumonia.
- Pre-existing lung disease 3. Pneumocystis Pneumonia - -
- Bacteremia this type of pneumonia is
- Abdominal sepsis caused by a fungal infection
- Intravenous cannula infection and is most common in people
- Infected emboli who have a weakened immune
system.
SYMPTOMS 4. Aspiration Pneumonia - -it can
1. High grade fever occur when food, saliva, vomit,
2. Cough-productive or another substance manages
3. Pleuritic chest pain to enter the lungs. These
4. Breathlessness substances can carry
5. Sharp or stabbing chest pain infectious pathogens or inflame
6. Headache or block the lungs and cause a
7. Excessive sweating and pneumonia infection.
clammy skin
8. Loss of appetite and fatigues TESTS
9. Confusion, older people 1. A medical history
review includes a
COMPLICATIONS discussion of your current
S – septicaemia symptoms as well as your
L – lung abcess overall health and medical
A – ARDS history. The doctor will
P – Para-pnuemonic effusions usually ask about how long
H – Hypotension you have had symptoms
E – Empyema and may ask questions
R – Respiratory Failure/renal failure about your medications,
vaccinations, if you have
TYPES OF PNEUMONIA been around other people
1. Hospital Acquired Pneumonia who are sick, if you smoke
- this type of pneumonia cigarettes, or if you have
develops as a result of an other health issues that
infection contracted while a may affect your risk for
person is in a hospital. pneumonia.
2. Ventilator Associated
Pneumonia - a ventilator is a 2. A physical exam for
device that uses a breathing pneumonia typically
includes using a about overall health, a CBC can
stethoscope to listen to show if there is an elevated
your lungs. A health care level of white blood cells, which
provider may tap on your is associated with some
chest and ask you to take infections.
several breaths while they
listen. During this exam, the - This is another routine blood
doctor is checking to see if test that assesses kidney
they hear certain sounds function, electrolytes, and
that are associated with blood sugar levels.
pneumonia.

LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS NURSING INTERVENTION


1. Chest x-ray is the typical 1. Ineffective Airway Clearance
imaging test used to diagnose 2. Impaired Gas Exchange
pneumonia. This testing can show 3. Ineffective Breathing Pattern
the presence of a pneumonia 4. Risk For Infection
infection in the lungs. 5. Acute Pain
2. Computed Tomography (CT) 6. Decreased Activity Tolerance
Scan of the chest may be 7. Hyperthermia
considered in select situations. A 8. Risk For Deficient Fluid Volume
CT scan provides more detailed 9. Risk for Imbalanced Nutrition:
images and are usually used when Less Than Body Requirement
the initial chest x-ray has 10.Deficient Knowledge
unexpected results, if symptoms 11.Deficient Fluid Volume
are abnormal, or if symptoms may
be explained by another lung PREVENTION
condition. 1. Smoking cessation
3. In some hospitals and medical 2. Better Nutrition
offices, an ultrasound of the lung 3. Respiratory hygiene
may be used to help diagnose measures
pneumonia. This method of 4. Pneumococcal
imaging is not as common, but it polysaccharide vaccine
may be most useful when it is 5. Inactivated influenza
otherwise difficult to perform a vaccine
chest x-ray or CT scan. 6. live attenuated influenza
vaccine
- Complete Blood Count
(CBC)This test measures the TREATMENT
amount of each type of blood 1. Outpatients Treatment
cell in a blood sample taken (empirical) – previously
from a vein in your arm. In healthy and no antibiotic in past
addition to providing insight 3 months, a macrolide.
2. Inpatients, non-ICU - A X-ray is unusual, or your
Respiratory fluoroquinolone immune system is weakened.
3. Active TB - The germs multiply
TUBERCULOSIS PPT and make you sick. You can
Tuberculosis - is an infectious spread the disease to others.
disease that can cause infection in Some 90% of active cases in
your lungs or other tissues. It adults come from a latent TB
commonly affects your lungs, but it infection.
can also affect other organs like your - Outside of lungs - A
spine, brain or kidneys. The word tuberculosis infection that
“tuberculosis” comes from a Latin spreads from your lungs to
word for "nodule" or something that other parts of the body is known
sticks out. as extrapulmonary
Tuberculosis is also known as tuberculosis. Your symptoms
TB. Not everyone who becomes will depend on which part of
infected with TB gets sick, but if you your body the infection affects.
do get sick you need to be treated.
SYMPTOMS
TYPES: - A cough that lasts more than 3
1. Primary TB - This is the first weeks
stage of a tuberculosis - Chest pain
infection. Your immune system - Coughing up blood
may be able to fight off the - Feeling tired all the time
germs. But sometimes it - Night sweats
doesn't destroy all of them, and - Chills
they keep multiplying. You may - Fever
not have any TB symptoms at - Loss of appetite
this stage, or you might have a - Weight loss
few flu-like symptoms. Tb symptoms may look different in
2. Latent TB - You have the germs teens, children, and babies. Teens'
in your body, but your immune symptoms are similar to those of
system keeps them from adults. Children ages 1-12 may have
spreading. You don’t have any weight loss and a fever that won't go
symptoms, and you’re not away.
contagious. But the infection is Babies may:
still alive and can one day • Be inactive or move slowly
become active. If you’re at high • Have a bulge in the soft spot on
risk for reactivation, your their head
doctor will give you • Be very fussy
medications to prevent active • Throw up or have trouble
TB. This usually happens if you feeding
have HIV, you had an infection
in the past 2 years, your chest CAUSES
• Tuberculosis bacteria spread • You’re a health care worker for
through the air, just like a cold or patients at high risk of TB.
the flu. You can get TB only if you • You’re a smoker.
come into contact with people who
have it. TREATMENTS
• When someone who has TB Most cases are cured with antibiotics.
coughs, sneezes, talks, laughs, or But it takes a long time. You have to
sings, they release tiny droplets take medications for at least 6 to 9
that contain the germs. If you months
breathe in these germs, you can
get the disease. This is why people • If you have latent TB, your doctor
who have active tuberculosis in will give you medication to kill the
their lungs or throat are more likely bacteria so the infection doesn’t
to infect others. You usually can't become active. You might get
spread TB if you have it in other isoniazid, rifampin, or rifapentine
areas of your body. either alone or combined. You’ll
have to take the drugs for 3
YOU CAN GET IT FROM: months or more. If you see any
• Shaking hands signs of active TB, call your doctor
• Kissing right away.
• Sharing food or drink • A combination of medicines also
• Sharing bed sheets, towels, or treats active TB. The most
toothbrushes common are ethambutol,
• Toilet seats isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and
rifampin. You’ll take them for 6 to
RISK FACTORS 12 months.
• A friend, co-worker, or family • If you have drug-resistant TB, your
member has active TB. doctor might give you one or more
• You live in or have traveled to an different medicines. You may have
area where TB is common, like to take them for much longer, up to
Russia, Africa, Eastern Europe, 30 months, and they can cause
Asia, Latin America, and the more side effects.
Caribbean.
• You’re part of a group in which TB PREVENTION
is more likely to spread, or you To help stop the spread of TB:
work or live with someone who is. • If you’re traveling to a place where
This includes people who are TB is common, avoid spending a lot
unhoused, people with HIV, those of time in crowded places with sick
in jail or prison, and those who people.
inject drugs. • If you have a latent infection, take
• You work or live in a hospital or all your medication so it doesn’t
nursing home. become active and contagious.
If you have active TB, you'll need to early childhood and permanently
take care to protect others from affect body movement and muscle
infection during your first few weeks coordination. CP is caused by
of treatment: damage to or abnormalities inside
• Limit contact with other people. If the developing brain that disrupt
you live with others, sleep in a the brain's ability to control
separate room and isolate yourself movement and maintain posture
as much as possible. and balance. The term cerebral
• Cover your mouth when you laugh, refers to the brain; palsy refers to
sneeze, or cough. the loss or impairment of motor
• Wear a surgical mask when you’re function.
around other people.
• Keep your space ventilated. Open ➢ CP is the leading cause of
windows, if possible, and use a fan. childhood disabilities in the
Germs spread more easily in U.S., but it doesn't always
poorly ventilated places. cause profound disabilities.
Someone with mild CP may not
CEREBRAL PALSY PPT need any assistance or may
In 1860’s know as “CEREBRAL have slight problems, such as
PALSY” or “LITTLE’S DISEASE” difficulty walking, while a
person with severe CP might
William John Little is recognized as need special equipment or
the first person to study CEREBRAL lifelong care. The disorder isn't
PALSY or CP and defined it in 1853. progressive, meaning it doesn't
Dr. Little himself had a clubfoot and get worse over time and some
various illnesses from childhood, symptoms may even change as
including polio, so he decided to turn the child gets older.
his experiences into a lifelong project ➢ The signs and symptoms of CP
to understand and help others with appear early in childhood and
similar symptoms and conditions. can vary widely from person to
person.
CEREBRAL – Latin Word : Cerebrum ➢ Cerebral Palsy also affects
- Affected part of the Brain vision, hearing, and sensation.
PALSY – Greek Word : ➢ Cerebral palsy is the most
Para – Beyond common cause of motor
Lysis – Loosening disabilities in childhood.
- Lack of muscle control/means According to the Centers for
weakness or problems Disease Control and Prevention
with body movement. (CDC), CP ranging from 1 to
nearly 4 per 1,000 live births or
CEREBRAL PALSY (CP) per 1,000 children.
- refers to a group of neurological
disorders that appear in infancy or THIS AFFECTS:
- Movements - increased deep
- Coordination tendon reflexes Most
- Balance common form 70-
- Posture 80% of all affected.

TYPE/DEGREE SEVERITY OF - Extapyra Midal:


CEREBRAL PALSY Athetoid/Dyskinesia
1. Mild CP- 20% of cases CP - Dyskinetic
-Not require self help for assisting their movement of mouth
impaired ambulation capacity. - Grimacing, drooling
2. Moderate CP- 50% and dysarthria.
- Require self help for assisting their - Adductor spasm
impaired ambulation capacity.
3. Severe CP- 30% - Ataxic CP - Poor
-Totally incapacitated and bedridden and balance and lack of
they always need care from others. coordination
- Wide-based gait
CLASSIFICATION - Depth perception
1. Neurologic deficits - Based on usually affected.
the; extent of the damage, area - Tendency to fall and
of brain damage. Each type stumble
involves the way a person - Inability to walk
moves straight true.
3 MAINTYPES: - Least common 5-
- PYRAMIDAL - originates l0oZ»of cases
from the motor areas of the
cerebral cortex - Mixed: Spastic and
- EXTRAPYRAMIDAL - basal Athethoid CP - A
ganglia and cerebellum common combination
- MIXED is spastic and
athetoid
2. Type of movement involved - Spastic muscle tone
4 MAINTYPES: and involuntary
- Pyramidal: Spastic movements
CP - Increased - 25% of CP cases,
muscle tone, tense fairly common
and contracted
muscles 3. Area of affected limbs
- Have stiff and jerky or
awkward movements CAUSES
- limbs are usually ● Gene changes that result in
underdeveloped genetic conditions or
differences in brain People with cerebral palsy can also
development. have a range of other problems,
● Maternal infections that affect including:
an unborn baby. ● feeding, drooling and
● Stroke, which interrupts blood swallowing problems
supply to the developing brain. ● constipation
● Bleeding into the brain in the ● problems with speaking and
womb or as a newborn. communication
● Infant infections that cause ● seizures or fits (epilepsy)
swelling in or around the brain. ● difficulty falling asleep and/or
● Traumatic head injury to an staying asleep
infant, such as from a motor ● gastro-oesophageal reflux
vehicle accident, fall or disease (GORD) – where acid
physical trauma. from the stomach leaks up into
● Lack of oxygen to the brain the oesophagus (gullet)
related to a hard labor or ● an abnormally curved spine
delivery, although this cause is (scoliosis)
less common than previously ● hips that pop out (dislocate)
thought. easily
● difficulty controlling the
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS bladder (urinary incontinence)
The main symptoms of cerebral palsy ● a learning disability – about half
are problems with movement, of children with cerebral palsy
coordination and development. have a learning disability
Possible SIGNS ● eye problems – including
● delays in reaching reduced vision, a squint or
development milestones – for uncontrollable eye movements
example, not sitting by 8 ● hearing loss
months or not walking by 18
months RISK FACTORS
● seeming too stiff or too floppy ● Premature birth (babies born
(hypotonia) before 28 weeks of gestation
● weak arms or legs have the highest risk overall).
● fidgety, jerky or clumsy ● Low birth weight (under 3.3
movements pounds, or 1.5 kilograms).
● random, uncontrolled ● Substance use by a pregnant
movements person.
● muscle spasms ● Conditions affecting the
● shaking hands (tremors) pregnancy, such as
● walking on tiptoes preeclampsia.
SYMPTOMS ● Multiple fetuses (twins, triplets,
etc.).
● Infections affecting the ● Physical therapy and
placenta or amniotic fluid. rehabilitation.
○ Occupational therapy.
COMPLICATIONS ○ Recreational therapy.
Cerebral palsy often happens ○ Speech and language therapy.
simultaneously with other conditions ● Social work and educational
that affect brain function. These other support:
conditions may happen because of
the same damage that caused CP. PREVENTION
Examples of conditions that often Here are ways you can help lower
happen alongside or because of CP your risk:
include: ● Access to quality medical care
● Seizures and epilepsy. while you’re pregnant
● Intellectual disability. ● Good nutrition
● Conditions that affect your ● Staying up to date on your
ability to communicate. vaccines
● Vision and hearing problems. ● Take an Rh factor test early in
● Bone and muscle conditions. your pregnancy. The Rh
● Feeding issues. (Rhesus Factor) is a protein in
● Behavior disorders. red blood cells. Most people
have it, but some don’t.
DIAGNOSIS Problems can arise if the
● Brain scans/Brain-imaging mother’s blood is different from
tests the baby’s.
● Electroencephalogram (EEG) ● Keeping any health issues you
● Laboratory tests have in check (such as diabetes
● Additional tests or high blood pressure)
(Vision,Hearing,Speech,Intelle ● Avoiding substances that can
ct,Development,Movement,Ot harm your baby (alcohol, drugs,
her medical conditions.) certain medications)
● Medications ● Reducing your exposure to
● Therapies infections and viruses that
● Surgical procedures affect fetal health (For
● Other treatments example, Zika, Hepatitis B,
Group B streptococcus)
TREATMENTS
Treatments can include any of the NURSING INTERVENTION
following: ● Ensure therapeutic
● Medications: communication. To ease the
● Orthotic devices change of environment, the
● Assistive devices and nurse needs to communicate
technologies with the family to learn as much
● Surgeries:
as possible about the child’s appropriate for the child’s age
activities at home. and condition).
● Enhance self-esteem. Assist ● Facilitate communication. Talk
the patient to increase his/her to the child deliberately and
personal judgment of self- slowly, using pictures to
worth. reinforce speech when needed;
● Provide emotional support. encourage early speech
Provide of reassurance, therapy to prevent poor or
acceptance, and maladaptive communication
encouragement during times of habits; and provide means of
stress. articulate speech such as sign
● Strengthen family support. language or a picture board.
Utilize the family’s strengths to ● Enforce therapeutic measures.
influence patient’s health in a Assist in multidisciplinary
positive direction. therapeutic measures designed
● Prevent injury. Prevent to establish locomotion,
physical injury by providing the communication, and self-help,
child with a safe environment, gain optimal appearance and
appropriate toys, and integration of motor functions.
protective gear (helmet,
kneepads) if needed. There is NO CURE for CEREBRAL
● Prevent deformity. Prevent PALSY, but supportive treatments,
physical deformity by ensuring medications, and surgery can help
the correct use of prescribed many individuals improve their motor
braces and other devices and skills and ability to communicate with
by performing ROM exercises. the world.
● Encourage mobility. Promote
mobility by encouraging the
child to perform age-and
condition-appropriate motor
activities
● Increase oral fluid intake.
Promote adequate fluid and
nutritional intake.
● Manage sleep and rest periods.
Foster relaxation and general
health by providing rest
periods.
● Enhance self-care. Encourage
self-care by urging the child to
participate in activities of daily
living (ADLs) (e.g. using utensils
and implements that are

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