Plant Nutrition (Ta 098)

CIE IGCSE Biology Revision Notes savemyexams.co.
uk
2 ORGANISATION
6 PLANT NUTRITION
OF THE ORGANISM
YOUR NOTES
CONTENTS:
6.1 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
6.2 INVESTIGATING PHOTOSYNTHESIS
6.3 LIMITING FACTORS (EXTENDED ONLY)
6.4 INVESTIGATING GAS EXCHANGE (EXTENDED ONLY)
6.5 LEAF STRUCTURE
6.6 MINERAL REQUIREMENTS
VIEW EXAM QUESTIONS
6.1 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Photosynthesis Theory: Basics
• Green plants make the carbohydrate glucose from the raw materials carbon dioxide and
water
• At the same time oxygen is made and released as a waste product
• The reaction requires energy which is obtained by the pigment chlorophyll trapping light
from the Sun
• So photosynthesis can be defined as the process by which plants manufacture

carbohydrates from raw materials using energy from light
• It can be summed up in the following equation:
Photosynthesis word equation
EXAM TIP
If asked for the raw materials required for photosynthesis, the answer is
carbon dioxide and water. Although required for the reaction to take place,
light energy is not a substance and therefore cannot be a raw material.
CIE IGCSE Biology Resources

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6 PLANT NUTRITION
YOUR NOTES
6.1 PHOTOSYNTHESIS cont...
How plants get the materials they need
EXTENDED ONLY
Photosynthesis Theory
• The balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis is:
Balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis
• The light energy is converted into chemical energy in the bonds that are holding the
atoms in the glucose molecules together

2 ORGANISATION
6 PLANT NUTRITION
OF THE ORGANISM
YOUR NOTES
6.1 PHOTOSYNTHESIS cont...
EXTENDED ONLY
The Products of Photosynthesis
• Plants use the glucose they make as a source of energy in respiration
• They can also convert it into starch for storage, into lipids for an energy source in seeds,
into cellulose to make cell walls or into amino acids (used to make proteins) when
combined with nitrogen and other mineral ions absorbed by roots
The fate of glucose
EXAM TIP
The photosynthesis equation is the exact reverse of the aerobic respiration equation
– so if you have learned one you also know the other one!
You will usually get more marks for providing the balanced chemical equation than
the word equation.

6 PLANT NUTRITION
YOUR NOTES
6.2 INVESTIGATING PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Starch Production & Need for Chlorophyll
• Although plants make glucose in photosynthesis, leaves cannot be tested for its
presence as the glucose is quickly used, converted into other substances and transported
or stored as starch
• Starch is stored in chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs so testing a leaf for starch
is a reliable indicator of which parts of the leaf are photosynthesising
Leaves can be tested for starch using the following procedure:
• A leaf is dropped in boiling water to kill and break down the cell walls
• The leaf is left for 5-10 minutes in hot ethanol in a boiling tube. This removes the
chlorophyll so colour changes from iodine can be seen more clearly
• The leaf is dipped in boiling water to soften it
• The leaf is spread out on a white tile and covered with iodine solution
• In a green leaf, the entire leaf will turn blue-black as photosynthesis is occuring in all
areas of the leaf
• This method can also be used to test whether chlorophyll is needed for photosynthesis by
using a variegated leaf (one that is partially green and partially white)
• The white areas of the leaf contain no chlorophyll and when the leaf is tested only the
areas that contain chlorophyll stain blue-black
• The areas that had no chlorophyll remain orange-brown as no photosynthesis is

occurring here and so no starch is stored

2 ORGANISATION
6 PLANT NUTRITION
OF THE ORGANISM
YOUR NOTES
6.2 INVESTIGATING PHOTOSYNTHESIS cont...
Testing a variegated leaf for starch
• Care must be taken when carrying out this practical as ethanol is extremely flammable,
so at that stage of the experiment the Bunsen burner should be turned off. The safest way
to heat the ethanol is in an electric water bath rather than using a beaker over a Bunsen
burner with an open flame

6 PLANT NUTRITION
YOUR NOTES
The Need for Light in Photosynthesis
• The same procedure as in the investigation above can be used to investigate if light is
needed for photosynthesis
• Before starting the experiment the plant needs to be destarched by placing in a dark
cupboard for 24 hours
• This ensures that any starch already present in the leaves will be used up and will not
affect the results of the experiment
• Following destarching, a leaf of the plant can be partially covered with aluminium foil
and the plant placed in sunlight for a day
• The leaf can then be removed and tested for starch using iodine
• The area of the leaf that was covered with aluminium foil will remain orange-brown as
it did not receive any sunlight and could not photosynthesise, while the area exposed to
sunlight will turn blue black
• This proves that light is necessary for photosynthesis and the production of starch
The Need for Carbon Dioxide in Photosynthesis
• Destarch a plant
• Tie a clear bag containing sodium hydroxide, which will absorb carbon dioxide from the
surrounding air, around one leaf
• Tie a clear bag containing water (control experiment), which will not absorb carbon
dioxide from the surrounding air, around another leaf
• Place the plant in bright light for several hours.
• Test both leaves for starch using iodine
• The leaf from the bag containing sodium hydroxide will remain orange brown as it could
not photosynthesise due to lack of carbon dioxide
• The leaf from the control bag containing water should turn blue black as it had all
necessary requirements for photosynthesis

2 ORGANISATION
6 PLANT NUTRITION
OF THE ORGANISM
YOUR NOTES
The Rate of Photosynthesis Using a Water Plant
• The plants usually used are Elodea or Camboba – types of pondweed
• As photosynthesis occurs, oxygen gas produced is released
• As the plant is in water, the oxygen released can be seen as bubbles leaving the cut end of
the pond weed
• The number of bubbles produced over a minute can be counted to record the rate
• The more bubbles produced per minute, the faster the rate of photosynthesis
• A more accurate version of this experiment is to collect the oxygen released in a test tube
inverted over the top of the pondweed over a longer period of time and then measure the
volume of oxygen collected
• This practical can be used in the following ways:
Investigating the effect of changing light intensity by moving a lamp

different distances away from the beaker containing the pondweed
Investigating the effect of changing light intensity

on the rate of photosynthesis

6 PLANT NUTRITION
YOUR NOTES
Investigating the effect of changing temperature by changing the

temperature of the water in the beaker
Investigating the effect of changing temperature

Investigating the effect of changing carbon dioxide concentration

by dissolving different amounts of sodium hydrogen carbonate in the water
in the beaker
Investigating the effect of changing carbon dioxide concentration

• Care must be taken when investigating a condition to keep all other variables constant
in order to ensure a fair test – for example, when investigating changing light intensity, a
glass tank should be placed in between the lamp and the beaker to absorb heat from the
lamp and so avoid changing the temperature of the water as well as the light intensity

2 ORGANISATION
6 PLANT NUTRITION
OF THE ORGANISM
YOUR NOTES
EXAM TIP
Alternative ways of measuring the gas (oxygen) given off in these experiments
would be to measure the volume of gas produced using an inverted measuring
cylinder with graduations filled with water that readings can be taken from as the
water is displaced by the gas, or by using a syringe attached by a delivery tube to
the funnel.
6.3 LIMITING FACTORS
EXTENDED ONLY
What is a Limiting Factor?
• If a plant is given unlimited sunlight, carbon dioxide and water and is at a warm
temperature, the limit on the rate (speed) at which it can photosynthesise is its own ability
to absorb these materials and make them react
• However, most often plants do not have unlimited supplies of their raw materials so their
rate of photosynthesis is limited by whatever factor is the lowest at that time
• So a limiting factor can be defined as something present in the environment in such

short supply that it restricts life processes
• There are three main factors which limit the rate of photosynthesis:
• Temperature
• Light intensity
• Carbon dioxide concentration
• Although water is necessary for photosynthesis, it is not considered a limiting factor

as the amount needed is relatively small compared to the amount of water transpired
from a plant so there is hardly ever a situation where there is not enough water for
photosynthesis

6 PLANT NUTRITION
YOUR NOTES
6.3 LIMITING FACTORS cont...
EXTENDED ONLY cont...
Temperature
• As temperature increases the rate of photosynthesis increases as the reaction is

controlled by enzymes
• However, as the reaction is controlled by enzymes, this trend only continues up to a

certain temperature beyond which the enzymes begin to denature and the rate of reaction
decreases
The effect of temperature


2 ORGANISATION
6 PLANT NUTRITION
OF THE ORGANISM
YOUR NOTES
Light Intensity
• The more light a plant receives, the faster the rate of photosynthesis
• This trend will continue until some other factor required for photosynthesis prevents
the rate from increasing further because it is now in short supply
The effect of light intensity

At low light intensities, increasing the intensity will initially increase the rate of
photosynthesis. At a certain point, increasing the light intensity stops increasing the rate.The
rate becomes constant regardless of how much light intensity increases as something else is
limiting the rate.
• The factors which could be limiting the rate when the line on the graph is horizontal
include temperature not being high enough or not enough carbon dioxide

6 PLANT NUTRITION
YOUR NOTES
Carbon Dioxide Concentration
• Carbon dioxide is one of the raw materials required for photosynthesis
• This means the more carbon dioxide that is present, the faster the reaction can occur
• This trend will continue until some other factor required for photosynthesis prevents the
rate from increasing further because it is now in short supply
The effect of carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis
• The factors which could be limiting the rate when the line on the graph is horizontal
include temperature not being high enough or not enough light

2 ORGANISATION
6 PLANT NUTRITION
OF THE ORGANISM
YOUR NOTES
EXTENDED ONLY
Changing Glasshouse Conditions
• The knowledge about limiting factors and how they affect the rate of photosynthesis
can be used to help control factors in glass houses to ensure maximum crop yields for
farmers
• Growing crops outside does not allow farmers to control any of these factors to increase
growth of plants
• In a glass house, several conditions can be manipulated to increase the rate of

photosynthesis, including:
• artificial heating (enzymes controlling photosynthesis can work faster at slightly

higher temperatures – only used in temperate countries such as the UK)
• artificial lighting (plants can photosynthesise for longer)
• increasing carbon dioxide content of the air inside (plants can photosynthesise
quicker)
• regular watering
• When considering the use of glasshouses and manipulating conditions like this, farmers
need to balance the extra cost of providing heating, lighting and carbon dioxide against
the increased income
• In tropical countries where temperatures are much hotter, glasshouses may still be used
to control other conditions however they may need to be ventilated to release hot air and
avoid temperatures rising too high, which could cause the denaturation of the enzymes
controlling the photosynthesis reaction
EXAM TIP
Interpreting graphs of limiting factors can be confusing for many students, but it’s quite
simple.
In the section of the graph where the rate is increasing (the line is going up), the limiting
factor is whatever the label on the x axis (the bottom axis) of the graph is.
In the section of the graph where the rate is not increasing (the line is horizontal), the
limiting factor will be something other than what is on the x axis – choose from
temperature, light intensity or carbon dioxide concentration.

6 PLANT NUTRITION
YOUR NOTES
6.4 INVESTIGATING GAS EXCHANGE
EXTENDED ONLY
Effect of Light on Net Gas Exchange
• Plants are respiring all the time and so plant cells are taking in oxygen and releasing
carbon dioxide as a result of aerobic respiration
• Plants also photosynthesise during daylight hours, for which they need to take in
carbon dioxide and release the oxygen made in photosynthesis
• At night, plants do not photosynthesise but they continue to respire, meaning they
take in oxygen and give out carbon dioxide
Photosynthesis and respiration in plants

2 ORGANISATION
6 PLANT NUTRITION
OF THE ORGANISM
YOUR NOTES
6.4 INVESTIGATING GAS EXCHANGE cont...
• During the day, especially when the sun is bright, plants are photosynthesising at a
faster rate than they are respiring, so there is a net intake of carbon dioxide and a
net output of oxygen
• We can investigate the effect of light on the net gas exchange in an aquatic plant using
a pH indicator such as hydrogencarbonate indicator
• This is possible because carbon dioxide is an acidic gas when dissolved in water
• Hydrogencarbonate indicator shows the carbon dioxide concentration in solution
The table shows the colour that the hydrogencarbonate indicator

turns at different levels of carbon dioxide concentration:
CONCENTRATION COLOUR OF HYDROGEN CONDITIONS

OF CARABON DIOXIDE CARBON INDICATOR IN PLANT
HIGHEST YELLOW
MORE RESPIRATION
> PHOTOSYNTHESIS
- LOWER pH
(MORE ACID)
HIGHER ORANGE
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
ATMOSPHERIC RED
LEVEL = RESPIRATION
LOWER MAGENTA MORE

PHOTOSYNTHESIS >
RESPIRATION
- HIGHER pH
LOWEST PURPLE (MORE ALKALINE)

6 PLANT NUTRITION
YOUR NOTES
6.4 INVESTIGATING GAS EXCHANGE cont...
• Several leaves from the same plant are placed in stoppered boiling tubes containing
some hydrogen carbonate indicator
• The effect of light can then be investigated over a period of a few hours
Results from a typical gas exchange experiment

are shown in the table below:
TUBE CONTENTS CONDITIONS INDICATOR CONCLUSION

TURNS
A LEAF LIGHT PURPLE THERE IS A NET

INTAKE OF OXYGEN
BY A LEAF IN LIGHT
B LEAF DARK YELLOW THERE IS A NET

INTAKE OF CARBON
DIOXIDE BY A LEAF IN
THE DARK
C NO LEAF LIGHT RED THIS IS THE

CONTROL -THE
TWO OTHER TUBES
CAN BE COMPARED
WITH IT

2 ORGANISATION
6 PLANT NUTRITION
OF THE ORGANISM
YOUR NOTES
6.5 LEAF STRUCTURE
Structure of the Leaf
Diagram showing the cross section of a leaf

6 PLANT NUTRITION
YOUR NOTES
6.5 LEAF STRUCTURE cont...
How photosynthesising cells obtain carbon dioxide
Pathway of carbon dioxide from atmosphere to chloroplasts by diffusion:
ATMOSPHERE
AIR SPACES AROUND SPONGY MESOPHYLL TISSUE
LEAF MESOPHYLL CELLS
CHLOROPLAST

2 ORGANISATION
6 PLANT NUTRITION
OF THE ORGANISM
YOUR NOTES
STRUCTURE DESCRIPTION
WAX CUTICLE PROTECTIVE LAYER ON TOP OF THE LEAF, PREVENTS

WATER FROM EVAPORATING
UPPER EPIDERMIS THIN AND TRANSPARENT TO ALLOW LIGHT TO ENTER

PALISADE MESOPHYLL LAYER UNDERNEATH IT
PALISADE MESOPHYLL COLUMN SHAPED CELLS TIGHTLY PACKED WITH

CHLOROPLASTS TO ABSORB MORE LIGHT, MAXIMISING
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
SPONGY MESOPHYLL CONTAINS INTERNAL AIR SPACES THAT INCREASES THE

SURFACE AREA TO VOLUME RATIO FOR THE DIFFUSION
OF GASES (MAINLY CARBON DIOXIDE)
LOWER EPIDERMIS CONTAINS GUARD CELLS AND STOMATA
GUARD CELL ABSORBS AND LOSES WATER TO OPEN AND CLOSE THE
STOMATA TO ALLOW CARBON DIOXIDE TO DIFFUSE IN,
OXYGEN TO DIFFUSE OUT
STOMATA WHERE GAS EXCHANGE TAKES PLACE; OPENS DURING

THE DAY, CLOSES DURING THE NIGHT. EVAPORATION
OF WATER ALSO TAKES PLACE FROM HERE. IN MOST
PLANTS, FOUND IN MUCH GREATER CONCENTRATION ON
THE UNDERSIDE OF THE LEAF TO REDUCE WATER LOSS
VASCULAR BUNDLE CONTAINS XYLEM AND PHLOEM TO TRANSPORT

SUBSTANCES TO AND FROM THE LEAF
XYLEM TRANSPORTS WATER INTO THE LEAF FOR MESOPHYLL

CELLS TO USE IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND FOR
TRANSPIRATION FROM STOMATA
PHLOEM TRANSPORTS SUCROSE AND AMINO ACIDS AROUND THE

PLANT

6 PLANT NUTRITION
YOUR NOTES
EXTENDED ONLY
Adaptations of Leaf for Photosynthesis
FEATURE ADAPTATION
LARGE SURFACE AREA INCREASES SURFACE AREA FOR THE DIFFUSION OF

(LEAF) CARBON DIOXIDE AND ABSORPTION OF LIGHT FOR
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
THIN ALLOWS CARBON DIOXIDE TO DIFFUSE TO

PALISADE MESOPHYLL CELLS QUICKLY
CHLOROPHYLL ABSORBS LIGHT ENERGY SO THAT

PHOTOSYNTHESIS CAN TAKE PLACE
NETWORK OF VEINS ALLOWS THE TRANSPORT OF WATER TO THE

CELLS OF THE LEAF AND CARBOHYDRATES
FROM THE LEAF FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS (WATER
FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS, CARBOHYDRATES AS A
PRODUCT OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS)
STOMATA ALLOWS CARBON DIOXIDE TO DIFFUSE INTO THE

LEAF AND OXYGEN TO DIFFUSE OUT
EPIDERMIS IS THIN AND ALLOWS MORE LIGHT TO REACH THE PALISADE

TRANSPARENT CELLS
THIN CUTICLE MADE OF TO PROTECT THE LEAF WITHOUT BLOCKING

WAX SUNLIGHT
PALISADE CELL LAYER AT MAXIMISES THE ABSORPTION OF LIGHT AS IT WILL

TOP OF LEAF HIT CHLOROPLASTS IN THE CELLS DIRECTLY
SPONGY LAYER AIR SPACES ALLOW CARBON DIOXIDE TO DIFFUSE

THROUGH THE LEAF, INCREASING THE SURFACE
AREA
VASCULAR BUNDLES THICK CELL WALLS OF THE TISSUE IN THE BUNDLES

HELP TO SUPPORT THE STEM AND LEAF

2 ORGANISATION
6 PLANT NUTRITION
OF THE ORGANISM
YOUR NOTES
6.6 MINERAL REQUIREMENTS
The Need for Mineral Ions
• Photosynthesis produces carbohydrates, but plants contain many other types of biological
molecule; such as proteins, lipids and nucleic acid (DNA).
• As plants do not eat, they need to make these substances themselves
• Carbohydrates contain the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen but proteins, for
example, contain nitrogen as well (and certain amino acids contain other elements too)
• Other chemicals in plants contain different elements as well, for example chlorophyll
contains magnesium and nitrogen
• This means that without a source of these elements, plants cannot photosynthesise or
grow properly
• Plants obtain these elements in the form of mineral ions actively absorbed from the soil
by root hair cells
• ‘Mineral’ is a term used to describe any naturally occurring inorganic substance.
EXTENDED ONLY
Effects of Mineral Ion Deficiencies
Mineral deficiencies in plants

6 PLANT NUTRITION
YOUR NOTES
6.6 MINERAL REQUIREMENTS cont...
MINERAL ION FUNCTION DEFICIENCY
MAGNESIUM MAGNESIUM IS NEEDED TO CAUSES YELLOWING

MAKE CHLOROPHYLL BETWEEN THE VEINS OF
LEAVES (CHLOROSIS)
NITRATE NITRATES ARE A SOURCE CAUSES STUNTED GROWTH

OF NITROGEN NEEDED TO AND YELLOWING OF LEAVES
MAKE AMINO ACIDS (TO
BUILD PROTEINS)
> NOW TRY SOME EXAM QUESTIONS

2 ORGANISATION
6 PLANT NUTRITION
OF THE ORGANISM
YOUR NOTES
EXAM QUESTIONS
? QUESTION 1
An experiment is set up with four test tubes as shown in the diagram below.
All four test tubes are left in sunlight for 6 hours.
Which test tube would contain the least amount of dissolved carbon dioxide after 6
hours?
? QUESTION 2
Which row of the table below shows the correct effects of deficiencies of essential
minerals for plant growth?
effect of magnesium ion deficiency effect of nitrate ion deficiency
A yellow leaves stunted growth
B stunted growth long roots
C small leaves yellow leaves
D stunted growth yellow leaves

6 PLANT NUTRITION
YOUR NOTES
EXAM QUESTIONS cont...
? QUESTION 3
Which of the following options is the best explanation for the role of chlorophyll in
photosynthesis:
Chlorophyll…
A transfers light energy from the sun because it has magnesium ions.
B transfers chemical potential energy from sunlight into organic molecules which can
be used to synthesise carbohydrates such as glucose.
C transfers light energy from the sun into chemical energy in inorganic molecules
which can be used for growth.
D transfers light energy into chemical potential energy into glucose molecules which
are used in the synthesis of other carbohydrates.
? QUESTION 4
The average number of chloroplasts found in four different types of cell from the leaf
of a plant are shown in the bar chart below.
What are the names of the four types of cell?
1 2 3 4
spongy mesophyll epidermal palisade mesophyll guard

A
cell cell cell cell
palisade mesophyll guard spongy mesophyll epidermal
B
cell cell cell cell
epidermal spongy mesophyll palisade mesophyll guard
C
cell cell cell cell
palisade mesophyll spongy mesophyll epidermal
D guard cell
cell cell cell

2 ORGANISATION
6 PLANT NUTRITION
OF THE ORGANISM
YOUR NOTES
EXAM QUESTIONS cont...
? QUESTION 5
The diagram below shows how the rate of photosynthesis is affected by different
conditions.
What of the following correctly identifies the limiting factor for photosynthesis at the
three points on the graph?
1 2 3
A light intensity light intensity carbon dioxide concentration
B temperature temperature light intensity
C light intensity temperature carbon dioxide concentration
D light intensity carbon dioxide concentration temperature
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CIE IGCSE Biology Revision Notes savemyexams.co.

VIEW EXAM QUESTIONS

Photosynthesis Theory: Basics

• At the same time oxygen is made and released as a waste product

• So photosynthesis can be defined as the process by which plants manufacture

• It can be summed up in the following equation:

Photosynthesis word equation

CIE IGCSE Biology Resources

How plants get the materials they need

• The balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis is:

Balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis

CIE IGCSE Biology Resources

The Products of Photosynthesis

• Plants use the glucose they make as a source of energy in respiration

The fate of glucose

CIE IGCSE Biology Resources

Starch Production & Need for Chlorophyll

Leaves can be tested for starch using the following procedure:

• The leaf is dipped in boiling water to soften it

• The areas that had no chlorophyll remain orange-brown as no photosynthesis is

CIE IGCSE Biology Resources

Testing a variegated leaf for starch

CIE IGCSE Biology Resources

The Need for Light in Photosynthesis

The Need for Carbon Dioxide in Photosynthesis

• Place the plant in bright light for several hours.

• Test both leaves for starch using iodine

CIE IGCSE Biology Resources

The Rate of Photosynthesis Using a Water Plant

• The plants usually used are Elodea or Camboba – types of pondweed

• As photosynthesis occurs, oxygen gas produced is released

• This practical can be used in the following ways:

Investigating the effect of changing light intensity by moving a lamp

Investigating the effect of changing light intensity

CIE IGCSE Biology Resources

Investigating the effect of changing temperature by changing the

Investigating the effect of changing temperature

Investigating the effect of changing carbon dioxide concentration

Investigating the effect of changing carbon dioxide concentration

CIE IGCSE Biology Resources

6.3 LIMITING FACTORS

What is a Limiting Factor?

• So a limiting factor can be defined as something present in the environment in such

• Although water is necessary for photosynthesis, it is not considered a limiting factor

CIE IGCSE Biology Resources

EXTENDED ONLY cont...

• As temperature increases the rate of photosynthesis increases as the reaction is

• However, as the reaction is controlled by enzymes, this trend only continues up to a

The effect of temperature

CIE IGCSE Biology Resources

EXTENDED ONLY cont...

The effect of light intensity

CIE IGCSE Biology Resources

EXTENDED ONLY cont...

Carbon Dioxide Concentration

• Carbon dioxide is one of the raw materials required for photosynthesis

The effect of carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis

CIE IGCSE Biology Resources

Changing Glasshouse Conditions