GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, JALGAON

(0018)
Program Name and Code : EE 5I
Course Name and Code : Power Electronics Application
(22527)
Academic Year : 2023-24
Semester : Fifth

A MICRO PROJECT
On
TO PREPARE A SIMULATION OFCLASS D
CHOPPER.
Submitted by the group of __3__ students
Sr. Roll Enrollment
Name of student Seat No.
No. No. No.

2100180134
1. 31 Bhavesh Dnyaneshwar Raut

2. 32 Rohan Pravin Sonkul 2100180138

3. 33 Prathamesh Pramod Thakur 2100180139

Project Guide

Prof. J. K. Pandit Sir

1
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL
EDUCATION
Certificate

This is to certify that Master / Ms. B.D.R, R.P.S, P.P.T. Roll No. 31,32,33 of …5th…
Semester of Diploma in Electrical Engineering of Institute, Government Polytechnic,
Jalgaon (Code: 0018) has completed the Micro Project satisfactorily in the Subject
–Power Electronics Application (22527) for the Academic Year 2023-2024 as
prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: Jalgaon Enrollment No: 2100180137, 38, 39

Date: / /2023 Exam Seat No:

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

2
 GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC
JALGAON

-SUBMISSION-

We B.D.R, R.P.S, P.P.T. Roll No. /Seat No. 31,32,33 as a student of 5th
Semester/Year of the Programme Electrical Engineering humbly submit that I have
completed from time to time the Practical/Micro-Project work as described in this
report by my own skills and study between the period from / /2023 to / /2023
as per instructions/guidance of Prof. J. K. Pandit Sir.

And that following students were associated with me for this work, however,
quantum of my contribution has been approved by the Lecturer.

And that I have not copied the report on its any appreciable part from any other
literature in contravention of the academic ethics.

Date: / /2023 Signature of Student

31

32

33

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 ANNEXTURE II
Evaluation Sheet for the Micro Project

Academic Year: 2023-24 Name of Faculty: Shri. J. K. Pandit Sir

Course: Power Electronics Application Course Code: 22527 Semester: Fifth

Title of the Project: Class D Chopper.

COs addressed by the Micro Project:

A. Maintain the different types of chopper circuits.

Major Learning Outcomes achieved by students by doing Project:

a. Practical Outcomes: Make given chopper circuit on any software.

b. Unit Outcomes in Cognitive domain: Explain with sketches the working of the
given type of chopper.
c. Outcomes in Affective Domain: Work as team member. Follow ethical
practices.

Comments/Suggestions about team work/ leadership/inter-personal communication

(if any):
We successfully completed our Microproject by taking point of view of all
participants as reference.

Marks out of 4
Marks out of 6
for
for
performance in Total out of
Roll Student Name performance in
oral / 10
No. group activity
presentation
(D5 Col.8)
(D5 Col.9)

31 Bhavesh Dnyaneshwar Raut

32 Rohan Pravin Sonkul

33 Prathamesh Pramod Thakur

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 WEEKLY PROGRESS REPORT

WEEK ACTIVITY PERFORMED DATE

1 Selection of Topic
2 Discussion and finalization of topic
3 Gathering information
4 Framing the structure
5 Working on ppt
6 Working on ppt
7 Final touch to ppt
8 Framing structure of report
9 Working on report
10 Final touch to report
11 Editing and proof visualizing of report
12 Editing and rectifying of report
13 Checking of ppt
14 Seminar
15 Viva voce
16 Final submission of Microproject

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. P. M. Patil Sir, Principal of

Government polytechnic Jalgaon for providing us an opportunity to do that

project.

I sincerely thank to Shri. J. K. Pandit Sir for their guidance and

encouragement in carrying out this project work. I also wish to express my

gratitude to the officials and other staff members of Electrical department

who rendered their help during the period of my project work.

I also thank the Maharashtra State Board Technical Education (MSBTE)

for providing us the opportunity to embark on this project.

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 INDEX

Serial No. Name Page No.

1. INTRODUCTION 08

WORKING OF CLASS D
2. 09
CHOPPER

3. ANALYSIS OF WAVEFORM 11

CALCULATION OF OUTPUT
4. 13
VOLTAGE

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF
5. 15
PROJECT

6. APPLICATIONS 16

7 CONCLUSION 17

8 REFERENCES 18

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 1. INTRODUCTION
A dc‐to‐dc converter, also known as dc chopper, is a static device
which is used to obtain a variable dc voltage from a constant dc voltage
source. Choppers are widely used in trolley cars, battery operated
vehicles, traction motor control, control of large number of dc motors,
etc. They are also used as dc voltage regulators.

Choppers are of two types: (1) Step‐down choppers, and (2) Step‐up
choppers. In step‐down choppers, the output voltage will be less than the
input voltage, whereas in step‐up choppers output voltage will be more
than the input voltage.
A chopper is a high speed ON/OFF switch. It connects source to load
and disconnect the load from the source at very fast speed. Hence a
chopped output voltage is obtained from a constant DC supply. During
the period T_on, chopper is ON and load voltage is equal to source
voltage Vs. During interval T_off, copper is OFF, load current flows
through freewheeling diode. As a result load terminal are short circuited
by FD and load voltage is therefore zero during T_off.

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 2. WORKING
In this circuit, CH1 and CH2 represents two choppers which can be
made ON / OFF. We shall consider two cases for explaining the
operation.

Case-1: CH1 and CH2 both are switched ON simultaneously.

When both the choppers are switched ON, the load is directly connected
to source and hence the output voltage Vo will become equal to the source
voltage Vs. The current flows from source to load in this case. Thus, both
the current and output voltage i.e. io and vo are positive in this case, hence
the operation is in first quadrant.
It should be noted that diode D1 and D2 are reversed biased in this case
and hence they can be treated as an open switch.
Case-2: CH1 and CH2 both are switched OFF simultaneously.
When both the choppers are made OFF simultaneously, the current
through the load doesn’t suddenly drops to zero due to inductive nature
of load. However, it decays gradually and hence a huge amount of voltage
is induced in the inductor in the reverse direction (opposite to the
direction of vo). This makes diode D1 and D2 forward biased. Thus, D1

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and D2 starts conducting and connects the load to source again. But this
time, the current flows from load to source (carefully observe the circuit
diagram). It shall be noted that, the direction of load current has not
changed. The current is still flowing as shown by the direction of i o in the
diagram but the polarity of vo has changed. Thus, io is positive but vo is
negative and hence operation of chopper is in fourth quadrant. The power
flows from load to source.
The first and fourth quadrant operation of class-D / Type-D chopper is
shown by the hatched area in the figure below.

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 3. ANALYSIS OF WAVEFORM
Now, we will discuss the various waveform of class-D or Type-D
chopper. Figure below represents various waveforms during the time both
the chopper are ON.
During the ON time of CH1 & CH2, output voltage vo is positive and
equal to vs (recall Case-1). When both the choppers are made OFF, the
output voltage reverses and hence becomes negative (recall Case-2).
It may be noticed that, the average value of output voltage v o may either be
positive or negative. It depends on TON and TOFF time. If TON time is more
than TOFF time then positive part of vo Vs. t graph will be more than the
negative part and hence average value will be positive.

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 Thus, the average output voltage of Class-D chopper may either
be positive or negative depending upon whether T ON is more or TOFF.
Average output voltage Vo is given as below.
Vo = Vs [(TON – TOFF) / T]
where T = TON+TOFF
From the above formula, following points can be concluded and the
same can be checked from quadrant operation of class-D chopper shown
earlier in the figure:
 In case TON>TOFF i.e. duty cycle α>0.5, Vo is positive.
 In case TON<TOFF i.e. duty cycle α<0.5, Vo is negative.
 In case of TON = TOFF, α = 0 and hence, Vo = 0.
Now, refer the waveform of load current. It can be seen that; load
current is always positive irrespective of CH1 & CH2 are ON or OFF. Thus,
the average value of load current Io will always be positive.

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 4. CALCULATION OF OUTPUT VOLTAGE
Let us now find the expression for the output voltage of step-up
chopper. From the above analysis of source current and load current
waveform, it is clear that, the average value of current flowing through
load and inductor are same and equal to (I1+I2)/2.
As discussed earlier in the article, the energy is stored in L during
chopper ON time. This stored energy in L during the ON period is equal
to the multiplication of voltage across the inductor, average current
through it and TON time. The voltage drop across L during ON time equal
to the source voltage Vs. This is evident from the circuit diagram.

When chopper is switched OFF, this stored energy is transferred to

the load. Let the load voltage (output voltage) be Vo. Since, the average
current through load is (I1+I2)/2, therefore, the energy consumed by load
during this OFF time of chopper is given as below.

This energy consumed by load is supplied by source (Vs) and the inductor
L. The energy supplied by source to load will be equal to multiplication
of source voltage Vs, average current (I1+I2)/2 and TOFF time.

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 From the above formula for output voltage of step-up chopper, it
can be seen that output voltage can be stepped up by varying the duty
cycle α. If the chopper is always OFF, α = 0 and hence, the output
voltage Vo will be equal to source voltage Vs. Similarly, if chopper
is kept always ON, the value of duty cycle will become unity and
hence output voltage will become infinite. However, chopper is
turned ON and OFF in such a manner that duty cycle is variable and
the required stepped up average output voltage, more than source
voltage, is obtained.

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5. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig. Circuit Diagram

Fig. Waveform

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 6. APPLICATION
Chopper circuits are used in multiple applications, including:

 Switched mode power supplies

 Including DC to DC converters.

 Speed controllers for DC motors

 Driving brushless DC torque motors or stepper motors in actuators

 Class D electronic amplifiers

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 7. CONCLUSION
Class-D or Type-D chopper is a circuit configuration of chopper in
which power can flow in either direction i.e. from source to load and load
to source.

The operation of this chopper is confined in first and fourth quadrant.

This type of chopper is also known as Two quadrant Chopper.

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 8. REFERENCE

o https://www.electrical4u.com/ class-d- chopper/

o https://www.electronics-tutorial.net/dc-dc-converter-

chopper/class-d -chopper/

o https://www.pantechsolutions.net/introduction-of-step-up-

and-step-down-chopper

o https://www.tutorialspoint.com/power_electronics/power_elect

ronics_choppers.

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