COMPUTER APPLICATIONS-165

CHAPTER 6 Computer Networking

CLASS- IX NOTES
1. Submission of note book for Computer subject Ch-6 Computer Networking is
23/10/24(Wednesday )
2.Mind maps / key notes / keywords are attached here with the PDF. Printout may be
taken and elaborated in his/her own words in the notebook.
3.The notes may be copied only if the child is unable to elaborate the notes.
NOTE: THE NOTES ARE SENT IN PDF FOR THE HELP OF THE STUDENTS. IT IS NOT
COMPULSORY TO COPY THEM . THE STUDENTS MAY WRITE NOTES ON HIS/HER OWN.
1. Need for Networking
Resource Sharing: Networking allows multiple devices to share resources such as
printers, scanners, and storage devices, making work more efficient.
Communication: Enables users to communicate easily through emails, messaging
apps, and video conferencing tools.
Data Management: Facilitates consolidated data management by allowing access to
centralized databases.
Collaboration: Supports collaboration among users located in different geographical
locations, allowing them to work together in real-time.
Cost Efficiency: Reduces costs by sharing resources and decreasing the need for
duplicate devices and software.
2. Advantages of Networking
Ease of Access: Users can access their data and applications from any networked
device.
Centralized Data Management: Data can be stored in a central location, making it
easier to manage and protect.
Backup and Recovery: Automated backups can be set up on the network, ensuring
data is safe and recoverable.
Internet and Intranet Access: Networks allow users to access the internet and internal
company resources easily.
Scalability: Networks can grow with an organization’s needs, allowing for the addition of
new devices and users without major changes.
LAN (Local Area Network)
Definition: A network that connects computers and devices within a limited area, such
as a home, school, or office.
Characteristics:
High data transfer rates.
Limited geographical range (typically a few kilometers).
Often uses Ethernet technologies.
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)Definition: A network that covers a larger
geographical area than a LAN but is smaller than a WAN, typically spanning a city.
Characteristics:
Connects multiple LANs.
Can cover distances of up to 50 km or more.
Used by cities for connecting public services, networks of universities, etc.
WAN (Wide Area Network)
Definition: A network that covers a broad area, often a country or continent, connecting
multiple LANs and MANs.
Characteristics:
Low data transfer speeds compared to LANs.
Uses various communication technologies like satellite or leased lines.
The Internet is the largest WAN.
PAN (Personal Area Network)
Definition: A small network, typically within the range of a few meters, used for
personal devices.
Characteristics:
Used to connect devices like smartphones, tablets, and laptops.
Often wireless, using Bluetooth or Wi-Fi technology.
Generally covers personal space, such as a room.
Server
Definition: A computer or system that provides data, resources, or services to other
computers (clients) on a network.
Characteristics:
Can host websites, applications, databases, or file storage.
Can be dedicated (single-purpose) or shared (multiple functions).
Client
Definition: A computer or program that accesses services provided by a server.
Characteristics: Typically a PC, laptop, or mobile device.
Interacts with a server over a network to retrieve information.
NIC (Network Interface Card)
Definition: A hardware component that allows a computer to connect to a network.
Characteristics: Can be wired (Ethernet) or wireless (Wi-Fi).
Each NIC has a unique MAC address for identification.
Modem
Definition: A device that modulates and demodulates signals for communication over
phone lines or other mediums.
Characteristics: Converts digital data from a computer to analog for transmission and
vice versa.
Essential for connecting to the Internet via DSL or cable services.
Hub -Definition: A basic networking device that connects multiple Ethernet devices,
making them act as a single network segment.
Characteristics: Operates at the physical layer (Layer 1) of the OSI model.
Broadcasts incoming traffic to all ports, leading to network inefficiencies.
Switch
Definition: A more advanced networking device that connects devices.
Characteristics: Reduces network congestion by managing the data flow efficiently.
Repeater
Definition: A device that regenerates and amplifies signals in a network to extend the
transmission distance.
Characteristics: Used when the distance between devices exceeds the maximum limit
for a signal.
Router
Definition: A device that forwards data packets between different networks.
Characteristics:
Directs internet traffic and connects different networks, like connecting a home network
to the Internet.
Gateway
Definition: A node that serves as a key stopping point for data on its way to or from
other networks.
Characteristics: Acts as a "gate" between two networks, often with different protocols.
Performs protocol conversions to facilitate communication.
Bridge
Definition: A networking device that connects two or more network segments, allowing
them to function as a single network.
Guided Media
Ethernet Cable
Type: Twisted Pair
Use: Commonly used for local area networks (LAN).
Characteristics: Twisted pairs reduce electromagnetic interference.
Different categories support various data rates and transmission distances.
Coaxial Cable
Structure: Consists of a central conductor, insulation, metallic shield, and outer
insulating layer.
Use: Traditionally used for cable television, internet connections, and CCTV.
Advantages:
Good resistance to signal interference.
Suitable for long-distance transmission.
Optical Fiber Cable
Structure: Made of glass or plastic fibers that transmit data as light signals.
Types: Single-mode (long-distance, high bandwidth) and multi-mode (short-distance).
Advantages:
High bandwidth and speed.
Immune to electromagnetic interference.
Greater distance coverage compared to copper cables.
Unguided Media
Satellites
Type: Geostationary, Low Earth Orbit (LEO), Medium Earth Orbit (MEO).
Use: Communication, weather monitoring, GPS, etc.
Characteristics:
Transmit signals over long distances.
Coverage area can be vast, ideal for remote locations.
Microwave
Use: Line-of-sight communication; often used for point-to-point links.
Frequency: Typically operates in the range of 1 GHz to 300 GHz.
Characteristics:
High data rate and bandwidth.
Requires unobstructed paths (e.g., towers) to function effectively.
Radio Waves
Use: Broadcasting, communications, and remote controls.
Characteristics:
Transmit over long distances and can penetrate buildings.
Can be used for both analog and digital signals.
Bluetooth
Type: Short-range wireless technology.
Use: Connecting devices like smartphones, headphones, and peripherals.
Characteristics:
Operates in the 2.4 GHz frequency range.
Typically ranges up to 100 meters, depending on class.
Low power consumption and secure pairing protocols.
Infrared Technology
Use: Remote controls, short-range communication between devices.
Characteristics:
Operates using infrared radiation, typically within the range of 700 nm to 1 mm.
Requires a direct line of sight for communication.
Wi-Fi
Type: Wireless local area network technology.
Use: Internet access for mobile devices and computers.
Advantages:
Convenient for access in homes and public places.
Supports multiple devices with varying data rates.
Network Protocols
 TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
Overview: The foundational protocol suite for the Internet, specifying how data should
be packetized, addressed, transmitted, routed, and received.
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
Purpose: Used for transmitting hypertext (web pages) on the internet.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
Purpose: Used for transferring files between a client and a server on a network.
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
Purpose: The protocol for sending emails across networks.
IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) and POP (Post Office Protocol)
- Allows users to read their email directly from the server.
- Supports multiple devices, enabling synchronized email access.
POP - Downloads emails from the server to the client device.
- Typically removes emails from the server after downloading.
Cloud Computing
Definition: The delivery of computing services over the internet (the cloud), including
storage, databases, servers, networking, software, and analytics.
Examples: Google Drive, AWS, Microsoft Azure.
Types of Cloud
1. Public Cloud:
- Services offered over the public internet.
- Resources shared among multiple users (e.g., Google Cloud, AWS).
- Benefits: Cost-effective and scalable.
2. Private Cloud:
- Services maintained on a private network for a single organization.
- Enhanced privacy and control over data.
- Ideal for businesses with high-security requirements.
3. Hybrid Cloud :
- Combines both public and private clouds.
- Offers greater flexibility by allowing data and applications to be shared between
them.
- Suitable for businesses with varying workloads and security needs.
4. Community Cloud:
- Shared infrastructure for a specific community of users from organizations with
common concerns.
- Provides a collaborative space while maintaining privacy and security for involved
entities.