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exam

Tim Falta, PaulA Davies OXTORD

 olutions Advanced Student's Bool<

Tim Falta, Pau[ A Davies

 p5 Memories pB 5portjng origins
Describing feeLings (overawed, bewi ldered, Grammari Habitual actions English through the ages The origins of rugby, basketbalI and baseball
etc.) & Talking about family resemblances Vocabulary: Recent coinages Vocabulary: Adverb collocations Gtau n ch ly
Prefixes (dre-, mis-, under-, super-, elc.) fd Rudio p,ogrurre about the origins opposed, etc.)
Time expressions (neverendi ng, etc-) of English
6t Talking about childhood

Get Ready for your Exam 1 pl4 . Reading M,'ssing serten.es . Use of English Open cloze r Speaking Debate
p1 5 Coftpound ,diectives p78 Lord of the F{ies
Compound adiectives (illequipped, eye- ls too much TV bad for you? Arthur l\4iller & Death of a Salesman Extract from the novei
cat.hin g, fo t - rco (hi ng. e|r.' Vocabulary: like, unlike and as Vocabulary: Verb noun & adjective-noun
Compound nouns tfeoture filn, heart throb, 6d ,u .i.g aoout lVwarrhirg habits collocations (overturn a verdict, etc.)
etc.) dd Extract from Death of 0 Salesman
fd Tatkins about films
. Language Review iJnits I 2 p24 . Skills Round-up ilnits 1 2 p25
I
. Use of Engtish Word fornation gap-fill . Listening Multiple-choice statements r Reading Bon&ed gap"fill I
pz7 Relationships i:i;:: :'r11.: r.r't:r i;i|:il. p30 Lcve congutrs all
Collocalion: Verb + adje.tive + noun tform a Song: I turn to you & aritish habits and attitudes Love and War
close friendship, suffer a major setback, etc.) Grammar: Contrast: present perfect concerning weddings VocaoularV: r iteral and l qL ative laqguage
Set phrases tbone drv, pit(h btock, fighting fit. simpie and continuous 6i Talking about different aspects of
etc.) VocabuLary: Friendship weddings and matriage
[d Talkirg about "eratiolships $d Describing friends
Get Ready for your Exam 3 p36 . Reading Muttiple fiatching . Use of Eiglish Error correction
p370escribingrhange :,ili:',r,-rr;riril.r: ir'lli rr,, :.'rr :;i'r.! p4S A new directio*
Synonyms ofchange (olter, modify, refine, etc) Grammar: Comparative and superlative {0 Rudio programme about the song Liltle stars: Ana ea ldeger. tennis sta tJrned
Nouns formed from verbs {alterotion, etc.) Forms Strange Friit charity worker
Expressions with change (change of heort, etc.) ffi Talking about how people change Slnging for change Vocdb Jld'y: Adjecr ive-noJn collocalions
6d talking about changes as they become teenagers Grammar: Reduced relative clauses

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p411 i.
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. Reading Tr u elFalse /Not stated . U54 of Engli sh Sen ter.e f/a n sfo r n atio n

p49Wardndpeace p52 Wildlife warrior

Words relaipd lowa" ttoolition, insurgent5, ett.) HeaLthy Arguments? The suffragettes Steve lrwin
Verb"noun collocations {i nfli ct cosuolti es, elc.) Grammar: for + noun/pronoun + 6b Song: Slsfers are doing it for Vocabulary: Verb-noun collocations {shake off a
ldioms (drop o bombshell, etc.) i nfinitive themselves cold, pronounce sen lenr e. er..)
Adiective suffixes (-ol, -ous, -/ess, etc.) $ Talking about family arguments
6d the Battle of the Somme

Get Ready for your Exafi 5 p58 . Sp€aking Prrure" bosed discussion r Use of English Mu ltip{e-choice gap-fill . Listenifig True/False/Not stoted
p59 Lookifrg inta th€ future I .,r'r.:-r:r-::i p62 5leep-deprived teenagrrs
Synonyms of predicl (anticipate, prophesy, etc.) Why do we dream? The Eurcpean Union er :leepiag leeragers lie
Fxo'essiols lor olars dno predicriors (sel your Grammar: Phrasal verbs - particles and Vocdb-lary: Verb. ro-r (ollocdt:o1s Dictionary work: using a dictionary of
sights on, in the foreseeable future, elc.) their meanings (bring benefits, exercise control, etc.) coLtocations
GrdTmdr: Tdll irg about the tut, e 6i
Talking about dreams Vocabulary: Dependent prepositions (2J Vocabulary: Cotlocations of sleep
Q Where do you seevourself in 10 vears' time (benelil Vocabulary: Register (sfop/ceas e,
lron. the key to, tope tuilh, etL.) ke e p / reta i n,
6d ooirior' on the E rrooean Un:01 oLlaw/permit, etc.)

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Get Ready foriour Exam 6 p/0 . Read ing Boflied qap-,[i / . l,Jse of Engl ish Sentence tro nsfornotion . Speaking Picture -bosed discussion
p71 Travelling ailout ii. .,i.:';i,:.r. i.i r i :i : t,,i.. ,r :.rr r , ,: r|, r: 1 074 Time travel
Synonyms ot journey {tour, pilgrimage, elc.) Grammar: -irg forms with preparatory ll Vocab-l"ry: \oJns related to p'"asal TiTe ira!el lor beginners
lnformaI language {whinge, heoving, etc.) Vocabulary: Phrases for'softening' v erbs (b reo kth ro u g h, g et to g eth e r, Vocdb"ld.v: EarilV confLSed woras linler/imply,
PhrasaI verbs (drop off, see off, stop by, etc.) ideas (in o way, or whatever, elc.) comebock, etc.) etc.)
Phrasal verbs with run and wolk fd Talking about tourist destinations Vocabu."-y: ho.r sullires (-:ion. etc.) Vocabulary: Linkers that refer to other people's
Synonyrs ol wqlk (sauntet, traipse, elc .) Si Rudio progrurre about migration to expectations {the ploin fact is, to tell the truth,
6d TraveLs the LJK over the ages etc.)

Get Beady foryour Exam 7 p80 . Speaking Prtule- based discussion . Use of English Open cloze . Listening ldentify'ing true statements I
p81 Fashion ,.ai:,r, .,, , t.::ii:,i p84 Food ofihe future
Ctothes and style IVleat for vegetarians 0ur gang Nano-food
Two-part adiectives Grammar: would Vocabulary: ColloquiaL language Vocabulary: Food related words and phrases
Clothes idioms (.offthe cuff,etc.) fd Tatkins about attitudes to food (wonnabe, clued up, crew, et..) (shelf life, etc.)
& Talking about ctothes and fashion Vocab,la y: la. (;rg about 'ood
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I
':-t.,.:f,:.:]r..:..,:'..,1 .LanFuageRevibwunitsZ 8pgoitskilkRo.qllg:.up'lnliF.1rq.p91l .

Get Ready for your EEm 8 p92 . Listening Senlenc e completion. Use of English Mu ltiple-(hoi(e qop-fill
p9l Gossip p96 (on$piracy th€ories
Expressions related to gossip and secrets How to keep a secret Extract from The Secret Aqent Conspiracy theorists: are they out to get you?
(eavesdrop, indiscreet, drop a bombshell, etc.) Style: using phrases noi single-word fd lnformation aboutloseph Conrad Vocabulary: LiteraI and figurative language (rich/
Giving and withlrolding information (blob, etc.) veths (talk/have a tolk, etc.) rolling in money, elc)
ft Listening to gossip Vocabulary: Colloquiai omissions

6et Ready foryour Exam 9 pL02

p103 Fareurell
t Listening Multiple"choice statements . Use of English Ero r corredion . Speaking Debate
1 ]] i.],i,:]]i ;t1i,i:j]1.]li p106 lmmorrality
I
Synonyms of end and finish (cease, etc.) VocabuLary: The environment (polar lce Vocabulary: Adjectives to describe films Would you die of boredom if you lived forever?
Diclionarv work: SVnonvms caps, degrade, etc.) (connotation) Vocabulary: Negative prefixes and suffixes
Synonyms and antonyms {lu cky /fo rtu itou s, Vocabulary: Verb'noun coilocations 6d A film critic talking about the endings
u n Iu cky / i ll -
fate d, etc.) Grammar: Wh7tever, whoever, etc. of films
Sil Fit'acts trom a variely ol lexl lypes [d Tatking about gtobal threats Vocabutary: Adverbs of degree

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Get Ready foryour Exam X0 p1 1 4 . Reading mrbslng sentenres . Speakin g Picture based discussioh

.. LITERATUREANDCULTUREtE55OIiSpI3i COMMUNICATIVEACTIVITIESpI5l 6& Listening(1.01=disl(1,tracl(1/2.01=disk2,track1)

'' .,..t:tiir;: rr:: l:ri: ,:i 1 lirti ti..:tr:i:
Types 1 4 Vocabulary: Phrases for reacting to an opposing view (Thot's o foir Style: Long and short sentences Vocabulary: Adjectives to describe emotionaL
Phrasal verbs: passive and infinitive point, I suppose. But in my view, ... etc.) VocabuLary: Simites (os white as snow, states @e rp Lexed, remorseful, d i sillusion ed, etc.)
forms 6d Reacting to an opposing view etc.) Dictionary work: Finding synonyms

t4lould, past perfect, future in the past, Vocabulary: Phrasal verbs (hang out with, kick sb out, etc.) A film review Vocabutary: Adiectlves describingfilms (1ow"
etc. VocabuLary: Verb-noun collocations (skip school, etc.) Using participle clauses to improve style budqet, wackV, x-r1ied, elc.)
Simpte and continuous forms GTammar: Specutating Vocabulary: Aspects of filns (soundtrack, Vocabulary: I!4od ifyif g adverbs wlth gradable/
fdDescribing photos of homeless people screenploy, etc,) n on-gradable a d jecil'Jes (.exi r e m e ly, fa i r ly, etc.)

Verb patterns Vocabulary: Comparative phrases Describing a place Vocabulary: Adjectives for descric ng p:aces
Dictionary work: Finding out about verb Vocabulary: Phrases for negotiating (l'll go olang with that, hove we Style: Using more eLaborate vocabulary lbustli n g, tou risty, sprawLi n g, el..'\
patterns cofre to a decision? etc.) Vocabulary: Synonyms (i nteresti n g, Dictionary work: Dependent preposii cis i-t'
& Talking aboutthe relative merits of different caf6s captivati ng, g ri ppi ng, fasci noti ng, etc.) (renowned for, reminiscent af, etc.'l

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1st, 2nd, 3rd and mixed conditionals Urban change Topic sentences Vocabulary: Speculating (lt's bound ta hqpper
lnversion when lf omitted 6d tult ing dbout planleo c drge- lo a rown rertre Vocabulary: neither ... nor, either ... ar, not there's no chonce af it happening, etc.)
cs long as, supposing, provided, unless Vocabulary: Expressing opinions (.That's how I see it, to my mind, etc.) only... but olso, etc.

Reduced infinitives Functional phrases Considering the target audience Vocabulary: Linkers for addition (apartfrom,
0mission of main verb after modaL or Vocabulary: Changing the subiect; Acknowledging an opposing view; Writing a good opening olong with, to boat, elc.)
auxiliary verb Dismissing an opposing view; Referring to something said earlier Vocabutary: Personal qualities (oltrulsm,
$ Listening to a presentation a m i a b i li ty, tru stwo rth i n es s, elc.)

Vocabulary: Word families

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Reporting verbs Vocabutary: Synonyms of prize (oward, reward, trophy, etc.) Styte: Adverbs. aclerti,,,es, e:i.
Adverbs and reporied speech Vocabulary: ldioms for expressin g joy (over the moo n, th ri lled to bits, VocabrLa.-,r AC.':'ls ai: ;a,reii !liases
Conveying tone and emotion jumping for joy, etc.) .:'r,te af c pcsii t:
Reporting speech withoul using precise Vocabulary: Concession and counter-argumenl (aLl the some. gerled, |caa:!.3rr: 0iCer oa adjectives
',vords spoken mind you, etc.) !!.ac!iary: Reporting verbs (groon, etc.)
$ Specutating about a photo Grammar: Punctuating reported speech

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ateft sentences Eco-friendly tourism Appropriate style Vocabulary: HolidaV probLems and complaints
:ronting phrases 6b Listening to presentations Cotrect layout
Coldidfor emotive or contrastive Vocabulary: Expressions for describing benefits and drawbacks (have Vocabulary: Formal language (l trust you
emphasis a detrimental effect, of mutuol benefit, et..) will ensure, we regret ta inform you, etc.)
Vocabulary: Expressing cause, purpose and result (1eod to, etc.)
Vocabulary: Generalising (to a greot extent, by ond large, elc.)

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lverview of modals Vocabutary: Phrases for describing statistics, graphs and charts Recommending local music venues and VocabularV: Connotation latte ntive/ i ntrus ive
Vocabulary: Verbs for describing trends (rocketed, slumped, elc.) restaurants b ustl i n g / c rowd ed, li g ht/ i n s u b sto n ti o l, elc.)
Vocabulary: Phrases for giving estimates (i, the region of, etc.) Layout of a report
6d Talking about different kinds of chart Vocabrlarv: Deriphra<is and eupLemi.r
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Participte phrases Vocabulary: Phrases for drawing logicat conclusions Vocabulary: Phrases for introductions Editing your work without damaging the meaning
Vocabulary: Vague language Grammar: Passive structures wilh beLieve, or flow
[dComparing and contrasting photos consider, elc.
vocab-ldry: Adjec'ive-roun r ollorarions

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f,repositions in reLative cLauses Paraphrasing and correcting yourself Writing a good conclusion Grammar: mpersonal structures for introducing
ReIative cLauses Avoiding repetition Vocabulary: Round up of usefuL phrases opinions (lt would be wrang to suggest that, etc.)
6d Listening to presentations and Linkers (lt would be hard to deny thot, Style: Using stylistically appropriate language
moreover, etc,) hd q il ted ly. ( u rrc n lly. i n co n cei I o bt e, el(.
6d Expressing opinions
.
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 Checl< your progress
Thinkaboutyourprogressasyouworkthrough Solutions2ndeditionAdvanced.AftercompletingSkittsRound-up1-4readeach
statement and write the number of ticks (/) that apply to you. Do the same again after Skitts Round-up 1-10.
./: I need more practice. ,/,/: I somelimes find this difficutt. ,/./,/ = No probtem!

Skills Skilts
ln English I can .. Round-up Round-up
7-4 1-10
Listen in g
82 ... understand extended discussions on famitiartopics and identify speal<erviewpoints. 1A, 1B, 7F,2A,
2F, 3A,8A
82 ... understand and react to current affairs radio programmes. 1C
B2 ... follow comptex Iines of argument on famitiar topics. 3F
82 ... understand detailed and linguisticalty complexdescriptive and narrative passages.2C, 5A,8F
C1 ... follow extended speech even when it is not clearty structured. 2C, 4A,5F,7F,9F
c1 ... understand a wide range of broadcast material and identify finer points of detait. 3C, 4C, 6C,7C,9C,
10c
Reading
82 ... scan quicl<[y through [ong and comptex texts, [ocating relevant detail. 1D, 2D
B2 ... read reviews dealing with the content and criticism of culturaltopics and summarise the main views.
2G
B2 ... understand magazine artictes about current issues in which writers adopt particularviewpoints. 3D
B2 ... understand factual articles and reports. 7D, 4E, 6E
c7 ... understand [ong and complexfactuaI and literarytexts.2D,4D,5D, ZD,9D, 10D
c1 ... read reports, anatyses and commentaries where opinions and viewpoints are discussed. 5D,8D,9G,
10D
C1 . recognise the sociat, potiticat or historical background of a literarywork.4C, gC

Speaking
82 . present detailed descriptions on a variety of familiar topics. lB,2A,2G,38
82 tal<e an active part in a discussion on famitiartopics. 1A, 1C,2D
82 ... d evelop a clear argu ment, supporting my views at som e length with retevant exam p [es. 7F, 2B.,2F,
3A
c1 ... engage in conversation on most generaI topics. 3D, 4C,6A,7C,9A, 9B
c1 ... formulate ideas and opinions and present them skilfutty and coherently to others. 3C,4A,48,4F,
5A, 5C, 6C, 6F, 7B, gB, gD, 10B, 10C
C1 ... give a clearty devetoped presentation, hightighting significant points and retevant supporting detait.
3F, 5F,7F,8F, 9F, 10F
Writing
B2 ... write a review of a fitm, book or ptay. 2G
B2 ... write detailed descriptions of real or imaginary events in a clear connected text. 1G,6G
C1 ... write ctear, welt-structured texts which expand and support views with subsidiary points, reasons
and examptes. 4G, 9G, 10G
C1 ... select a styte appropriate to the reader in mind. 5G
C1 ... put together information from different sources and retate it in a coherent summary. 3G,8G
c1 ... write formatly correct Ietters. 7G

4 i Checkyourprogress O oxford University Pr.s E@trE

 THIS UNIT INCLUDES
Vocabulary a prefixes s time expressions e adverb cotlocations a adiectives describing
emotionaI states e simites
Grammar r phrasaI verbs n talking about habituaI actions
Speaking . talking about chitdhood memories 6 talking about inherited characteristics s tatking
Beginnings
about the origins of [anguages r discussion: genetic engineering H reacting to opposing views
Writing x a descriPtion of an event

I ffiffi Lool<atthe photo of a Match the expressions (1-10) with the synonymous words
child's first day at school. Answer and expressions below.
the questions.
time finatty for now immediately occasionalty
a[[ the
1 How do you imagine the chitd is never never-ending repeatedly then very soon
feeting? Use the words betow to
1 time after time 6 endless
describe his emotions.
2 at the time 7 once in a while
bewildered circumspect 3 for the time being 8 not for a moment
disorientated distraught 4 any moment now 9 at once
. overawed overwhelmed 5 the whole time 10 in the end
preoccupied uneasy
unnerved withdrawn Complete the text with words
and expressions from exercise 4.
2 What othersituations might
cause similar emotions?
3 What are your own memories S" r.?ritdh*od rnar,r*r1,
ofyour first day at schoo[?
I grew up in central London,
D VOCRSULARY BUITDER 1.1: PREFIXES: WoRKBoOK where it tool< two hours to
PAGE 102 G escape from the city by car or
bus. 1-, dad used to take
2 (b f .Of Listen to four speal<ers tatl<ing about aspects of us for a drive in the countryside
their childhood. Choose the topic which best matches each
but most of the time, we stayed
speal<er.
ctose to home. So the first time
a primary school (classmates, teachers, subjects, etc.) lvisited my grandparents' house on the coast, I fellin
b best friends love with the seaside )-.3- , my grandparents
c famity retationships
were in their sixties and quite fit and heatthy, so they
d favourites (games, food, clothes, fitms, TV shows, books,
woutd come with us to the beach every day. I have such
etc.)
vivid memories of those'-afternoons that my
e fears and anxieties
sisters and I spent playing in the sea. The water was
f speciaI occasions (birthdays, festivats, etc.)
freezing, but 5- did that put us off! Neither did the
Speal<er1 ! Speakerz! Speaker3! Speal<er4! [arge and powerfuI waves, which used to knock me off
my feet 6-. I woutd taugh, jump up and rush back
3 (il f .Of Complete the phrases the speal<ers use with the into the waves 7-. We wouldn't want to leave the
words betow. Listen again and checl<.
beach, but 8- , sunset would force us to return to my
catl evocative hindsight ingrained picture
grandparents' house for the night.
reca[1 recollection reminisce traumatic
1 As I , the troubte started when...
2 With , I suppose it was... 6 Choose one topic from exercise 2 to talk about. Thinl< of three
3 I found the whote thing quite memories to include.
4 I can stilL -- it clearty.
5 ... until it became completely in my memory. 7 ffi Worl< in pairs. Tal<e turns to be A and B.
6 Christmas is a very time for me. Student A: Tetlyour partner about your memories. lnctude
7 I can't to mind many disappointments. as many words and expressions from exercises L, 3 and 4
8 I stitt have a clear- of that smite. as possibte. Then try to answer B's questions.
9 lt woutd be fun to about the good old days. Student B: Listen carefutly. Then asl< your partner three
questions about his or her memories.

Unit1 " Beginnings 5

 A ffiffi Work in pairs. Discuss these questions.
ft t.O: Listen again. What exact words do the speakers
use to express these ideas?
1 l've got the same kind of nose as my dad.
2 l've inherited my mum's personatity.
3 We deatwith stressful probtems in a very simitar way.
4 I lool< extremely similar to my granddad.
5 Other peopte can see that my sister and I are from the
same famity.
6 My brother does not look simitar to any other family
member.
7 I can see clear similarities between me and my dad.
8 The habit must have been inherited.

Write five sentences comparingyourself to famity members.

Twins Ryan and Leo were born in Germany in 2008. Use expressions from your answers to exercise 4.

Study these sentences. Underline the verb forms for tatl<ing

1 What physicat and mentaI traits can be inherited?
about habituaI behaviour. Comptete the chart (f -8) with the
2 What physical and mentaI traits can onty be aquired?
sentences (a-h) betow.
tr 6& t.OZ ln pairs, complete the quiz questions using the a My grandmother used to suck the third finger on her left
words below, then choose the correct answers. Listen and han d.
checl<. b l'll often catI my mum to talk about my probtems.
c People were atways mistal<ing us for twins.
L:as** chr*nn*$*rir** r.*,i* fler'I{.jri''}{t iT+ii"u irxit d I'd deliberately wear very different clothes from my
1 DNA is often described as the 'double _' because: b roth e r.
a every cell contains two genes. e My sister will phone me late at night for a chat.
b its structure is arranged in pairs. f My brother is forever borrowing my clothes.
c there are two different kinds of DNA.
c My grandfather woutd insist on driving without a seatbett.
2 How many pairs of are found in most human cetls? h I usually like the same music as my dad.
a 23 b 46 c more than a million
3 How many different chemica[ , the fundamental
buitding btocks of DNA, are there?
neutral
a4 b40 c4,000
4 How many genes, approximately, are described in the expressing
human , a complete map of human DNA? disapproval
a 250 b 25,000 c 25 miltion -i'&t
Humans share about 50 per cent oftheir genetic
m& S e,&&4 eq,A tr * U i Lll f, ffi 3. 3 I Ki hl {i,q,* * UY S,qffi ii'Ni,&i,
sr" 'i.] , c. .'.\ ,r : ; t" m
with:
a chimpanzees. b dotphins. c bananas. ffi Work in pairs. Thinl< of five examptes of things
A recessive gene shared by both parents causes offspring which a family member often does or often used to do. Then
to have a personatity or physicaI which: tell your partner, using as many different verb forms as
a none oftheir ancestors had. possible from exercise 6.
b only their grandparents had.
c certain ancestors had, but not their parents. Prepare an interview for your partner about menta[ or
physicat traits inherited from parents or grandparents.
ffi $il f .O: Listen to a dialogue between three people tall<ing Use the list from exercise 3 to write six questions and try to
about family similarities. Which of these things do they include expressions from your answers to exercise 4.
mention?
I Whic.h of lour parvnl* or grandparenlr do 1ou bear lht.
a strong physicat resemblance *Ironge* phlsical rosemb\ancv Io?
b similar personality traits
c simitar tastes and hobbies ffi Worl< in pairs. Tal<e turns to be A and B.
d a shared childhood habit Student A: lnterview B using your questions from exercise B.
e similar politicatviews Student B: Answer A's questions. Use expressions and verb
f a shared tatent forms from exercises 4 and 6 where appropriate.

6i Unit 1 , Beginnings
3 Worl<in pairs. Lool< at excerpts 1-5 and match them with the
works of Engtish [iterature (a-e) from which they are taken.
Which words gave you the clues?
1 'l never had one hour's happiness in her society, and yet
my mind all round the four-and-twenty hours was harping
on the happiness of having her with me unto death.'
2 'Ol she doth teach the torches to burn bright.'
3 'Hwat! We Gardena in geardagum,
peodcyninga, prym gefrunon,
hu 6a epelingas ellen fremedon.'
4 'lt was the day my grandmother exploded.'
5 'With us ther was a Doctour of Phisik,
ln al this world ne was ther noon hym lik,
To speke of phisik and of surgerye,
For he was grounded in astronomye.'
a Beowulf, an epic poem composed by an unl<nown author
some time between 800 and 1200.
b The Canterbury Tales, a cottection of stories written in the
fourteenth century by the poet Geoffrey Chaucer.
c Romeo ond Juliet, a ptay by William Shakespeare, written
around 1594. & fUatch the words (r-8), which have allentered the English
d Great Expectotions, a noveI by Charles Dickens, written
language recently, with their definitions (a-h). Can you worl<
in 1860.
out how the words were formed?
e The Crow Road, a novel by lain Banks, written in L992.
1 neet 5 newpeat
tr ft f .O+ Listen to a radio programme about the origins of 2 shedquarters 6 sturb
the Engtish language. What are the three main phases in its 3 peerents 7 glocatisation
history? Complete the terms. 4 moregeoisie 8 locavores
7 O English (also l<nown as Anglo-Saxon) a parents who try to be like their chitdren's friends
2 M Engtish
b a suburban area with very poor housing
3 M Engtish
c a W episode which is shown again with extra material
not previously inctuded
db f .O+ Listen again. Complete each sentence with up to
three words. d young people who are not in employment, education
or training
1 Before the fifth century, the inhabitants of Britain spoke
e when multinational companies try to respect local
va rious LY\|ic \anguagYt.
customs and sensitivities
2 When Britain was invaded by Germanic tribes during the
fifth century, the native population went to live in Wates,
f consumers who strive to acquire more than others
Cornwalt
g people who onty eat food which is produced near to

3 Many Engtish words derived from Anglo-Saxon are a their home

reflection of their h a home office in the garden
4 Along with the word for school, one thing which the
S ffi How much do you l<now about the origins of your
Anglo-Saxons borrowed from the Romans was
own language? Discuss the questions with the class.
5 The Viking raiders who came to Britain around 900
mostly settled in the parts of the country. 1 How much has your language changed over the past
6 From the eleventh century onwards, Engtish word order 1,000 years? Would you be able to understand a text
became written L,000 years ago?
- 2
7 The words beef and mutton reftect the fact that, in the Which other languages are most ctosely related to your
Middte Ages, the weatthiest people in Britain were own language? Why?
Does your language contain words derived from Latin or
The era of Modern English is genera[[y accepted to Greek? Give examptes.
coincide approximatety with the invention of Does your language contain many words derived from
Today, the Engtish [anguage is being shaped not only by Engtish? Are they otd or recent acquisitions?
peopte who speak it as a mother tongue, but increasingly Can you think of any words which have been added to
by the vast number of your language in the past 5-10 years?

Unitl Beginnings :7
 A A public sehool Product
ffi Read the quotation from British actor, Robert
A new form of football originated in England during the
Morley. What do you think it means? Do you agree with it? 19th century, taking its name f rom the place where it was
Give reasons. supposedly invented: Rugby School. ln the early 1 800s, football
The ball is man's most was played throughout England (and in many other countries
too) but there were no standard rules, and in most versions
disastrous invention. of the game, the ball could be caught as well as kicked'
However, running with the ball was largely outlawed Legend
Work in pairs. How many of the different sports in the photos
has it that in 1823. a student at Rugby School called William
can you name? Can you thinkofany other ball sports?
Webb Ellis picked up the ball during a f0otball match and
Read the texts quickly. What are the three sports, and in what ran with ittowards the opposing goal line This illegal action
game' or so the
chronologicaI order were they invented? caused a permanent change in the rules ofthe
onwards, Rugby School played
story goes, and from that day
football which became known as Rugby
its own version of
known
Football. (The more familiar kind of football is officially
When doing a muttipte matching task, read through the Football to distinguish it from Rugby Football')
as Association
questions before you read the text carefully. This way, celebrating
To this day, there is an inscription at Rugby School
you will know what information you are looking for. WilliamWebbEllisandhisactions,andalthoughthehistorical
truth 0f the events is highly questionable, the story endures
The

4 Read the Reoding tip!.Then read the texts carefully again. plaque reads: 'This stone commemorates the exploit of William
Answer the questions A, B or C. WebbElliswhowithafinedisregardfortherulesof{ootballas
Which sport: played in his time first t00k the ball in his arms and ran with it
thus originating the distinctive feature
7 was invented to keep young peopte entertained? tr of the Rugby game.'
2 might have been based on an English game? tr
3 had a special group of experts set up to uncover E E
its origins? tr
is supposed to have resutted from one player
breaking the rutes? tr
was later prohibited by the organisation where it
was invented? tr
6 was not intended to be played outside?
7 was officiatty dectared to have been invented by
I -Ei+ii;i-;l

a member of the armed forces? tr

8 was named after the place where it was reputedly
first played? tr '. : .,,.,,...,;r:!,r'r:tji::lr.:l,, r. ...,.,,,,,:i,.,.:
4.?4?i{i$@i*$&r#,*a*4ir*L
9 was far more successfuI than its inventor expected? T
10 was almost certainty first played in Engtand? tr

i
I
I

E:ll:ri:rt::
l
l
l

I i Unitl . Beginnings
 5 Match the highlighted adverbs in the text with their

B A Canadian invention
equivalents.
1 by and large 7 untidily
James Naismith was a Canadian physical education instructor 2 staunchly 8 paradoxicaIty
who worked at the yMCA (young Men s Christian Association) 3 swiftly 9 extensively
training school in Springfield, Massachusetts, in the
USA. ln 4 purportedly 10 unambiguousty
1891, he was asked to devise a new sport which
the students 5 effectivety 11 forwards
could play indoors during the winter to stave off boredom. 6 thereby 12 vaguety
Naismith came up with a game which involved two
teams of
nine players trying t0 throw a ball into peach baskets
which LOOK OUT!
were fixed to the wall at either end of the gym. lt was Words with the same meaning do not atways collocate in
loosely
based on a game from his own childhood called ,Duck the same way. For example, we can say This is your big
on a
rock'. 0n l5 January 1gg2, he published the rules chance! but not This is your lorge chancel, even though
of his new
game, which he called basketball. Naismith,s big and large are synonyms. A good dictionary witt include
handwritten
diaries, which were discovered by his granddaughter information about cottocations.
in 2006,
reveal that he was anxious about the new game
ind thought it
would prove a failure, like many other atte;pts at inventing
new Read the Look out! box. Then complete the sentences with
indoor sports. 0n the contrary, the game was a
huge success the adverb (a-c) that collocates best.
and rapidly became very popular throughout the
USA, spreading
across the c0untry through the nehryork of yMCA gyms
and
1 The practice oftaking drugs to enhance athletic
beyond. (lronically, the yMCA banned the game from performance is agreed to have begun in ancient
its gyms
a few years later because it was too rough-.) Greece.
In 1gg3, iron lioops
with nets were introduced to replace thJoriginal baskets. a largely - b generally c chiefly
However, it was another ten years before open_ended
nets were 2 ln the 1930s, the first amphetamines were produced, but
developed; pri0r to that, players had to climb up and
retrieve the were not available for a few decades.
ball from the net whenever a basket was scored.
a widely b broadty c extensivety
3 At the 1952 Otympics, speed skaters who had taken
amphetamines became itt.
a grimty b gravety c solemnly
C An all-American sport 4 ln 1.968, the lnternationa[ - 0tympic Committee issued
its first Iist of substances that athletes were
ln 1905, a famous sportswriter named Henry Chadwick wrote prohibited from taking.
an article suggesting that baseball evolved from the old English
a firmly b rigorousty c strictly
game of rounders. This upset Albert Spalding, one of the game's
earliest players and a manufacturer o{ sports equipment He 5 ln 1.991., twenty ex-East German swimming coaches
resolutely refused t0 accept that the great American game did admitted giving anabotic steroids to their former
not originate in America. So Spalding organised a commission of charges during the 1970s.
seven prominent and patriotic men to determine the
'true origin' a openly b overtty c plainly
reported the newspapers' ln 1,994,
of baseball. The project was widely in
6 renowned footballer Diego Maradona
ln charge of the commission was Colonel Mills of New York' He was banned from the World Cup for taking drugs.
had played baseball before and during the Civil War and was the a gtobatty b universally c internationally
fourth president of the National League in 1884 The commission's
investigations were essentially at a dead end until Abner Graves,
7 ln 2003, a British sprinter called Dwain Chambers tested
positive for THG, a invented steroid.
a mining engineer from Denver who was travelling through 0hio
at the time, happened t0 see a newspaper article about it' He
a freshly b tatety c newly
sat down in his hotel room and wrote a long letter to the Mills 8 Today, while the vast malority of people are
Commission. Iri the letter, Graves stated categorically that at opposed to the use of drugs in sport, detection remains a
Cooperstown in 1839 he had watched a US army officer called real problem for the governing bodies.
Abner Doubleday scratching out a baseball pitch on the ground a staunchly b securely c steadily
and instructing other y0ung men how to play baseball with
teams of eleven players and four bases' Graves described how ffi Discuss the question in groups. Then compare
the ball that they used was made of roughly-stitched horse-hide your ideas with the class.
and stuffed with rags. The Mills commissioners and Spalding
lf you could 'un-invent' one sport so that it no [onger
were elated. They promptly proclaimed baseball was invented
existed, which woutd you choose, and why?
by an American army officel Abner Doubleday, in Cooperstown
in 1839. The only evidence for this was the testimony of Graves,
who was perhaps notthe most reliable of witnesses' A year later,
he murdered his wife and was committed to an asylum for the
criminally insane.

fr ?84-a::ieeyez3?:4ffi trq,::qe?€n--ffi:ffi

Unit 1 ,, Beginnings I t
 ,ll. Read the text and explain the question in the title. Then sum rl,.l:1,i. rl
1,, r,.,r
.1,,ti rl ,i :l
up the answer the text gives.
When phrasatverbs are used in passive structures, the two
or three parts stay together.
All the lights had been switched off.
The same is true for infinitive structures untess the phrasal
Why do some peopte back down when faced with a threat, while verb belongs to type 2.
others stand up to it? When given a difficutt tasl<, why do some
Jane is not easy to get on with. Ineed to look it up in a
peopte see it through, white others give up? lt a[[ comes down
dictionary.
to personality. But where does that come from? Some scientists
believe that most traits are inherited. Others take the opposite
view: personatity, they say, is formed by our environment and Read the Look out! box. Then find phrasal verbs 1-8 in the
parents do not pass it on to their chitdren. text in exercise 1 and decide:
The truth is probabty somewhere in between. Some traits are a what each phrasalverb means.
ctearty determined by your environment: whatever your genetic b whether they are type 1, 2,3 or 4.
background, ifyou grow up in Sweden, you'tt probabty speak c whether they are active, passive or infinitive structures.
Swedish. On the other hand, when it comes to traits tike the
colour ofyour eyes or your blood type, it is clear that genetics 1, back down 3 see through 5 pass on 7 account for
atone accounts for them. There are also traits which are partly 2 stand up to 4 give up 6 grow up 8 make up
inherited but partly shaped by environment: your weight, and f,i
Read the text in exercise 5, ignoring the mistal<es. What
even your height and skin cotour, are examptes.
can identicaI twins te[[ us about the effects of genetics and
Of course, genetics and the environment together are not the futt
picture. Your free will - your abitity to tal<e decisions - is atso a environment?
factor in shapingyour identity, but how big a factor? You'[[ have
to make your own mind up about that!

Find and correct eight more mistal<es with the word order of
.'li: nead the Learn thisl boxbelow and match one, two or three phrasaI verbs.
examples (a-h) with each type of phrasalverb. -ir::a:=t:!,:.:ai{it{isi_*:ti}rtilg"i,fl:tllii;$tr:i ;pii}:j,{r

a How wetl do you get on with your siblings? Most people agree that human behaviour is made
wou1c1

b Put your jacl<et on, we're going outside. oiup LtP 0f a mlxture of genetics and envirorunent. The
question is: can we break down it into its constituent
c Who is going to [ool< after me when l'm otd? parts and decide which influence is stronger in certain
d lt's nine o'clock - time to get up! situations? It's an intrigting question, and one which will
e I don't think many guests are going to turn up. certainly have important consequences for our sociefiz if
f Don't forget to tal<e off your shoes. the scientists who have been looking it into for many years
g How can you put up with that noise? suddenly come with up a definitive answer.
h l'd til<e to thinl< it over for a while. For example, if drug addiction turns out to be iargely i
genetic, can we blame a heroin addict for not being able to
give up it? If a man is destined to be a criminal because of
PhrasaI verbs
his DNA, ls it morally right to punish him for his crimes,
A phrasal verb is when a verb combines with an adverb
or should socieSz a11ow him to get them away with?
or preposition (or sometimes both) to create a new Calculating the relative importance of genetics and
meaning. Phrasal verbs can be divided into four main environment is difficult, but in some situations, it
types: is possible to work out it. Of particular interest to
1 Two-partverbs with no object. Example(s): researchers are identical twins who have been brought in
2 Two-part verbs whose obiect can come between OR different families up. It's the differences between these
twins which provide the key: only their environments can
after the two parts. (However, when the obf ect is a
account them for because identical twins share exactly the
pronoun, it must come between the two parts.)
same DNA.
Example(s):
Two-part verbs whose oblect cannot come between the
parts. Example(s): 'll:r if:-i1,1:ffiflTjll- Work in pairs. Discuss these questions.
Three-part verbs whose object cannot come between 1 What kind of people do you get on with best?
the parts. Example(s): 2 Which famous people do you look up to, and why?
3 Which of your personality traits were passed on by
.1
your parents and which can be accounted for by your
l" fi ill ,,1 ;r .:. .:, ltr:i it,'', experiences?

10 Unit L Beginnings
Read the first paragraph of the text. What is unusual about
$d t.OS Listen to a man and a woman discussing the topic
Andi, the monl<ey in the photograph? of genetic experiments. Answer the questions.
a Before birth, he was geneticatly identicat to a human a Who is in favour and who is against?
embryo. b At what point does the woman think the man is not being
b His DNA was genetically engineered to mal<e him immune serious?
to certain diseases.
c His DNA includes a gene from another creature. .3e
Who mal<es points 1-8, the man or the woman? Complete the
points with the adverbs below.
Read the rest of the text. Which view is closer to your own
opinion? er--ttirr.:iy t:r.r:ntu;lily fr*r:iy .fi*ilr-.ii{:iiii'/,,tri:ri*ii,,r
' ":i :,..r: . , 1, :,'.y ,".-"r.'
1 lt's indefensibte to use animals in experiments.
-'- e-1 e ffi
Iv&ffiffi& ffirT#E 2 lf scientists are attowed to create designer babies, then
one-day, peopte who haven't been modified witt
be seen as inferior.
Although it is illegal 3 By altering our DNA, scientists witt
- be abte to
in most countries for eliminate the most serious diseases.
scientists to alter the 4 There's no reason why parents shoutdn't be able to
-
choose whether they have a baby girt or boy.
DNA of human eggs or
5 Artificiat alterations to our genes may have
embryos, experiments unforeseen side effects.
on animals are allowed. 6 , scientists witl never find a cure for cancer unless
ln April 2001 the first experiments on animals are permitted.
7 lf this kind of experiment is permitted, scientists
genetically-modified
wil[ go on to create monsters by mixing human and
monkey was born - animaI DNA.
he was called Andi 8 We have to embrace scientific progress, since it's
(representing' lnserted impossible to hotd it back.

DNA backwards). Andi $S t,OO Complete the usefuI expressions for reacting to an
developed from an egg opposingview. Then listen again and check.
into which scientists 1 I don't really with that.
had inseded a jellyfish
2 That's just an opinion - there's no evidence to it.
3 But where will- it ?
gene; as a result of which Andi glowed green in 4 That's a fair point, I . But in my view ...
ultraviolet light. 5 That argument doesn't
- sense.
6 You don't to things to such an extreme.
Dave King, a campaigner against human genetic 7I mean. But...
engineering, said yesterday: 'lt is science 8 You can't- serious.
out of control and at its most irresponsible. -whatyou
di Student As worl< in pairs and Student Bs worl< in pairs.
People should wake up to the fact that genetic Student As: You agree with the statement below.
engineering of people could be just around the Student Bs: You disagree with the statement below.
corner.' Each write a list of points to support your own position. Use
the points from exercise 4 and your own ideas. Compare your
Simon Fishel from the Park Hospital, Nottingham, tist with your partner.
responded: 'We've been striving for hundreds of Designer babies will lead to a
thousands of years to eliminate human diseases. healthier and happier population.
lf we get to the stage in human development
where the only way to do that is to attack the ffi Worl< in new pairs of one Student A and one
Student B. Discuss the statement in exercise 5. Use
errors in our DNA, then we have to try to attack expressions from exercise 5 to react to opposing points.
those errors. I see this as positive research.'

Unitl ,Beginnings 11
 Read the model. Have you ever experienced a live music gig? Read the Writing frp. Then underline two very short sentences
lf so, were your feelings similar? in the model. Which is used for emphasis and which is used
to build suspense?

Rewrite the sentences to include at least one short sentence.

Say whether the effect is buitding tension or suspense or
adding emphasis.
1 When we arrived at the hotet, I went straight to our ioom.
I tool<ed out of the window and there was the sea!
2 As Ben approached the door, he could hear.footsteps
inside the room. He turned the handle, the door swung
open and he finalty came face to face with the man who
My first gig 3
had been fotlowing him.
The playground was huge and I had never seen so many
other children in one ptace. They were running to and
I first went to hear a live rock fro, shouting and bumping into each other and it was
concert when I was eight years old. terrifying.
My brother and his friends were all fans of a heavy metal
Complete these sentences from the mode[.
group called Black Wednesday. When they discovered
that Black Wednesday were going to perform at our local 1 Then there was a roar from the crowd, an
:

theatre, they all bought tickets for the gig. However, at the exptosion, as the first members of the band stepped onto
last minute, one of the friends couldn't go, so my brother the stage.
offered me the ticket. I was thrilled! 2 The first song was already starting and the music was
loud a jet engine.
I remember the buzz of excitement inside the theatre as 3 I fett bewildered, I had just wol<en from a long
we all found our seats. After a few minutes, the lights went s lee p.
down and everybody became quiet. I could barely make out
the stage in the darkness. We waited. Then there was a roar Use your answers to exercise 4 to complete the information
from the crowd, like an explosion, as the first members of about simites.
the band stepped onto the stage. My brother leaned over
and shouted something in my ear, but I couldn't hear what Similes
hewassaying'ThefirstSongWaSalreadystartingandthe Writers often use simites to mal<e their writing more
music was as loud as a jet engine. I could feel the bass descriptive. A simite makes a comparison using 1il<e or as.
7 We use
;

noies and the drum beats in my stomach. + noun to express a general similarity
between two things.
I can't recall any of the songs that the band played. I just
The hospitalwas
',

remember that I didn't want it to finish. But in the end, after :

a maze.
three encores, the show finished. We left the theatre and : 2 Weuse-. +adjective/adverb+ +
noun/-ing form to campare a specific aspect.
stumbled out onto the pavement. I felt bewildered, as if I
had just woken from a long sleep. My ears were still ringing
I

Her facewas white snow.

with the beat of the last song. 3 We use to introduce a comparison with
a complete clause.
After the gig, I became a Black Wednesday fan too for a few
years before getting into other kinds of music. Once in a
The runner fell to the ground he'd been
shot.
while, though, I listen to one of their songs and imagine l'm
back at that first gig.
: t:r''..',t...,. Work in pairs. lnvent similes to complete these
sentences.
1 My sister covered her mouth with her hand, as if ...
2 The water in the lake where we used to go swimming was
You can improve the style of your writing by using tike...
sentences of different lengths. Very short sentences can 3 When I lostmyteddybear, I cried and cried as if...
be effective if used occasionally to create emphasis or 4 I crept downstairs as quietly as ...
build suspense or tension. 5 My mother suddenly began sniffing the air tike ...
6 The two men stared at each other as if ...

12 LJnit 1 Eeginnings
Lool< at the adjectives for describing emotional states below 5 When the phone rang, I answered it immediatety and
and find pairs with similar meanings. Then say when you knew immediately that something was wrong.
might experience these states. 6 I found my father's diary and found an old postcard
inside it.

ffi'ffiffi Worl< in pairs. Choose two 'firsts'from the tist

below and discuss your personal memories. Use adjectives
from exercises 1-3 where appropriate.
annolod -
irri'la'iod 1 your first day at a new schooI
You miqht toe\ annoled or irrilatod if lour brolhar p\a1ed loud 2 your first trip abroad
music \,^rhiio y0u ur?t", lrying '10 revise. 3 the first time you met a ctose friend
,,,,, ,,,:l:it]iilr,t,,ali::illi:l1lll,:r:li::lr:ar:::::irr:lr:'i:
r:r'r r :r:r''
4 the first CD or DVD you ever bought
5 your first romantic date
Use synonyms (words with the same meaning) to avoid 6 your first day at worl(
repetition. A good dictionary may provide information 7 your first visit to a [arge city
about synonyms. 8 the day you got your first pet
You have been asl<ed to write an article for your school
Read the Writing frp. Then looh at the extract from the magazine. Follow the plan below to describe one of the
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary and answer the events thatyou chose in exercise 4.
questions below.

.gYNONYMS
1 When and where did it happen? How old were you?
Who else was there?
angry
mad . indignant. cross. irate
2 What are your strongest memories? What happened?
How did you fee[?
AII these words describe people feeling and/or showing
anger.
angry feeling or showing anger: Pleose don't be ongry
3 What other memories do you have of the occasion?
with me. o Thousonds of angry demanstratc:rs Jilled the How did it end?
squa{€.
rnad fnot before nr:un)linformal, especially NArE) angry: 4 What happened afterwards? How do you feel about it
He got med and walked out. o Sfie's mad at melot beitg
now, looking back?
late. filEtrTe Mad is the usual word for'angry' in in{ormal
American English: When used in Brltish English.
especially in the phrase go msd,ittan mean 'very angry':
Dad'll go mad when he sees what you've done.'Go mad'
can also mean 'go crazy' cr'get very excited'.
Worl< in pairs.
indignani ieeiing or showing anger and surprise
because you think that you or sb else has been lreated
1 Look at your partner's notes from exercise 5 and write
unlairly. She was v€ry indiqnaot at the way she had been down three questions to ask.
treated. 2 Asl< and answer the questions you wrote down.
tres* (rather infontal, especially Br$ rathe{ angry or
annoyed: I uuas quite cross with him lar being ldle. rlFffi
3 Use your answers to your partner's questions to add
This word is often used by or to children. more detaits to your ptan.
irate very angry: irate customers c, an irate letter$ffiE
lrate is nol usually followed by a preposiiion:S#**as
i+a+e-*it+rffilaw Write an article of 200-250 words fotlowingyour plan.
Remember to use synonyms to avoid too much repetition and
Which of the four synonym s of angry are you most likely to to include at least one simite.
use:
Checl< your worl< using the list betow.
1 if you're six years otd?
2 if you're from New York?
3 if you're describing unfair treatment?
4 if you're describing an extreme feeling? Have you:
followed the ptan correctly?
Rewrite the sentences using synonyms to avoid repetition. written the correct number of words?
Use a dictionary to hetp you, if necessary. used synonyms?
1 The room was very large with very large windows. inctuded at least one simite?
2 She was a thin woman with a thin face. used at least one short sentence to add emphasis or
build suspense?
3 My ctothes were wet and my hair was wet.
checked the spetting and grammar?
4 I could see the beautiful mountains and beautifu[ [akes.

Unit 1' Beginnings t3

 1 EEft+lllEilmf,tl Read the definition and think of
She is thought to have become especialty attached
arguments for and against cloning.
to it after the pit butI saved her Iife when another dog
el.one /kleon; NAffE kloun/ n ou n, verb
attacked her.
a noun 1 rbiologv'1 aplanI or an animal rhat is produced The latter achieved notoriety when his wett-publicised
naturally or artificially from the cells of another plant or
animal and is therefore exactly the same as it breal<throughs in cloning human stem cetts were
: verb [v'r I 1 ro produce an exact copy o[ an animal or a discovered to be fake.
plant ftom its cells: A team {aom the UK were the first to lncreasing demand means the cost for ctoning a dog
successfulty clane an druimdl o Dolly, the claned. sheep
may come down to less than $f O,OOO.
The dog, named Booger, died a year and a half ago but
Look quickty through the text in the Reading exam tash his owner l<ept part of the dog's ear in cold storage.
ignoring the gaps. What two arguments in favour of cloning Neverthetess, some people are worried that human
are implied by the text? Do you agree with them? ctoning is an inevitabte development.
ln this case, celts have been extracted from Booger's
Do the Reading exam task.
ear tissue and inserted into the eggs of living dogs.

Look at the photo of Frankenstein below. Discuss the questions.

Read the text carefu[[y and decide which sentence (A-F)
best fits each gap (1-5). There is one sentence that you
1 What do you know about the story?

do not need.
2 How does it portray science and scientists?

Do the Use of English exam task.

$r5o,ooo for a pet dog,
just [ike your last one
Complete the text. Write one word only in each gap.
Snuppy: the first cloned dog in the wortd
Many people regard the
A Californian dog-lover has agreed to pay g150,000 possibitity of h uman ctones
to have her dead pit butt recreated in the wortd's first t horror and see
commercial pet cloning project. , I South Korean it as a sign that scientific
scientists wil[ now use the tissue to attempt to create an progress is spiralling
exact replica ofthe pet. ' of control. Atthough
RNL Bio, based in Seou[, said it is atready working on
this initial revutsion is
understandable, it is
perhaps taking things 3-
the order. The workwitt be carried out by a team of Seout
an extreme. After atl,
National University (SNU) scientists under the direction
human clones already exist in nature: they're called
of professor Lee Byeong-chun, a key member ofthe identical twins, and 4_though some people find
research team headed by disgraced stem cetI scientist identical twins unnerving, few are actually disgusted by
Hwang Woo-suk. , I Sut the SNU team was successful the very idea of them.
in creating the wortd's first dog clone, an Afghan hound It's atl 5- easy to dismiss cloning 6_ the
named'Snuppy'. worl< of mad scientists trying to create Franl<enstein-like
Bernann McKunney is the American woman who reatty monsters. This image has very little to 7_ with the
misses her dead dog. , E Specific breeds of pit bult are truth. 8- reaiity, the aim of scientists is to find
banned or restricted in severaI countries including the new ways to combat disease and repair the human
Ul(, New Zealand and Canada, but not in the USA. body. Some scientists have suggested that by cloning
our own cells, we coutd halt or maybe e_ reverse
Cho Seong-ryul, RNL's marketing director, said the
the ageing process. The ultimate prize would be a l<ind
of immortality. 10_
company's success rate for producing dogs by ctoning
that would be a good thing in
was high with around one out of every four surrogate practice is another question.
mother dogs producing cloned puppies. , ! fne
scientists and Mrs McKunney are hoping that at least
one of these willdevetop into a heatthy puppy. 6 Oo the Speaking exam task.
'lf successfu[, this wilt marl< the first time that a dog has
been ctoned in a commercial contract,' Cho said. 'But it
won't be the tast. Ctoning is fast becoming an industry. Read the fo[[owing statement. Do you agree or disagree
with it? Discuss the issue with your partner, responding
' E' RNL Bio plans eventually to focus on cloning not
only pets, but also speciaI dogs tike those trained to to any counter-arguments they have.
sniff out bombs. The ctoning of humans should never be allowed.
I
14 Get Ready for your Exam 1
 TI"I15 UNIT !NCL[.'OE5
Vocabulary a compound adjectives s compound nouns c verb-noun/adjective-noun coltocations
r phrasatverbs B aspectsoffitms s adjectivesdescribingfitms e modifyingadverbs
Grammar * like,unlike andas n narrativetenses. simpteandcontinuousforms E speculating
Speaking * talking about characters in films and books ! talking about TV viewing habits
Stories
n reacting to [iterary texts
Writing e afilm review

6b f .OZ Listen to three people describing the l<ind of fitms I+ How many compound adjectives can you mal<e using the
they til<e. What aspects of the films do they particularly lil<e? adjectives and nouns below? How many more can you add
using different adiectives and nouns?
big broad cold empty fair kind [ong narrow
single thin wide
btood eyed hair hand head heart teg mind
shoulder sl<in

Rewrite the text by replacing the underlined words with

compound adjectives. You may need to mal<e other changes.
0f Mico and Men ia a novai \ the Noboi ?rizr-vrinning aulhor
John Stainbe.cK.
ffi
Of Mice and Men is a novel by the author John Steinbeck,
2 (b f .OZ Complete the compound adjectives that the @ 11 is sel in 1930s Calitornia and is

speakers use with the words below. Then listen again and the story of Nvo migrant farm workers. George Milton and
check. Lennie Small. George thinks quickly. and has a kind heart,
action cool engineered heart man moving narrow and looks after his friend l,ennie Smal1, who is like a child and
raising run setf time witted has a simple mind. PhysicalJy they are diiferen{ loo; George is
sma1l, with a slim bui1d. while lennie is tall and his shoulders
1 genetically- 7 -headed
are broad. They share a dream lhat one day they will own their
2 -packed 8 a tt-
own ranch. But it all goes wrong when Irnnie accidentally
3 -warming 9
kills someone. The ending breaks your heart, as George kills
4 stow- 10 hair-
Lennie in order to save him from a lynch mob. The novel onl],
5 -made 77 --down
-minded
has 100 naqes, but it is a fantastic read.
6 q uicl<- 72 -assured

3 Wtrich adjectives in exercise 2 can be used to describe:

a character? b aspects of films?
6 ffi in pairs. Thinl< of someone or something
Worl<
that can be described using the compound adjectives betow.
Exptain why they can be described til<e this.
Compound adjectives
1 Many compound adiectives consist of l cotd-blooded 5 time-consuming
a a noun, adjective or adverb plus present participle. 2 absent-minded 6 cut-price
thirst-quenching easy-going never-ending 3 tight-hearted 7 remote-controlled
b a noun, adjective or adverb plus past participte.
4 [ong-tasting
tongue-tied left-handed well-paid Make notes under the headings below about a character from
2 When the first etement of the compound is an a story, film or W programme that you l<now. Use some of the
adlective, the past participle can be formed from a compound adjectives on this page.
noun rather than a verb. 1 Character: positive aspects
thick-skinned tight-fisted thin-lipped flat-footed 2 Character: negative aspects
3 Another common pattern is adiective/number + 3 Appearance
noun. The noun is atways singutar.
deep-sea last-minute ten-storey I ffiffi Work in pairs. Describe the character to your
partner. Can your partner guess who it is?

EED VOCRSULARY BUILDER 2.1: COMPOUND ADJECTIVES: E) vOCneULARY BUILDER ?.2: COMPOUND NOUNS:
WORKBOOKPAGEl02 G WORKBOOK PAGE 102 (K

Unit2 . Stories 15
 Complete the text with appropriate words. Write one word
only in each gap.
ffi Ask and answer the questions in exercise 4. Give
reasons and examples.

Too murh TU rnoy reiull I_ o(odemi( foilure $fi f .OA Complete these sentences from the tistening with
2-television u doy do wors* like, unlike or as. Then listen again and check.
Ieenogers who wskh several hours
ol school ond ore less likely to grudunle 3- lheir peers! 0 new
a And she's 'Why are you watching that rubbish?,

sludy suggesls. The 20-yecr $udy involving neorly 700 fumilies in the
b My parents are a bit _ that too.
USA found thd lhose wutrhing more thon three hours of TV u doy were
c I don't have a TV in my
-, bedroom, Chris does.
4- d We watch dramas and films mainly, and series,
holf os likely rontinue their edurstion post high srhool"
Heroes.
ln fie mid-1980s scientists begon interviewing I4-yeur-olds from 678 e The stories are fascinating, _ are the characters.
fomilies obout their television viewing hubits" They rko osked the feens' f Heroes,losf is set in the real world.
porenls os 5-
whether ihe youngsters hod ony behuviourul or
arodemic difficulties. Ihe reseorchers continued rollecting informution -
from the porents ond interviewed the teens ognin ot nge-l 6, ond ngoin
ot uges ?2 snd 33.

Al oge i 4, most of the rhildren wst(hed 6_ snr und three hours

sf television each doy, while thirteen per (eni wqi(hed more *on {sur
hours, und ten per rent wutrhed less lhun one hour. The seienti$s {ound
lhot 30 per cenl of students who wntrhed msre fhon three hcurs of
lelevision ol age I4 hsd uttention problems 7 _suhsequent yeurs,
und fell hehind or failed to grcduote hy oge ?2. 8_ rounpurison,
only fifteen per rent of those who watched less thun one hour of Td ut
oge I4 showed *e some ailention defirits later e_. 's Read lhe Learn this! box. Match the sentences (a-f) from
Olher experts, however, soy the link is unrlesr und moinlqin thd the
study does not provide slrong evidenre r0- o rcusul reiutionship
exercise 6 with uses 1-6.

between television viewing nnd subsequent utieniion dif{iruhies. Teeni \

like, unlike and as ;

"- leurning disorders might simply he more likely io wuteh o lot

12_ We can use like or os to describe simitarities.
of TV becuuse they find adivitim us reuding textbooks too 7 like is a preposition and comes before a noun or
chollenging. pronoun.
You're like a child! 1

ffi Discuss this question: Should parents restrict the 2 os is a conjunction and comes before a clause (subject
amount of W their children watch? Justify your opinions. and verb / auxitiary).
She's scared, os we oll are.
$ f .OA Listen to three people discussing television. What 3 We often use like as a conjunction instead of as. lt's
reasons for watching W do they mention? Choose from: less forma[.
h,;rit*'i,*r'r'i e:rli.,ir;i;:rli ir*:t{.ireiii- a**jr:rfrn*nl. ;J:,r..jiri:1n! He fooled me, like he fooled everybody. 2 _
i#r'ntiir eil"siuil,!, i!:ti151 t.;".r ii,,grni; :)i ."/r) ri:L,*x,l$:i*t 4 We sometimes invert the subject and verb after as (but
snl *i',.r,i n g,l il l i * * t,; n : r'i q.: l rl r;l i i il { e l'r,.*t lr *t !t i r-l +r a d l,,i q,*
i i :
never after like).
.. r ..r.1 " : ..i".r. ,. ," {
He's toll, os is his father. ))
5 We use the prepositi on unlike to describe differences.
Complete the questions with the words below. Use the Unlike you, I love American comedies. 4_
correct form ofthe verbs. 6 We use /ike to give examples. 5_
j7 liketo
ln very informalspeech, we can use be +
tiflt ilr:th;*, *nysiilr.i lryre!l iir;;.,i,,:
pr--ii'giii'.,, i'ud:lfui*ll j introduce somebody's words. !

i
1 Do you watch W i He was like, 't'm so hoppy!' 6_
2 Do you agree there's a-? lot of _ on TV? i-*---""_-*_.-"*."__*-.-*--_"."--._--1 i

3 Do you tike _ romantic comedies?

4 Are you critical of the way women on TV?
Uml$ $&,lfl{WA{ Uiiil}rl il.,:i: .,tS .{ru'} li,{rr p,&Sn :! i ri {Xm
5 Can you think of a reatty character in a W series? ffiffi Discuss with a partner. Do you thinl< men and
6 Do you prefer fantasy series to TV dramas _ in the women have different tastes in films and W programmes?
real world? Give reasons and examples.

16 Unit 2 ' Stories

 Read the definition of the'GreatAmerican Dream'. To what 4 Mal<e new collocations. Match 1-8 in exercise 3 with
extent do you believe that the dream is (a) admirable and the verbs and adjectives below. Choose three and write
(b) achievabte? sentences.
The Great American Dream is the belief that every citizen can a reach c cause e maritaI g coveted
achieve prosperity and happiness through their own efforts b serve on d draw f right-wing h considerabLe
and abilities, irrespective of class or race.

# Complete the text with the correct form of the words in

ft f .Ol Read the glossary, then [isten to the opening
of Death of a Salesman. Why does Witly arrive home late?
brackets.
Choose the correct answer.

I Glossary
I shoulder = side of the road
i Studebaker = a make of car
Arthur Mi[[er (1915-2005) is i arch supports = things you put in shoes to give supporl and comfod
windshield = car window
universa[[y recognised as one of
the greatest '- (drama) of the 1 He couldn't concentrate white he was driving.
twentieth century. MiLter's father had 2 He fett asleep white he was driving.
emigrated to the USA from Austria- 3 He was involved in a car accident.
Hungary, drawn [ike so many others by
& (b f .Ol Listen again. Answer the questions, giving reasons
the 'Great American Dream'. However,
for your answers when appropriate.
he experienced severe '- (finance) hardship when his
1 How would you describe Wilty's physical and mental
famity business was ruined in the Great Depression of the
state?
early 1930s.
2 How woutd you describe Linda's attitude to Witly?
MiLte/s most famous pLay, Death of a Salesman, is a powerfuI 3 What reasons does Linda suggest for what happened to
attack on the American system, with its aggressive busjness Witty in the car?
tactics and its'- (insist) on money and sociaI status 4 What remedies does Linda suggest?
as
o- (indicate) of worth. In WiLty Loman, the hero of
the ptay, we see a man who has falten foul of this system. Sd f.fO Read the glossary, then [isten to the second
extract. What two topics do Linda and Wilty discuss at
WilLy is'burnt out'and in the ruthless wortd of business
length?
there is no room for sentiment: if he can't do the work,
then he is no good to his 5- (empLoy), the Wagner Glossary
Company, and he must go. WiLty is
u-- (pain) aware of i to send a wrre = send a telegram
j to show the line = show new products
this and bewitdered at his lack of success. He hides behind
i accommodating = v,7|11;nn to adjust to the needs of other people
a smokescreen of lies and '- (pretend) to disguise the I crestfallen = sad and disappointed after an unexpected failure
fact to himself and others that he has failed. l-o-ll3Tp
ufo!!1: IlSy-"]_around;
move about

When it
was first staged in 1.949, the play was greeted with
r.tO
8 (enthuse) reviews, and it won numerous '-
ffi $d Listen again and answerthe questions.

(prestige) literary awards. However, Mil.l.er's views attracted

1 What does Linda suggest that Witty should do in order to
improve his worl<ing Iife?
the attention of the Un-American Activilies Committee,
which had been set up to investigate American artists
2 How does Willy react on the three occasions that Linda
makes this suggestion?
suspected of having communist sympathies. Mi[[er was found
3 What did Witty and his son Biff argue about earlier?
'o- (guil.t) by the UAAC of undermining the American
4 Can you identify three occasions when Witly is indecisive
way of [ife. The verdict was, however, tater overturned and
and quickly changes his mind?
Mi[[er went on to write over fifty ptays.
ffiTffi Worl< in pairs. Discuss the questions.
1 Do you feel sympathy for Witty and Linda? Why?/Why not?
S Mal<e col[ocations with the words below. Use verbs for 1-4
2 ls there simitar pressure on business people to succeed
and adjectives for 5-8. Find them in the text.
in your country?
1 hardship 5 hardship 3 To what extent do you believe that your future prosperity
2 -- attention 6 status and happiness depend on your own efforts?
3 a committee 7 award 4 Do you agree with Witty that it's good for young peopte to
4 - - a verdict 8 sympathies move around and try out lots of different jobs?

Unit2.Stories :17
 I Worl< in pairs. lmagine you and a group of friends
ffiffi "ffi-ffi 6 ffi"fr,'ffi Discuss the questions. Justify your opinions.
were marooned on a sma[[ island in the middte of the ocean. 1 Do you thinkthat a group of twelve-year-old boys is likety
Discuss the questions.
to behave in the way described in the extract?
1 What would you do in order to: (a) survive? (b) Set rescued? 2 lf teft to their own devices,
do you think a group of
2 What rules, if any, woutd you establish? How woutd you twelve-year-old boys is capable of living peacefully with
agree on them? one another?

2 Read the extract from Lord of the flies by Wittiam Golding,

ignoring the gaps. Answer the questions. A group ofboys
1 Where are the boys and how did they get there?
have been marooned
2 Why is Ratph angry at the start of the extract?
3 What was the purpose of the fire?
on a desert island,
4 Whose responsibitity was it to keep the fire going? following a plane
5 What was jacl< doing instead of looking after the fire? crash, and are
5 How does he justify his behaviour?
waiting to be rescued.
7 Who had the boys chosen as their leader?
8 What possession of Piggy's did Jacl< break?
In this extract Jack
9 Who hetps Piggy to find his glasses? and Ralph, strong
10 What does Jack apotogise for? characters who both
3 fUatch the sentences (a-h) with the gaps (r-7) in the extract. want to be leader of
There is one sentence thatyou do not need. the group, come into
a Piggy grabbed and put on the glasses. conJlict.
b He took a step, and abte at last to hit someone, stucl< his
fist into Piggy's stomach. 1
Ralph flung back his hair. One arm pointed at the
c Jack turned to Piggy and apologised for his cruel
empty horizon. His voice was loud and savage, and
behaviour.
d They might have seen us. struck them into silence.
e They waited for an appropriately decent answer. 'There was a shipi
f He went on scrambling and the laughter rose to a gate of 5
)ack, faced at once with too many awful implications,
hysterialo. ducked away from them. He laid a hand on the pig
g Jackwas loud and active. and drew his knife. Ralph brought down his arm, fist
h Then his voice came again on a peak of feeting.
clenched, and his voice shook.
4 Exptain in your own words these sentences from the text. 'There was a ship. Out there! You said youd keep the
1 The dismal truth was fittering through to everybody.
10
fire going and you let it out!' He took a step towards
(tine 23) |ack, who turned and faced him.
2 There was the briltiant world of hunting, tactics, fierce 'r I We might have gone home - '
exhilaration, skill; and there was the world of longing and
This was too bitter for Piggy, who forgot his timidity
baffted common-sense. (line 32)
in the agony of his loss. He began to cry out, shrilly:
3 He resented, as an addition to Jack's misbehaviour, this
ls 'You and
verbaI trick. (tine 84) your blood, |ack Merridew! You and your
4 By the time the pite was buitt, they were on different huntingl We might have gone home -'
sides of a high barrier. (tine 105) Ralph pushed Piggy on one side.
'I was chief; and you were going to do what I said. You
5 Find examples of the fottowing behaviour in the text:
talk. But you cant even build huts - then you go off
1 Jack's viotence and aggressiveness. 20
2 hunting and let out the fire -'
)acl<'scruetty.
3 Ratph's indecision. He turned away, silent for a moment. 2[
4 Piggy's defiance. 'There was a ship - '
5 Ralph's inflexibitity. One of the smaller hunters began to wail.I The dismal'?
6 Simon's concern for others. truth was filtering through to everybody. Iack went
7 the hunters' quickty changing moods.

tg i unit2 r Stories
2s
very red as he hacked3 and pulled at the pig. All rightl All right!'
'The job was too much. We needed everyone.' 7s
He looked at Piggy, at the hunters, at Raiph.
Ralph turned. 'I'm sorry. About the fire, I mean. There. I - '
'You could have had everyone when the shelters were He drew himself up.12
finished. But you had to hunt - ' '- I apologise.'
30'We needed meatl
Thebazz from the hunters was one of admiration
]ack stood as he said this, the bloodied knife in his 80
for this handsome behaviour. Clearly they were of
hand. The two boys faced each other. There was the the opinion that Jack had done the decent thing, had
brilliant world of hunting, tactics, fierce exhilaration, put himself in the right by his generous apology and
skill; and there was the world of longing and baffleda Ralph, obscurely,l3 in the wrong. 6[
35
common-sense. |ack transferred the knife to his left Yet Ralphs throat refused to pass one. He resented, as
hand and smudgeds blood over his forehead as he 85
an addition to fack's misbehaviour, this verbal trick.
pushed down the plastered hair. The fire was dead. The ship was gone. Could they not
Piggy began again. see? Anger instead of decency passed his throat.
'You didnt ought to have let that fire out. You said 'That was a dirty trickJ
ao
youd keep the smoke going - ' They were silent on the mountain top while the
This from Piggy, and the wails of agreement from e0
opaque look appeared in |ack's eyes and passed away.
some of the hunters drove fack to violence. The Ralph's final word was an ungraciousra mutter.
bolting look came into his blue eyes. rfl Piggy sat All right. Light the fire.'
down with a grunt. fack stood over him. His voice was With some positive action before them, a little of the
as
vicious6 with humiliation. tension died. Ra$h said no more, did nothing,
'You would, would you? Fattyl' es
stood looking down at the ashes around hls feet. t[]
Ralph made a step forward and |ack smacked Piggy's He gave orders, sang, whistled, threw remarks at the
head. Piggy's glasses flew offand tinkledT on the rocks. silent Ralph - remarks that did not need an answe!
Piggy cried out in terror: and therefore could not invite a snub;ls and still Ralph
50'My specsl'
was silent. No one, not even lack, would ask him to
He went crouching and feeling over the rocks but 100
move and in the end they had to build the fire three
Simon, who got there first, found them for him. yards away and in a place not really as convenient.
Passions beat about Simon on the mountain-top with Ralph asserted his chieftainship and could not have
awful wings. chosen a better way if he had thought for days. Against
ss'One side's brokenl
this weapon, so indefinable and so effective, ]ack was
'I U" looked malevolently at |ack. '0s powerless and raged without knowing why. By the
'I got to have them specs. Now I only got one eye. )us' time the pile was built, they were on different sides of
you wait - ' a high barrier.
lack made a move towards Piggy who scrambled8 !,**x'rfl *.,"],,J.-],,rf o-rr.4 1.,*'-'
uu
away till a great rock lay between them. He thrust his ii

head over the top and glared at Jack through his one
flashing glass. Glossary
'Now I only got one eye. fust you wait - ' 1 (to) wail = (make) a long, high cry of pain or sadness
2 dismal = miserable
fack mimickede the whine and scramble. 3 to hack = cut with rough, heavy blows
6s'fus'you wait
- yah!' 4 baffled = confused
5 to smudge = make a dirty mark
Piggy and the parody were so funny that the hunters 6 vicious = cruel and aggressive
began to laugh. Jack felt encouraged. sI Unwillingly 7 (to) tinkle = (make) a light, high ringing sound
B to scramble = move quickly and with difficulty, using your hands
Ralph felt his lips twitch;ll he was angry with himself
to help
for giving way. 9 mimic = copy in a funny way the way sb speaks and acts
70
He muttered. 10 a gale of hysteria = the sound of people laughing uncontrollably
11 (to) twitch = (make) a sudden, small movement without
'That was a dirty trick.'
meaning to
]ack broke out of his gyration and stood facing Ralph. 12 to draw oneself up = stand up to one's full height
13 obscurely = for a reason that was difficult to identify
His words came in a shout.
14 ungracious = ill-mannered and unfriendly
15 a snub = an insult

Unit 2 Stories t9
 l{ Read the Aesop's fabte and choose the moral (a-c) which you & Complete the fable with the correct form of the verbs in
thinl< best fits the story. brackets. Sometimes two answers are possible. Justify your
a Don't try to achieve the impossible. choices. Then in pairs, write a mora[ for the fabte.
b lt is easy to despise what you cannot have.
c Don't underestimate the difficutty of a task. 71te Hare and the Tortoise
One day a hare 1 (run) along a path when he 2-
Zhe Fox andthe Grapes (come) across a tortoise. The hare 3- (fol1ow) the same
There lvas once a fox that used route every day and 1- (never come) across a tortoise
before.The tortoise (walk) slowly and the hare 6-
to wander far and wide to find
(begin) to laugh dt her. Irritated by the hare, the tortoise 7
food. He would sometimes
(challenge) him to a race.The hare B (never have) any
walk for days in order find a
nice meal. One day, he came doubt that he was the fastest animal around, so he e
(accept) the challenge. After the hare r0 (run) for a whi1e,
across a vine branch lrom
which were hanging bunches he reilised that he 1i-'(leave) the tortoise far behind, and
r2 (sit) down under a tr"ee to relar For a while. lt wasn't
of ripe, black grapes which no
one had yet picked.The fox long before he 13- (fa11) asleep. Although the torloise
rr (not hurry), she overtook the hare. When the hare
had been searching.for food
(wake up), he 16 (realise) that the tortoise
for many days andwas almost "-
1i (beat) him to the finishing llne. The hare 18- -. -
dying of hunger. He.stood on
(remember) this experience for the rest of his 1iG.
'-
tip-loe andistretched as high
as he could. but he couldn't
reach the ,grapes. He tried jumping but stil1 withoutsuC-lqsc, fhe
Use the notes below to write the fable The boy who cried
fox had thought that it would be easy to reach the grapes; arrd to
hide'his digappointment he said to himself,'What a lool I aml wolf . Use a variety of narrative tenses and make any
The grapes,are sour. I was going to eat them, but I've changed my necessary changes to the text. Begin There was once ... .
mind.'And with that, he walked off.
Tlte Boy Who CriedWolf
Find examples of verb forms 7-7 in the fable in exercise 1. A shepherd boy lived in a vi1lage. His family llved there for many
When do we use them? ye ars. He looked after a flock of sheep. Every day he went to the

1 past simple hillside above the vil1age. He was bored. He left his sheep. He ran
5 would
to the vi11age. He shouted,'Wolf! Wolfl'The villagers heard his
2 past continuous 6 used to cries. They ran to help him. They wasted their time. He laughed at
3 past perfect 7 future in the past
them. He did this rwo or three times. A wolf really did come. He
4 past perfect continuous shouted 'Wolf! Wolfl'The villagers ignored him. The wolf ki11ed
the whole flock of sheep. The boy didnt cry wolf again.
Explain the difference in meaning in these sentences.
1 a When Joe arrived, I'd made some coffee.
,l: Complete these sentences in your own words. Use as many
b When Joe arrived, I made some coffee.
c When Joe arrived, I was making some coffee. verb forms as you can from exercise 2.
d When Joe arrived, I'd been making some coffee. 1 ... because it had been raining.
2 a He spoke Japanese because he'd lived in Japan for two 2 l'd had a terribte day at school ...
years. 3 When I last spoke to you ...
b He spoke Japanese because he'd been Iiving in Japan 4 I hadn't been feeting wet[ ...
for two years. 5 l'd never thought ...
3 a What was that bool< you read on hotiday? 5 As I was walking through the parl<, ...

b What was that book you were reading on holiday? 7 I was to have ...
4 George used to smol(e in the office.
a ffiffi#ffi Worl< in pairs or
smallgroups. lnvent a fabte to
b George would smoke in the office. iltustrate one ofthese sayings. Tett it to the class.
5 a Kim and Ben met in 2010 and were to get married in Mal<e hay while the sun shines. Lool< before you leap.
201.2. Don't f udge a book by its cover. A stitch in time saves nine.
b Kim and Ben met in 2010 and were to have got married
in 201.2. al tnarrirril!, {}rtiirrf, i, t l.i rii{d,,&

20 Unit 2' Stories

 ffifi,ffiffiHtJ Worl< in pairs. Discuss the questions. :i' (b f .f Z Listen to someone sayingwhat she thinks tife is
1 What problems do homeless people face? lil<e for the person in the first picture and why he might be
2 Why do peopte become homeless? homeless. Do you agree with her opinions?

;i Work in pairs. lf you had to interview a hometess person, (b f .t Z Comptete the speculative sentences. You can use
what questions would you ask? Note them down. more than one word in a gap. Then tisten again and check.

1 1 This man - quite young.

6b f .f
Listen to the interview. Were any of your questions
2 lt he's had a particutarly hard tife.
asl<ed? How did the girl answer them?
3 lt he has enough layers to l<eep warm.
(& f .f I Complete the phrasalverbs (1-6) with the correct 4 He's sitting on a bunk bed in what's a night
prepositions, and match them with the definitions (a-0. Then shetter of some l<ind.
listen again and checl<. 5I he hasn't been sitting there for [ong, and he
doesn't spend his days there.
1 get sb a starttaking (e.g. drugs)
2 hang b stay in a place
6 He .- to have any possessions with him.
3 get sth c leave suddenly
7I tife is pretty tough for him.
4 walk- d spend time with (peopte)
8I if he's run away from home for some reason.
5 kicl< sb e mal<e sb leave I*i$,--t;ll*lXlr,t,i:rii: il.ilill-i)liiil lj.r:rr S$,lllll.ii-:ll'11,1t,,
5 hang out f depress sb

S Match 1-5 with a-e to mal<e collocations from the tistening. i1i in pairs. Say what you thinl< tife is lil<e for the
fi,H#$ffiffiffi$ Worl<
l skip a one's drug habit person in the second picture and why he might be homeless.
2 loose b rough
3 feed c change
4 l<ick d one's drug habit
5 sleep e schooI

i Wtren comparing photos, start by saying what is similar

] and different about what you can see before you start to
i offer opinions or specutate about other aspects ofthe
j Rhotos.

ffi,ffii{ffi$
Work in pairs. Read the Speaking fipl and the
task in the box betow. Tatk about the main similarities and
differences between the photos. Use the phrases below to
help you.

I The photos show hometess people. Compare and

I contrast the photos, and say what you thinl< tife is til<e
f:rthese ployf ana wnv misht be
lhlv lometess
!i 1!i!ri
'ii..tir
ri ir:i::. i1! iil l i1Li.1 lq i *,1 { *f r iii11-1y11 1;91i

li:,1::::.:i_ii,/:iri.irrr rr!r:li;,tii.,, j-;i.,tiL,,,,r::II lli;,;']111i,;

'1.i'l
I i:i.: :;, :,,: :r Ii: 5r ilj I iijii ir: i il;,1r,".
-iira; jl'i'+r,r'.'r.-- *il i.!',j,:rii:il
111-11,1 .;i,",'ri:'ll;. {l iilt ,;:it*:.;:]
i ;-, r'r" * --,' -. l'i i r: t t.l i,tt, l* j,ri'i :.r fc,trl l l l t il it i,l ii j{j r,...
., t.1ll !

i'i;li'i.i: i trt:'i.l:\l1t:.. lllririr.: j., a!ii ..ilr,1 {ilfi?t'ill!if.tl,, ;....,...,..

I #! ffi1:fi3;*;ilfii["* ln your pairs, turn to page 151 and do the picture

comparison tasl<.

Unit 2 Stories 21
 Worl< in pairs. Discuss the questions. In which paragraph (A-D) does the writer:
1 Have you seen any films recently,in the cinema or on the 1 tatl< about the fitm's strengths?
ry? Did you enioy them? Why?/ Why not? Use the ideas 2 give a brief summary of the plot?
betow to help you. 3 give background detaiI about the fitm, such as the title
and director?
4 give his/her overalI verdict on the film?
5 talk about the film's weaknesses?
2 Who are your favourite film stars? What do you like
about them? Complete the sentences with the words below.

Read the film review. How would you describe it?

Find evidence in the text for your opinion.
1 very positive
2 faily positive 1 As the story , the pace ofthe action quickens.
3 lul<ewarm 2 --
The fitm is an of lan Fleming's best-se[[ing novel.
3 There is a car chase in the opening of the fitm.
4 negative 4 The fitm was shot on in the mountains of Scotland.
5 l(eira Knighttey was badly in the rote of the vitlain.
5 An instant hit when it was reteased, the film went
-
on to over $200 million.
7 The fitm was let down by below-average performances by
the cast.
8 After numerous and turns, there's a nail-biting
A I am a big fan of the finale.
James Bond movies, 9 The bacl< streets of New Yorl< provide the perfect
so I was first in the forthis film noir.
queue at the box 10 Brad Pitt a fine performance in the leading role.
office when Skyfall 11 The movie is beautifutty fitmed and by digitat
was screened at our tech n ology.
local cinema. lt is -
72 The Two Towers is the to the highty-acclaimed
directed by Sam Mendes and, Iike its two immediate Fellowship of the Ring.
predecessors, Casino Royale and Quantum of Solace,
it stars Daniel Craig in the title role as the British secret What is the function of the sentences in exercise 4? Put them
agent and Judi Dench as the enigmatic spy-chief, M. under the correct heading.
B Set in the present day, the action takes place in
locations as far apart as lstanbul, Shanghai and the
Scottish Highlands. The plot revolves around the race
to prevent the chilling arch villain Silva (Javier Bardem)
from revealing the identities of undercover NATO agents.
Needless to say, at the end of the film Bond triumphs
and Silva gets his come-uppance.
c Under the extremely stylish direction of Sam Mendes,
Craig, Dench and Bardem give superb performances.
As you'd expect, the film is thrilling, fast-moving and
visually spectacular, with state-of-the-ar1 special effects,
hair-raising chases and jaw-dropping stunt scenes. A
bonus is the superb new Bond theme song from Adele.
However, like all Bond films it has one weakness: the
rather convoluted and far-fetched plot, which begins to
unravel in the final quarter of the film.
D That said, this is the best Bond movie for many years, ln a review, we use the present simpte tense to describe
the Ofot of a film, book or ptay,

$$,ffi$ffiffi.ffi Worl< in pairs. Read the Writing

tip,then describe
the plot of a film to your partner, without using the names of
any ofthe characters or actors. Can your partner guess the fitm?

22 r Unit2 Stories
ln pairs, [ook at the adjectives for describing films. Which 2 The lncredible Hulk was panned by the critics when it r,ras
aspects of films (1-5) can they be used to describe? (Some first released, but it was a box office hit.
adjectives can describe more than one aspect.) 3 Titanic is one of the most successful films of all time, and
won eleven Oscars.
4 Forrest Gump fealures Tom Hanl<s in the title rote and is
my favourite movie of atl time.
5 The Mist was adapted from the Stephen l(ing novel and is
a terrifying horror fitm.

1 the performance of the actors Match 1-8 with a-h to mal<e sentences that give overatl
2 the story opinions of films. Which ones are (a) positive? (b) negative?
(c) [ukewarm?
3 the film in generaI
4 the screenptay 1 lfyou have an aversion to pointtess speciaI effects,
5 speciaI effects 2 Not the greatest fitm ever made,
3 For hardcore fantasy fans,
4 This movie is, quite simply, fantastic and
:YoucandescribeaSpeCtSofafitmmoreaCCuratelyand 5 There are some nice moments,
1subttybycombiningad|ectiveswithmodifyingadverbs
6 lf, like me, you are a lover of feel-good movies,
such as: 7 The fitm is wetl worth seeing,

: a (little) bit not particularly not very quite fairty 8 Despite being a low-budget art-house film,
i

: pretty rather very extremely ',

a this is one of the most impressive movies you'[[ see.
I Remember that the adverb quite comes before the , b this fitm is not for you.
indefinite article: c but it's marred by poor a performance from the [ead.
;tt.s111if9sl.oy:y?u]!.9[ilm d this film won't Iive up to alI the hype surrounding
its release.
Read the Writing tip and rank the modifying adverbs in order, e if onty for the dazzling speciaI effects.
from the strongest to the weakest. Then find examples of f then you won't regret going to see this film.
some of them in the text on page 22. g but worth the price of admission.
h I thoroughty recommend it.
D vOCneULARY BUILDER 2.3: MODIFYING ADVERBS:
WORKBOOK PAGE 103 G Mal<e notes about a film that you have seen. Follow the plan
below.
ffiffiffiff#ffiffi Work in pairs. Thinl< of a fitm that you have both
seen. Tall< about the film using adjectives from exercise 1 and 1 Background information aboutthe fitm (title, genre,
modifying adverbs. director, based on a book? date? other interesting
t thought \hr ac\ing in Trtil;ghf was pretil third-rats. fa cts?).
2 A brief summary of the plot.
3 The fitm's strengths and weaknesses.
4 Your overat[ verdict on the film and a
: We can use participle ctauses to improve our writing
recommendation (positive or negative).
I styte.
: This film was released in 2002 and was an instant success.
: ) Released in 2002, this film was an instant success. Write your review (200-250 words). Use the notes you made
:'Hancock' stars Will Smith and is a superhero adventure in exercise 6.
that left me cold.
Check your worl< using the tist below.
, ) Starring Will Smith, 'Hancock' is a superhero I

adventure thot left me cold.

Have you:
Use participle clauses to rewrite these sentences that
followed the ptan correctly?
introduce films.
written the correct number of words?
7 Soving Private Ryan was directed by three-time Academy included at least one modifying adverb?
Award winner Steven Spietberg and is one of the most checked the spetting and grammar?
gripping war fitms ever made.

Unit2 . Stories 23
 Vocabulary Grammar
1 Add a prefixto the words below and use them to complete 5 Comptete the sentences. Use a past or present form for
the sentences. describing habituat actions in the first gap and like or as in
awed easy occupied orientated nerved the second gap.
Harry knew he'd made a mistake, so he felt very ufieaty 1 When my grandfather was younger, he work
when his boss called him into his office. a tennis coach every summer.
2 My sister tosing her temper these days, just
1 Jacl< soon became in the narrow streets of the
our mum!
city. He reatised he was completety lost.
3 Tom's a good tennis player, but he behave
2 Olivia was too with her new boyfriend to
a chitd whenever he loses a game.
notice that her mother was ilt.
4 Don't worry. I making mistakes that
3 lt was the first time she'd sung in public, so she was
when I was your age.
comptetely when she watked out on stage.
4 The doctor's failure to meet her eyes during the Mark: 18
appointment Grace considerably. -
Mark: 14
6 Comptete the sentences with the correct form of the phrasat
verbs below. Where possible use an object pronoun.

2 Use the words in bracl<ets to form compound adiectives which tooi< after [ool< into rnake up put on stand up to
are synonyms of the first word. thinl< over

artificia[ (make) man-made 1 My sister's got two children, so when she goes out I

1 intolerant (mind) atways

2 pleasing (warm) 2 I was going to carry my lacket, but when I saw it was

3 sensibte (head) raining I decided

4 mean (fist) 3 Police have not yet found the person responsible for the
5 intettigent (wit) burglary but the case
6 scary (raise) Her father is very domineering, but she's started
and tel[ him what she thinks.
Marl<: 16
The court proved that she had tied. The story of her
husband's disappearance to obtain his tife
3 Match the adiectives (1-5) with their opposites (a-e).
insurance money.
1 serious a gripping -_-
When Mike asked Holly to move in with him she said she
2 betievable b ftawed
3 dull c third-rate Mark: 16
4 perfect d far-fetched
5 high-quality e tight-hearted
Complete the text with the correct past tense form of the
Mark: 15 verbs in bracl<ets.
Gary was fed up. He (wait) for his girtfriend for
over an hour and she still 2-
Complete the sentences with the adverbs betow.
(not turn up). Just as
categoricatly ironicatly toosety promptly widety he 3- (contemplate) going home, she walked round
1 The film A Beautiful Mind is based on the tife the corner lool<ing pleased with herself. Her smile
of .lohn Forbes Nash. 4-.- (vanish), however, when she saw the expression
2 The athtete finished the race and cotlapsed on Gary's face.
onto the tracl<. 'What's wrong?' she asked.
3 The idea that human actions are responsibte for ctimate 'You're late again,' he said.
change is now accepted. 'No, l'm not,' she replied, 'The ctocks 5- (go back)
4 William's boss
-
refused to give him a pay rise. tast night. You 6-._-- (be) earlyl'
He said it was impossible.
- Mark: 16
5 Van Gogh is one of the world's most famous painters, yet
-
he onty sotd one picture when he was alive. HilffifT
Mark: lS

24 | Language Rev!ew 1*2

Speaking 4 Forquestions 1-8, choose the correct extract (A-D).
Which writer says that he or she:
1 Worl<in pairs. Decide what the three most important
1 responds wett in difficutt situations?
personatity traits are for worl<ing in a [arge, office-based
company.
2 does not find his/her current job demanding enough?
3 has tived in several different countries?
2 Compare your ideas with another pair. Can you agree on a 4 has the technicaI skills necessary?
joint'top three'? 5 co-operates wett with other workers?
6 initiatly worked in education?
7 is keen to raise his/her level of Engtish?
Reading 8 has a good knowledge ofthe business as a whote?
3 Look quickly at the four extracts written by four different
people and decide: Listening
a what type of text they are all from. I..
t'
b what the topic of each paragraph is.
i
A I eonsidor ryee\f to ba a pi{-siarier who can shov'r irriliati'r
rnhrn appropriata. i am alto a laarn pizfr vriih wcsl\on1
cnmmunira.tion tkilir and a 5lt\5v of humour. Ae m1
ro{rrsnror indi.at?, i am ,,rell-organisad in m1 approarh
!,ri11

to worK and havo thr abili.tl 1a manaqo \arge and comp\ox

projoc'i* uiih tho miilimum of futt. t hava a pragma.lir
approach to problam-solvinE and beliovr that almo*1 no"thing
ir impo**iblo, givrn tha right aiiilude and abiliiies.

llavinq vnrked aI; a a:mVarably-eized la4ie;tice com?anJ ir,

Riga for rncr"e Lhan three years.l firmly beiieve LhaL i have tlte _**%€qr4q
necescatry Droqramft.,ino, ekille for Lhis
?a;ir,ion al ln-ver?oet.. j aryt
famiiiar vlith ail af t"he p,r'oqrarnmtncl lanquaqee fia5T,Nide1y-rot)d,
kt';hie field, tncludin4 XHTN.JL, CS1Z|Z and )avaAcrio-u. i have -ri:.ri,..
alao acqulred a qood underel;anding of how l,heioqisLics ana
distribufiott. lndueLry iuncl;lona. A,e well as beinq a fluenf, F-nq)iah- 5 6d t.t 3 Listen to a job interview. Which of the extracts in
aae aker,I am also fluertt tn LaLvlart (.my moLher l;onclue) exercise 3 did Edgars write?
and
F eera... >nsl nave d .c.at,nc) lnc*lcdqe at irete n
6 ffi r .r : Listen again. Answer the questions.
1 What is the main purpose of Edgars's visit to the UK?
Although m1 currrenlinb offi.rrd a dograo of challangr ai tho 2 What jol<e does the interviewer mal<e when they're
*.iari, I havo nnw raachrd a *taqv vthrrY I ne.ad to broadon ni1 tatking about visits to Edgars's hometand?
"io dovoiop mI irili$ iurihar.
pro{o*rionai hori:-one in ordpr 3 Why does the interviewer continue the interview when
that i* wh1 | an Yoen lo rnovs to a \argor companl {n the fire alarm first sounds?
addition, \ an'i zwarv that a high lavol cf flrrrncl in Onglith Why does the interviewer offer Edgars the iob and press
ib a grlai ztmt profesoionalll, i* w\ i intond 'io lpend him for a response, rather than waiting for a letter to be
'nrhich "to
a rninir'lrLifl oi 1',.r0 1oar"t in an 9ngli*h-$PraKin$ countrl sent?
prr{rct m1 \anguagr *kille What assistance does the interviewer offer Edgars in
*+---!l%-ffi:].l%i+l',l"!'l4a-..i4'
relation to accommodation?
After qraduaLing with a deqree in Computer Ocience
fromVilnius University in my home country of
Lithuania.t
Writing
compleLed, a poet-qraduate diploma in web
design at,the
Universit y of Manchester. This led to a teachinf
posL aL the
7 lmagine you are Edgars. Write an account of your iob
same insLiLuLion. After four years in academia,I interview as part of an emailto a friend. Write about:
decided
on a change of direcLion and applied for various
jobs in Lhe o your feetings before the interview.
commercial oector, I relocaLed Lo Madrid to
woik for a large . what happened during the interview.
adverlising aOency ae lheir head of vteb development,,
a r what happened at the end of the interview.
poeition I found boLh challenginq and enjoyable. . how you feel about it now, looking back.

5l<ills Round-up 1-2 25

 Can you give any examples of: (a)'urban myths'(strange wetl- 4 Do the Reading exam task.
known stories that many people believe but are unlikety to be
true) and (b)'lnternet myths'(stories spread via the lnternet
which turn out not to be true)?
Read the text. Decide which sentence part (A-J) best fits
Do the Use of Engtish exam tasl<. each gap (1-8). There are two options that you do not
need.
An articte in the Japanese Mainichi Doily News (which
Complete the text with the correct form of the words claims merely to 1 that appeared in a magazine
in bracl<ets. called Fushigi Knuckles) tetts the story of the attempt
ln 2007 a rumour spread by chatrooms and text message to introduce Worm Burgers in Japan. A food company,
hit the price of bananas from China's Hainan istand. so the story goes, tried to market worms as food for
The messages claimed the fruit contained viruses that human consumption because oftheir high nutritional
bore a strong 1- (simitar) to SARS, the severe value. Worm Burgers contained ground worms (instead
respiratory z (ill) which has kitted hundreds of of beef), chopped onions, wheat, flour and egg - with a
peopte worldwide. r- (produce) of the bananas in
Iittte mitl< to make it go down more easily. The magazine
Hainan say the 4-
notes that 2-
(resutt) price slump cost them up
the Worm Burger ended up as a major
to 20 million yuan (US$2.6m) a day. China's Agriculture
ftop. The company had been targeting women and young
Ministry dismissed the SARS claim as completely
5- people, but appear to have struggled to overcome the
(true). Officiats claimed that there was no
6-- (science) evidence to support the rumour and image of worms 3
(totat) without foundation. They added
It's possible that the story is true, but it is more til<ely
that it was '/
a recycling of the otd Worm Burger urban myth 4_.
that it was 8- (possibte) for humans to contract a
plant virus. The banana fears come amid international This urban myth started when papers reported that
concerns over tainted Chinese exports, including e__ food scientists were experimenting with earthworms as
(attege) of poisons in pet food and toothpaste. The a source of protein. Take, for instance, this articte that
state-owned China Daity newspaper 10_ (recent) appeared in a number of American newspapers in mid-
criticised China's food safety regulators and catled on the December, 1"975.
government to do more to protect Chinese consumers. 'The lowly earthworm, 5 _ the fisherman, is
burrowing its way into the world of big business, and
3 (d r.ra DotheListeningexamtask. may be put to worl< soon to help man grow crops,
dispose of garbage and even satisfy his dietary need
for protein. lf produced in sufficient quantity at a cost
Listen to a radio programme about an urban myth. competitive with other protein materials, worms coutd
Choose the correct answer (A-D). be used as feed for pets, poultry, fish and other animals,
1 The New York Times report about alligators stated that 6-. Seventy-two per cent of a worm's dry weight is
A the first alligator sighting took place in sewage. protein.'
B one of those who first saw an alligator was kiiled. After a few artictes like this had appeared, it was
C one was first seen during a period of cold weather. simply a matter of time before tates began to spread of
D [ocal authorities refused to investigate the matter. McDonalds and other fast-food chains 7 . However,
2 Some of the people at Brooklyn Museum station worms are a much more expensive source of protein than
A said the animaI they'd seen was extremely big. beef, so there's Iittte reason to fear that fast-food chains
B witnessed an atligator transported on a train. witl start padding their burgers with worms 8_.
C tried to trap the animal in a rubbish bin.
D provided an explanation forthe animal,s presence. A in the near future
3 According to a popular myth, alligators in the sewer B secretty using worms in their burgers
A reproduced and tived in [arge groups. C instead of protein
B had been introduced to fight rats. D from the late 1"970s
C were of a type specific to New York. E ignored by almost everybody but
D ctimbed up into people's toilets. F reptacing the beef with worms
4 Scientists think G despite the best intentions
A attigatorsgrow too big to fit into sewers. H be repeating a report
B there's no food for altigators in sewers. I as a bizarre food
C sewers are too cold forattigators to breed. J as well as food for peopte
D they need to do more research into the myth.

26 Get Ready for your Exam 2

 THIS UNIT INCTUDES
Vocabulary r verb (+ adjective) + noun coltocations ! set phrases . phrases retated to friendship
s literaI and figurative [anguage r comparative phrases r phrases for negotiating
r adjectives for describing ptaces r dependent prepositions (1)
Grammar E contrast: present perfect simple and continuous r verb patterns
Partners
Speaking d talking about retationships ! negotiation
Writing x an articte about a ptace

1 ffi Worl< in groups. Look at the photos and answer 4 fUatch the verbs (1-9) with the nouns (a-i) to form common
the questions. expressions.
1 What kind of partnership does each photo show?
Collocation: verb + noun
2 What qualities are needed to make each partnership
successfut? 1 voice a a friendship
3 What other kinds of partnership can you think of? What 2 form b your mind
quatities do they require to be successfu[? 3 offer c a dispute
4 pay d the favour
5 take e a setback
6 resolve f attention
7 return g advice
8 speak h controt
9 suffer i an opinion

Some verb + ad.iective + noun coltocations are atso

common. Look for these in your dictionary and in texts you
read.
Over the years, they suffered some major setbacks.
Pay close attention to whot l'm about to tell you.

5 Read the Learn this! box. Then complete the sentences with
expressions from exercise 4.
1 lt's impossibte to a close with somebody
unless you have a lot in common.
ln any friendship, one partner is atways stronger and
tends to of the relationship.
lf you're with a friend, it's atways 0l( to an honest
ft f .tS Listen to five people tall<ing about their partners. --
Match the speakers (1-5) with the kinds of partnership (a-e)
they are describing. Which words gave you a clue?
4 A friendship that has a major is stronger
than one which has not.
a co-presenters of a news programme tr 5 A friend witl never get annoyed or upset with you for
b shop
loint owners of a clothes tr constructive
c a composer and tyricist tr 6 The easiest way to a is to ignore it and
d co-stars of a stage ptay tr pretend that nothing is wrong.
e a rally driver and a navigator tr 6 ffi Work in pairs. Do you agree or disagree with the
Sfr f .f S Listen again. Say which speal<er (1-5) mentions statements in exercise 5? Give reasons and examples.
these things. Then answer the questions.
a getting depressed tr (About what?)
b being [il<e a married couple tr (ln what way?)
c their different backgrounds tr (What are they?)
d a partner's irritating habit tr (What is it?)
\,
e having to be carefuI about what XE VOCeSULARY BUILDER 3.1:SET PHRASEST
she says tr (Why?) WORKBOOK PAGE 103 ({dt

Unit 3 Partners 27
 ffi ln pairs, discuss this quotation by C.S.Lewis, ffi 6b t.f g
Complete these excerpts from the description
author of The Chronicles of Nornio. Do you agree with it? using the words below. (You need to use some words more
Can you give any examples of how friendships in your own than once.) Then listen again and check.
life began?
ma*i,( *{orl'rrl iusicl* *i,lt t!:r*ug* i:-; ti;}
Friendship is born at that moment 1 As friends, we go more than ten years and we've
when one person says to another:'What! known each other even longer than that.
You, too? I thought I was the only one.' 2 We haven't fatlen at all in recent years, but in the
past, we've had our s and s.
Read the song. How would sum up the meaning of the lyrics?
3 We've even had the odd set- over the years.
4 We've been so much together.
5 Recentty, probtems at work have been
I turn to you getting me
- .

When l'm losl in the rain,

6 She's atways been somebody I can reatty open
ln your eyes lknow l'llfind the {ight to light my wdy. -
Nhen l'n scared, llosing ground, Z lt's easy to tatk to ctose friends because they know you
vlhen my wor{d is gling crdzy, yzu cdn lturn il all around.
And when l'm down you're there; pushing me to the top. 8 She's very dependabte, and honest and .

You're always there; giving me all you got.

3 Look at the examples ofthe present perfect in exercise 6. Try
For 3a shield from lhe slorm, to explain the choice of the simple or the continuous -form.
For a friend; for a love
Use Grammar Reference 3.1 on page 119 to hetp you.
To Keep me safe and warm,
I turn to yau. ffi *ttgmn*&R mrJg!-mgK 3"1: FR[$*ff*? pU&r{{T 5i&rL[:
For the strengfh to be strong, Aru* e*ruT,M**8."r$: P&SX:3$ €m
For alhe wil[ to carcy on,
For everylhing you do, ffi Explain the difference in meaning between sentences a and b
For everything lhat's trua, in each pair, if there is any.
I turn to you. 1 a l've spent a lot of time with my best friend.
Vlhen I lose lhe will to win, b l've been spending a lot of time with my best friend.
ljust reach for you and 5Lcan reach thLrE4g4rn. 2 a We've drifted apart since leaving schoot.
I can do anything, b We've been drifting apart since leaving school.
'Cause your {ove is so dfiazing; 'cdube ylur love inspires me 3 a How long have you been working in lT?
And when I need a friend, you're always on my side, b How long have you worked in lT?
Giving me failh to get me through "the night. 4 a Have you seen the girt in the ftat below us?
for the drrn6 ta be my shelter througtt all fhe rain, b Have you been seeing the girt in the ftat below us?
For trulh that will never change, 5 a Have you been wearing the coat I bought you?
For 6someone fo lean on, b Have you worn the coat I bought you?
For a heart I can rely on through anything,
For Tlhe one who I can run lo ... w Lool< at the words and phrases in exercise 5 and choose one
I turn lo you. type of friend from your own life. Write down five l<ey points
about your relationship with that person. Try to include
Itrr1tu!{iLnqs,EFrqtBJr.fry:rtrrjJilttrrrrrrr+dr jjwfli14_rf4!qi+p,wrIsr!:{a{Enamr!41!{:rry.flrj!lrqrftp*]l+1.ffi
appropriate phrases from the song and from exercise 6.
ffi Exptain the underlined phrases in your own words.
ffiffi ffi Worl< in pairs. Take turns to be A and B.
e, ffi Work in pairs. How many other songs can you Student A: Using your notes from exercise 9 to tetl your
thinl< of about friendship? Compare your ideas with the partner about your friend. Then answer B's
class. q uestions.
Student B: Listen carefulty to your partner's description. Then
$ 6b f ,f O Listen to a woman describing a friend. Which of
ask three questions about the friend using the
these words and phrases best describe that friend, and why?
present perfect simple or continuous. For example:
an aeeluaimtan*e an ilss#ci*tr a chitelh**d [r;*nd
* ri*ssmatg m {i"eny a laic'-r,'*-}{h*l fri*r:d What have you been doing together recentty?
a il;*n:ily frienri a fr?*ncl ulf x frirfici a s*ulrria{e What's the biggest argument you've ever had?
a r-,i*rlcrrl;ite *ne qlf +: rtr:s*-knit cir*[e limf fri*irds]

28; Unit3 , Partners

ffi Explain this stightly altered quotation from the ffi Worl<in pairs. Answerthe questions and justify
lrish writer Oscar Wilde in your own words. What does it tell your answers.
you about his attitude to marriage?
1 Would you pay for any beauty treatments before your
Bigamy is having one husband or wedding day? Would you want or expect your fianc6(e) to?
wife too many. So is monogamy. 2 lf you get married, which celebrity woutd you most Iil<e
to resembte on your wedding day? Which cetebrity would
you most Iike your fianc6(e) to resembte?
Britain. Present the information it contains to another pair.
$ f ,f S Listen to six people tatl<ing about different aspects
WEDDING VENUES of weddings and marriage. Choose the correct answers.
1 A man is tatking about weddings. What often spoils
them, in his opinion?
church a the music during the evening
b the standard of food at the reception
licensed venue
c a family argument
abroad 2 A woman is tatking about the age you can legally marry in
Registry Office the Ul(. What is her opinion of the taw?
a She thinks the age shoutd be raised.
b She doesn't think parental consent should be needed.
c She believes the existing law should remain.
i*---*****-- A man is complaining about couptes who choose to
I licensed venue = a non-religious venue (e.g. hotel or restaurant) |

, which has been granted a licence to pedorm wedding ceremonies i marry in a church. Why is he criticat?
i Registry Office (or Register Office) = a municipal officewhich i a He thinks everyone should have a civiI ceremony.
i performs non-religious wedding ceremonies and also officially b He thinl<s they choose it for the wrong reasons.
i:_""'1*:lE:*15iIa?'.,9: __*l
i

c He doesn't betieve in mal<ing retigious vows.

A woman is discussing superstitions surrounding
ffi Work in pairs. Compare the information in exercise
marriage. What is her attitude to them?
2 with your own country. Answer the questions.
a She is determined to follow them as much as possibte.
1 Are the basic choices of venue the same? Exptain any b She doesn't believe in them but thinl<s they're worth
differences. fottowing as part of tradition.
2 Do you think church weddings are more or less popular in c She thinl<s they're ridicutous and refuses to fotlow
your country? Why? them.

$ f ,t Z Listen to a news report. What is it chiefty about? A man is explaining the traditionaI order of speeches at
a British wedding reception. Which three people give
a the rising cost of weddings in Britain
speech es?
b British habits and attitudes concerning weddings a the best man, the bride and the groom
c the dectining popularity of weddings in Britain b the bride's father, the groom and the best man
['] f .t f Listen again. Are the sentences true or false c the bride, the bride's father and the best man
according to the report? Correct the false ones. A woman is talking about unusualwedding venues.
7 42 per cent of men and women woutd like to lose weight What is her attitude to them?
before their wedding. a She thinks that the more unusuaI the venue is,
2 Couptes getting married intend the wedding to cost, on the better.
average, f10,600. b She thinks it's very romantic.
3 The survey only inctuded men and women between the c She thinks people just do it for pubticity.
ages of 20 and 34.
4 Nearly a quarter of brides pay more towards the wedding ffi Work in pairs. Answer the questions.
than the groom does. 1 What is the ideaI age to get married, in your opinion?
5 Younger couptes tend to have shorter engagements than 2 Do you know any superstitions connected to weddings in
older couples. your country?
5 A tot of men said they would most tike their bride to took 3 What happens at a typical wedding in your country?
tike l(ate Winslet on their wedding day. (Think about the ceremony, the reception, the guests,
gifts, etc.)

unit3 " Partners i29

 1 ffi Worl< in pairs. Discuss what problems might be
experienced by two people wanting to be a couple if:
a
b
c
they're from different continents.
they follow different religions.
one is from a rich family and the otherfrom an ordinary
Love and War
working-class family.

ffi Share your ideas from exercise 1 with the ctass.

Decide whether a, b or c woutd create the most problems.
Would you personally be witting to face these problems for
the right person?

Read the text quickly. Which of the problems from exercise 1

did Ehdaa and Sean face?

Read the text again. Are the sentences true or false?

ln which paragraph A-K can you find evidence to support ' A They say all's fair in love and war; unless, perhaps, it
your answers? involves the US Army. A year ago, when an American
1 At their first meeting the attraction between Sean and soldier fell in love in Baghdad, his commander ordered him
Ehdaa was physicat. not to marry. What was a heartsick soldier to do? Well,
u Sgt Sean Blackwell launched a secret mission to marry
2 The writer finds it surprising that the army was not more
supportive of the relationship between Sean and Ehdaa. the lraqi woman he loved. That's when the Army came
down with both boots and ordered Blackwell home, 11,000
3 Sean's commanding officer made it impossibte for Sean
kilometres from his bride, Ehdaa, apparently never to see
and Ehdaa to see each other after the wedding.
her again.
4 As Ehdaa set off to be reunited with Sean, she was
preoccupied with the risks of the journey.
10
B But there was 0ne thing the Army didn't count on. lt's
5 Members of Sean's patroI knew that the secret wedding something else they say about romance - that love, of
was going to take place. course, conquers all. lt's 6 a.m. in Baghdad and Ehdaa
6 Sean took time off from his army duties in lraq in order to Blackwell is donning a bullet-proof vest. She's filled with
be with Ehdaa. hope for a new future. even as she waves goodbye to
7 The fact that there has been media interest in Ehdaa's 'u everything she has ever known. Ehdaa is making a run of
story makes it easier for her to enter Jordan. 500 kilometres through the dangers of the Sunni Triangle,
8 Sean and Ehdaa found it difficutt to communicate with trying to reach her new American husband, the one that
each other when they were face to face. the Army ordered out of her life. 'Sometimes, you .iust fall
9 The army overestimated the strength of feeling between in love and you don't know why. I think it's our fate,' says
20 Ehdaa. 'l think we're meant to be together. I just can't wait
Sean and Ehdaa.
10 The rules of the mititary forbid sotdiers from marrying to see him.'
IocaI civitians white on active service. C The dream is to bring together two lives that couldn't be
l7 Sean feels stightty awkward when he is reunited with more different. Ehdaa grew up wealthy in a country at
Ehdaa in lordan. war. Sean grew up peacefully, in a working-class area
t2 Sean changed his retigious beliefs before marrying 'u in Florida. He listened t0 c0untry music; she listened to
Ehdaa. Saddam. She wentto medical school; he held to a family
tradition, following his father and six uncles into the
military.

Many military words and phrases can be used in a literal D After the fall of Baghdad, Blackwell landed in one of those
sense to describe mititary events, or in a figurative
30 places where the tension was greatest, Baghdad's biggest
sense to describe other kinds of events. hospital. 0ne day, amid the chaos, in walked Ehdaa, a
Literal: Coesar's armies outflanked their enemy ond young lraqi doctor. 'To be honest, when I first met her, I was
ottocked them from behind. like, you know, she's very, very attractive, but you know,
Figurative: The Prime Minister's announcement hos what's the point of trying to start a relationship over here?'
3u recalls Blackwell.'And the more we talked, the more we
outflanked his opponents, who were planning to raise
started to learn about each other, and it didn'ttake long fo1
this very issue themselves.

Yll:l:::::::-::::::::::.11" . +
30: Unit3 " Partners
 'l saw a tall, shy, handsome soldier.He had the m0st for questioning. There is no guarantee that she will make
beautiful eyes I had ever seen,'says Ehdaa. Ehdaa had it out of lraq - Saddam didn't all0w doctors to have
never met an American before in her life. But soon, she passports. She spends three hours going nowhere, when
was seeing this American every few days. Blackwell had the improbable happens: one ofthe guards recognises her
been in lraq only a few weeks, but between patrols and from an article he read about an lraqi woman who married
weapons raids, she'd bring him home-cooked meals and an American soldier. And in this dusty little outpost, fame
hours of conversation. 'l started thinking, what we are is a passport. Ehdaa continues on her journey and at
doing is impossible. l'm Muslim and he's a Christian. l'm last, in Jordan, the couple are reunited. 'She looks just as
lraqi and he's American. lt just can't happen,' says Ehdaa. beautiful as the firsttime I saw her. I feel so comfortable.
'lt did. Love can produce miracles, I do believe this now.' It s like I haven't been away from her for six months,' says
After three months of war-zone dating, Blackwell took the Bla c kwell.
plunge - keeping, of course, with localtradition, where ,*K ln a sense,the Blackwells are exactlywhatthe Pentagon
a marriage proposal is a question asked man-to-man. had dreamed of at the start of the war - American soldiers
Blackwell asked Ehdaa's brother, who told him.'l'd be embraced by lraq. lt seems ironic that when the military
honoured for you to marry my sister.' But under local got what it wanted, at least on a small scale, it manoeuvred
law, a Muslim woman can marry only a Muslim man. So to divide, only to be outflanked by a soldier who would not
Blackwell stood before an lraqijudge and said in Arabic: disobey the orders of his heart.
'There's only one God and that's God and Mohamed is a

the messenger of God.'Through those words. Blackwell

became a Muslim. lt was a conversion of convenience, not
convi ction.
i
G The couplewas readyto say'l do' when Blackwell's 5 Read the Reoding fip on page 30. Complete these verb-noun
uo commanding officer stepped in. There was no regulation collocations from the text.
against a marriage, but the battalion commander was a to a (secret) mission
worried that, in a war zone, it would be a dangerous b to a bullet-proof vest
distraction. So he ordered Blackwell notto get married. c to an order

uu
'We were brought together by some, some higher force
d to -- on patrol
than ourselves, and itwas meantto be,'says Blackwell. e to- to an attack
'And I wasn't going to let anybody stop that.' For the first
f to-adetour
-
time in his career, Sgt Blackwell set 0ut to disobey an g to guard
order. 0n a sizzling August morning, he went out on patrol h to - charges
with a small team. The soldiers responded to a rocket
'o afiack. But on the way back to base, the patrol made an 6 Complete the sentences with collocations from exercise 5.
unauthorised detour to a restaurant. Are the phrases used literally or figurativety?
H Two soldiers with heavyweapons stood guard outside. 1 On the way home from schoot, we into town to
Blackwell went into the courtyard where Ehdaa was buy a new video game.
waiting with her family, a judge, and a pair of rings. Friends 2 The chief executive was accused of negligence, but
-
'u translated the Arabic vows and recorded 0n tape one small by pointing out that the events in question
moment of peace in a larger war. lt ended with a kiss on occurred before his term of employment began.
the forehead, and then Blackwell went back on patrol with 3 Three members of the battation were severely
his team. 0nce the battalion commander found out about reprimanded for after they gave unauthorised
the wedding, Blackwell was exiled to Baghdad lsland in interviews to the press.
uo the Tigris River. However, no charges were filed against 4 Some African governments to eradicate malaria
Blackwell, and it may be that the Army just wanted the
-
by 2015.
whole thing to go away. Blackwell got away with no more 5 They met on the steps of the Art lnstitute of Chicago,
than a reprimand and left the military with an honourable where two bronze lions outside the entrance.
discharge. 6 Some areas of town are considered so lawless that potice
85 I But six months after his wedding, Blackwell said goodbye officers are instructed to- _ before going on foot
to his mother and headed back towards the war zone he patro[.
had recently left. Ehdaa, escorted by her little brother, sped
past the war zones of Fallujah and Ramadi towards the 7 ffi Worl< in pairs. Thinl< about a story you know which
rendezvous on the border between lraq and Jordan. Soon, involves love triumphing over obstacles. lt could be a true
'o the 11,000-kilometre separation is cut down to a stretch 0f story, a book or a film. Answer the questions.
highway, 80 kilometres long. 1 What exactly were the obstacles?
J Atthe border, guards searchthe carthree times, and 2 How did the coupte manage to overcome them?
Jordanian intelligence pulls Ehdaa and her brother aside 3 What is your opinion of the story?
i I ffiffi Work in pairs. Present your story to the class.

Unit3 " Partners 31

 j' ffiffi , When you work closely with someone, what l<ind Look at the dictionary entry. Does this verb tal(e an infinitive
of person do you worl< better with? Give reasons. or -ing form? How do you know?
a a family member c an acquaintance
b a close friend d a stranger until sth) to arrange for an event, etc. to take place at a
later time or date Effi pur oFF: [vtrt] ?he gome has ol
ready been postponed three times. <> We'LL have to postpone
Complete the text with the infinitive, base form (infinitive the meeting until next w eek. c [v -i n g] I t w as an unp o p ular
without fo), past participle or -ing form of the verbs in dectston to postpone butlding the neu hospital.-compare
CANCEL F pest.pone.ment noun lU,Cl.. Riots Led to the
bracl<ets. Then describe the twins'working relationship in postponement of Local electlons.

your own words.

}l Use a dictionary to find out if the verbs below:
Like many identical twins. Helen and 1 take an infinitive.
Morna Mulgray are used to 1 (do) 2 tal<e an -ing form.
things together. They have always enjoyed 3 take either, with no difference in meaning.
'? (watch) the same television 4 take either, but with a difference in meaning.
programmes and have tended 3--
(read) the same books too. They even lti,rlilll *tl:;rlI 1';lll $r.:',i.r r'rl.irf, ir;li:t itryt . -. -.... :

chose a- (pursue) the same career : .'

as teachers. Now, at the age of 73. being
retired has allowed them 5
"t
(focus)
on a mutuaL hobby: writing. Verb patterns can include passive, perfect and continuous
'We both spent 31 years 6- (work) as
forms of the infinitive or -ing fotm.
Engtish teachers, so we've always been keen on t- (write)j She claims to hove met Leono lewrs. (perfect infinitive)
said Morna. The window oppeors to have been broken deliberotely.
(passive perfect infinitive)
It took the twins five years 8- (get) their novel, which
is entitled No Suspicious Circumstances, e_ (accepted) by a
publisher, although they have since had three further novels l$; Read the Look out! box. Then complete the text with the
10- (publish). infinitive or -ing form of the verbs in brackets. You may need
to use passive and/or perfect forms.
Morna. who is the eLder by ten minutes, said: 'We both sit
at the laptop, and whoever happens ,, (be) closest to the Sdm and Dave were one of the most popu[ar singing duos of the 1960s.
computer or feels like 1'? (type) just startsj Helen added: Thejr Live performances were so good that some other stars of their day
'Occasionally there are small disagreements over the text but ... ' refused 1 (book) on the same bitl in case they were made
She lets her sister 13 (finish):'It rareLy happensl ' (took) second-rate. In his autobiography, the boss of Atlantic

goodwi[[ on stage. In fact. the two performers were onty pretending

,$ Find one verb in the text for each verb pattern (f-5). Use the
a (have) a good relationship. Off stage, they were hardty
verb to mal(e your own example sentence. managing 5- (stay) on speaking terms. When Dave shot and injured
his own wife in a domestic dispute. Sam gave up 6 (try)
1 verb + infinitive 1- (maintain) any kind of relationship with his partner. Although
Dave seems 8-
decide: We decided to get married in June.
(forgive) by his wife shortly after the shooting, Sam
recalls e (disgust) so much by the event that he told Dave: 'I't[
verb + oblect + infinitive sing with you but I't[ never speak to you againl And aLthough they went
persuade: My sister persuoded me to take up aerobics. on 10 (perform) together, he c[aims 11- (not speak) a word
to Dave for the next twelve years.
.i
3 verb + obiect + base form
mal<e; My parents made me leorn the piano.
$:I$,y tiftrrfr:lv!&,q stiil'$rt ].ir V{:lrill r:r,,-''"'"'',f " t"1 .

ilr,rrl1;{: r 3r"! d{if}ll

verb (+ object) + -ing form
imagine: I con't imagine (my brothe) becoming rich. 'f ffi Worl< in pairs. Teltyour partner something
that you:
verb + obiect + past participle
have: She had her car stolen last weekend.
1 regret not having done.
2 can imagine having been said about you.
3 were taught to do by a relative.
fiiff$ *ll*.Xtl*lrr'& $iiil-rr( .1,).l: V*ftffi Pll.-|I[&l,X$ {l}r 4 woutd hate being made to listen to.
r:,(*[ 1].1] #&] 5 hope to be doing in five years' time.
32 Unit 3 ,' Partners
S ffi Work in pairs. Look at the photos in exercise 2. 6 ffi Workin pairs. Askand answerthe questions.
Match 1-8 with a-f to make comparative phrases and decide
1 What features woutd your ideal nightclub have?
which caf6 each phrase is likely to appty to. You can use 2 What do you imagine are the best and worst aspects of
words a-f more than once.
working in a nightctub?
1 more attentive 3 Do you think owning a nightclub is an easy way to make
2 [ivetier a portions money? Why?/Why not?
3 more affluent b hygiene
4 [arger c staff ffi lmagine that you and your partner are going to
5 more affordable d atmosphere open a new nightclub. Decide on:
6 higher standards of e clientele 1 a name.
7 more taid-back f drinks 2 the type of clientete you wish to attract.
8 more up-market 3 the type of music you witt play.
4 the image: internal decoration and externaI appearance.
H ffi Work in pairs. Compare and contrast the photos.
5 what food and drink you wi[[ offer.
What kind of people would you expect to find at each caf6?
Which caf6 would you prefer to visit, and why? re With your partner, imagine now that you have
received the suggestions (1-5) below from a marketing
agency for improving the profitabitity of your new club.
Discuss each suggestion and decide which one you are going
to choose. Thinkabout questions (a-e) below and include
phrases from exercise 5.
a Witt it be poputar with your clientele?
b Witt it be easy/difficutt/cheap/expensive to organise?
c Witt it be popular/unpoputar with tocaI residents?
d Witt it be more attractive to people on their own/
in groups?
e Witt it be profitable? Why?/Why not?

S ffi Work in pairs. lmagine you are business partners

who plan to buy a caf6. Which of the factors below do you
think is most important? Give reasons.
1 [ocation 4 externaI appearance
2 size 5 name
3 internaI decoration 5 quatity of staff Different theme each week

& $ f .19 Listen to two business partners discussing three

t5 entry fee
e50 prize for the winning
caf6s. Which do they decide to buy? Which two factors from costume
exercise 3 lead to the decision?

Y i"2i
a The Soup'Bowl b Mario's c The Corner Caf6 'T,', -... E

", Ha[u[oullB
S d).f .U Complete these usefulphrases from the dialogue. -*-,'r , Half nrice tlrinft$ trsrn I * I E.m. BUGru euenilts. F
Then listen again and check.
1 So, [et's [ook at the different
2 What puts me is ...
3 Att in , it isn't very appealing.
4 I think we shoutd
- onto the next option.
5 This one has quite a lot _ for it, in my opinion.
6 Can you think of any ?
7 I suppose there are around that.
8 I think it's definitety considering.
9 On reflection, maybe we shoutd that option.
10 So, have we a decision?
11 l'tt go with that.

Unit3 = Partners ,33

 ffi Look at the photos in the article. Which town
would you prefer to visit? Give reasons.

Read the article. For each town, say which of the topics below
The Cotswolds region in the centre of England boasts some
are mentioned.
of the most exquisite scenery in the country, as well as some
a eating out e sport of the quaintest villages, renowned for their golden Cotswold
b architecture f excursions stone. Alternatively, if shopping and nightlife are more your
c nighttife g culture and arts scene, both are readily available in some of the larger towns.
d shopping h surroundinglandscape Why not base a visit around two contrasting towns? They
make pedect partners for the ideal holiday!
Burford
' You can liven up a description by going beyond basic
Rich in history, Burford is situated twenty miles north of
vocabutary and using more elaborate words and
Oxford and is reminiscent of a town from a storybook. The
r phrases. This also hetps to avoid repetition. Compare: High Street, which slopes gently down to the willow-fringed
There ore a lot of shops in the town centre. River Windrush, is Iined on either side with golden stone
rhe. town centre. boosfs imny3ss!v-9
7n ?lloy
o[:lopt: houses, some of which date back to the fifteenth century.
Often described as the southern gateway to the Cotswolds,
Read the Writing trp. Then lool< through the article and find: Burford is ideally placed for excursions, whether it be
1 at least four different ways of saying that there is/are a on foot, by car or by bicycle. Explore the picturesque
lot of something. countryside of central England, where idyllic villages tucked
2 as many different adjectives as possibte which have a away in wooded valleys are waiting to be discovered.
base meaning of 'attractive'.

Work in pairs. Using a dictionary to hetp you, decide which

synonym (a-c) is least likely to be applied to a town or city.
What else might it describe?
1 interesting: a captivating b fascinating c gripping
2 large: a considerable b immense c vast
3 otd: a ancient b antique c historic
4 modern: a up-to-date b current c contemporary
Rewrite the sentences, going beyond basic vocabulary.
Try not to use the same phrase more than once.
Cheltenham
1 There are a lot of otd, attractive buildings on the
High Street. lf shopping is your thing, then Cheltenham, on the western
2 There are a lot of [arge, modern buildings in the edge of the Cotswold region, has a great deal to offer, from
financialdistrict. fashion to furniture and from accessories to antiques. The
3 The port has a lot of interesting history. Beechwood Shopping Centre, a stone's throw from the train
4 There's a lot for young peopte to do in the town centre. station, has a wealth of well-known stores, while for those
5 There are a lot of modern lnternet caf6s near the station. seeking a more individual purchase, Suffolk Street has a
5 A tot of culture is on offer in the theatre district. parade of small, independent shops.
By night, the streets of Cheltenham are teeming with life,
ffi Work in pairs. Describe some of the attributes of and thanks to the wide
your own town or city, or a place you know wetl, using these variety of venues offering
expressions from the article. after-hours entertai nment,
1 lf is your thing, then ... clubbers are well provided
2 lf is/are more your scene, then ... for. The town also caters
3 For those seeking for couples, and whether
- you wish to dine at a
romantic hide-away or
a busy bistro, you'll find
yourself spoiled for choice.

34 Unit 3 ', Partners

Work in pairs. Lool< at the adiectives for describing places. Find expressions 1-12 in the article on page 34 and write the
Divide them into two groups: positive and negative. Which missing preposition.
adjectives could go in either group, depending on your l renowned 7 a stone's throw
opinion? 2 rich 8 teeming
3 reminiscent 9 than ks
4 tined 10 wet[ provided
5 to date back- 77 to cater
5 ideatty placed - 72 spoilt choice
-
Complete these expressions with a preposition. Use a
dictionary. -
ffi Compare and contrast the two photos using
adjectives from exercise 1. Answer questions 1-4 below. 1 buzzing wiih 5 to be home
2 to ptay host 6 blessed
3 steeped 7 to date
4 to hark back 8 to take pride
Complete the sentences with expressions from exercise 5.
a Chettenham is 1- to the world-famous Cheltenham
racetracl<. Every March, the racetrack 2- to
the annual Cheltenham Festiva[, which 3

lo 1.902. -
b The residents of Burford 4 in their town,
which is 5 in history. The Bay Tree Hotel, which
6 from the sixteenth century,
- maintains many
originaI features such as stone ftoors and open
fi re p la ces.

Read the tasl< below. ln pairs, choose the two towns you
1 Which place would you prefer to visit? Give reasons. are going to write about and mal<e notes. Use the topics in
2 Which place would you prefer to live in? Give reasons. exercise 2 on page 34 for ideas.
3 What do you imagine woutd be the advantages and
Write an article for an in-ftight magazine extotting
disadvantages of tiving somewhere isolated?
the virtues of two contrasting towns in your region.
4 What do you imagine woutd be the advantages and
disadvantages of Iiving somewhere touristy? Work in pairs. Write your article (200-250 words).
....
,. ....
.i..l.ril,.r.:,.ir.,::.riiltl:,.r1,-..,.:.:..,
:.ii .ll,l,-,
::,ltili'.tlt,
-..:t:lll,
.:t i- -1..
I tt:,.t.1. , t..t,, 1 Use your notes to write about one town each. Tryto go
l. .. r',rr::.:t.i..r.. l
beyond basic vocabulary.
A dictionary entry witl often include information about
2 Swap your work and make suggestions for improving your
I prepositions that go with that word. Try to learn the word partner's writing.
l and the preposition together as a phrase. Make a note
3 Work together to write the introduction.
of them as you come across them. Writing an exampte
sentence can hetp to fix in your memory. Checl<your work using the list below.
ft

Read the Study tip, Then complete this sentence using

information from the dictionary entry below. Have you:
Chettenham benefits excettent transport mentioned a range of attractive features for each
con nections.
written the correct numbel of words? '

bene'fit 0"x /benrfrt/ noun,verb gone beyond basic vocabutary?

z verb l-t- or-tt-) 1 [VN] to be useful to sb or improve their used the correct prepositions?
life in some way: We slmuld spend the money on something
that will beneflt everyone. checked the spetting and grammar?

2 [v] - (from/by sth) to be in a better position because of sth:

better position because of sth: Who exoctLy stand.s to
benefit fr om thes e changes?

Unit 3 ,' Partners i 35

 I rcGff?lEGlllifil-ilEl Look at the photo frorn a newspaper
you |ackie and |ohn met at primary school rn Plvmouth in
story. What do think the story might be? Use the L952 at the age of five and quickly became friends. The
expressions betow to help you. two lost touch when Jackie moved on to secondarv school.
For 26 years Jackie ran a rescue home for ralrbits in Hythe,
childhood sweethearts romance blossomed drift apart a couple of hr.rndred miies alvay from John. After being
mutual love to tie the knst reunited on the Internet, the couple arranged to meet up
in Southampton. 'We knew we loved each other before
we even met up,' said John. So, taking drastic steps, Jol-rr
resigned from his job and stayed in Southampton. Despite
the obstacles they had to overcome, and the people ihey
hurt, jackie and Johr both firmly believe it was all worth it.

Which couple:
1 never had a period when they were not in contact? tr
2 prioritised their own relationship over the feelings tr
of others?
3 first met outside England? tr
4 were temporarily separated after seeing each tr
other again?
2 oo the Reading exam task. both got divorced before getting back in touch? tr
5 did not re-estabtish contact ontine? tr
7 met at secondary schoo[? T
Read the text. For questions 1-8, choose the correct 8 [ived in the same country while apart? tr
couple (A-C). The couples may be chosen more than
once.
3 Oothe Use of Engtish exam task.
A Beatrice Ba11ott, 84, first met B7-year-old Ivan Hicks in 1942
when she was a clerk in a bank in Oudtshoorn and he was
stationed near the town as part of his training for the RAF.
The pair met at a party and their romance so6n blossomed, Some lines of the text are correct and some contain an
but r.r,hen Mr Hicks was stationed back in England they extra word which should not be there. Cross out the
drifted apart. Eventually, they both married, although
extra words and ticl< the [ines which are correct.
they stayed in touch over the years with letters and cards.
However, when Mr Hicks's r,r,ife passed away last lrear 0 There are many customs and superstitions associated -L
he set about going through hls diary and it I,r,as then that 00 with weddings, most of which had-originated centuries
he came acrois M.s Ballott's telephone number. After his 1 ago. ln the past, a wedding was seen as a time when
daughter Hazel contacted her for him, the tr,r,o arranged to
see each other. They quickly realised that their rnutual love
2 people that were particularly susceptible to bad luck and
for each other was stiil preient. The pair happily tied the 3 evil spirits. Some traditions, such as the bride is not being
knot on Saturday, 26th September. 4 seen by the groom in her wedding dress before the
B Childhood sweethearts Sue Flammond and Chrls Osment 5 ceremony, are known throughoutthe UK and many other
have married after being reunited via the Internet 30 years 6 parts of the world too. Others may be regional or can even ._
after they first met. Romance filst blossomed betr,r.een the
couple when thev were 15-year-old pupils at Highfield
7 maintained within families from generatlon to generation"
Comprehensive School in Nert castle, in the north-east of 8 Whether they are widespread or specific to a small group,
England. But after they left school they didn't set eyes on 9 they are maintained in the belief that they will bring the
each other again until last year, when they made contact 10 good luck and happiness to the couple at a time when
. on the Friends Reunited website. Both Chris and Sue were 11 their lives are changing, hopefully for the better. ln the
single following the break-up of their marriages. They
12 days gone by, when marriage proposals were more
chatted to each other every day for two months using
webcams before Susan travelled to Chris's new home on the 13 formal, the prospective groom sent his friends or his
opposite side of the u.or1d. She spent two lveeks in Sydney 14 members of his family to represent his interests to the
before returning to the UK, but then after four painful '15 prospective bride and her family. lf they saw a blind man,
months apart fr"om Chris, she made the decision to emigrate l6 a monk or a pregnant woman during their journey it was
to Australia for a new life lr.ith the man she 1oved.
17 thought that the marriage would be doomed to failure as if
C A man has left his wife after meeting a childhood sweetheart '18 they continued their journey, so they had
he had not seen for nearly half a century. John Pearce to go home and
walked out on his wife oi twenty y"u.rio meet up with old 19 start again! lf, however, they saw goats, pigeons or
friend ]ackie Butt and never went back home. They mei 20 wolves, these were good omens which would not bring
each other on the Friends Reunited website, the Internet site 21 good fortune to the marriage.
which puts old school friends back in touch with each other.

-35 Get Ready for your Exam 3

-
 THIS UNIT INCLUDES
Vocabulary. synonymsofchange r nounsformedfromverbs r expressionswithchange r adjective-noun
coltocations. expressingopinions
rspeculating (degrees of probability)
Grammar
r [inkingwords. neitherlnor,eitherlor,notonlylbutalso
r comparative and superlative forms r reduced relative clauses r conditionals
Changes
Speaking r talking about change r talking about protest and protest songs : discussion: plans for urban development
Writing I a discursive essaY

ffiYffi{ Read the quotation from George Bernard Shaw l+ 6& t.ZO Write nouns formed from the verbs in brackets.
and answer the questions. Then choose which collocation the speal<ers used. Listen
,Some people see things as they are again and check.

and say,'Why?'I dream of things that 1 film/screen (adapt)

2 significant/minor (atter)
never were and say,'why not?' 3 complete/radical (transform)
1 How could you paraphrase the writer's attitude to 4 stight/smatt-- (modify)
change? ls he generally in favour of it or against it? 5 process/period of (adjust)
2 What is your own attitude to change? Which parts of your 6 make/require some (refine)
life do you prefer to remain constant? 7 undergo/experience a (convert)
8 theory/process of- (evolve)
2 Complete each pair of sentences with one verb below in the
correct form. Use a dictionary to help you. 5 ry#ffiffif; Work in pairs. Describe the changes that have
tal<en place in the photos. Use verbs and nouns from
adapt adjust alter convert evolve modify exercises 2 and 4. Give your personaI opinion of the changes.
refine transform
1 a This sofa into a bed.
b uncle
Last year my to Catholicism.
2 a The novel -was for the screen.
b My cousin coutdn't to life in France.
3 a Nothing can the fact that the wortd's poputation
is increasing rapidty.
b When I met Harry, he had beyond recognition.
4 a Yoga has her life. She's become much calmer
and more positive.
b Scientists can now human ce[[s from one type
into another.
a Zootogists believe that birds from dinosaurs.
b American football from rugby and soccer.
a Crude oil is to make petrol and diesel.
b The [aw needs if it's to be comptetety effective.
a This knob- the volume on the W.
-
b lt took a moment for my eyes to to the
bright tight.
a ln Brazil, many cars have been- to run on
ethanot.
b lt's possible to geneticatty crops to make them
more resistant to disease.

3 ,6b 1.2O Listen to four speakers talking about things

and people that have changed in some way. Say if the
speakers are:
1 positive about the changes.
2 negative about the changes.
3 neutral. lD VOCRBULARY BUILDER 4.1: EXPRESSIONS WITH
CHANGE: WORKBOOK PAGE 104 {fA
Unit4 Changes
i 37
 Compare the two photos and use the words below to say & 6il f .f f Listen to three teenagers tall<ing about how their
what image they convey of chitdhood and teenage years. lives have changed since childhood. Match two sentences
Do you thinl< it is accurate? lf not, suggest what other words (a-0 with each speaker (t-3).
would give a more accurate portrayal.
a He/She claims to be less chitdish than most teenagers.
rareflee fnustn*ting iclte i*fvttic lnn*rent j*yfuI b He/She sees family members far [ess and friends far
{.ist[essriess more.
c He/She has become slightty more independent by working.
x Read the opinions (a-h) about how people change as they d He/She thinks parents are generally to blame for
become teenagers. Say whether you agree or disagree with arguments with their teenage children.
them, and try to thinl< of examples. e He/She does not have so many famity arguments as
a Emotionally, you are probabty at your least stable during before.
your teenage years. f He/She betieves that having more money would mean
b One ofthe hardest things about being a teenager is fewer family rows.
leaving behind the security and comfort of chitdhood.
c During your teenage years, you become more and more Look at these phrases the teenagers use for modifying
aware of the wortd around you. comparative and supertative adiectives. Use them to
d When you're a teenager, the more friends you have the complete the Learn fhisl box below.
better. a ga*c* drai a bit sc a long way manginally
e As a teenager, you aren't quite so witting to invotve your far anrJ away on[y very
parents in your socia[ [ife.
f You become less and less Iil<ety to accept your parents' mod ifyi n g superlatives
opinions without questioning them. / easily the best
g '
The otderyou get, the more you start to have your own the')- best
opin ions. the best by far / by miles / by o mile / by 3

h The worst thing about being a teenager is that you have

modifying comparatives
/ 4-
to work more and adutts hetp you less.
no better (than...) os good (as...)
Rewrite the sentences using the words in brackets, and the
5- / very slightly better
examptes in exercise 2 to help. Don't change the meaning! a little /6- / a little bit better
Then say whether you agree or disagree with each one. Give rother better
reasons. not quite as / not quite / not?-bad (as...)
(quite) a lot better
1 lt becomes
/ B-
steadily more difficutt to make new friends
much / for / a far sight / an owful lot better
during your teenage years. (less and less)
As you start to go out more, money becomes more central
to your tife. (the more) Lffiffif;{ ffi&$Y!
Few things are more important to teenagers than We can only put very before a short superlative form, not a
friendship. (one o0 supertative with mosf. We also use it with frrst.
Teenagers want to have the most fashionable ctothes My parents walked in at the very worst moment.
possible. (the better) It was the very first time l'd spent o night away from home.
5 As a teenager, you are more sensitive to criticism than at
any other time. (at your most) ffi ffiWffi Read the Look out! box. Then discuss your own
6 As a teenager, you become a bit more unwilting to follow ideas about how people change as they become adults rather
orders. (not quite so) than teenagers. Use expressions from exercise 5 and discuss
the topics below or your own ideas.
ffi *m,qenrn&& ffiu'tilcx &.3; {*&fr!3&K&rtv;: &ru*
S#PfffiL&I$\if ilSKffiS: P,&*g'13S {Xffi faniilyrelatiern*hips fashion freedonn friendship
m0flfry wryrlq

38 i Unit4'Changes
 5 Complete the text with the correct form
Discuss what you think the 'strange fruit' are and what the of the words in brackets.
song is about. Then share your ideas with the class.

Strange Fruit
SI]IGI]IO IllB GHA]IGE
Southerri-trees bear strange fru i t
Blood on the leaves, and blood at the root The story of the American protest song goes back
'*Black bodies swinging in the southern breeze 1- (significance) further than Strange Fruit. After the
Strange fruit hanging from the poplar trees
Pastoral scene of the gallant south founding of the United States in 1776, songs were written by
The bulging eyes and the twisted mouth slaves in protest against their 2- (captive). Songs like
The scent of magnolia sweet and fresh We Shall Be Free and Steal Away had their roots in religious
music, but their message was more 3_
..... Then the sudden smell of burning flesh
(politics). One
Here is a fruit for the crows to pluck
For the rain to gather, for the wind to suck song, called Follow the Drinking Gourd, even contained code
For the sun to rot, for the tree to drop words that helped slaves escape to a (free) in the
Here is a strange and bitter crop North by describing landmarks along the route they needed
to follow.
2, d&'t,e2r Listen to part one of a radio programme about
Strange Fruit.Were your ideas in exercise 1 correct? During the nineteenth century, protest songs featured a
variety of subjects, including the 5 (abolish) of slavery
and votes for women. u (perform) often took well-
Names of peopte and ptaces can be difficutt to understand known existing songs and wrote their own words, a tradition
when you hearthem. Before listening, lookthrough the which continues to this day.
questions and pronounce any names in your head.
The 7 (economy) hardship of the Great Depression in

'ft,1:,22' the 1930s proved fertile ground for the protest song and a
Read the Listening trp. Then listen again and
answer the questions using the names below. One of the new theme emerged: unionism and workers' rights. Later, in
answers requires two names. the 1960s and 1970s, singers from different musical genres
united in their B (condemn) of the war in Vieinam and
Abel lJleeropol ,4bram Smith Laura Dunran
in their support for Marlin Luther King Jr and the Civil Rights +!

Lewis Allan Thcrnas Shipp

movement. :t::

1 Under whose name was the song Strange Fruit first

pubtished? Today, American musicians of every genre continue to
2 What was the real name of the writer? write protest songs. Some have an e- (environment)
3 On whose murder was the song based? message, others campaign for social justice or against wars.
4 Who first sang Stronge Fruit? Whether it is possible to change the world with a song is hard
to say, but songwriters who are paft of this tradition certainly
4 ,{}'4..e:. Read the sentences below. Then listen to part two
feel that it is their duty to try.
of the radio programme. Are the sentences true (D, fatse (F)
or is the answer not stated (NS)?
1 Barney Josephson told Bittie Hotiday about the song. 6 ffiEH Work in pairs. Discuss the questions. Give
2 ln most nightctubs at that time, black and white examples where possible.
custom ers were segregated. 1 How many protest songs do you know? What are they
3 Hotiday was too frightened to sing Stronge Fruitin protesting about?
Josephson's nightctub. 2 Are songs an effective method of protest? What
4 The song received a very good reception the first time
advantages might songs have over other forms of
Hotiday performed it. protest?
5 Hotiday blamed racial prejudice for the death of her
3 What other methods of protest are there and which is the
father. most effective, in your opinion?
6 Recording Strange Fruit led to the termination of
4 Are there any singers, past or present, from your own
Hotiday's recording contract with Columbia.
country whose songs often have a serious message?
7 Strange Fruitwas genera[[y regarded as one of Holiday's
5 lf you were going to write a protest song, what woutd it
finest recordings. be about? lnvent a titte and think of some possibte Iines
8 For Holiday, the emotional effect of performing the song
for your song.
became even stronger as the years passed.

Unit4*Changes i39
 1 ffi Work in pairs. Read the quotation from Raymond
Chandler. Do you agree with it? Give reasons.

Ability is what you're capable of doing.

Motivation determines what you do. Attitude
determines how weII you do it.
2 Look at the photo and the first two lines of the article. Predict
what the text is about. Then skim-read it and checkyour
ideas.

3 Read the text and choose the best answers.

1 As a child, Jaeger ptayed tennis because
a she wanted to be the best in the wortd.
b her parents put pressure on her to play.
c she wanted to escape from her overbearing father.
d she wanted to develop a 'kitter instinct'.
Jaeger gave up tennis when she
a started a chitdren's charity. 4 match the adiectives (1-8) with the nouns (a-h) to make
collocations from the text.
b got fed up with the competitive atmosphere on the
tennis circuit. 1 enforced a teenager
c suffered an injury. 2 uptifting b environment
d reatised that she wanted to help peopte. 3 im pressionable c father
When she stopped playing tennis, she was pleased 4 stormy d chitdhood
because she
5 overbearing e journey
a had put her amazing talent to good use. 6 brief f retirement
b had achieved her ambition of beating Bittie-Jean King. 7 competitive g row
c no longer enioyed the apptause. 8 protracted h relationship
d could do something different with her life.
ffi Work in pairs. Retettthe story of Jaeger's tife so far
What did Andrea,laeger keep secret for nearly using the collocations from exercise 4.
twenty years?
a her frequent arguments with her father 6 Look at the example of a reduced relative clause from the
b the fact that she deliberately [ost an important match text. Expand it into a fu[[ relative clause.
c a close friendship with Martina Navratilova Jaeger lacked the killer instinct required of great champions.
d her ambition to do something different with her Iife
When Jaeger looks back at the past, she
7 Find three more examples of reduced relative clauses in the
text (lines 15-18, 25-29,60-65) and expand them into full
a betieves she coutd have won a lot of Grand Stams.
relative clauses.
b wonders how successful she might have become.
c has no regrets. ffi *X*mm&R *U'L*gR 4.2: REDUCEG ft[l-ATlVg
d wishes she hadn't been iniured. CL&L!$XS: $}&&g 3?3 m
When .laeger returned to Wimbledon, she
a was surprised that the guards didn't know who 8 ffiffi Workin pairs. Answerthe questions.
she was. 1 Do you admire Andrea Jaeger? Why?/Why not?
b was overwhetmed by the fact that the guards treated 2 Why don't more famous peopte devote their lives to
her tike royatty. good causes?
c was bitter about the fact that she had wasted 3 Do you think that you would be willing to give up fame
heryouth. and fortune and devote your life to people less fortunate
d was detighted at the way that the guards treated the than yourself? Why?/Why not?
children she was with. 4 'Kids should be driven by their own goats and their own
passion, not by someone etse's. That's when it becomes
dangerous.'To what extent do you agree or disagree with
,|aeger's view?

40 Unit 4 ', Changes

 1
LittCe rta*r :)
40
sitting in my hotel room all night, going, "Well, everybody
thinks l'm great because I won the match, but what about
Andrea Jaeger was a tormented teenager lost in the the person I beat? How's she feeling?"' She minded
world of professional tennis. Now she's at peace with losing less than her opponents did. Only in 2008, though,
herself. did Jaeger admit to deliberately losing the final of the
45
At the age of 47 and more than two decades after her 1983 Wimbledon Championships, a tournament she had
5 enforced retirement blasted through without losing a set. On the eve of the
from the game, Jaeger now runs a
charity that she set up to help children with cancer. lt has final, after a protracted row with her father, she was shut
been a long, sometimes tortuous, often uplifting journey out of the family's rented house in Wimbledon. Jaeger
of sacrifice on the road to a destiny she dimly glimpsed went to knock on the door of the only person she knew
as an impressionable teenager lost in an adult world. in the street, which happened to be Navratilova. The next

10 day the three-time champion finished Jaeger off in 54

Along the way she had to reconcile a stormy relationship
minutes.
with her overbearing father, Roland, and admit to losing
matches on purpose, among them the Wimbledon final 'l never looked back on my tennis career until this year
of 1983. Through a painful and all too brief chitdhood, and l've never wondered how good I could have been,'
Jaeger discovered she had few equals at hitting tennis she says. 'lf l'd stayed out there for ten years and not been
15 injured and won allthe Grand Slams, lthink I would have
balls, but lacked the killer instinct required of great
champions. ln the women's locker-room, inhabited by lost a bit of my soul. Professional tennis was my teenage
Chris Evert, Billie-Jean King and Martina Navratilova, the calling; this is my adult calling. When my teenage years
fifteen-year-old found herself out of step with a ruthlessly were done, it was time to move on to something else.'
competitive environment. Success is now measured in less stark ways than
20 'l the numbers on a scoreboard. Raising money for her
didn't join the circuit to be number one', she says. 'l
joined because I was good enough to.' She also played charity requires preparation and discipline, qualities
the game to please her parents. 'Kids should be driven by easily transferable from the tennis court, but the sound
their own goals and their own passion, not by someone of laughter coming from the children on holiday at the
else's. That's when it becomes dangerous,' she says. foundation's ranch near Aspen in Colorado echoes
25
through each day. Many of them have never seen a
Jaeger took the first opportunity offered to her by a
mountain, let alone experienced rafting down the Roaring
shoulder injury, sustained at the French Open in 1984, to
Fork River, with Jaeger as guide. Recently she was
pursue the life that secretly she had always been wanting
recognised by a fellow passenger on a plane not for
to lead. She set up the Little Star Foundation - initially
being a former tennis champion, but for running a cancer
with her career earnings of $1 .38m - to help children with
30
charity. That pleased her, a sign of progress in her own
cancer or at risk in the community.
life too.
'When I got injured, to be honest, I was relieved', she
A few years ago Jaeger returned to Wimbledon with
explains. 'Everyone was applauding me for playing
some of her terminally ill kids and the guards on the gate
tennis, but when I was injured I thought, "Finally, I can go
not only recognised her but gave the children bags of
and be me." I was given a gift to play tennis, but it wasn't
35 sweets. 'There were these guards all dressed in uniform
my right to say whether I had it for five years or 50 years.
practically saluting the kids. My kids thought they were
I beat Billie-Jean King on Centre Court at Wimbledon -
the king and queen of England,' Jaeger says. 'lf it took all
how many people can even say they played Wimbledon?
those hours of training and discipline, all the anguish,
'My dad was a brilliant coach and my mum enjoyed how to get to this, it was worth it. I didn't lose anything by
well we were doing. My sister was at Stanford and I was losing a Wimbledon final.'

Unit4 ehariges f*C

 '3. in pairs. Try to answer the questions.
Worl< Rewrite the sentences using mixed conditionals.
1 Were dinosaurs warm-blooded or cotd-blooded? 1 You didn't listen, so you don't know what to do.
2 When and why did they become extinct? lf loud tiriened, 1ou'd Know whai to do.
2 l(ate failed her driving test last weel< so she's retaking
Read the text and find the answers to the questions in it in july.
exercise 1. 3 He's being prosecuted because he refuses to pay any tax.
4 I don't [il<e him because he was rude to me.

It is a scientific fact that

5 His inluries are more serious because he wasn't wearing
a seatbett.
dinosaurs suddenly
became extinct about 65
5 I forgot my l<eys so I can't get back into the'house.

million years ago. Many Rewrite the sentences using an inversion in the conditional
palaeontologists believe clause and omitting rf.
that the extinction 1 lf you should need to mal<e any photocopies, there's a
was caused by a giant photocopier outside my office.
meteor crashing into 2 Ptease contact head office if you shoutd need to make
the Earth. On the face a complaint.
of it; it sounds an 3 lf l(urt Cobain were alive today, he'd be over 40.
unlikely explanation, but 4 lf it weren't for the fact that she's married to the boss,
dinosaurs were a highly she'd never have got the job.
successful species that 5 lf I'd l<nown it would rain, l'd have taken an umbretla.
had ruled the Earth
5 lf it hadn't been for my parents' generosity, I could never
for about 160 million
have afforded a new car.
years, and it's difficult to
account for their sudden ffi"-ffi Complete the sentences in your own words.
disappearance unless something pretty drastic took place. Compare your answers with your partner.
But an equally intriguing question is what would have 1 lf onty I had more time, ...
happened if the meteor had missed its target? Suppose 2 lf I hadn't studied English, ...
dinosaurs were still roaming the Earth today, would the 3 lf teenagers aren't allowed enough freedom, ...
human race have managed to evolve alongside them? 4 Unless we act now, ...
It was thought for a long time that dinosaurs were cold- 5 As long as the weather doesn't change, ...
blooded and would never have survived an lce Age. 6 How I wish ...
However. more recent research has revealed thaidinosaurs
Rewrite the sentences using the words in bracl<ets.
were in fact very adaptable, and some may even have been
warm-blooded. Some palaeontologists believe that, had the 1 l'd never have finished the job without your help. (ifl
meteor not hit the Earth, dinosaurs would have continued ld navar havr finishad the job if 1ou hadn'.t helpad mo.
to thrive, meaning it's unlikely that we'd see many of the ld nsver havr finishsd thojob if i't hadn't baan {or lour help.
mammals that we now rely on for food and company! And 2 lf we don't hurry, we won't get to the airport on time.
if there were no sheep, cows and dogs, we wouldn't have (u n less)

wool. milk or 'man's best friend'. ln all likelihood, if the 3 You can borrow my MP3 ptayer, but you must give it bacl<
meteor hadn't struck the Earth. we wouldn't be around to me tomorrow. (provided that)
today to speculate on how things might have turned out. 4 Even if there were inteltigent life out there, how could we
make contact? (supposing)
5 Foltow the directions I gave you and you can't go wrong.
(as tong as)
* tn the text, find examples of structures 1-5. Which refer to 5 For him to have admitted he was wrong would have been
(a) the past (b) the present or (c) the past and the present? totally out of character. (iflit)
1 a second conditional ffi Worl< in pairs and discuss the questions.
2 a third conditional How might things be/have been different if
3 two mixed conditionals 1 we could travel back in time?
4 two conditional ctauses introduced by words other than i/ 2 we stopped eating meat?
5 a conditionaI clause where if is omitted and the sublect 3 we coutd live for ever?
and verb are inverted
4 computers hadn't been invented?
't],rt. 1.r.t1! !r! 1, niilJ-rL Lr 5 Columbus had not discovered America?
p,&st r?.1 ffim 6 dinosaurs were stitl ative?
42 Unit 4 '. Changes
$" ffi Workin pairs. Answerthe questions.
1 How has your town or city changed (a) over the last few
years? (b) over the last few decades?
2 Are the changes for the better? Justify your opinion.
3 ln generat, are you in favour of renovating old,
ditapidated buitdings or of l<nocl<ing them down and
reptacing them? Give reasons for your opinion.

Put the expressions from exercise 5 in the correct group (A-D)

in the chart below.

A frir,,ins *pl*i*nr
at the plans for the redevelopment of a town centre.
Lool<
one advantage of...is (that)...
How many of the buitdings and facilities below can you find? one drawback of...is (tha0...
Personally, I think that...
Which can you find in your town or city?
;tflts i€iltr*riiiii:r ni*r+l (yil[*.. t#{:-li.i,n dir**l*d ,rfi({r$s ffi ,4gre*ringlF*r t.ia[[y *gre*i*g
iiid*p*rrc!*rri :hr."lp i;,tr:dscupe# *l"un $ii{lrx -ff ir r*nrirr:i" That's how I see it too.
I go atong with that.
urul{i"i;t*r*y r;.rr pmri., ;r#u;m*:*il{ ri,ifr
}:*:ti*sti''iarr cl.*::;nirug
prddeisi{ii,ifi i$lirrfr $tr+{11 pt*ri*r"i hiii[#ingn *h*pi:,iiig rnruli {" f,}irirgr"c'*imq
slr,gt***a rqi fi ;.;ld.r. :.rir,: t*r'lrir*tur* I don't accept that.
I disagree with the view that,..
How would you describe the plans? Use the adjectives below fl) {.*r;c*rii*g * gr*ini
to help you. True.
*funri,irltg i.hic- r[:itr]-iri+nciii, {;{ri1ii,{r'iL}{lri}{"y,Jriirli Yes, I suppose you're right.
'irriI t.*l i:ier;*q"*qr' rnlrrr-:ii*n;.ll !*'ulttlllarn;:i *{d-leshiurulrr"j Yes, I hadn't thought ofthat.
r;u*illt :i*ullr:sl, 1,i";.*{# {.tii thr ;*rt l,illn*"..1
Worl< in pairs. Each choose one ptan from exercise 2 and think
6il f .Z+ Listen to two people tall<ing about the changes about its merits. Consider the questions below and make
that are being proposed in picture 2. What benefits and notes. Your answers to exercise 4 witt hetp.
drawbacks for the new buildings do they mention?
1 Which woutd be better for (a) young peopte (b) famities
(| i.:* Complete these expressions from the dialogue.
(c) elderty peopte?

Then listen again and check. 2 Which is visuatty more attractive?

1 (tha0 would seem like the best to me. ffiffi Discuss the plans with your partner usingyour
2 To my , buitding a car park... notes from exercise 7. Thinl< about the drawbacl<s of your
3 That's not how I it at att. - partner's plan. Give your opinion and react to your partner's
4 That'sa-point. points using expressions and phrases from exercises 5 and 6.
5lcouldn't-more.
Unit4 ' Changes 1{!
 Worl< in pairs and discuss the question. Thinl< about the Read the Writing fip. Match five of sentences a-f with the
topics below. gaps in the model essay. Which topic from exercise 1 does
the other sentence match?
How might the world be different
a hundred years from now?
a Assuming that the processing power of computers
continues to increase at its current rate, their importance
in the wortd witI atso grow.
b Within a hundred years, scientists witt almost certainly
have eradicated most common diseases.
c The increasing congestion on our roads witl have led
scientists to develop new forms of transport.
Read the mode[ essay, ignoring the gaps. Match paragraphs d lf I am still alive a hundred years from now, I imagine the
2-4 with three of the topics from exercise 1. world will be a very different place from how it is today.
e Broadty speal<ing, the l<inds of changes that I envisage
happening will make the world a better ptace to Iive.
f I imagine that, a hundred years in the future, fashions
witl have changed hugety.
Worl< in pairs. Choose three topics from exercise 1 which
are not in exercises 2 or 3. Write a topic sentence to begin a
paragraph for each one.

:.].:]..:]].:l]]i]]i:.:ill:];]]lli;|]]|:li]1l;''.,.,11:11111;:11;1|ll.1;:

1 [ Science and technology will continue advancing at an Make your writing more ftuent by using the following
ever-incneasing pace, and thene will doubtless be inventions linking words to join ideas together:
and discovenies eveny decade which will affect ever-y aspect n eith er... n o r... ...or even...
of oun lives. either...or... both...and...
a E A hundned yeans from now, they will in all pnobability ...rother than... not only...but also...
be fan more intelligent bhan humans. Consequently, our
attitude towands them may change: we may r-egar.d them Read the Writing fip. Then find an example of each expression
eithen as fniends or as potential nivalsl We will use them not in the model essay. Which two are similar in meaning?
as only as sources of information, bul also as sounces of Explain the meaning of the others.
wisdom and advrce.
S [ ruew fonms of synthetic mater-ial will no doubt have Rewrite the two sentences as single sentences using
been invented, and these could nevolutionise clothing in the expressions from the Writing tip.
same way that the invention of both nylon and Lycr-a did in 1 Computers are becoming more powerfut. They're
the twentieth centuny. Having said that, designer.s have a becoming cheaper.
habit of looking to the past for- inspir.ation, so in the twenty- Soon computers may be able to hotd conversations with
second centuny, people could be wearing jeans or even humans. Tetting jol<es may atso be possible.
nineteenth-centuny suits and dnesses. We may not have to use a mouse or l<eyboard. We may be
4 ! Particulanly populan will be vehicles which allow able to controI it with our mind.
commutens to fly to wor^k nathen than sitting in a tr-affic jam. Computers may demand better treatment. They may
The vehicles will as likely as not be power.ed by magnetism demand equal rights!
on some othen force which neither- r.equir.es fuel nor- Some people maintain that computers witl never thinl<
cneates pollution. like people. They say that computers will never have
5 ! Howeven, some may make it wonse. lt is impossible emotions.
to pnedict the futune with any certainty. There will be many Super-powerful computers wit[ be incredibty useful.
unfoneseen developments in the wor-ld and some of these Or perhaps they'tt be incredibty dangerous to mankind.
-t:
::::,1:"y::::": :: lil":: *
:.

.-ii ffiffiffi[trhjffi Worl< in pairs. Discuss the questions, then

compare your ideas with the class.
lf a new kind of material for clothing were to be invented,
Each paragraph in an essay shoutd contain a'topic what do you think it might be tike?
sentence'which expresses the main idea of that What new kind of vehicle would be most useful, in
paragraph. This usuatly goes at the beginning. Topic your opinion?
sentences make the essay easier to fo[low for the reader. Do you thinl< it matters if computers become more
intettigent that humans? Give reasons.

44 Unit 4 Changes
S& f .ZSListen to two teenagers discussingwhat tife might in pairs. Plan the following essay:
Worl<
be lil<e a hundred years from now. Number the ideas in the How might the world be different a hundred years from now? l

1
i

order that your hear them. Use your topic sentences from exercise 4 on page 44.
a Humans might have cross-bred with atiens and Paragraph 1 lntroduction
devetoped green sl<in, scales and antennae. tr Paragraph 2
Paragraph 3
b Humans might have become extinct. tr Paragraph 4
-
c A chip in the brain might allow 2417 lnternet Paragraph 5 Conctusion
access in your head. tr 2 Brainstorm ideas for each paragraph and add them to
d Humans might have moved to another planet. tr the essay plan. Decide how tikety each event is, in your
e Humans might be batd and very pale as a result opin ion.
of living in space. tr
f Cars might have been banned comptetely. n
g Chitdren might be abte to plug something into
their brain instead of going to schoot. tr

We can use a range of expressions for speculating

about events in the future, depending on how til<ety we
believe them to be.
It could/might hoppen.
It may well happen.
It's bound to happen.
It's very likely to happen.
It will (almost definitely) hoppen.
It will probably happen.
There's a (faint) chance it might happen.
There's (olmost) no chance of it happening.

Read the Learn this! box. Put the phrases in approximate

order of til<etihood. (Some expressions are almost
synonymous.)

Rephrase the ideas from exercise 1 using suitable

expressions from the Leorn this! box, depending on how
Worl<ing individua[[y, write an essay of 200-250 words
lil<ely you thihl< each event is.
following your plan. Remember to use suitable expressions
from the Learn this! box and exercise 5.
: There's a faint chance that humans might r

: have cross-bred with aliens. , Worl< in pairs. Swap essays and checl<your partner's work.

Look backat the model essay on page 44. Complete these Have you:
words and phrases which att mean (very) probably. followed the essay ptan correctly?
1 less written the correct number of words?
2as as used expressions from lhe Learn fhrsi box?
3 more not used linking words from the writing tip on page 44?
4 no- checked the spetting and grammar?
5 - probabitity

-
Unit4 'Changes :45
 Vocabulary Grarnmar
1 Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the verbs 5 Complete the sentences with the present perfect simple or
below. continuous form of the verbs below.
offff pay resolve return speak suffer ctean go l<now rain retire stay
Dora had had enough of peopte offarinq her advice on how to 7 My boyfriend to the gym recently to get fit.
bring up her son. 2 We each other since we started school.
1 Kieran's relationship a setback recently. 3 Sarah out her cupboards so her ctothes are
His girtfriend has been transferred to Boston. all over the floor.
2 Wh; choosing furniture for a new house it's important 4 My parents to their second home on the coast.
to your mind and make a joint decision. 5 It - every day this week and the forecast for
3 Last summer our neighbours watered our garden. - is also pretty bad.
tomorrow
We the favour by tooking after their dog. I - with a cousin while I look for a ftat.
4 The- dispute over custody ofthe children last Mark:
weel< in court. - - 16

5 Tina gets furious with her boyfriend because he never 6 Comptete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs.
attention when she tells him what to do.
- 1 He claims (play) basketbatl with l(obe Bryant.
Marl<: _ 15 2 The travelling isn't much fun, but I don't mind __
(take out) for dinner when I go away on business.
2 Match the adjectives (1-6) with their opposites (a-f).
3 The detective's first impression was that the victim
1 we[[-connected a otd-fashioned appeared . (push)
2 afftuent b drab 4 lgnore her. She's onty pretending
-
. (cry)
3 chic c thriving 5 ltruty admire Ingrid Betancourt. lmagine
4 picturesque d souttess (keep) hostage in the jungte for six years!
5 run down e remote Mark: _
6 futt of character f deprived 15

Mark: _ /6 7 Choose the correct adverb.

1 He finished the race in just under twenty seconds.
3 Complete the sentences with a suitabte preposition.
He was easity / by a mite the fastest.
There's a new Asian restaurant a stone's throw I my 2 Football is a [ongway/ a good deaI moretiringthan cricl<et.
house. Thanl<s 2 an effective advertising 3 We beatthem by 10-1. Ourteam was the bestfarand
- campaign,
it was teeming 3- peopte on the opening night last away lby mites.
week. lt caters a- all tastes in Asian food - Chinese. 4 A brol<en rib is onty marginalty / quite more painfulthan
Japanese, Thai and Vietnamese - and the owner takes pride iust bruising it.
5-- greeting att the guests as they urr,u.:"
Mark: 14
Mark: lS
8 Comptete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs.
4 Comptete the sentences with the noun form of the verbs
lf ld had (have) my car serviced, it urouldn't havs brokan dor.rn (not
below.
breal< down).
adapt affi convert modify transform 1 That accident (not happen) if you _
Entering the hatt, he made a smalI a{uslmonl to his tie. (took) at the roadl
1 The town centre had undergone a comptete 2 penicitlin
lf (not discover) peopte
(stitt die) from simpte infections.
since I was there last.
There has been a small Supposing oit Gun out), how witt electricity
to the ptans for the
new station. (generate)?
It was the author himself who wrote the stage People (use) cars less if more
ofthe novel,
--
(invest) in pubtic transport.
-
l'm looking for a firm to carry out the toft .
Had the area _ (not evacuate), more peopte
(d i e).
-
Mark: _ 14
Mark: lS

-
46 | Language Review 3-4
Reading 3 Say whether sentences 7-7 are true (T) or fatse (0.
1 Do you thinkyou would be an easy or difficult person to share 1 Stuart coutd afford better accommodation in Edinburgh.
a ftat with? Give reasons. 2 He used to live in a smatI ftat in Lewisham.
3 lnitiatly, Stuart and his girtfriend ptan to split the rent.
2 Read the text. ln what way is Flat Night Fever similar to a 4 Stuart believes his situation is very probtematic.
speed-dating event? 5 At Ftat Night Fever, peopte with orange badges are
lool<ing for somewhere to Iive.
6 Ftat Night Fever is a'tive'version of a process that atso
happens electronicatly.
7 Karim Goudiaby argues that choosing a flatmate is just as
difficutt as finding the right wife or husband.

Listening
4 Sd f .ZO Listen to a dialogue between Edgars and two other
peopte in his new ftat. Who are they? Choose from:
a bank employee a housemate a neighbour
the tandtady the letting agent the postman

5 6d 1.26 Listen again. Are the sentences true (T), false (F) or
Stuart Kelly,31, earns f28,000 a year, yet he can'tfind anywhere is the answer not stated (NS)?
decentto live in London.'Bacl< home in Edinburgh l'd be rich, but
here my money g0es nowhere,'he laments.'l started out renting
1 Most of Edgars's possessions are sti[[ in Latvia.
a grubby room with no lock in an old mansion in Lewisham, then
2 Tomas has been living in the house for more than a year.
I moved to Belgravia, where I had problems with the landlady. I
3 The bank won't let Edgars open an account untiI he has a
formatjob offer in writing.
am currently paying f800 per month for a rather small single room
in Whitechapel. ln the process, I have lost aboutf500 in non-
4 Edgars has to pay a [arger deposit on the ftat because he

returned deposits and the like. Now my girlfriend wants to come

doesn't have a bank account.
down to London but she won't be earning any money to start with, 5 Tomas has not had any problems with the neighbours.
and ljust can'tfind a double room we can afford" l'm in pretty dire 5 The landtord sometimes catts by unexpectedly.
straits, to be honest.'Which is why he is spending the evening at 7 Edgars's letter is from the person that interviewed him.
Sound, a West End nlghtclub in Leicester Square,the venue for a
new and unusual type of event called Flat Night Fever.
Speaking
This is the property world's version of speed-dating. People with 6 Worl< in groups of four.
rooms to let put on orange-coloured name badges and sit at tables o Students A and B: You are flatmates, tooking for one
labelled north, south, east or west, according to the part of town
more tenant.
where their accommodation is located. Those who are looking for
places to live (white name badges) circulate round those tables, in
. Students C and D: You are both prospective tenants,
l<een to share with students A and B. You can invent new
the hope of convincing their orange-badged counterparts that they
personas.
would make the ideal flatmate.
'lt works both ways, of course,' explains the event's organiser, . Students A and B: lnterview students C and D one at a
Paui Curry, of accommodation website easyroommate.co.uk. 'The time. Ask them questions about their personality, their
person looking for the room might not hit it off with the person habits and anything etse that occurs to you. Then tatk
offering the room, either. That is the purpose of this event: to about the two candidates and agree which one to accept.
prevent having to do that thing we've all done, which is trek
halfway across London to see a flatyou hate, lived in by people Writing
you wish you'd never met.'
'This isn't an evening we make any money out of,'says
7 Read the tasl< below and make notes.
You have been asl<ed to write a short articte for a traveI
EasyRoommate's founder Karim Goudiaby, who usually charges
magazine about the different areas of your town and where
for this introduction service via email, with subscribers getting the
contact details of the flat-seeker or flat-owner they want to see.
the best places to rent woutd be.
'This shows we are more than just a properly bulletin board: we
want to ensure that the people we match up are compatible. Just
8 Write your article. Remember to include one or two
recommendations and give reasons for them.
as you would choose a wife with great care, so you should choose
a flatmate with great care, too.'
ED CHECT YOUR PROGRESS: PAGE 4 TTta

5l<itls Round-up 1-4 !+T

 1 reEl?lFfillffiHml You are going to read a text catled
Tropical weather at the Poles. Do you thinl< it wi[ be mainty Read the text. Decide whether the information in each
about the future or the past? Give reasons for yourcnr*.i. sentence (1-8) is true, false or not stated.
True False Not
2 1 Shackleton and his men were state d
Read the text in the Reading exam task quickly and check
your answer. surprised to find coal at the Antarctic. trtr T
The fossils that they found could only
have been created in a warmer climate. trtrtr
Atways read true/false statements before reading the
text closely. That way, you know what information you are
tooking for. Remember that in order to be 'true' or 'fatse',
Shacl<leton achieved the main
objective of his expedition.
Most scientists believe that
trtrtr
continental drift explains the fossits
the information in the whote sentence has to match
exactty what is in the text or be expticitly contradicted by
that were found in Antarctica.
The dinosaurs that used to live in
TtrT
it. lf neither is the case, choose'not stated'. Do not be
Antarctica became extinct when the
misled by individuat words and phrases.
climate became much colder. ItrT
3 Oo the Reading exam task.
The Arctic was once inhabited by
freshwater crocod i tes. trrn
lohn Tarduno is a Canadian scientist
employed by a university in New Yorl<. trtrtr
Tropical weather at the Poles
WHEN Ernest Shackleton and his men marched towards the
South Pole in December 1908, they came across something
Scientists are not exactty sure what
a champsosaur looked [il<e. Ttrtr
entirely unexpected. After scaling the vast Beardmore glacier on
the edge of the polar plateau, they found seams of coal amid the
snow and ice. They also found impressions of leaves in sandstone Do not be thrown by unknown words. You can often use
boulders nearby and even fossilised wood from a coniferous tree. the context to guess their meaning, either precisely or
The conclusion was extraordinary but inescapable: Antarctica
was once warm and forested, conditions that could hardly be
approximately.
more differentto the far-below-freezing midsummer weather that
forced Shackleton's team to turn back before reaching their goal.
How was this possible?
4 Read the Exom trp. Then find words 1-3 in the text and
choose the meaning which makes most sense in the context.
Four years later, Alfred Wegener put forward his theory of
continental drift which, it was later realised, could explain the 1 scaling: a finding b ctimbing c leaving
balmy climate: Antarctica had been warmer because it was once 2 batmy: a warm b cotd c freezing
much closer to the equator. Even today, some schoolchildren are
taughtthat continental drift provides a complete explanation for
3 a gharialis a type of: a lake b bone c reptite
a warmer Antarctica.
However, the fossil trees Shackleton's team discovered
5 Do the Use of Engtish exam tasl<.
grew around 250 million years ago, when Antarctica was barely
closer to the equator than it is today. What's more, the continent
reached its current position roughly 100 million years ago, and Complete the second sentence in each pair so that it
an ever-growing list of fossil finds date from 100 to 40 million
years ago. During this time, when dinosaurs roamed the almost means the same as the first.
subtropical forests of an ice-free Antarctic, conditions on the 1 We'd have arrived on time if our car hadn't brol<en down.
other side of the planet were even more remarkable: the Arctic Had arrived on time.
0cean was a gigantic freshwater lake infested with crocodile-
As I spend more time online, l'm finding it easier and
like reptiles.
The most evocative image of a warm Arctic has emerged easierto use search engines.
from the work of John Tarduno of the University of Rochester, The more to use search engines.
New York. For more than a decade, Tarduno has been hunting for 3 l'tI meet you in town untess it's raining.
fossils on Axel Heiberg lsland in the Canadian Arctic, just west of Provided in town.
Greenland. The island was already well within the Arctic Circle
90 million years ago. His team has found bones and even partial
4 I only recognised George because he nras wearing the
jacket l'd given him.
skeletons of a crocodile-like creature called a champsosaur from
this period. The champsosaur was a fish-eating reptile up to 2.4 lf George recognised him.
metres Iong that probably looked much like the gharials of lndia. 5 Skiing is more difficutt when the snow is very soft.
Because these reptiles would have relied on their environment to It isn't is very soft.
stay warm, conditions in the far north must have been far hotter
She writes songs and plays several instruments too.
than today.
Not only instruments.

{E Get Ready for your Exam 4

 THIS UNIT INCLUDES
Vocabulary r war and war idioms r verb-noun collocations r sexuaI discrimination r phrases for
structuring a presentation r personaI qualities r word formation (1) r Iinking words: addition
Grammar r for+ noun/pronoun + infinitive e eltipsis (reduced infinitives, omission of verbs)
Speaking r talking about armed conftict r discussing famity tensions r discussing gender
Battles
equatity r a presentation
Writing r a description of a person

1 ffi Worl<in pairs. Discussthe meaningof the 4 6& :.Of Listen to an account of the Battte of the Somme in
quotations and sayings. Do you agree with them? the First World War. Complete the missing information with
Why?/Why not? no more than four words.
1 'One man's terrorist is another man's freedom fighter.'
2 'The pen is mightier than the sword.'
3 'The direct use of force is such a poor sotution to any
problem that it is generally emptoyed only by smatI
chitdren and [arge nations.'
4 'We make war so that we can live in peace.'
Soldiers climbing out of the trenches on the first day of the battle
2 Comptete the text with the words below.

alties coalition insurgents mass destruction

The war had started years before the battte
bega n.
security suicide bombers troops viotation
2 The land between the two armies was calted
weapons inspectors
3 The speaker expresses great surprise that some British
and French sotdiers were told when they
advanced towards the German lines.
The bombardment didn't kill many German soldiers
because they had hidden
At first, British generats didn't know how many men they
had tost because of-.
German resistance in the weeks after the battle
prevented the British and French from making
7 ln the autumn, the weather made it impossibte to
8 could say that they had won the battle.

Complete the collocations from the listening exercise with the

The Iraq War began in 2003 when a muttinational'- verbs below.
of forces Led by the USA invaded Iraq. The reason for the break catl up claim give grind inftict launch
invasion was America and Britain's belief that Saddam make put up suffer
Hussein possessed and was developing weapons
(nuclear, bioiogical and chemical weapons) in
3-of2- 7 6
a breakthrough
a- 2 an attack 7 losses
of a L991 agreement. In the event, UN found
the stalemate 8 --
3 reinforcements
-casualties
no evidence of such weapons. The Iraqi military forces
u 4 9 - toahalt
were quickly defeated by America and her , and
6 5 10 victory
thousands of lraqi were captured and disarmed.
However, the victory was short-lived as 'began to -orders
6 ffiffiffi 6b Z.Or Worl< in pairs. Retellthe story of the
attack the occupying forces in an attempt to tiberate the -resistance
Battle of the Somme using the cotlocations in exercise 5 to
country, frequently empLoying roadside bombs and
t- . help you. Then listen again and checl<.
US troops finatty withdrew in December 201.1., when Iraqi
troops took responsibility for
e in the ftedgting 7 ffi Work in pairs or smatlgroups. Think of:
democracy. 1 two sets of circumstances in which a country woutd be
justified in going to war as a last resort.
3 Find words in the text in exercise 2 that have the opposite 2 two sets of circumstances when a dectaration of war
meaning to the words betow. would be unjustified.
advance (v) arm (v) civitian (adj) defeat (n) defend IXD VOCRBULARY BUILDER 5.1: lDIOMS: WORKBOOK
enemies occupy release (v) PAGE 104 <
Unit 5 .' Batttes : (9
 iffitr#}Tffiffi Discuss these questions: Do you thinl< it is good to
argue? lf not, why not? lf so, why and in what circumstances? for + noun I pronoun + infinitive
1 We use this structure when an infinitive needs its own
Read the text. How would Tabitha Holmes have answered the subject.
questions in exercise 1? It's important for Jane not to fail her exams. Qane is lhe
subject of the verb fai1.)
It is frequently used after adjectives and nouns.
There may be l'm unhappy for the children to miss school.
nothing worse than
It's time for us to go.
It can be the subject of a sentence.
slammed doors,
For him to opologise would be unthinkable.
raised voices and
tears but, according It is often used in place of a thaf-clause wilh should or
to new research, it's the subjunctive and is Iess formal.
actually a gand idea It's essential that Sue ring her dad.
for parents who want It's essential for Sue to ring her dad.
to be clcse to their
teenage children to have a row a day. lnstead of causing $l;llil' {;tl},ill|irt&l'{ ililrlLLiili li.l.r l,}ii't irll)l.ll{.1ilfr-,,,,-;;, .
alienation, conflict can strengthen parent-adolescent
relationships, says Tabitha Holmes, a specialist in adolescent
Read the information inthe Leorn fhisl box. Then rephrase
development. 'lt was a complete surprise to me to discover
the sentences using/or + noun/pronoun + infinitive.
during my research that teenagers themselves saw heated
arguments as something that brought them closer to their 1 lt's important that she say sorry.
parents,' said Holmes. 'whereas their parents talked about 2 My idea is that we should leave before dawn.
how upsetting and destructive arguing with their child was, 3 lwas anxious that he shouldn't feeI offended.
the adolescents were able to see how locking horns helped 4 lt would be a disaster if we tost the match.
them to understand their parents' points of view more clearly. 5 lt won't snow - it isn't cold enough.
They were also very aware that a good row forced them
Sfi Z.OZ Listen to three people tatl<ing about family
to think through, articulate and defend their opinions and arguments. Write M (Mandy), S (Simon) or T (Tina). Who:
desires.' According to Holmes, it is the day-to-day conflicts
* the very ones that can be so draining that are most 1 feels that experiencing arguments has brought benefits?
- 2 doesn't thinl< it's surprising that families argue a [ot?
constructive: the endless rows over homework, clothes,
curfews and friends. lt's vitalfor conflicts to be heated: calm
3 has a theory about why boys and men are quite likely to
argue with one another?
discussion or animated debate does not count. 'Adolescents
4 feels that being simitar to another family member gives
said they only told their mothers what they really felt and
rise to arguments?
thought when they were forced to defend their position. 5 had a competitive retationship with a sibting?
lf yourteenager is rowing with you, its actually a mark of
6 used to try to stop famity members arguing?
respect,' Holmes said. 'lt shows they value you enough to
tell you their genuine feelings and thoughts.'To be positive, 6b Z.OZ Complete these discourse markers, which indicate
conflicts have to be handled in the right way, Holmes the speal<er's attitude. Then listen again and checl<.
admitted. Parents need to listen genuinely to their teenager's
viewpoint; it's necessary for them to be able to mocilfy their
doubtless fortunately 1_enough 2_franl<ly
own position in the light of what their child tells them; and
3- honestty 4_ to my annoyance
they need to be respectful, to go into the row acknowledging
no 5_ surprisingty 6_ thank 7_
that their child s point of view is worthwhile.
to be 8- honest to my 9_ astonishment

Which discourse marl<ers indicate that the speal<er:

:E Compare these sentences with the sentences in [:ii.l*r in the 1 betieves they are being sincere?
text. What structure is used in the text to express the same 2 is surprised?
ideas? 3 thinl<s something is probable but not certain?

1 Parents who want to be close to their teenage chitdren 4 approves of something?

should actualty have a row a day.
5 disapproves of something?
2 lt's vital that conflicts should be heated. ffitffi Recount an argument that you once had, or
3 Parents need to be able to modify their own position in witnessed. Try to use discourse marl<ers to show the attitude of
the light of what their chitd tells them. the people who were arguing, or your attitude as the witness.

50 Unit 5 Battles
 S What does the graph betow show? How does your country 3 Can you explain the motto: 'Deeds not words'?
compare with others? What is your reaction to the statistics? 4 Why did the Suffragettes put their campaign on hold
Share ofwomen in nationaL parliaments (single/lower house)
in 1,914?
5
5 What was strange about the position of women Mps
5o
tu 2011 m '@
Erc between 1.918 and 1.928?
i, 'ost dE
4o
&.p.e
:9.3! mffi & (D :.0:
Read and [isten to the song. Do you thinl<the song

-: iffi'ff
'/. 3a
HH is anti-men? Why?/Why not? Sum up the message of the
2A
EaE=i H
E '.i.#
l.rlE
song in a few words.
10

0 .,m ,.9 E fi**x :ift:'ffi

i{l* ii:rg
Itsjrfr;iiila
S0urce: http://data.wordbaf k.org/indicator/5G .GEN.PARL.25
Sislors dra doing it
Now, thera bJas
for
a time whon
themselvas Sho Eurghmics) :
thel usod .lo oa1
tr Complete the text with appropriate words. Use one word only That brhlnd evor'{ qroat man
in each gap. Tooro had to be a great woman.
9ut in thoso \imee aI thangv,
From the middle of the You i<now ihat i.f's no longarirur.
nineteenth century many tc ue'ro cornin' ou1 o{ ths Ki'ichan
women campaigned peacefully 'Lattey thero't, somoihin'
to obtain 1
vra {orgoi t0 6af i0 10Ll
right to
vote in British elections. They Ne ie"l, siatars 4rg dlif ii for thomoe{ves.
organised themselves into fitandin' on their own two t'eef.
groups, held meetings, sent Artd rirg,n' o,t lheir owt brlls.
petitions to Parliament and \isiers are doin' ii t'or themse{vee.
tried to persuade MPs to change
the law to enable' to
Nor,r, ihis ii a iong 1o r-o\ebra|,,

vote. However, the government tha ron*rious libaralion of iha iemale. staie
ignored their p1ea. lvloihe.rr, caughtore and ihair daughtarr too.
In 3
1903, the campaign the right of women to vote took an iloilan to v{oman, vig'r? oingin' ilith
important new turn. 4- year Emmeline Pankhurst (1858-1928) and 1'1'ra infarior w*hae grsi a no\,'r ex'ierior
1ou.

her daughters, Christabel and Sylvia, started the Women's Social and Ws've goi dociora, lawlar*, poli"liciano too
Political Union in Manchester 5 the motto: 'Deeds not words'.
They were referred 6-
0ver1bod1, take. a lool. around.
as the 'suffragettes'. The Pankhursts and
their supporters declared that the situation was 7 serious that
Lan 1ou ioe, ran 1ou b?,9, Lan \oL\ 6r"0

they would have to pursue extreme measures of civil disobedience. *,oro's a woman righi nort ic 1ou?
They campaigned tirelessly and sometimes violently 8 achieve Lhorus
their aim: chaining themselves to the railings outside Parliament, Now wr ain'i maKin' ilorios
disrupting political meetings and even committing acts of arson. Many
women e-
And wa ain'i layir' pians
imprisoned and, when they went on hunger strike,
were force-fed. In 1913 Emily Davison died for the cause, 10-, at
Don't you Knon ihat a mar itill lovp.r a !,ioman I
a horse race, she rushed out on to the course and stepped in front of the And a ,r,roman siill lovae a man i
King's horse. Iuri tho gams I
In 1914 the First \\rorld War broke 11-. Jn the interests of nationai
unity the Suffragettes suspended their campaign of direct civl1 action.
Instead, they urged women to take over men's jobs, so 12 the ffi Worl< in pairs. Discuss the questions. .lustify your
men could go and fight in the war. Women were able to prove how opinions.
indispensable they were in the fields and armaments factories. 1 Should husbands and wives share the housework?
In March 1918 the government gave in 13 the pressure, and
passed a 1aw giving women over 30 the right to vote. Later that year,
2 Do you think school classes should be single-sex or
mixed?
it ailowed women over 21 to become Members of Parliament, but they
still couldn't vote in elections if they were 14_301 It 15_ take
3 Woutd you preFer a male or a female boss?
a further ten years to amend the age qualification and put men and 4 Would you employ a man to look after your child?
women on an equal footing. 5 ln what other ways are there inequalities between men
and women in your country? Why do such inequatities
* Read the text and answerthe questions. exist? Use the ideas betow to help you.
1 What was the result of the nineteenth-century campaign drscriruimat* *g;Eifi$f sll equai p#y *nc"! crneiif,i*n*
to gain the vote for women? giass *eiling; mfrternity l'f*v* oi]p#*ili'!;ii*s {r:r pr*m*ti*n
2 How did the Suffragettes' campaign differ from the positivr aetleri r*ie rt,l*r3*ls sex di*rrirpinsti*n
methods used before? sexi{it stfli"8*tvping

Unit5 r Battles 51
 $]}ffiffiffifffi Work in pairs. Describe what is happening in the
photo. Why is the man acting in this way, do you thinl<?
What do you thinl< of his behaviour?

ffi-ffitr#jlffitr Worl< in pairs. Answer the questions.

1 Do you enjoy watching witdtife programmes on TV?
What do/don't you like about them?
2 Woutd you enjoy seeing a show [il<e the one in the photo
at a wildlife park? Why?/Why not?

Read the text, ignoring the gaps.

1 How did Steve lrwin die?
2 How did he become rich?
3 What business did he take over when his parents retired?

4 Match sentences A-H with gaps 1-7 in the text. There is one
sentence thatyou do not need.
A But the 44-year-old, who is betieved to have suffered an
instant cardiac arrest, was pronounced dead by medical
staff at about noon [ocal time.
B lt's a shame that audiences need that to be attracted
to witdtife.
C Although lrwin was one of Australia's most successful
exports, he provoked mixed feelings at home.
D A theme parl< famous around the world, it has more than
1,000 animals on 60 acres of bushtand and emptoys 360
people.
E He appeared to have no fear.
F ln spite of this, lrwin's death was reported widely in the
press and on W.
G lrrepressibly ebultient, he thrived on his death-defying
encounters with witdlife.
H He simpty could not understand what the fuss was about.
Answer the questions.
D VOCNSULARY BUILDER 5.2: VERB-NoUN
1 Why were people surprised that lrwin had been kitted by COLLOCATIONS: WORKBOOK PAGE 104 (Kl
a stingray?
2 How did he react when peopte criticised him for exposing Exptain the meaning ofthese sentences.
his baby son to danger? 1 Steve lrwin was a man in tune with his surroundings.
3 Why did many Australians have mixed feelings about lrwin? (tine 3)
4 Why did some people object to lrwin's television 2 Nothing fazed him. (tine 9)
programmes? 3 And it was, perhaps, that sense of invulnerability that
kitted him. (tine 14)
6 Choose the correct verbs to complete these collocations from
the text and the sentences in exercise 4.
4 Animats were in lrwin's btood. (line 31)
5 He was a natural showman. (tine 5Z)
1 provoke / spark off mixed feetings 6 I get ca[[ed an adrenatine junkie. (tine Z8)
2 drop / shal<e off an image
3 tal<e / mal<e a risk I #-ffi,ffi"ffiffiffi Worl< in pairs. Discuss the questions. Justify your
4 acquire / take fame and fortune opinions.
5 taugh off / laugh an incident 1 Do you admire Steve lrwin?
6 announce / pronounce somebody dead 2 Do you agree that W has become 'gladiatorial and
7 tal<e out / tal(e over a business voyeuristic'?
8 administer / issue a heart massage 3 Do you agree that'some things in nature should be
9 create / cause pain left alone'?

52 Unit 5 Battles
 Unlike mostAustralians,who shrink from the tropical sun cradling his baby son, Bob, in one arm while feeding a large,
and shudder at the dangerous creatures that surround snapping crocodile with the other, there was an uproar and
them, Steve lrwin was a man in tune with his surroundings. lrwin apologised. He later insisted, however,that boy had
A true environmental warrior and lifelong animal rights been in no danger, and in later interviews laughed off the
advocate, he founded Wildlife Warriors Worldwide, which incident. o E tt was all about'perceived danger' he said,
protects habitat and wildlife, sets up breeding and rescue claiming that'in front of that crocodile I was in complete
programmes for endangered species, and leads scientific control, absolute and complete control.' One commentator
research to aid conservation. blamed his death on the demands of an increasingly
Nothing fazed him - not the sharks or l<iller jellyfish, nor the voyeuristic brand of television. But lrwin was only doing
t0 man-eating crocodiles, nor the dozens of snakes and spiders what had come naturally. He was a natural showman.5 fl
capable of delivering a fatal bite. For lrwin, Australia's The British television presenter and survival expert, Ray
animals were'like a magnet', and he acquired fame, and Mears, said his death proved that'some things in nature
considerable fortune, by getting up close to them. ' I And should be left alone'. He said of lrwin:'He clearly took a lot
it was, perhaps, that sense of invulnerability that killed him. of risks, and television encouraged him to do that.
u
t5 The warrior who wrestled crocodiles and handled pythons I You leave dangerous animals alone because they will
without a scratch was diving in the warm waters of defend themselves.' Mears, too, condemned some wildlife
programmes as'voyeuristic', saying:'Television has become
Queenslandt Great Barrier Reef when a stingray shot its
poisonous barb Into his heart. According to a witness, lrwin very gladiatorial, and itl not healthy.The voyeurism we
swam too close to it.Triangular-shaped stingrays, which glide are seeing on television has a cost, and it's that cost Steve
through the water on their wide, flat bodies, are usually lrwin's family are paying now.' However, scientists who study
placid, lashing out with their long tails only when they feel stingrays say that lrwin was extremely unlucky. Unprovol<ed
threatened or are trodden on. lrwin was believed to be only attacks are virtually unheard of, and although a stingray's
the third person l<illed by a stingray in Australian waters. 70 venom will cause agonising pain, it is rarely fatal.

lrwin,whose television show Crocodile Hunter made him 'I Like Kylie Minogue, he was not taken entirely seriously
an international celebrity and a superstar in America, was in Australia, and appeared to be more valued abroad. Urban
filming an underwater sequence for a documentary called Aussies want to shal<e off the image embodied by the brash,
Ocean's Deadliest at the remote Batt Reef.The crew of his blond lrwin, and to have their modern, multicultural nation
boat called the emergency services and administered heart
at portrayed overseas in a rather more sophisticated fashion.
massage as they rushed to a nearby island to meet a rescue Whatever one thought of lrwin, his passion for life could not
helicopter.'fl be denied, nor the 100 per cent enthusiasm that he brought
to everything he did.'l get called an adrenaline junl<ie every
Animals were in lrwin's blood. At the age of six he was
other minute, and l'm just fine with that,' he once remarked.
given a four-metre python for his birthday.When he was
80 On another occasion, he claimed never to have experienced
eight, his father, Bob, a plumber with a passion for reptiles,
'fear of losing my life'.
moved the family from Melbourne to Queensland's Sunshine
Coast, where they opened a small wildlife parl<. By the
time lrwin was nine, he was catching crocodiles,and in
his twenties he worked for the Queensland government
as a crocodile trapper, removing problem animals from
populated areas. ln 199 I , when his parents retired, he took
40 over the business - originally called the Queensland Reptile
and Fauna Park, and now known as Australia Zoo - and
developed it into a maior tourist attraction.3 f-l
lrwin told the ABC documentary:'l've got animals so
genetically inside me that there's no way I could actually be
45 anything else.'Visitors came in droves to Australia Zoo to
watch lrwin hover perilously close to untethered crocodiles,
often leaping on to their bacl<s. But in 2004 he went too far,

Unit 5 Batttes 53
 t 6b 2.01+ Read and listen. What words have been missed Read the Leorn this! box, then complete the sentences using
out, or are understood, following the words in red in the a reduced infinitive and a verb below in the correct form.
dialogues? lf more than one answer is possible, explain your choice.

1 'Do you want to loin us for a bite to eat?'

'Yes, I .'
2 'You broke my new MP3 ptayer!'
'Sorry, |
-
3 'Did you -go for a stroll along the beach?'
'No, I but I was feeting a bit under the weather.'
4 'l thinl< you should apologise to Jean.'
't.' -,
5 'Do you thinkyou'ttget the job?'
't.'
6 'You could have asked Kate if she'd lend you her car.'
'l know, butI . l'm always asking her for favours.'
7 'l was hopingto come to your leaving do, but l'm afraid I

-
8 'Dave doesn't run as much as he
1---
I
,
i
Mum Harry, can you turn off the computer now, ptease? f& Z.OS Complete the dialogues with appropriate auxiliary
1
Harry I don't want to. or modalverbs, or 1ike. Sometimes you need a negative verb.
I
Mum Have you done your homework yet? Then listen and checl<.
Harry No, I haven't. But I witt when l've finished this
email. Dad You're not going out dressed tike thatl
Fred Have you drunk al[ the Coke? Atice Why 1- l?

Lucy No, I haven't.

Dad Because you'll freeze to death.
Fred We[[ someone has. There were a couple of cans in
Alice l2- I lt isn't that cotd. And anyway a[[ my
friends dress lil<e this.
Maybe they 3_
the fridge this morning.
Lucy
Dad , but I insist that you put on
Go and buy some more.
something warmer.
Fred Why shoutd l? I bought the tast lot!
i
! Mum Neit, witl you tidy up in the bathroom, ptease?
Dad Did you remember to post that letter for me? I Neil 14- .
Sally Er... No, I forgot. I

I
Mum You 5-.You've teft your clothes in a heap on
Dad Oh, Satlyl You promised you would. the floor.
Satty I know I did. l'm sorry! 1

t-*,*_- Sandra Who's pinched my hairdryer?

Cathy I 6- . Maybe Eltie r_
***i t-. .

Sandra No, she She never uses one,

Ellipsis
i Cathy lf you e-, you can borrow mine.
We often leave words out in order to avoid repetition.
i..-".**..__*-
1 We can use fo instead of a whole infinitive
(a 'reduced infinitive'), or sometimes the whote Prepare a dialogue in which a parent and a teenager argue
infinitive is omitted. about something. Avoid repetition by inctuding a number of
I love reading sci-fi stories, but t didn't use to. auxiliaryverbs and reduced infinitives. Use one of the ideas
Stay for lunch if you want. below or choose your own.
2 A main verb can be omitted after a modaI or auxiliary 1 an argument about tidiness
verb. 2 an argument about staying out late
He didn't phone me, but he should have. 3 an argument about schoolwork
3 ln ettipsis the pronunciation of the auxiliary/modal 4 an argument about the television
verbs and fo is usuatly strong.
ffi Worl< in pairs. Act out your diatogue to the class,
paying attention to the pronunciation.
$$,$ *x*g*mlafr s*ilsrR 5.3r {tt$$}${$: FrAsL ..** fff$
Unit 5 '' Battles
$, ffi Work in pairs. Discuss the questions. S ft Z.Oe Listen again. Add the phrases the speakers use for
1 What does the graph tell us about military spending? structuring their presentations to the chart below.
What is your reaction to this information?
2 Look at the poster. How do the armed forces recruit I t :ril' .,.i] {.flF : "i,,...'
peopte in your country? l'tI now turn to ...

3 What are the peopte in the photo demonstrating against? l'd now lil<e to deatwith ...

Are protests Iil<e these generally effective? Why?/Why not? 7 2_

Aqlt"* r.:rryl*dfl i n g * rr * p: p*'*i * g vi *lv
Gtobal distribution of mititary exBenditule admit that ...
I freely
Others take a different view.
3_ 4
[]t*m il;*i n g a n * p ]:*si r"l il s.ri*",,';
I don't accept there's any merit in the argument that ...
I entirety reject the notion that ...
55
it*!'rrriug l* r**,r:{i"iirrg snid r;rrlirr
Returning to (the issue of ... /the point about ...)
To restate the main argument, ...
7_ 8

d$ Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words

below.

r q*fcrrd ,:i*str*u *n,adir"xl* h*irc *,5r*nd t** *rr;r!r

1 poverty through heatth and education woutd
mean wars wouldn't be necessary.
2 Everyone shoutd be able their country.
3 a singte globaI superpower is safer than having
two or three.
4 There are more important things for young peopte
their time on.
5 power in the hands of a single state is a
dangerous thing.
Giving a presentation 6 -Even if all weapons there woutd stitt be disease
1 Present your strongest argument first. and poverty.
2 Acl<nowtedge the opposing view and then give a
Match the sentences in exercise 4 with the statements below.
counter-argument or restate your own opinion.
Which are arguments for the statements, and which are
3 When you are thinking what to say next, use fillers.
arguments against?
4 When you don't l<now the Engtish for something, try to
paraphrase. a NationaI Service should be compulsory.
5 Look at the examiner and speak loudly and ctearty. b Every country shoutd reduce military spending and spend
Try to sound confident. the money instead on humanitarian causes.
c The USA poses the biggest threat to world peace.

6b Z.Oe Read the Speoking tip andthe tasl< below. Worl< in pairs. Choose one of the statements in exercise 5.
Then listen to two students doing the tasl< and answer the Decide if you agree or disagree and brainstorm two or three
questions. additionaI arguments to support your opinion. lnclude at
1 Towhat extent do the speal<ers foltow the advice? least one opposing argument. Make notes.
2 Which arguments do you find the most persuasive? Why?
-'"--_--_" ffi Give your presentation to the class. Speak for a
j 'to be a pacifist is to be a coward.' Do you agree or maximum of three minutes. Follow the advice in the Speaking
I disagree? Present your opinion, giving arguments to i

i
tip and use some of the phrases in exercise 3.

i,: r:':1",:,9-'y T-93 ! I: I llyi lg ?I I

ht:
1,T t ! !1"' : i

Unit 5 Batttes 55
 Explain this quotation about admiration. Do you agree with Read the article. Find passages where the writer has:
it? Why?/Why not?
1 addressed the reader.
We always love those who admire us, but we 2 used a rhetorical question.
do not always love those whom we admire. 3 used: (a) a chatty, personaI styte (b) a more formal styte.

Top of the list of people I greatly admire

comes my great-grandfather, who, at
l:,tlir,,rr,r,'..:'r:.rl
the age of 97, is still living a full and
Writineg an article
active life. lf you were to meet him,
When writing an article, it is important to consider: you wouldn't believe he's only three
: 1 the target audience, i.e. who you are writing for. years shod of a hundred.
r 2 the purpose of the articte (e.g. to entertain, Throughout his long life he has battled
I to persuade, to inform, etc). against adversity and misfortune. He
:3 the appropriate styte (e.9. formal, informal, 'chatty' lost both his parents before his twelfth

I gnd p:l'ol1!: use of heg!y191, nufft ooin!s,

lh.
birlhday, and on top of that his elder brother
9_tc.J
died in the First World War. As a young man in the 1930s he was out
of work for long periods and really struggled to supporl his young
Read the Writing tip and the tasl< below. What is the target
family. Then, just as things began to go better for him, he was called
audience? What is the purpose of the article? What style up to fight in the Second World War. He joined the RAF and was shot
would be most appropriate? down over France in 1944. Not only was he badly injured, but he was
also captured and spent the rest of the war in a prisoner-of-war camp
Someone I admire After the war, he opened a small garage, doing repairs and servicing,
Write an articte about someone you admire. lt could and selling second-hand cars, and through sheer hard work built it up
be someone you l<now persona[[y or a public figure. into a successful business. However, the business ran into difficulties
. lnclude information about their [ife. during a recession and he went bankrupt.
. lnctude information about their achievements. All this was long before I was born, of course. But what's he really like
. Exptain whyyou admire them. as a person? ln the years that I have known him he has shown other
great qualities besides the courage and determination which helped
The three best articles will be pubtished in the school
him through the difficult times. He's kind, willing to listen and offer
magazine next month.
a word of advice - but he never forces it on you. What's more, he's
great fun to be with and very witty.
The opening of the article should grab the reader's attention He's one of the wisest and most tolerant people I know, and l'm very
and draw them in. Which of these openings worl<s least wel[? lucky to have him as my great-grandfather.
whv?
An article needs a good title. Choose the best title for the
i' i'-lhuru ,re u numbarlo{ pooPlc l-admiit; btft ons article in exercise 4.
(O, parson *tandg:out{rorn allilhr bJhore': "" 1 A long tife 4 My great-grandfather
2 A lovely old man 5 Someone I admire
Fatience, wisdom and qeneroeity are three qualities 3 BattLing against adversity
(!) *at t value greai;ly, antl my friend guean hae allthree
ln the article, find two of the nouns below and three
in abundance.
adjectives formed from the nouns below.

persoal T adwire nuosl is wy elder

''j, !"
dosepbt. Ue's rea.Ilff ad*irab!.X
brott*er,
^ p.rso.yr.

Frl

li ihrrs'* nne pe.rnrn th*t ambodio* aii that t I

Form adjectives from a[[ the other nouns in the box.
@ ;dmirr. in * h*nan bi.ing, i1'* m1 l\unl L"inda' D VOCABULARY BUILEER 5.3: WORD FORIVIATION (1):
WCIRKBOOK PAGE 105 re
Wh ai,t'nikeA u s a d nira; paopio?,, Aften :it :is;l'' ffiffitrffitffi Work in pairs.
Mal<e a list of five well-l<nown
-. because'they
(!), people whom you admire. What are the qualities and
nave bamirable quiit
' wedan:toursafveopooges6. ,:i iu; ,*ni"in
,,il achievements that you find admirable? Use the nouns and
adjectives in exercises 6 andT to help you.

56 Unit 5 Battles
Lool< at the pictures. What achievements are the people 5 Jake has got both a great sense of humour and great deal
famous for? What difficutties did they have to overcome? of charm.
ln addition to
My grandmother looked after five children and she
looked after her own sick mother.
My grandmother ptus
7 Pete owns a flat in London as well as a house in the
co untry.
Apart from

Read the task. Plan an article, making notes for the sections
below.

Heroes
Write an articte about someone you admire because they
have overcome adversity. lt could be someone you know
personally or a public figure.
o Describe the problems they faced.
o Describe the qualities they have that make them
Checkthe meaning ofthe words and phrases used to express
specia[.
addition in the Leorn this! box. Which two would you only
expect to see in a formal context? Find four more in the article The three best articles witl be pubtished in the school
on page 56 and put them in the correct place in the Learn magazine next month.
this!box.
Opening paragraph: (lntroduce the topic. Grab the reader's
Linl<ers for addition attention. Refer to the question, but do not copy it.)

Preposition + noun Adverbs/adverbial ph rases Main part: (Adversities that they have overcome and the
alongside personaI quatities that make them specia[ - one or two
besides, ...
along with paragraph s.)
furthermore
apart from ... into the bargain Final paragraph: (Briefty sum up.)
as well os moreover
) Worl< in pairs.
in addition to ... to boot 1 Look at your partner's notes from exercise 4 and write
plus 3 down at least three questions which you'd tike to ask
about the person.
Preposition + gerund Paired conjunctions
2 Ask your partner the questions you noted down.
apart from both ... and ...
4
3 Use your answers to your partner's questions to add
as well as
more detaits to your article plan"
besides
in oddition to Think of a good titte for your article.

Write a first draft of the article. Write between200-250

ffi VOeAmU!-ARY BUILSER 5.4: tli{KERS {1}: words following your p[an.
WCIRKBOOK PAGE 105 Sre
Checkyour work using the list below.
Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as
the first.
1 Wendy is very determined and she's also very ambitious.
Have you:
Besides fottowed the plan correctly?
2 Henry travelled up the Amazon, and some of his friends written the correct number of words?
went with him. grabbed the readers' attention in the first paragraph?
Henry along with used some Iinkers for addition?
Liam is a fine painter and he's a good pianist too. checked the spelting and grammar?
Liam to boot.
-,
My mum has a futl-time job and does all the housework.
My mum as well as

Unit 5 Batttes 57
 tell?lFEliGFfi{f Work in pairs. Answerthe questions.
distractions - instead of helping them B_ it to suit
1 Have you ever witnessed, or heard about, a road rage their learning styles, the body said. On the ptus side,
the report said, parental e_
incident? What happened?
in homework has been
2 Do you ever row with anyone? What do you argue about? shown 10- the strongest predictor of better grades,
Do the Speaking exam task. Report author Dr Susan Haltam said: 'Parents have the
most positive influence when they offer moraI support,
make appropriate resources avaitable and discuss
general issues. They should only actually hetp with
Compare and contrast the photos then asnwer the
homework when their children specificalty ask them to.'
q uestions.
1 A atmosphere B mood C attitude D climate
2 A white B even though C supposing D if
3 A damage B injury C destruction D hurt
4 A exceed B overbalance C outweigh
D compensate for
5Abring Bdo Cmake Dgrow
6Aproceed Bderive Crise Darise
7 A go without B miss C lack D are deprived of
8Aamend Badapt Crefine Dconvert
9 A invotvement B contribution C collaboration
D connection
10 A being B having been C as being D to be

1 Why are the people arguing, do you think?

4 fdF*?tl[mlIIFIITII Do you know why the year 1066 is

2 Can rows be beneficial? Why?/Why not?

important in British history?
3 What's the best way of avoiding lamity rows?
fd z.OZ Do the Listening exarn task.
Do the Use of Engtish exam task.

Listen to the radio programme. Decide whether the

Choose the best word or phrase (A-D) to complete each information in each sentence (1-7) is true (I), fatse (F)
gap. or not stated (NS).
True False Not
'Homework at root of many family arguments, stated
Everyone in Britain knows what
Homework can cause friction between parents and
chitdren, especially in middle-class families where
concerns about a chitd's future can lead to a dangerous
happened in 1066.
ln history lessons children have to
trtr tr
1- of pressure to succeed, according to a recent dates.
learn too many tr tr tr
report by the lnstitute of Education, University of No country has invaded Britain
London. Homework can atso create anxiety, boredom, since1066. tr tr tr
fatigue and emotionaI exhaustion in children, who Some people think that the Engtish
resent the encroachment on their free time, 2_ Channel has defended the country
they think homework helps them do wett at schoot. The
resutting 3_to
from invasion tr trtr
4-
5-,
the parent-chitd retationship may
any educational advantage homework may
the lnstitute claimed. The report found that
Other battles have changed historv to
the extent that Battle of Hastings did.
The Norman system of government
I trr
problems can 6_ when parents try to hetp with
homework, especiatty when they feet they _
was superior to the Angto-Saxon modet.
After 1066, the whote population of
I TI
trT
7

the knowtedge or the time. Parents may inhibit their Britain was forced to speak French. I
children's effectiveness in doing homework by trying
to controlthe homework environment - tetting children
when and where to do homework or trying to eliminate

-38 Get Ready foryour Exam 5

THIS UNIT INCLUDES
. synonyms of predict r expressions for plans and predictions t adjective-adverb/verb-noun coltocations
Dreams
Vocabulary
dependent prepositions (2) . register r cotlocations with sleep . synonyms of prize t idioms for expressing joy
'r
concession and counter-argument r reportingverbs
Grammar r talking about the future r phrasat verbs: particles and their meanings . reporting structures
Speaking . talking about personaI ambitions r talking about sleep and dreams I talking about the EU . photo comparison
Writing I 6 516ry

11 ... achieve my (of + gerund)

12 I hope I in (+ gerund)
13 I may towards that.
14 I don't see
- that happening in the future.
15 be a
l'tt in better to ... (+ base form)

ffi --
ORAfoiM,AR BUI;.OTR 6.1' 1AI.KI}IG ABOUT T}-IT IUTUR,.
p&&€ 33X €m
4 Where do you see yourself in ten years'time? Mal<e notes
under these headings.

ffim Worl< in pairs. Describe the photo and answer the

Study what? Where? What? Where?
questions.
1 What iob does the woman do?
2 Have you ever had your fortune totd? lf not, woutd you Yes or no? When?
Where? What type?
tike to? WhyUWhy not? How many?
3 Why do peopte want to know their future?
4 Do you think it is possibte to predict the future?
5 Do you know any famous prophecies? Did they come How important?
true?
ffi Work in pairs. Make predictions aboutyour
D VOCneULARY BUILDER 6.1: SYNONYMS Ot PREDICTI partner's future.
WORKBOOKPAGEl06 (K
Work in pairs. Lool< at each other's notes from exercise 4 and
& Z,OS Listen to sixteenagers answeringthe question: ask some questions about the predictions. Add your answers
Where do you see yourself in ten yeors'fime7 Answer the to your notes.
questions. Give reasons foryour answers.
1 Who has the most/teast interesting ambitions?
2 Who is the most/least optimistic about futfitting their
am bitions?
3 Do you have similar ambitions to any of the speakers?

db e.Oa Complete the expressions with the words below.

Then listen again and checl<.

come counting determined everything foreseeable

fulfil goal hopes til<ely myself position realise :t),:knagtnellfl[l ]::;;.::,i,;,r,ii,:l

sights succeed worl<

1 I think it's that ...
2 I can(not) see (+ gerund)
3 l've set my- - on (+ noun)
4 l'm not -on it.
5 Assuming that I my ambition ...
6 lf my plans to nothing, ...
7 I'm to (+ -base form)
8 l'tt give it - I've got.
9 my dream (of + gerund) I ffiffi Workwith a different partner. Tetthim or her about
10 l'm (not) pinning my on (noun/gerund) where you see yourself in ten years from now.

- Unit5'Dreams 59
-
 Discuss this question in pairs: How do dreams differ from real
Phrasalverbs: particles and their meanings
tife?
Particles often add a specific meaning to a phrasaI verb.
Choose the best word (a-d) to complete each gap. Most particles have more than one meaning.
back:1 repeating 2 looking into the past
The secretary read the letter bock to her boss.
Have you everl- why we
This building dates bockto 1650.
dream? lt seems such an easy down :1 record in writing 2 reducing
question, but it is very difficult to I jotted down the phone number on o scrap of poper.

answer. Most scientists agree Wsit till your coffee cools down.
that we don't yet know what of=ldeparting 2ending
purpose dreams 2-. Given
The thieves mode offwith f
1" million in cosh.

9am broke off his engogement to Tilly.

the amount of time we spend in a
3-, on:1 continuing 2attacking
dreaming this may My boss droned on for ages at the meeting.
at first seem baffling. However, Pick on someone your own size!
it isn't really surprising when we out = 1, disappearing 2 solving, searching
consider that science is still Dinosaurs died out obout 60 million yeors ogo.
4- the exact purpose and
I cauld just make out a ship on the horizon.
over: l visiting 2 considering, examining
function of sleep itself. Scientists have put foruard a number of theories
Let's pop over to Jamie's.
as to why we dream, but as yet no 5- consensus has emerged. Always look over your work before you hand it in.
Some expe(s are of the opinion that in all likelihood dreaming has up:lapproach 2improve
no real purpose. They maintain that sleep probably has a biological Don't creep up on me like that!
function (allowing the body and brain to recuperate), but that dreaming I'm going to evening c/asses to brush up on my French,
is merely a mental 6-, nothing but a sequence of images and
feelings experienced 7
Other scientists, on the other & Studythe Learn this! box. Then complete these sentences from
hand, believe that dreaming is essential to mental, emotional and the listening with the partictes below. Which meanings in the
-sleeping.
physical well-being. They suggest that dreams are s- triggered
Leorn this! box do the particles convey, I or 2?

by the feelings we experience while we are awake, such as fear, anger haci{ iierwn *ff r}ri r-l*t slrfrr ilp
or love. This is why dreams are more frequent and intense following 1 I remember the wolf coming to the house.
powerful emotional experiences, especially stressful or traumatic ones. 2 l've never tried to work _ what it means, though.
According to this theory, such dreams allow the mind to make sense of 3 lthrow myself forward and ltake
the emotional experiences, e_ suggests that they help us both to
4 So in order to carry _ flying, I have to believe I can
flv.
reduce the diskess caused by the trauma, and to cope better if further
5 Gradually I catm _ .
traumatic or skessful events occur. 6 Mostty my dreams are just a rehash of events of the day,
coming in muddled form.
1 awondered bthought cspeculated dreftected 7 lt's quite amusing sometimes to go _ the dream in
2 a serve b carry out c complete d do
your own head.
3 acondition bcircumstance cposition dstate ffi *XAnqe&&K ffiU!L*Ce 6.3r F.&KYie tfiS p,r** ?Xfgm
4 aunwinding bunravelling cseparating d untying &{€AF{lF}{}$: p&SH 123 ffi
5 asingte bsole csingular dsolitary
5 aact bactivity caction dprocedure S ffi Workwith a partner. Discuss these questions.
7 aon bin cduring dwhite Try to use some phrasal verbs in your answers.
8 asomewhat bsomehow canyhow danyway 1 How often do you dream? Do you often remember your
9 athis band cthat dwhich dreams? Do you have recurring dreams? What happens?

3 2 Do you think your dreams can tellyou anything about

Si 2.09 Listen to three people talking about dreams.
your true state of mind? lf so, what?
Answer the questions in your own words.
3 Do you believe that dreams can foretell the future? Why?/
1 How did Betinda's dream retate to her tife? Why not?
2 In his dream, what makes Harry abte to fty? 4 Have any of your dreams ever come true? If so, what
3 According to Christine, what function do dreams serve? happened?

60 Unit 6 ,- Dreams
 Testyour l<nowledge of the EU. Try the quiz, then read the text
and checkyour answers.
1 ln which decade was the organisation that was to
become the EU formed?
2 Can you name three of the six original members?
Origins and growth 3 How many member states are there now?
ln the aftermath of the 4 ln which two cities does the European Parliament meet?
Second World War, some
Complete the text with appropriate words. Use one word only
political leaders in Western
Europe believed that the in each gap.
only 1- to avoid war
Read the text and explain in your own words:
and conflict in the future
was [o unite the countries 1 what the founders of the EU hoped that it would achieve.
of Europe in an economic and political union. So, in 1952 six 2 what'pooting sovereignty' means.
cor.rntries - France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands 3 how the European Commission, the CounciI of the EU and
and Luxembourg - formed 2-was to evolve into the the European Parliament are made up, and what their
European Union (EU). Since then a3- 22 countries have roles are.
joined the organisation, bringing the total population of the 4 what Eurosceptics fear.
EU to over 500 million.
& Find these nouns in the text and complete the collocations
How does it work?
with the correct verbs.
The EU is not a federation '- the United States.
The member states of the EU remain independent sovereign 1 ,-- an organisation 5 an etection
nations but they pool their sovereignty in certain areas of 2 powers 6 benefits
policy. Pooling sovereignty means, 5- practice, that 3 new legislation 7 peace and stability
the member states delegate some of their decision-making 4 alaw 8 control
powers to shared institutions they have created, so that
decisions 6- speci{ic matters of joint interest can be Comptete these phrases from the text with prepositions.
made democratically at European level. 1 evolve 2 consist 3 vote
The three main decision-making institutions are: EE VOCASULARY Bl,ilLDER 6.2: DEFENDENT
. the European Commission, consisting of 28 commissioners, PREPOSITIONS: W0RKBOOK PAGE 106 {K
one chosen by each member state. The role of the
Commission is to propose new legislation, but it cannot S& Z.f O Listen to four people tall<ing about the EU. Match
pass laws '- itself. each speaker with one benefit (a-d) and one drawback (e-h).
. lhe Council of the EU, consisting of one government
minister from each country. The Council is the EU's main
speal<er 1 fl fl Speal<er 3 tr n
decision-making body. It votes on legislation proposed by Speal<er 2E E Speal<er 4 E tr
the Commission. Benefits ofthe EU
. the European Parliament, based in Brussels and Sfrasbourg,
and consistin g of 785 MEPs directly elected by the citizens
a The EU gives European countries a voice in wortd affairs.

of the EU. Elections are held 8- five years. Like

b The EU has made it much easier to travel around Europe.
the Council, the ParliamenI votes on and passes laws
c The European singte market is a real success.
proposed by the Commission. d The EU provides economic aid to the poorer regions
of Europe.
Controversy
Drawbacl<s of the EU
The British have a very uneasy relationship with the EU.
British Europhiles claim that the EU continues to bring
e The EU should leave more decisions to national
govern ments.
iangible economic and political benefits to the UK, and that
ii has delivered peace and stability to Europe [or over halI a f The EU is over-bureaucratic and many of the laws it
century. Eurosceptics, however, who are probably e
a
passes are unnecessary.
maiority in the UK, are concerned about the direction the EU g The free movement of labour has created problems.
is taking. They believe that it is fr.rndamentally undemocratic h The EU is undemocratic.
-
and unaccountable, and maintain that the real aim of the EU
is to create an enormous federai state in which individual ffi Discuss the statements in exercise 6 and decide if
member states will exercise little conirol ro- their own you agree or disagree with them. .lustify your opinions.
i- ''.-'
affairs.
>> Discuss the EU at hltprl_www.debatinqeufo

Unit5.Dreams 61
 in pairs. Describe the photos. Then ask and
f.-ffi,8ffi#j5;.fl Worl<
answer these questions.
1 What time do you usually go to bed?
tet.,er*6ping teenagers Iie
2 Do you have a computer or a W in your bedroom? .,, teena$ers,have the energy to play
1l',!ry,]r-y,.A,i1.,!hat, m!n11
3 Do you go straight to sleep? If not, what do you do? ::: :,:.C.o,tll1puteigiames.,i;ntillate at: night bui canlt find the energy to
4 Do you ever lie in at weekends? Until what time? ,ir:,.r,i.,rge-lr.oql,iolbed.int:limerfor,schoo,!? Ac-cording to a new report,
r tl,,:,:,,toda.yl,q.:1generatitjn,of children are'in danger o1 getting so IittIe
2 Read the text. Which explanation for teenagers not getting
. 1.r::1::Sl6dp: th*, they: are puttin g thei r mentai and physical health
enough sleep does the writer favour?
:::r:,,ratiiSL:Arduiti can easily survive on seven to eight hours'
1 Teenagers think they catch up with sleep at weekends. ,,'-:r.::slaop 6'nil$ht, whereas teenagers require nine or ten hours.
2 Teenagers'bodies do not produce a hormone that makes
i,l:it::'rlAcaording io medical experts, one in five youngsters gets
them sleepy untiI the early hours of the morning.
::,',;:::r'i€rhything beiween two and five hours' sleep a night less than
3 Teenagers engage in tate-night activities such as ptaying ro their parents did at their age.
computer games and watching TV instead of going
straight to sleep. , ti,.:i : :T,his,{ai5es
seliouq questiqns rabout whether lack of sleep
.. l.':.r..isr;ft€cting te h:ilqr.en:S. abilitlr to iconcentrate at schoo l.
3 Answer the questions. b6tween sleep dspl'ivation and lapses in
.,:.,ir,,,'r:Thgionr:leClion,
1 ln what two ways can lack of steep affect teenagers? ,,,r llleIllorVt:impaired,feaqtiqn,
r :rr tirne and poor Concentration is
i, r1!,'wqlf'gstabiished,,'Fleseal'ch
2 Why do some experts believe that activities such as has ihown that losi n g as l ittle
ptaying computer games before bed are more likely to as'half an hour's'sleep a nighti can have profound effects on
prevent teenagers from sleeping than reading a book? how children perform the next day. A good night's sleep is
3 What evidence does the writer produce to support his/ also crucial for teenagers because it is while they are asleep
her view that it is normaI for teenagers to go to sleep later that they release a hormone that is essential for their 'growth
than adults? 20 spurt' (ihe period
during teenage years when the body grows

4 ltls,true,thal lhey'Canrto some extent catch

r,:rrr:rr'ralr:arrapid.lrqtd;
Scan the text and underline all the examples of the noun
;:,,. :,:tJpl,OA,SleePr'ait,iweeken.i{ ;rbutthat won't help them when they
sleep. Lool< at the words s/eep collocates with in the text.
:rr'r,r,,'91.e:giat ing:off1o:sfeeplin class on a Friday afternoon.
How many of the collocations can you find in the extract from
th e Oxfo rd Co llo coti o n s D i cti o n a ry? .1..,;
'..So,ri.ny;aren.itlleeh-agefo, Selting eno u g h sleep ? So m e ex p erts
,,,il,,,suSQest fhe. Fresence of teleyiiions,,computers and mobile
slesp ,run r,'r:',. pho:nesr in:childfen:ri bedr:ooms, may be, to blame. lnstead of
"l condition nf rest
nnJ. deep I light I much-neededol'm offtobed-forsome rr,tr',r, reading a book at,bedtime;,children are going to their rooms
muclrneeded -. I adequate I REM
lrnE 1 lLrrp drift into, drift oif to, drop off to, fall back to '
' and playing computer gam€s;'Surfing the web, texting and
tAmE), gel to, go to a She turtrc(l oler ond v,ent back to
-. I messaging, or waiching,leletision, As these new childhood
cry you rsel, to i catch, get, snat€h o Clo.re l.?ur ey€J ond 8et
-
some nolr o I snatche{l a few hours' - it1 the ofternoon. I
{ pre-sleep activities, have,become-more widespread, so more
need i survive on o fhey seenr to suryive o, oig, a yu* ,: traditional ones sUchrasireadingrhave declined.
hours'- a night. i induce, promote o 'Ihey use drugs to :, Dr Luci
irduce -. I lull sb to, send sb to + Thc quier mlr.sic.roon .scnt r,,Wigg!r a,researqh lellow a! Oxford University's Section of
her to ... I drilt in and oui of o,L{e drifr;d in and out of all
:i, i'
-
rri3/'t. . lose oltett lisuralie o tton't'io;e . ov.r it rleJlsori
eter;!hng ott in tht nrrr1il4g i disrupt. disturb, interrupt
,i, r, i-ichild and Adolescent Psychiatry
cat(h up on / rrred scnri da-r ta .qr.h up ,n my - . r feign said; 'One of the problems
o 1 fe[ened - wlLen the nursc carne aronnd.
tL{!P.. Ya(; come o Sleep come to her in snotc/ies. 35
I with these pre-sleep
overcome sb. overtake sb o Sleep/inally overtoak me,
!t..lP - IoL* cycle, pattern, schedule {rsp Arnfl i activities is that they
deprivation, loss I disorder I apnoea/apnea { aid/e-sa
lml a lltL /,onofl. mosl rorr"nrly prcicrib(d ai(l are unstructured, i,e.
",'i " during - . o d,crea,ed luort ..ure,luring in your - they do not have
o lle ofLcn ryclks cnu lqlks ii I tE
rrkAt:! a lack of * + I was slgfering from s lack of -_ i a clearly defined start
wink of - o l won't get a wtnk of - with that noise
ao
dow/Lrtairs. and end times.' She
2 period oi sleep
werit on, 'This is
rtJ. long i little, short I dead, deep, heavy, sound i
uninterrupted i good, restlul I light I disturbed, the,first generation
exhausted, fitful, restless, troubled, uneasy o I lroke up
eatb, after a disturbed .'. I dreamless, peacelul i drunken I of children lo face
beauty o Sofly, but I need nry beauty -.
', rq* - sirrr need I have o Oid- you hi,e a good -? I be in o I
i such a.plethora of
v,as in a deep - w|rc11 the phane rang. I drilt into, fall into,
sinl into ./ intmcdio!?ly fetl inLo a dcod awake (sb) 1! altefnatiVes to going
from, awaken (sb) from, wake (sb) lrom o He woke yorn a to sleep and the tong-
i.tftil - with a hestlnche.
;:rE1rr! a good, poor, etc. night's o you'LlJeel better after
i good night s .-. -
rffi rqfi fff r4re14B: r+-Jr+:Eerrr+s:4$r$r+j@BjpI_1!t-tw

62 Unit 5 Dreams
 Use the examples in the dictionary entry to hetp you identify
which collocations have meanings 1-5.
1 worry about something with the result that you aren't
abte to sleep
get a tittte sleep in a short available time, usually during
the day
3 while you are sleeping (two phrases)
4 make somebody go to steep
5 pretend to be asleep

6 Complete the sentences with collocations of s/eep from the

dictionary. Sometimes more than one answer is possibte.
1 The moment her head touched the pitlow she _ into
a deep sleep.
2 Teenagers have different steep from adutts.
3 After sptitting up with her boyfriend, she went home and
hersetf to steep.
term consequences in terms of physical and mental health 4 l'm going to get an early night. I need to on
for both the child and their family can only be guessed at. my sleep.
What we do know is that impaired sleep quality or quantity 5 He drank a whote bottle of wine and fetl into a
may compromise children's physical health, academic steep.
achievements and mental health.' 5 I woke at 3 a.m. and coutdn't to sleep for
- ages.
Research has shown that teenagers have different sleep Steep finalty me at about five o'ctocl<.
patterns from younger children and adults. A timing
Match these words with the more formal equivalents in red in
mechanism in the brain regulates our bodily functions over a
the text.
24-hour period. At night, the heart rate falls, blood pressure
is lowered and urine ceases to be produced. When the sun
1 need (v) 5 happen

rises, the body begins to wake up. One important change

2 a big impact 6 a very large number

that occur$ at night time is increased levels of ihe 'darkness

3 control (v) 7 stop

hormone' melatonin, which helps us to fall asleep. Most

4 carry out
adults start to produce melatonin at about 10 p.m. When [E VOCIBULARY BUILDER 6.3: REGISTER: WORKBOOK
teenagers were studied in a sleep laboratory, researchers PAGE 106 <

discovered that they only began to produce the hormone at

1 a.m. lt is possible that this delay in melaionin production
I i,--:].,:..-.3 Work in pairs. Answer the questions. Give reasons
for your answers.
is caused by the behaviour of teenagers. Playing with
electronic gadgets late at night stimulates the brain and
1 Do you think you get enough sleep?
exposes the teenagers to bright lights which could cause
2 Do you sometimes feel tired and unable to concentrate at
schoo[? Why is that?
the later release of melatonin. A more Iikely explanation,
3 Woutd you prefer it if schooI started and finished later?
however, is that the hormonal upheaval of puberty is pushing
4 What would be the drawbacks of starting school later?
the melatonin release back, in which case teenagers are
being kept awake by their bodies - they simply can't help
their peculiar sleeping behaviour. Although it isn't impossible
for adolescents to go to sleep before 11 p.m., or even
to be alert in the morning, their bodies make it difficult
for them, and in some cases nearly impossible. This is
/s borne out by studies conducted in the USA, where some
schools have delayed the start of their classes to give their
teenagers some extra time in bed. Many teachers reported
that students were more alert and less moody. One school
even noticed a significant improvement in the educational
80 performance of its students.
lssues surrounding sleep - who needs how much and when
- are usually given short shrift in efforts to improve student
achievement. But modern brain researchers say it is time
that more schools woke up to the biological facts and started
85 lessons at a time better suited to their teenage students.
I
I
."i

Unit 6 Dreams 63
 3 Read the text. Have you ever had an 'anxiety dream' tike this? Rewrite the sentences in exercise 4 using the verbs you did
not use.
I had the strangest dream the other M1 dad euggerted thai I should gat an aarll night.
night. I was having breakfast and my
mum reminded me that the school exams We often use adverbs with reporting verbs to convey
started that day. She asked me jf I had
the tone or emotional content of the originalwords.
done enough revision and I totd her the
'l've hod enough of your insolence!'
exams weren't for another three weeks,
He shouted ongrily thot he'd had enough of her
and promised to revise for them. But
when I got to school, I found that my
i nsolence.
ctassmates had already started the Engtish We can report speech without giving the.precise words
Literature exam. I apologised for being that were spoken.
[ate. The teacher instructed me to sit down 'Fancy seeing you here!' said lames.
and start writing, but when I opened the James expressed his surprise at seeing me there.
exam paper, I couldn't answer any of the
questions. I
claimed not to have read any
of the books, but the teacher insisted that & 60 Z.ff Listen to the sentences and add an adverb below
I shoutd do the exam. It was at that point to conveythe emotions ofthe speaker.
that I woke up.
i:iit*rly c*ll***iy de{iar:iiy resign**}ly
What do you think were the original words spoken by the
la,casrir*iiy .,itatirtv ryT*ilitcLt{';ri:}
people in the dream? 1 'Unfortunately, there's nothing we can do about it,' she
sa id
ffi *aamrx&K i3LjiL*{& r}.3: k*p&Rtrilri& STKU{t,tRt5: 2 'You've never really Ioved me, have you?' she said
l3&sx 3.?16 ffi 3 'That was really clever, wasn't it?' said Sarah
4 'You can't stop me from seeing whoever I [ike!' said Sam
Report the sentences using the verbs below.

heg elxim e*ii*rfrlulat* inslst pr**lise 5 'Mind your own business!' said Frank
r€csrnrns*d threaten wari: 6 'lt's not my problem. Sort it out yourself,' said John -
1 'l've never had a nightmare,' he said. 7 'You must be feelingterrible. lf there's anything lcan do,
Ho ciaimad nevar
just tet me know,' said Christine
t0 havehad a rightmare,
2 'l think you should go to that restaurant. lt's rea[[y good,' X 6b U.lZ Listen to eight extracts and match them with a-h.
said Ben to Lee.
3 'Please, please don't wear those otd jeans,' said .lo to
a She expressed her gratitude for... tr
lan.
b She boasted of her abitity to ... tr
4 'lf you don't stop tatking, l'tt give you a detention,' said c She enquired after her grandfather's ... tr
Mr Medway to his ctass. d She expressed her sincere apotogies for ... tr
5 'Don't swim too far out to sea as the currents are quite e She complimented him on ... tr
strong,' said Jo to Tom. f She dectined the invitation to ... I
6 'Wett done for passing your driving test,' said Sue to g She confirmed her wiItingness to ... tr
7
Ch ris.
'l'[[ never lie to you again,' said Steve to Vanessa.
h She totd him off for being ... tr
8 'You must eat your vegetables,' said Liam to his daughter. $) :.f Z Listen again and complete each report a-h above
in a suitable way.
& Choose the correct alternatives. Then change the sentences
ffi Worl< in pairs. Tetlyour partner about 1-8 below.
to direct speech.
Use reportingverbs and adverbs that convey the tone and
1 My dad suggested / advised me to get an early night. emotional content.
2 Harry refused / denied that he had cheated in the exam. 1 something your parents forbade you to do
3 Dave asked / insisted that I should hetp him. 2 something you complimented somebody on
4 Kate agreed / proposed to buy a new car. 3 something you apologised for
5 Fred ordered / reminded his son that he had to turn off 4 an invitation you declined
the computer. 5 somethingyou were btamed for
5 Robbie blamed / accused his brother for the accident. 6 something you reminded somebody to do
7 The robbers admitted / agreed to steaI the gotd bullion 7 something you expressed surprise at
from the security van.
8 something you refused to do
64 Unit 6 ., Dreams
:i,r*1J."::=i Find one of these items in the photos. Explain the
difference in meaning between the sixwords.
,riii:!.ij :j1.ii"i${-tti r-*1,:t"i,-,,1 [!ti;l*l t'tiluiii!*'itfi;illrl

:,].'].f,"fl}ffi
1$ Have you, or anyone you l<now, ever won any of
the things in exercise 1? What was it for? How did you/they
feel?

(D Z.f :
Listen to four people tatking about achievements.
*Ft*"ytrn",,
Match the speakers with four of the people below. How did ,.-,!1r.1,.
they feel (a) when they won the award or prize and (b) now?
1 asportsperson 4 ascientist ';&,frl
2 a film star 5 an exptorer 'i', \4t*

3 a politician 6 a lottery winner

Speal<er t I Speaker3 [
Speaker 2 [ Speal<er 4 [

d) Z.t:
Match 1-8 with a-h to complete the expressions.
Then listen again and checl<.
1 I was over a our lucl<.
2 I coutdn't betieve b to bits.
3 ltwasa c for joy.
4 I felt as if I was walking d of the world.
5 lt is such e dream come true.
6 I was thrilted f on air.
7 l'm on top C the moon.
8 They are jumping h an honour.

Worl< in pairs. Read the task. Compare and contrast the

photos using the prompts betow. Use the expressions in
exercise 4, and in exercise 6 on page 21, to help you.
1 Where are the people and what they have won?
2 How do you think they are feeling? $S Rewrite the sentences using the words in brackets.
3 How similar are their achievements? Sometimes you will need to make two sentences into one,
, These photos show people who have won something. and vice versa.

I Compare and contrast the photos. Say what you think 1 l'd like to be rich. Neverthetess, l'm not prepared
,

I
to
, motivated them, what they did to achieve success, and waste my money on lottery tickets. (much as)
2
l

i
n"*
l:':rnt.'t"::ln:. illlll l
He hardty did any revision for his exams and yet he
managed to pass. (even though)

f'fi Z.r+ Listen to a student answering the second part of

3 Much as I admire his achievements, he's negtected his
family in his quest for success. (atthough)
the task. Do you agree with her opinions? Give reasons.
4 Atthough she's worked really hard, she's never reatly got
Which of these phrases for concession and counter-argument the recognition she deserves. (nonetheless)
does the speaker use? Which are adverbs and which are 5 Even though she's widety acknowledged to be the best
conjunctions? actress of her generation, she's never won an Oscar. (yet)
6 The winning goal may have been lucky, but they deserved
to win the match. (though)

ED VOCABULARY BUlLDER 6.4: CONCESSION AND

COUNTER-ARGUIIIENT: WORKBOOK PAGE 107 &
S ffiffiffi Turn to page 151 and do the exam task.

Unit 6 Dreams 65
 ffi Work in pairs or sma[[ groups. Thinl< of a book or Rewrite the sentences using the adverbs and adverb phrases
film that you all like and discuss what makes it a good story. in bracl<ets. You may need to change the punctuation.
Sometimes more than one answer is correct.
Read this extract from a story. Does it exemptify any of the
features of a good story that you identified in exercise 1?
1 We used to go sl<iing. (at this time of year / often / in
France I in the past)
2 I go for long rides. (stitt/ atong the river / now and then /
on my own)
3 I couldn't have done it. (so quicl<ty / certainly / without
your help)
4 lt's raining. (heavity / today / quite)
5 Your letter arrived. (here / yesterday morning / oddty
enough / onty)
5 He didn't understand what you said. (ust now / futty /
clearty)

Put the adverbs on the right into this extract from a story, on
the same line as they appear. You may need to change the
punctuation. Sometimes more than one answer is correct.

Gemma marched into the caf6. angrily

Where r,r.as Ryan and why hadn't he
phoned? She hoped he had got her text earlier
remlndlng him to meet her. here
She would wait for him and no for 15 minutes
more. She walked to the far side of moodily
the caf6 and threw her bag onto in a fit of pique
the table furthest from the door.
She got herself a coffee, sat down and
took her phone out to check again
for messages. Nothing. Sighing, Ioudly
she tried his number again, but it went
onto voicemail. She didn't straight, like before
leave a message. She felt very suddenly
upset. It had all been going wrong. late1y
Ryan was not himself, but what at the moment
was the matter, and why wouldn't
he talk about it? She had finished ever, just
her coffee and was getting up to wearily
Underline the adjectives, adverbs and adverb phrases in go, when in he waiked.
the story.
l$lXll *{S,f,ltullrt( r*l.il1.ili"{ ir.':r.r i:'f'rlillir!$ i,i!l} llt}!ljil:flr'{:t:l
Find three pairs of adjectives in the story. Complete the Learn rl"riil'r t' i ; lr, Ils;llll
fhrsl box with oge, colour, opinion, size.
$ Z.f S Checl< the meaning of the reporting verbs below
and find two of them in the story in exercise 2. Then listen
Order of adjectives
and match each verb with the direct speech.
Before a noun, adjectives usuatly come in this order:
1- 2-3_ shope 4_ origin moterial
Numbers usually come before adjectives.

IED VOCREUMRY BUILDER 6.5: PUNCTUATING REPoRTED

SPEECH: WORKBOOK PAGE 107 (K
Correct the mistakes in adjective order in these phrases.
1 an old wonderfuI ltatian painting ffiffiffi Worl< in pairs or sma[[groups. Discuss how the
2 two leather enormous black suitcases story in exercise 2 might continue. Write the second half of
3 a Siamese grey stupid fat cat the story in 100 words. lnclude some direct speech and use
4 a square modern small house some adverbs and pairs of adjectives to mal<e your writing
5 a Iinen cream beautiful suit more interesting.

56 Unit 6 Dreams
You are going to write a story (200-250 words) about a
dream, ending with the words, 'l wol<e up. lt had all been a
dream.' The outline of the story is told in the pictures, but the
end of the dream is missing. Worl< in pairs. Read the outline
and discuss what the characters are like and how the dream
ends.

Make your writing more interesting by using:

. a variety of adverbs and adverb phrases.
. a variety of adjectives. 1 I was reading in bed. lt was late. I heard a strange noise
o direct speech, with a variety of reporting verbs and
outside.
adverbs.

Read the Writing fip, then write the first paragraph of your
story. Use the first picture and the sentences below it, and
these questions to help you.
What kind of bool<was it? How often do you read in bed?
Were you feeling sleepy?

Write the second paragraph ofyour story, using the second

picture, the sentences below it and these questions to hetp
you.
What does the window overlook? What was the weather
lil<e? How did you feel? Did you calI out? 2 I got up and looked out of the window. I couldn't see what
was making the noise.
Write the third paragraph of your story, again using the
sentences and these questions to hetp you. Use direct speech
for the conversation.
Was your brother already awal<e? How did he react?
Had he heard the noise too? Did he try to reassure you?
Who suggested going outside?

Write the final paragraph of your story, again using the

sentences and the question. Add the ending you thought of in
exercise 1. Finish with the words, 'l wol<e up. lt had a[[ been a
dream.'

Count the words. lf there are fewer than 200, add some more
3 I went to my brother's room. We discussed what to do
detail, eventS or direct speech. lf you have written more than
250 words, look for unnecessary repetition, or cut some
detaiI or events.

Now write a final copy of your story.

Have you:
used adverbs and adverb phrases?
used a variety of reporting verbs and correct
punctuation with direct speech?
used a variety of adjectives and put them in the
correct order?
checked the spetting and grammar? 4 We went outside. The door closed behind us.
written the correct number of words? What happens next?

Unit 6 Dreams 67
 Voe abulary Gramnnar
1 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs 5 Rewrite the sentences using the construction for ... to ... .
below. The answers may be active or passive.
It's time that we admitted defeat.
breal< grind inftict rnai<e put up It's lima for us lo adrr,t defeai
1 Scientists a breakthrough in their quest for a 1 lt's important that athtetes shoutd train hard.
cure for cancer recentty. 2 The aim is that we shoutd Iearn Engtish in six months.
2 The statemate _ last night by the offer of a ten 3 ln the past, women wearing trousers was scandatous.
per cent pay rise. 4 The manager is unhappy about staff taking time off work.
3 Negotiations between unions and the management 5 lt is vitatyou read the instructions before switching on.
to a halt yesterday. Mark: 15
4 Over a thousand casualties upon the civil
poputation so far in the conflict.
Residents 6 Choose the correct form of eltipsis. Sometimes more than one
5 resistance to the new parking laws
answer is correct.
introduced by the city counci[ last week.
1 I apologise for hurting your feelings,
Mark _ /5 a I didn't. b I didn't mean. c I didn't mean to.
2 You can park in the garage
2 Write the noun form of these adiectives. a if you want. b if you want to. c if you want it.
1 wise 3 She's reatty tight-fisted now, but
2 altruistic a use. b she didn't
she didn't use to. c she didn't use to be.
3 courageous 4 We didn'twin the match, but
4 sincere a we coutd. b we could have. c we were able.
5 amiable 5 She's worried. Her boyfriend said he'd calt, but
Ma rk: lS
a he hasn't. b he woutdn't. c he wasn't.
Mark: lS
3 Choose the correct words.
1 Paula has set her goals / sights on winning the gotd 7 Comptete the sentences with the particles betow.
medaI in the Olympics. baci< off on cut up
2 lgor hopes to get the job, but he's not reatising /
counting on it.
1 My mother is hunting a costume for the party.
3 I can't see myself getting married in the foreseeable
2 She has to smarten if she wants to be promoted.
/ 3 A colleague rounded-- her unexpectedly in the
likely future.
meeting.
4 Do you think he'tt ever succeed i fulfil his ambition of
playing for Real Madrid? 4 They hadn't understood, so she went _ over the
rutes.
5 They're not pinning their hopes / dreams on victory, but
they're going to give it everything they've got.
5 We wanted to see our visitors properly, so we
-
accompanied them to the airport.
Mark: _ /5
Mark: _ /5
4 Complete the sentences with the verbs below and punctuate
them correctty.
8 Report the sentences using the verbs below.

gasp mutter sigh whisper yett

blame ctaim remind suggest tlrreaten warn
'Don't forget to empty the bin,' Jim's mother told him.
1 He to heryou look gorgeous
llm'r molher romindad him to empil lha b;n.
2 Slow down her husband we're going to crash
3 I suppose so she 1 'l think we should consult an expert,' said Amy.
4 Look- at your leg _ Grace I think it's broken 2 'l've never cried at the cinema,' said Harriet.
5 Why doesn't he just get to point
the Dan 3 'My iPod's brol<en and it's your fault!' said Mia to Ryan.
4 'lf you don't pay, l'll sell the photos,' she said.
Mark: _ /5 5 'Don't tal<e the motorway as there's been an accident,' he
totd him.
Mark: _ /5

58 iangLiage Review 5-6

Listening
Scientists have developed a
1 In pairs, thinl< about what has happened to Edgars so far. mind-reading technique which
What problems is he currently facing? How should he tackle could one day allow them to
them, in your opinion? take pictur"es of memonies
and dneams. By compar"ing
2 ('fi z.r O Listen and choose the correct answers. brain activity scans, they
wene able to cornectly pr-edict
1 Edgars won't formatty complain about being offered the which of 120 pictures
job and then rejected because someone was focusing on in
A it was probabty a misunderstanding anyway. 9O per cent of cases. The
B he doesn't have any proof. technique could one day form
C he doesn't have the money to pursue a comptaint. the basis of a machine to
D he doesn't have the same rights as British emptoyees. project the imagination on to
a scneen.
2 What is Edgars's reaction to Tomas's comments about Professon Jack Gallant
dreams? led the Califor"nian nesearch
A He thinks Tomas may be right. team. Writing in thd jour-nal Nature, he said: 'lt may
B He finds it hard to understand what Tomas is saying. soon be possible to reconstruct a picture of a person's
C He pretends to agree at first, but then disagrees. visual experience from measurements of brain
D He's scepticaI about Tomas's comments.
activity alone. lmagine a general br-ain-reading device
that could reconstruct a picture of a person's visual
3 Tomas invites Edgars to experience at any moment in time.'
A go out with him and his sister. Two scientists volunteered to look al 1 ,75O images
B have dinner with him at his sister's house. while data was recorded from their bnains and linked
C ioin him and his sister for dinner. mathematically to the 'points'that make up a 3D
D have dinner with him, his brother and his sister.
thought image. This link between brain activity and
image was then used to identify which images were
4 Edgars is speechless when Rita arrives because seen by each volunteen from a new set of 1 20, just by
A he recognises her from his dream. looking at their bnain scans.
B she futfits a[[ his romantic dreams. The nesearch evokes sci-fi film Minority Report, where
C he realises that they've already met. police in the future nead people's minds and anrest
D he's pretending to be amazed.
them fon 'thought crimes'. But such a srtuation is a
long way off, as the technique currently only wonks on
viewed images, not imagined ones, and it takes houns
Speaking fon the scanners to take the brain images.
Professor Gallant said: 'lt is possible that decoding
3 think about your own dreams for the future. Make notes bnain activity could have serious ethical and privacy
about (a) three personalambitions and (b) three hopes for implications in 30 to 50 year"s. We believe str-ongly that
the world in general. no one should be subjected to any form of
brain-reading involuntarily, covently, or without complete
4 ln groups of three or four give a short presentation to the informed consent.'
group about,your dreams using your notes from exercise 3.

Reading Writing

5 Read the text quichty. Exptain the connection between the

7 Read the question in the box and make notes for an essay.
Use the paragraph ptan betow.
text and the photo.

6 Answer these questions about the text. What woutd be the possible uses and misuses of a
machine that coutd read peopte's thoughts and dreams?
1 Using current technology, what can scientists tell about a
Do you think it would be a good or bad thing, on
person's thoughts by tooking at brain scans?
balance?
What might a more advanced version of this technology
atlow them to do in the future? Paragraph 1 lntroduction Paragraph 3 Possibte misuses
What ethical issues would arise if this technology were Paragraph 2 Possible uses Paragraph 4 Conclusion
successfully developed?
What safeguards does Professor Galtant suggest to 8 Write an essay of 200-250 words, followingyour plan from
prevent misuse of the technotogy? exercise 7.

Sl<itts Round-up 1-5 69

 Work in pairs. What do you know about former US president
Abraham Lincoln? Share your ideas with the class. I untiI he arrived at the East Room
J which awoke him from his dream
Do the Reading exam tasl<. K who were grieving as if their hearts woutd breal<

3 Oo the Use ofEnglish exam task.

Read the text. Complete the text with the phrase (A-K)
that best fits each gap. There is one phrase you do not
need.
Complete the second sentence so that it means the same
A famous dream as the first. Use two to five words including the word
Although Abraham Lincoln is given in bracl<ets. Do not change the form of word given.
today one of America's best-
loved presidents, that was not
1 'l didn't steaI the money!' said Wittiam . (denied)
always so. During rhe American Witliam the money.
CivilWar he was hated by 2 'Don't forget to write thanl<-you letters foryour
Southerners for abolishing presents,' said Mandy to her daughter. (reminded)
slavery, and 1- that he Mandy thank-you Ietters
fully expected to be murdered for her presents.
by his political opponents, and
had resigned himself to his fate.
3 'l'tI pay for the meal,' said Jal<e. (i nsisted)
According to a close friend of Jal<e for the mea[.
his, three days prior to his assassination, Lincoln recounted 'l'tI sen d you to your room if you speal< to me like that
a dream hed had to his wife and a few acquaincances, aga i n,' said George to his son. (threatened)
2-. In the dream, he was lying in bed in theWhite G eo rge to his room if he
House in Washington, and there seemed to be a death-lil<e spoke to him tike that again.
stillness around him.Then he began to hear quiet sobbing, 5 'You broke my MP3 player!' said Sally to Tom. (accused)
3- . He got out of bed and wandered downstairs.
Sa lty her MP3 player.
There the silence was broken by the same pitiful sobbing,
but he couldn't see who was mal<ing the noise. He went 6 'l won't tell anyone what you've told me,' said Fred.
from room to room but they were all deserted, 4_ .
(p rom ised)

It was light in all the rooms and every object was familiar to Fred what I'd told him.
him; but where, Lincoln wondered, were all the people 'Thank you so much for everything you've done,' said
5- | He was both puzzled and alarmed.What could be Martha. (gratitude)
the meaning of all this? Determined to find the cause, he lcept Maftha everything l'd
on wall<ing 6-, which he entered.There he met with a done.
sicl<ening surprise. Before him was a platform,T_ .
Around it were stationed soldiers who were acting as 8 'l'm definitely going to apply for the job,' said Ben.
guards; and there was a crowd of people, some gazing (intention)
mournfully upon the coffin, others crying bitterly.'Who has Ben confirmed for
died in theWhite Housel'Lincoln demanded of one of the the job.
soldiers.'The Presldent,' came the answer.
'He was killed by an assassin.'Then there was a loud
exclamation of grief from the crowd,8_ .
4 Do the speaking exam task.
Some people have ascribed a powerful meaning to his
dream, claiming that e_ . Others point out that, given
the fact that he fully expected that someone would try to
assassinate him, 10_ .
Compare and contrast the photos of two 'dream'
homes. What might the owners of these homes be til<e
A although the same mournful sounds of distress met and which photo more closely matches your idea of a
him as he wall<ed along 'dream'home?
B as if a number of peopte were crying
C in which he foresaw his own death
D it is hardty surprising that he dreamt of his own death
E Lincoln knew that he was about to die
F on which rested a coffin
G such was their antipathy towards him
H he had had the dream before

7g Get Ready for your Exam 5

 TI-IIS UNIT INCLUDES
Vocabulary o informal language r phrasal verbs with run and walk . synonyms of journey and rvdlk r phrases
for'softening' ideas t nouns related to phrasaI verbs r noun suffixes , easily confused words r Iinkers: other
people's expectations r benefits and drawbacks r cause, purpose and result . formal Ianguage
Grammar . -ing fotms after preparatory it r emphasis
Speaking . talking about travel r presentation: tourist destinations r talking about immigrati6n r presentation:
fourneys
the benefits of tourism
Writing e a tetter of complaint

1 ffi in pairs. Describe the photos. Would you

Worl< Match the verbs and particles to make phrasal verbs related
enjoy these types ofjourney or trip? Give reasons. to travel. They are a[[ from the listening.
1 stop a round
2 show sb bup
3 touch c off (at)
4 get d away
5 hotd e down
6 Complete the sentences with phrasalverbs from exercise 5
and below.

checl< into drop off pick up put up see off stop by

stop over I

1 The guy who the patace had some fascinating i.

stories about--the history of the place. ii

2 This evening the taxi you in the town

centre and you at the hotel.
3 My uncle's returning home to the States tomorrow.
-
l'm going to the airport -to him
4 My ptane and I didn't arrive untiI after midnight,
so I a hotel near the - airport.
5 Do =-- in if you're ever in London. We can easily
2 Discuss the difference in meaning between these words. - you_.
Use your dictionary to help you.
5 Last summer we in Greece on our way to lsraet.

1 a break 5 an outing D vOCneULARY BUILDER 7.2: PHRASALVERBS WITH

2 an expedition 7 a pitgrimage RU,V AND TYILK: WORKBOOK PAGE 108 @
3 an excursion 8 a trip
7 Make notes about a memorable journey, trip, excursion, etc.
4 a f ourney 9 a voyage
5 a tour 10 trave Is that you have made. Use some of the words from exercises 2,
4 and 5, and try to include some informalwords and phrases.
3 S'fi Z.f Z Listen. What are the four speal<ers describing? 1 Where did you go?
Match each speaker with a word from exercise 2. 2 What happened?
SpeakerrI Speal<erzI Speal<erf I Speal<er+[ 3 Why was it memorabte?

4 6& Z.t Z Listen again. What informal equivalents did the 8 ffiG Worl< in pairs and tellyour partner about it.
speal<ers use instead of these words?
D} VOCRBULARY BUILDER 7.3: SYNONYMS FOR t/vII"K:
Speal<er1 Speal<er 3 WORKBOOK PAGE 108 G
1 com ptain 7 dirty
2 very crowded 8 food
3 mal<e sb pay too much 9 spend
Speaker 2 Speal<er 4
4 nervous 10 hotet or restaurant
5 exhausted 11 rain heavity
6 sleep 12 sell
IED vOCRBULARY BUILDER 7.1: INFORMAL LANGUAGE:
WORKBOOK PAGE 107 G
l..,lnit7 - Journeys r 71
 #" Look at the chart. Do any of the statistics surprise you? Why? Read the information inthe Leorn this! box,then complete
the sentences from the [isteningwith the -ing form of the
verbs below.

ilttsl'rllii b;t+:ntJ:*tir kir: li.ig l!'!i s,{}* tr'*lit

l France 79.5 6 Turkey 29.3 1 For me it'd be a place welI worth __ a visit because
2 USA 62.3 Z UK 29.2 I'm reatty interested in doing outdoor activities.
3 China 57.6 8 Germany 28.4 2 lt's always fascinating how other peopte live.
4 Spain 56.7 9 Malaysia 24.2
3 I'd find it really exhilarating through the
mountains at high attitude.
5 ltaty 46.1 10 Mexico 23.4
4 lt's hard work alt your equipment with you.
5 Obviousty it'd be crazy to get to every country
Match the photos with four of the countries in the chart. inside a month. -
What do you l(now about the places in the photos? Would you 6 I actuatty thinl< it would be fun on my own, a real
like to visit them? Give reasons. adventure.
7 lt's a bitofa pain-on thetrain, butl'[[survive l'm
sure.

&m? {rfAS,{,}1,tAln fi}-i}".$f l.: ?.:i: -Jiltri ft);qi*$ ,,n;-..

r. ."' I | ,.'il rf_

ln informal speech you can soften ideas or make them

less precise by using the fottowing words and phrases.
a bit (of a) in a way in one way or another
just kind of sort of or something along those lines
or that kind of thing or some(thing) like that
or whatever
I just kind of want to visit somewhere really remote.
(:ln a way, l'd sort of prefer to go on a package hotiday
ffi 6& Z.f a Listen to three people tatking about where they or that kind of thing.) I
--_---c
would lil<e to visit and why. Match three or four of the reasons
betow (1-10) to each speaker. 6d Z.f A Read the Speaking frp. Which of the phrases did
Speal<er 1 Speal<er 2 _Speal<er 3 _ the speakers use in the listening? Listen again and check
l architecture your answers to exercises 4 and 5.
6 landscape
2 atmosphere
- 7 to improve [anguage sl<ills Read these sentences aloud, adding some phrases from the
3 cutturaI activities 8 to meet people speal<ing tip.
4 food 9 outdoor activities
5 history 10 personaI chaltenge 1 Paris, Rome and Madrid are good places to visit.
2 l'd like to travel round the world.
-ing form with preparatory if 3 Tom wants to backpack or hitchhil<e round Europe.
/f can be used as a preparatory subject or object for an 4 We're planning to visit the Seychettes or the Matdives.
-ing form, especially in informal style. 5 Thaitand has to be top of my tist of hotiday destinations.
It wos amazing walking olong the Great Wall. Worl< in groups of three. Decide on three places (e.g. a
It's fun travelling with friends. country, a city, a tourist site) that you would [il<e to visit.
It's no good just staying in hotels. Mal<e notes on why you would like to visit those places, using
I'd find it strange being on my own in o foreign country. the ideas in exercise 3 to help you.
It'd be tiring travelling non-stop to the south of ttaly.
ln this structure with worth,the object of the -ing form ffiffi Present your ideas to the class. Try to use some
can become the subject ofthe sentence. ofthe structures in the Learn this! box and the phrases in the
Speoking tip.
It's well worth visiting Paris.
$

Paris is well worth visiting. N

t Take a class vote on the most popular destination.

".-.*._.t

72 UnitT 'Journeys
& ffi Work in pairs. When, approximately, did the led a successful invasion of Britain.
3 ,|ulius Caesar
groups of people on the map invade Britain? Marl< your 4 The Angto-Saxon invaders lived peacefutty alongside the
answers on the map. The invasions are numbered in existing poputation of Britain.
chronologicaI order. Despite many frequent attempts by the Danish to invade
Britain, they never gained controt.
6 The existing population welcomed the Norman invaders.

Write the compound nouns related to these phrasalverbs.

o They are all in the listening.
( 1 come out oulcomo 4 pull out
o 2 rise up 5 falt down
Hadrian's
-----'Wall 3 take over 6 make up
+o

\s-eJ
s Complete the sentences with nouns formed from the verbs in
,o brackets combined with a preposition below. (Sometimes the
2 verb comes first, sometimes the preposition.)
$Y h+rlc *ff ilut *#f {}uer ufi
London
ANGLO"'AXONS There was an in the number of people fteeing the
N q
3 country. (surge)
{ \ nounrs Following the of war, the Britons [aunched an
{ 2 attack on the Romans. (break)
# **.,u*t NORMANS The Cettic [anguages made a following the
fi BrrreNs 5
Ii departure of the Romans. (come)
The Normans ruled Britain fottowing the of the
ft What [egacy did the invaders leave behind? Match the photos
Angto-Saxon nobitity. (th row)
There was a between the defenders and the
to four of the groups on the map.
invading forces. Neither coutd gain the upper hand.
(stand)
Foltowing the Norman invasion, the for the Anglo-
Saxon peopte was bteak. (took)

[E VOCRBUTARY BUILDER 7.4: NOUNS RELATED TO -

PHRASAL VERBS: WORKBOOK PAGE 108 (An

Make nouns from these words. They are att in the listening.
1 succeed (: follow) 5 know
2 migrate 5 conquer
3 attempt 7 resist
4 invade 8 supreme

[E VOCIBULARY BUILDER 7.5: WORD FORMATION (2):

WORKBOOK PAGE 109 @
& ffi Work in groups. Discuss the questions.
1 Who were the eartiest settlers in your country?
2 Were there any subsequent invasions? Who by? When?
Was there much resistance?
s $ Z,tl Listen and checl<your answers to exercises 1 and 2.
3 What legacy did the settlers and invaders [eave, if any?
(e.g. culturat, Iinguistic, potiticat, etc.)
& d) Z.tf Listen again and explain why these statements
must be false. 4 When was the last uprising in your country? What was it
about?
1 Foreign inftuences on the British identity began in the 5 Has there been an upsurge of migration in the past five
nineteenth century. years? lf so, why do you think that has been the case?
2 ln the distant past peopte couldn't migrate to Britain
unless they came by sea.

UnitT'Journeys I /J
 ffi"ffi}fl:*Tfiffi Worl< in pairs. Answer the questions.
T*me trare[
1 Do you l<now any stories or films in which the characters for bqinnerc
travel through time? e

2 Do you thinl< it will ever be possible to travel through I tI I Just over 100 years ago, in 1895, H. G. We[[s's
classic story The Time Machine was first pubiished. As befits
time? Why?/Why not?
the subject matter, that was the'minus tenth'anniversary
Read the text. Which sentence best sums up the opinion of of the first pubtication, in 1905, of Atbert Einstein's special
the writer? 5 theory of retativity. lt was Einstein, as every schoolchitd

1 Time travel runs counter to common sense and must knows, who first described time as 'the fourth dimension'
therefore be im possibte. - and every schootchjtd is wrong. As a matter of fact it
2 Time travel may one day be possible because the laws of was We[[s who wrote in The Time Mochine that'there is no
science do not rule it out. difference between Time and any of the three dimensions of
ro Space, except that our consciousness moves atong itJ
3 Time traveI is impossible because of the inherent
paradoxes. IB I I Ever since then, writers have been fascinated by
tirne traveL, and especia[ty by the paradoxes that seem
-to confront any genuine time travetler (something that
3 Match headings 1-6 with paragraphs A-F.
1 The impossibitity of time traveI We[[s neglected to investigate). The ctassic example is
2 Limitations ir the so-calted 'granny paradox', where a time trave[ter
3 Can we trust our common sense? inadvertently causes the death of his granny when she was
4 Versions of reatity a Littte girt, so that the travetler's mother, and therefore
5 A schootboy error the travetter himsetf, were never born. In which case, he
6 A writer comes to the aid of the scientists did not go back in time to kitt his relative, and so on.
zo A less gruesome exampte was entertaining[y provided by
the science-fiction writer Robert Heintein in his story By
His Bootstrops. The protagonist stumbles across a time-
travel device brought back to the present by a visitor from
the distant future. He steals the device and traveis forward
zs in tjme. He constantly worries about being found by the
old man from whom he stole the time machine - untiI one
day. many years later, he realises that he himsetfis now
the otd man, and carefu[[y arranges for his younger se[f to
'find' and 'steat' the time machine.
i_
| | | As these paradoxes show us, the possibility of our
30 C
being abte to traveI through time is ctearly irrationaI and
runs counter to common sense. The prob[em is that
common sense is not always the most reliabte means
of assessing scientific theories. To take Einstein's own
:s theories again, it is hardty common sense that objects
get both heavier and shorter the faster they move. or that
moving ctocks run stow. Yet both of these predictions
of retativity theory have been borne out many times in
experiments. In fact, when you look close[y at the generaI
+o theory of reLativity - the best theory of time and space we
have - it turns out that there is nothing in it to rute out
the possibility of time travel. The theory impLies that time
gAye!-qray- be exceedingly difficutt, but not impossibte.
---T----TPerhaps inevitabty, it was through science fiction
Lql I
,, I-hat serjous scientists finatly convinced themselves
that time travel could be made to work by a sufficientty
advanced civitisation. What happened was this. Car[
Sagan, a weL[-known astronomer, had written a noveI in
which his characters trave[[ed through a btack ho[e from
ro a point near the Earth to a point near the star Vega.

74 Unit 7 .,,
Journeys
 {4 Are the sentences true (T) or false (F)? ln which paragraph(s)
did you find the evidence?

Atthough he was aware that he was bending the accepted

1 Most scientists dismiss the idea of different wortds
co-existing alongside one another.
rules of physics, this was. after at[, fictjon. Nevertheless,
as a scientjst himsel"f, Sagan wanted the science in his
2 lt won't be possibte to traveI through time until we are
able to find and controI btack holes.
novel to be as accurate as possibte, so he asked Kip
;r Thorne, an established expert in gravitationa[ theory, to
3 H.G. Wetts demonstrated the problems thrown up by the
concept of time trave[.
check jt out and advise on how it might be improved.
After looking ctosety at the fictjonaI equations, Thorne
4 The possibitity of tal<ing a short-cut through space [ed
scientists to realise that time traveI may be theoretically
realised that such a passage through space-time from one
possible.
btack hote to another (a 'wormhote') actuaL[y could exist
oo within the framework of Einstein's theory. Sagan gratefutty
5 Einstein's theories are validated both in scientific
experiments and by common sense.
accepted Thorne's modification to hjs fictiona['star gate',
and the wormhote duLy featured in the novel, Contact, Read paragraphs B and F again and explain in your own
oubLished in 1985. words:
il

IEI l The star gate, however, stiLL only acted as a

1 the 'granny paradox'.
uu lhoitdt through space. Scientists soon realised that, 2 the theory of paraltel wortds.
theoreticatty, a wormhote couLd just as we[[ tink two
different tjmes as two djfferent pl.aces. Whi[e it js hard 6 Find one word from each pair in the text. Then translate the
to see how any civilisation coul.d buitd a wormhote time pairs of words into your language.
machine from scratch, it is much easier to envisage that
uo a naturatty occurring wormho[e might be adapted to
1 classic / classica[ (line 2)
2 unreasonabte / irrationat (Line 31)
suit the time-traveliing needs of a sufficientty advanced
3 possibitity / opportunity (tine 42)
civiLisation. SufficientLy advanced, that is, to be ab[e to
4 impty / infer (tine 42)
travel through space by conventional means. and locate
5 excessively / exceedingty (line 43)
and manipu[ate btack hotes. Even then, there's one snag.
ru It seems you can't use a time machine to go back jn time
5 borne / born (tine 98)
to a point before which the time machine was buitt. You [8 VOCASULARY EUll-DER 7.6: EASILY CoNFUSED
can go anywhere in the future, and come back to where WORBS: WORKBO0K PAGE x09 (13
you started, but no further. Whjch rather neat[y exp[ains
why no time travelters from our future have yet visited us Linkers that refer to the other person's expectations
so - because the time machine sti[[ hasn't been inventedl os a matter of fact (paragraph A)
r*--r----T
in fact (paragraph
I F I I So, where does that leave the paradoxes, and C)

common sense? Actually, there is a way out of a[[ the actually (paragraphs D and F

difficult'ies, but you may not tike it. It invotves another the plain fact is (paragraph fl
favourite idea from science fiction: parattel worlds. These to tell the truth
ss are the'alternatjve histories', which are envisaged as
jn some sense lying 'a[ongside' our version of reality. v Read the Learn this! box. Find four ofthe [inl<ers in the text
According to the theory, each of these para[[eI worlds is and then match a[[ five [inl<ers with their uses.
just as real as our own, and there js an alternative history
for every possible outcome of every decision ever made.
1 used when admitting something
so Alternative histories branch out from decision points,
2 used to show a contrast between the truth and what the
other person believes
bifurcating endless[y [ike the branches and twigs of an
'infinite tree, Bizarre though it sounds, this idea is taken 3 used for talking about a fact that some peopte do not
accept or may not Iil<e to hear
seriously by a handful of scjentists. And it certain[y fixes
a[ the time travel paradoxes. According to the theory of
4 used to give extra detaits about something

os paratte[ worlds, if you go back in time and prevent your

5 used to add a comment, of interest to the other person

own bjrth it doesn't matter, because by that decision you EE VOCneULARY BUTLDER 7.7: LlNKIRS (2):
create a new branch of reality, in which you were never WORKBOOK PAGE lTO K
born. When you go forward in time, you move up the new
branch and find that you never did exist, in that reality; I , .l#ffill"ft Worl< in pairs. Discuss the questions.
roo but since you were born and buitt your time machine in 1 lf you coutd travel back in time, when and where would
the reatity next door, there is no paradox. Hard to betieve? you traveI to? Give reasons.
Certain[y. Counter to common sense? 0f course. But the 2 How might it change your view of the wortd?
plain fact is that a[[ of this bizarre behaviour is at the 3 Would you try to change anything in the past? What?
very least permitted by the laws of physics, and in some whv?
105 cases required by those [aws. ] wonder what H. G. Wetts
woutd have made of it a[t.

Unit7 " Journeys :/J

 Fly-driue Gommuting
a a aa a taota aaa aa aa
For decades scientists have dreamed of building a car that can also fly,
but its only in the past few years, with the development of light-weight
construction materials and highly efficient engines, that the dream has
becorne a reality. I recently visited the headquaders of a company called
Terrafugia in Massachusetts.'What you are going to see,' said the young
man who showed me around. will revolutionise the way we travel around.'
He led me into a hangar. Before me stood the Transition'. brainchild of a versatile, it's also fairly economical, travelling 13 km per litre of unleaded
group of young graduates from the Massachusetts lnstitute of Technology petrol in the air and '1 7 km on the ground. The Transition has attracted a
(MlT). lt was while they were studying at MIT that they came up with the huge amount of general interest, but the question is, is there a market?
idea, but not until they'd left college did they build the prototype. You can What may put a lot of people off is the price-tag: $148,000. The company
drive the Transition t0 the airport, extend its wings, take otf, fly up to 800 doesn't anticipate huge sales in the first year or so, but it does believe that
km and land at another airstrip. Then, having folded up the wings, you can it's only a matter of time before hybrid car-planes replace conventional
complete the journey t0 your destination by road. But not only is it very cars.

.li. Read the text. What is unusuaI about the vehicle? Rewrite the sentences to make them more emphatic, using
the techniques in the Learn this! box. More than one answer
3l: Read the Learn this! box and underline nine examptes in the
is sometimes possible. Compare your answers with a partner
text of ways of adding emphasis. What is being emphasised and explain any differences.
in each sentence inthe Learn this! box?
I don't [il<e the design. lt'r the derign i don'i lirs

Adding emphasis
I
I
1 I don't have a car, but I have a bicycte.
1 Cleft sentences
I
I 2 I've never read such a thought-provoking bool<.
I don't understand how the Transition can take off.
3 | don't like his attitude to women.
>> What I don't understand is how the Transition can
4 | can't afford a new car. That's the problem.
take off.
5 A man in a yellow jacket came round the corner.
The cost may put a lot of people off.
6d Z.ZO Listen. How do the speal<ers mal<e the fottowing
>>lt's the cost that may put o lot of people off. sentences more emphatic?
2 Fronting phrases
1 What are you doing? 5 Why did you do that?
a negative and limiting expressions 2 | know I'm wrong. 5 Tal<e a seat.
l've rarely been so impressed by a new invention.
>> Rarely have I been so impressed by a new
3 The weather's nice today. 7 You're wearing a nice tie.
4 You've done well.
invention.
b adverbiaI expressions of ptace ,,]
Mal<e the fo[[owing sentences more emphatic. Say them out
The pilot sat in the cockpit. loud, paying attention to the stress and intonation.
>> ln the cockpit sat the pilot.
1 Where have you been?
c Phrases such as The problem/trouble/truth/fact/
2 You should apologise to me, not to him.
question is, ...
3 He scored a fantastic goal.
3 Use of do/does/did for emotive or contrastive
4 Hetp yourself to more potatoes.
em p hasis
5 I was just dozing off when Jacl< burst in.
The Transition looks elegant!
>> The Transition does look elegant!
ilii?;ii.Hiffi,;i Complete the sentences in an appropriate way,
I don't like the colour, but I like the design. using an emphatic structure. Compare your answers with your
>> I don't like the colour, but I do like the design. partner.
1 What reatty bothers me is ...
Illll,ili, rllil,rli'L'r,il/riiirl liil.lil.l)i:iii ir'..i: lilill'l"fl!ll,l:r,r llli.lil ll;lrl ,(lllll 2 Rarely have I seen ...
3 lt's not just me that ...
Read paragraphs A, C, D and F of the text on pages 74 and T5 4 What I've set my sights on is ...
and find examples of ways of adding emphasis. 5 I don't ..., but I do ...

76 Unit 7, Journeys
g ffi Lookatthe photosandthe graph.Whataspectsof D VOCIBULARY BUILDER 7.8: EXPRESSING CAUSE,
foreign travel do they show? PURPOSE AND RESULT: WORKBOOK PAGE 110 Gl
& tvtatctr 1-10 to a-j to mal<e complete sentences. Look at the
collocations in botd.
1 lncreased carbon emissions have ctearty had a
detrimental
2 Climate change, then, is a major
3 Tourism can have a negative
4 Big hotels spring up along the coast, usua[[y to the
5 The increased demand for water, for example, can pose
6 I don't thinl< the benefits to [ocal peopte outweigh
7 LocaI people benefit
8 When the purpose of travel is to learn about other
cultures, it's ctearly of mutual
9 I don't think we can avoid doing
Mittions Number of passengers flying from UK airports 10 We should endeavour to minimise the damage
250

a from the money that tourists spend while they are on

200
holiday.
150
beffect on the earth's atmosphere.
100 c a threat to rivers and [akes.
d benefit to the tourist and the locaI people.
5o
e the damage that tourism does.
o
1953 1962 tgtt 19Bo t989 t99B 2oo5 2aa7 2aog 2aag 2o7o
f detriment of the tocal environment
2017
g we cause to the environment.
h concern, but by no means the only one.
$fr Z.Zf Listen to two people answering the question i harm altogether.
below. Which of their opinions and supporting arguments do
you find most persuasive? i impact on the physicaI environment.

Complete the phrases for generalising with the words below.

Should people be encouraged to travel
abroad on holiday, or discouraged? hrced{y Lry in ln $n :*
Generatising
$ f .:t Complete the first gap in these sentences from the
1 _ the whole 4 and large
listening exercise using the words below. lf there is a second
gap, use a preposition. Then listen again and check.
2 5 _ most cases
3 general 6 - speaking
{L}fiseqL}*fifl#s due {e,:r,s *rE;1r }jurp*s* l*auited
tl:e rmnx*n th{s r'*.rinos:
-agreatextent
& Read the task below. Mal<e notes about your opinion and
-
1 A vast increase in the number of flights over recent years arguments that support it. lnclude at least one opposing
has increased carbon emissions. argument. Think about the environment, economic benefits/
2 An increase in the number of visitors inevitably drawbacks, quatity of [ife for your compatriots, and the image
- expansion and devetopment. ofyour country abroad.
3 The local environment was the resort's ,*".-.*
popularity in the first place. I Towhat extent does tourism benefit your country?
for
i

4 More hotets and more restaurants inevitably _ j Shoutd more tourism be encouraged? Give reasons
- more
__
i

5
strain on the local infrastructure.
The more ftights witt be increased ctimate
Ll:_',::t1l::1i_ ___ i

change. ffire Prepare a presentation of no more than three

6 For , I think it's particularty important for peopte minutes using some of the phrases and collocations from
to trave[. exercises 3, 4 and 5. Then give your presentation to the class.
7 - change is partty
Ctimate carbon emissions
from ptanes.
8 The travel is to learn about other cultures.

Unit 7 ,=
Journeys 7l
 ffiffi Describe the photos. What do you thinkthe
customer is saying? What do you thinl< the call centre 33 Charles Road
assistant is saying? Use the ideas below to help you. Morecambe
Lancashire LA34 5GH
24th August 2009
Customer Services Dept.
Sunny Day Holidays
P0 Box 342
Birmingham 889 6GH

Dear Sir or Madam,

Booking reference: SD3467PH-7
I have just lgot back / returned from a holiday organised
ffiffiffi Answer the questions. by your travel company and 'ZI'm writing / I am writing to
1 Have you ever wanted to complain about something you complain in the strongest terms about 3a number of / quite
bought? Why? a few things.
2 Did you actually comptain? lf not, why not? lf so, what aFirst of att To start with, on your website 5you say the
/
happened? hotel is / the hotel is described as being'a short walk
from the beach'. 6but actualty / whereas in fact it took us
Read the letter of complaint. Choose the most formal nearly fifteen minutes to get there, walking briskly. '/What
expressions to complete it. is more, / 0n top of that, the beach itself was dirty and
there were a number of submerged rocks near the shore
Answer the questions about the tetter. swhich made swimming hazardous which meant it was
/
1 Where does the writer put (a) her own address? dangerous to swim.
(b) the recipient's address? (c) the date? My second complaint concerns Sunny Day's representative
2 lf the writer knew the name of the recipient, how would in the resort. eOn our arrival, we were informed by your
she (a) greetthe person? (b) sign off? representative / When we got there your rep told us
that the excursions 'owe'd / which we had pre-booked had
Find linkers in the [etter with the fottowing functions. been cancelled and that we would have to 11make our own
How many more [inl<ers can you add to the lists? arrangements / sort it out ourselves if we wanted to see
the locai sights. 1'zTo make matters worse, / Even worse,
1 making a contrast (find two) she 13made no apotogy for this / didn't say sorry and was
2 ordering points (find two) generalLy brusque and unhelpful.
3 making additional points (find two) Finally, I should iike to ladraw your attention to / point
4 generalising (find one) out the quatity of the food at the hotel. 0n the whole,
breakfast and lunch were 15fine / great. However, dinner
Match words 1-6 with their more formaI equivalents below.
was of a very poor standard and 16we were not offered /
they didn't offer us a choice of main dishes.
Att this has spoilt what should have been a wonderful
holiday, 17and I woutd therefore like a partial refund / so
1 match 3 repty 5 many
I want some money back. I suggest fifty per cent of the
2 asl< for 4 buy 6 deat with
cost of the holiday.
Complete the sentences using the formal words from exercise I look forward to hearing from you.
6 in their correct form. Yours faithfully,
1 Despite catls to your office, up to now no one
my comptaints.
$eLew Noobu,d,.b
Helen \tVoodward
2 I am writing to com ptain about a CD ptayer that I

from your shop. *-.-,J

3 As the hotiday did not the description in the
brochure, I shall legaI advice from my solicitor.
4 Shoutd you faiI to to my letter, I sha[[ have no
option but to initiate court proceedings.

DD -
VOCRSULARY BUILDER 7.9: FORMAL LANGUAGE:
WORKBOOKPAGEllO K

78 Unit 7 Journeys
 ffii,-# Worl< in pairs. Look at the holiday photos.
What comptaints might the holidaymaker mal<e to the travel
company? Use the ideas below to help you.

Read the task, the advertisement and notes.

You have just returned from a short hotiday in London

and are very disappointed. Write a letter of 200-250
words to the customer services department of the
company comptaining about the hotiday and the way in
which the advertisement misted you.

Getaway Breaks
Two nights in London at
the comfortable, friendly
4 **** King's Hotel

Dver\ooKod lard
wi'ih rec.'1c\ing' binr Only a short walk to London's
theatre land
bus war lato. Tour
Sightseeing tour of the city onll \aa'ied vo \rtinb
?aid sy."ira for
dinnar. 9\and, Only el 30 per person,
overcooved{ood
including meals
Book now to avoid
disappointment.
Ko{und - at
\eat\ 25%
Write the middte section of your letter. Put each maior
complaint in a separate paragraph. Use some of the
sentences from exercise 3.

Write the fina[ paragraph of your letter. Say what you expect
Turn the notes from exercise 2 and some of the complaints in the company to do. Finish with an appropriate set phrase.
exercise 1 into futt sentences usingthe phrases below.
1 I was disappointed that/to (find) ... Once you have written a rough draft, checl< your worl< using
2 lt is reatly unacceptabte that ... the checl<list below. Then write a fina[ copy of the letter.
3 The brochure claimed that ... However, ...
4 I was appalted that/by ...
5 What I found totalty unacceptable was ... Have you:
6 To our horror, ... included at[ the necessary information?
7 Setdom have I ... taid out your letter correctly?
8 0ne major problem was ... started and finished the letter correctly?
used formal language, and [inking words?
Write the first paragraph of your letter. Say why you are checked the spetting and grammar?
writing. written the correct number of words?

Unit 7 Journeys 79
 IEEf?+ffiIfiEfff{n What reasons do peopte have for 4 Oo the Use of Engtish exam tasl<.
suddenly leaving home and starting a new life abroad?

2 Make sentences about the photos using the words in the box.
Complete the text. Write one word onty in each gap.
load (v)
possessions precariously balanced ramp For such a small seabird, the sooty shearwater has an ambitious
removalvan stack (v) strap (n) take r- the world. 2- its diminutive size, it thinks
nothing of flying from New Zealand to Alaska 3 pursuit of
3 Do the Speaking exam task. an endless summer.
For years, ornithologists have l<nown that sooty shearwaters
breed off the coasts of New Zealand and Chile in the'southern
hemisphere, and then cross the equator to the rich summer
Compare and contrast the photos. Answer the questions feeding grounds of the North Pacific, a- stretch from
about each photo. California to Japan. Now a study has shown thatthis epic feat
5 performed over a single breeding season, with individual
birds travelling as far 6- 62, 400 km in just one year.
It is the longest migration route undertaken by individual
animals that has been recorded by scientists, according 7

Scott Shaffel a research biologist at the Unlversity of California,

Santa Cruz, who led the team behind the study.'The B

bird species known that e rival the migrations of the sooty

shearwater would be the arctic tern, which breeds in the Arctic
and migrates to Antarctica,' Dr Shaffer said. 'But we don t know
r0- they do that in a single season, because nobody's ever
tracked them"'

IGEf?tfltJllnlEfi-{,ll
Read the sentences in the Listening
exam task. What do you think the tistening is about?

6 $b z.zz Do the Listening exam task.

Listen to part of a radio programme. Choose the correct

option(s) to complete the sentences. At least one of the
options is always correct, and sometimes both options
may be correct.
I
1 Humpback whates
A traveI further in one go than any other anima[.
i
B are born in warm waters off the coast of Central
America.
2 The markings on the whates' taits enabted the
researchers to
A identify the same whale in entirely different locations.
B identify which calves betonged to which mothers.
3 Baby h um pback whales
7 Why are the people moving, do you thinl<? A spend the first year of their lives in warm water.
2 Where do you thinl( they are going? B sometimes travel thousands of l<itometres from the
3 How are their experiences different? breeding ground soon afterthey are born.
4 The researchers employed a satellite
A to establish how warm the water is where the baby
whates are born.
Completing a text with appropriate words B to track the whates' journey across the equator.
o Most of the missing words in this type of tasl< witt be 5 One result of the research is that scientists now know
'grammar words' (artictes, auxiliary verbs, pronouns, A which type of whales migrates the furthest.
prepositions, etc.). B why humpback whales travelled north across the
r Do not write more than one word in each gap. eq u ato r.

80 Get Ready for your Exam 7

 THIS UNIT INCLUDES
Vocabulary r clothes and styles i two-part adjectives r colloquiaI language r food related words and
phrases r phrases for describing statistics, graphs, charts and trends r phrases for giving estimates
r periphrasis and euphemism . connotation
Grammar t would r modalverbs
Tastes
Speaking . talking about attitudes to food r tatking about youth culture r stimutus based-discussion
Writing r a report

ffi Discuss this quotation by English eccentric Read the Speaking fip. Worl< in pairs. Match as many of the
Quentin Crisp. What does it mean? Do you agree? Are there words below as possible with the photographs in exercise 2.
other reasons for wanting to be fashionable? General
Fashion is what you adopt when chic dishevelled elegant neat scruffy shabby
smart stylish trendy unkempt we[[-dressed
you don't know who you are.
Specific
garments: bandana corset cravat waistcoat
2 ffi Look at the photos. Do you think these peopte
parts of garments: buckle button collar cuff laces
look fashionable or unfashionable? Which clothes do you like
most and least? designs, materiats, etc.: check denim fishnet ripped
stripy studded tartan
hair: bob dreadlocl<s extensions goatee ptaits
tr stubble
accessories:bangle chain piercing

4 ffi Describe one photo from exercise 2. Fottow the

structure suggested inthe Speoking tip.

db :.Of Listen to four teenagers tall(ing about clothes. Are

the sentences true (T) or false (F), or is the answer not stated
(NS)?

1 Speal<er 1 tatks about a boy from school and recatts that

casuaI ctothes were his thing.
2 Speaker 2 was made to wear an outfit that, if it had been
up to her, she wouldn't have been seen dead in.
3 Speal<er 3 thinks that the style of ctothing worn by
Chandter in Friends quite suits his brother.
4 Speal<er 4 comptains about having to wear ctothes with
[ogos on the front.

6 6b :.Of Complete these two-part adiectives with the words

below. Try to remember which nouns they describe. Then
listen again and checl<.
fitting length neck piece steeved tight toed up
1 three- 5 loose-
2 futl 6 long--
3 open / sKrn-
4 8 zip-
D vOCneULARY BUILDER 8.1: CLOTHES IDIOMS:
WORKBOOK PAGE 111 (33
When describing a photo, it is often hetpfutto structure
your description in this way: 7 ffi your partner whether you agree
Worl< in pairs. Tett
genera[ --) specific -) speculative or disagree with these statements, and why.
For example, if describing a person's appearance, start 1 Women are more interested in fashion than men.
by saying whether they look smart, casuat, etc. Then 2 Some clothes onty suit young peopte.
describe their appearance in detait. Then speculate about 3 You need a lot of money to atways look fashionable.
who they might be, where they might be going, etc. 4 Some ctothes do not lool< good on anybody and shoutd
never be worn.
UnitS * Tastes :81
 ffiffiffi You are going to read part of an article called Meat 6 6& :.OZ Complete these excerpts from the listening with
for vegetorians. What l<ind of meat do you think it could be? the words below. Then [isten again and check.
Discuss your ideas in pairs.
{i'-,rvql!* 1"*r:eil* f'uri Ssiil* i!.:r:.: ;rrit'iti l*' ll:
Quicl<ty read the article and find the answer to exercise 1. ii-,:.1 f 11 rl ,l 1 r,:;l t
1 lt was a real , going to the localtake away.
2 Lots of things are off the
3 As teenagers, we nothing else.
It is the ultimate conundrum 4 I pretty much on chocolate
-. and sweets.
for vegetarians who think that 5 I hardty a piece of fruit.
meat is murder: a revolution 6 My friends reckon I on chocolate.
in processed food that will 7 I just don't have a sweet
see fresh meat grown from 8 I suppose I treat food as
animal cells without a single 9 My sister's a reat-.
cow, sheep or pig being killed.
Researchers have published f Study the following excerpts and match the uses of would to
details in a biotechnology journal describing a new technique types 1-5 in the Learn fhis.r box. Which example is difficult to
which they hailed as the answer to the world's food shortage. match? Explain the meaning of that example.
Lumps of meat would be cultured in laboratory vats rather than 1 I woutd have been about fourteen at the time.
carved from livestock reared on afarm. 2 I woutdn't eat swordfish, for exampte.
According to researchers, meat grown in laboratories would 3 I'd say there are very few foods that are safe to eatl
be more environmentally friendly and could be tailored to be 4 My dad wouidn't let us have sugar when we were kids.
healthier than farm-reared meat by controlling its nutrient 5 But he would say that, wouldn't he?
content and screening it forfood-borne diseases. Vegetarians 6 She'd insist that we try it, though.
might also be tempted because the cells needed to grow 7 I woutd guess she's hoping to make a career out of it.
chunks of meat can be taken without harming the donor animal. 8 I woutd love to sample their everyday dishes.
Experiments for NASA, the US space agency, have already
shown that morsels of edible fish can be grown in petri dishes, We can use would
though no one has yet eaten the food. Now researchers have 1 with verbs like say and thinklo make a statement less
taken the prospect of 'cultured meat' a step further by working d efi n ite.
out how to produce it on an industrial scale. They envisage to tall< about habitual actions in the past.
muscle cells growing on huge sheets that would be regularly to talk about wittingness (or unwillingness) to do
stretched to exercise the cells as they grow. Once enough something in the past or in the hypotheticatfuture.
cells had grown, they would be scraped off and shaped into 4 with verbs like 1oye, like and ratherwhen talking about
processed meat products such as chicken nuggets. preferences.
I
Ji
i5
I

!
to make a Iogicaldeduction (similar to must). !
I
,1ffi"s"PsrErys"dir ..-.-__---. i

;Ti Find example s of would in the text in exercise 2. How would W *ee*nA$Atr &i.ill.*gq S.J.: kFS#t$: f,q{;g 1;? ffire
the meaning be stightly different if these were changed to
ffi Rewrite these sentences using would.
will?
1 My dad always used to cook Iunch on Sundays.
e ffi ln pairs, discuss these questions about the text. 2 l'm not prepared to eat genetically modified food.
Give reasons for your answers. 3 He's trying to [ose weight, probably.
1 Would you eat'cultured meat'? 4 Spending a year travelling has broadened her tastes in
2 Do you think many vegetarians would eat it? food, probabty.
3 Do you think the mass production of 'cultured meat' 5 My mother refused to buy South African fruit because of
woutd be a good or bad thing for the wortd? aparth eid.
4 ln genera[, do you think it is good to try new and unusual
kinds of food? ffi Work in pairs. Ask and answer the questions.
1 Do you consider food to be fuet, or are you a bit of a
q 6D 3.02 Listen to four peopte talking about their attitudes 'foodie'? Justify your answer.
to food. Does each speal(er eat a wider or narrower range of 2 How have your tastes changed over the years?
food now than in the past? Why? 3 lf you had to live entirety on three different dishes,
what would they be?
82 UnitS ' Tastes
S ffiffwort<
in pairs. Describe
what the people
in the photo are
wearing. Do some Who they are They may care about the environment but this crew
young people are less alienated than their early 1990s counterparts. They don't
dress [il<e this reject the modern world - they embrace it to change it.
Where you find them Noses buried in ecology books; organising
in your country?
online petitions.
What their look is Sweatshirls from Howies; dreadlocks or undercuts.
What they listen to Jungle-folk band Vampire Weekend;
drum'n'bass DJ Mechanical Organic.

# Lool< quicl<ly
through the text Our gong. Which of the five
B URBIIIIfi
styles does the photo in exercise 1 show? Who they are Street kids, but not as you know ihem - imagine
mini-entrepreneurs who are ridiculously clued-up on ar1, fashion and,
S For questions 1-10, choose from the five styles (A-E). of course, music.
Where you find them ln the day, spot them skiving in their local
Which gang
record shop, looking for rare 1990s tracks to remix. Later, it's
1 is interested in creating music? tr everyone over to a mate's place to hear his Iatest demo.
2 always dresses immaculatety? E What their look is Hoodies from Supreme or Bathing Ape; limited-
edition trainers.
3 is interested in 'green' issues? tr What they listen to Dubstep, a heavier, more meaningful branch of
4 often wears very high shoes? tr hip-hop.
5 tends not to mixwith the opposite sex? tr
6 prefers the cinema to the tetevision? I
c HEo lndie
Who they are lnstead of ruthless introspection, life for neo-indie kids
7 has a keen sense of business? I is about pushing each other home in trolleys and then posting the
8 enfoys provoking negative reactions? tr photos online.
Where you find them Travelling around town in single-sex packs;
9 often wears distinctive make-up? E queuing for tickets to see bands.
10 is more interested in fun than reflection? I What their look is Whatever it is - Topshop and American Apparel,
mostly - it must be perfect.
& tvtatch eight of the cotloquiat words in red in the text with What they listen to Their favourite band, of course. We Smoke Fags
definitions 1-8. Then write similar definitions for the other and The Enemy are hot.
six. Use the context to hetp you and a dictionary, if necessary.
1 vrznnabo(adj) having an ambition to be something
r Nu Gnnvr
2 (v) avoidingwork/school Who they are Goths, but flamboyant ones. They love to be different
I (adi) very tight and lap up the attention they get from shocked relatives.
Where you find them Find them at nu-grave nights in grungy venues
4- (phr v) seeing or watching (a show, etc.)
like Korsan Bar in east London.
5 (adj) dirty, not smart
What their look is They take inspiration from the darker side of high
6- (adj) knowtedgeabte, well-informed
fashion. Add wet-look hair, black lips, patent-leather trench coats
, (Ohr v) accept gratefutly
and 20 cm platforms.
8 (n) a group of friends What they listen to Good-looking young nu-grave bands such as
The Horrors and lpso Facto.
5 Compare your six definitions from exercise 4 with your
classmates. Do you agree on the meanings? t FAUX PUNK

& Worl< in pairs or groups. Who they are Ad students and wannabe actors who live for
creativity, love and their friends. Do not mistake them for real punks
1 Decide on a distinctive styte that is common among Where you find them Watching bands at the Dot to Dot festival in
young people where you live. lnvent a name for it, if it Nottingham; reading underground 'zines such as the PiX; taking in
does not have one. films by Gregg Araki or Gus Van Sant; actively not watching telly.
2 Make notes about the style using the same subheadings What their look is Like old punks, but much better-looking. Yellow
as the ones in Our gang. DMs; super-skinny jeans; McQ vests; biker jackets.
3 Write a text about the style similar to the ones in Our What they listen to Good-looking, well-dressed bands such as
gang. Use cottoquial language where possible. Gallows and Late of ihe Pier.

Unit 8 ', Tastes 83

 ffi Read the newspaper cutting and answer the Technology devetoped to keep cooking oil fresh coutd
questions. hetp the wortd's poorest peopte by
1 What are nano-partictes and what potentiat benefits do a increasing their consumption of nutrients.
they have in relation to food? b preventing fish from going off too quickty.
2 Why are some peopte concerned about nano-partictes c alerting them when water supplies become
in food? contam inated.
d enabting them to purify water more easily.
At its most advanced, nano-technology might enabte
104 products on shelves already i consumers to
contain toxic nano-particles, a experience previousty undreamed-of combinations of
tastes.
\ryarns Friends of the Earth b make any food they can think of without the need for
Potentially toxic chemicals are being incorporated into lood. conventionaI ingredients.
packaging, health supplements and other products by stealth, it c have a much higher level of protein in their diet.
is claimed. Manufacturers boast that nano-particles, which are d avoid foods they distike altogether.
thousands oltimes thinner than a human hair. can deliver drugs ln the opinion of the scientist David Bennett, how will the
or vitamins more ellectively. kill harmlul bugs in lood or creare public react to nano-food?
sell-cleaning windows. Bur scientisls. consumer groups and green a They'[[ give it a cautious welcome.
campaigners fear the technology is being introduced into the diet, b They'tt be too concerned about the dangers to welcome it.
body and environment without proper safety checks. c They'tt eventuatly be won over by atI the potential
benefits.
d They'tt want to decide whether the potentiat benefits
2 Lool< quickly through the text on page 85. Match paragraphs
outweigh the dangers.
2-6 with five of the headings below.
7 How is the size of nano-particles relevant to their
Create your own flavours Healthier and more exciting food potential dangers?
Products available now Public protests Tiny toxins a Most substances are toxic at nano-scales.
Unl<nown dangers b They are too sma[[ for scientists to track their position.
Paragraphl lntroduction c Once they're inside the body, they behave Iil<e viruses.
Paragraph 2 _ d Their microscopic size aItows them to pass through the
Paragraph 3 _ body's usuaI defences.
Paragraph 4 _
Paragraph 5 _ Find these words in the text.
Paragraph 6 _ Paragraph 1 two sweet dishes and two savoury dishes
Paragraph 2 four ad.iectives that describe food or drink
3 Read the text and choose the best answers. Paragraph 3 two things that can spoil food and make it
1 What does Witty Wonka's magical chewing gum have in in edible
common with types of nano-food in development? Paragraph 4 three of the etements that most food contains
a They both contain an exciting mix of tastes. (such as carbohydrate...)
b Both are appealing to young chitdren. Paragraph 5 fourwords which mean danger
c They both attow the consumer to choose the flavours. Paragraph 6 four organs ofthe human body
d They're both made in a factory.
Worl<in pairs. Write as many words as you can under these
2 Which elements of 'programmable food, woutd
headings in three minutes. Which pair has the most words?
consumers be abte to determine by zapping it?
a colour, consistency and nutritionalvatue 1 sweet dishes 3 adiectives that describe food or drink
b temperature, colour and taste 2 savoury dishes 4 elements that food contains
c taste, nutritionaI value and colour
d texture, taste and colour
ffi Worl< in pairs. Discuss the questions.
1 Woutd you be witting to eat food which contained nano-
3 Untike ordinary packaging, 'smart' packaging particles? Why?/Why not?
a keeps food fresh permanently. 2 Do you thinl< research into nano-food shoutd be banned?
b prevents any oxygen from reaching the food. Why?/Why not?
c has yet to arrive on supermarket shelves.
d can monitor the condition of the food it contains. D VOCneULARY BUILDER 8.2: TALKING ABOUT FOOD:
WORKBOOK PAGE 111 G
84 Unit 8 ," Tastes
 Most people have heard about the'smart' 'nanobiotechnology', believes the pubtic witt

Nano-food
r Witty Wonka is the father of nano-food.
food packaging that wjtt warn when
oxygen has got inside, or if food is going
aLmost certainLy reject nano-food because
of the perceived periLs. 'Very LittLe risk
off - research on that is comptete and the assessment has been done on this area,
The great chocolate-factory owner, you'L[ products are arriving. Samsung has fridges even on some products already entering
remember, invented a chewing gum that on the market in Asia and America that use the market'. What's to be afraid of, from a
was a fut[ three-course dinner. ']t wil.t be nano-silver to kiL[ bacteria. Atso avaiLable technotogy that offers so much - heaLthier
the end of aLt kitchens and cookingi he totd in American supermarkets is cooking oiL food, fewer, better-targeted chemicaLs, Iess
the children on his tour - and produced a that, in theory, can be kept fresh for ever - waste,'smart' (and thus tess) packaging,
prototype sampte of Wonka's Magic Chewing thanks to nano-engineered molecuLes whjch and even the promise of a technoLogicaI
Gum. 0ne strip of this woul.d de[iver tomato lock onto contaminants. These coutd atso soLution to the probLem of the one bi[Lion
soup, roast beef with roast potatoes and simptify the process of cLeaning drinking peop[e who don't get enough to eat? 'Matter
blueberry pie and ice cream - in the right water - potentially hugety important for has different behaviour at nano-scaLes,'
order. the devel"oping world. ]n AustraLia, you can says Dr Kees Eijket from the Dutch Twente
2 Far-fetched? The processed-food giant buy bread that contains undetectab[e nano- University.'That means djfferent hazards
Kraft and a group of research laboratorjes capsutes of omega-3, a vatuabte nutrjent are associated with it. We don't know what
are busy working towards 'programmabLe found naturaLty in oity fish l"ike saimon. these are.' For exampLe, some metals wiLL kiL[
food'. 0ne product they are working on is 4 Food manufacturers including UniLever bacteria at nano-scate - hence the interest
a co[ourtess, tasteLess drink that you. the and Nest[6 plan to use nano-encapsutation in using them in food packaging - but what
consumer, witt design after you've bought it. to improve shel.f tife and engineer wit[ happen if they get off the packaging
You'l"t decide what colour and flavour you'd taste sensations in fat-based foods like and into us? CouLd they be a threat to our
Like the drink to be, and what nutrients it choco[ates. ice creams and spreads. There heatth? No one seems to know.
witl have in it, once you get home. You'l-L coutd be huge reductions in fat and sal.t 6 The sjze question is centraI to these
zap the product with a correctty-tuned in processed foods. Unjtever believes it concerns. Nano-particles that are under 100
microwave transmjtter - presumab[y Kraft can reduce the fat content of ice cream nano-metres wide - less than the size of
wil.[ you that. too. Thjs wjtI. activate
seLL from fifteen per cent to one per cent. In a virus - have unique abitities. They can
nano-capsules - each one about 2.000 the future, atomic-[eve[ encapsuLation cross the body's naturaI barrjers. entering
times smatler than the width of a hair - techniques wiLt get more sophisticated. A into cetts or through the Liver into the
containing the.necessary chemjca[s for your chef might decide that some flavours in his btoodstream or even through the ce[L wa[[
choice of drink: green-hued, btackcurrant- dish woutd onty be released to the eater a surrounding the brain.'I'd tike to drjnk a
flavoured with a touch of caffeine and certain number of seconds or minutes after glass of water and know that the contents
omega-3, say. They wi[[ dissolve whiLe alt chewing, or when they sip a gLass of wine. are going into my stomach and not into my
the other possibte ingredients witl pass Further ahead. the industry is Looking at Lungsi says Dr Qasim Chaudhry of the British
unused through your body, in their nano- food that is pre-engineered to cater for your government's CentraL Scjence Laboratory. 'We
ca psu [es. tastes, your dislikes and your atlergies - or are giving very toxic chemicals the abitity to
3 The end of cooking? Probably not. But just built from scratch. Uttimatety, it might cross celt membranes, to go where they've
nano-food and nano-food packaging are be possib[e to create any meaI you want never gone before. Where witL they end up?
on thejr way because the food industry at the push of a button, using nothing but Ithas been shown that free nano-particles
has spotted the chance for huge profits: plant proteins. inhaLed can go straight to the brain. There
according to analysts, the busjness wi[L soon 5 But Dr David Bennett, a veteran are lots of concerns. We have to ask - do
be worth $20 bitlion annua[Ly. You'[L first biochemist now working on a European the benefits outweigh the risks?'
meet nanotechnology in food packaging. Commjssion project on the ethics of

ljnlt 8 Tastes 85
 ffiffi Lool< at the newspaper cutting and explain the Lool< at the photo of a
wordplay in the headline. What do you thinl< the sandwich dessert that costs
might contain? 525,000 and tall<
about it using
How Soes tllg [tr10 sanilwich these phrases.
ii n:usl h*...
Ir$t8p In a u0ril: _- i-
1i
.f.-,. t^-"
!tl 1i:, , {ll:

It's not a Ynu'd h;lv* 1.*...

F*,*pi* sh*uld,l
gimmick,
sh*ul* n'1... {:era*c*1.."
says chef
who :
(D :.0: Listen to a
created it. conversation about the dessert.
Who would tike to try it: the man
or the woman?

db:.Ol Read the sentences from the conversation. Decide

which modal mal<es better sense in the context. Then listen
Read opinions 1-7 about the f110 sandwich. Decide which again and checl<.
modalor modals fit each gap.Try to explain why the other(s) 1 They may / must have sold hundreds.
do not fit. 2 You might / may have told me you were going to New
1 'lt be a publicity stunt by the restaurant.' York next weekl
a can b must c shoutd 3 You could / should take him out for a meal.
2 'A -sandwich _ be worth fl10, however amazing.' 4 We may / might have been arrested.
a can't b mustn't c couldn't 5 You might / should have a better evening this time.
3 'Peopte spend so much on a sandwich when
6 lt couldn't / might not be any worse!
there's poverty and hunger in the wortd.'
7 You could / may give me a lift to the airport!
a shouldn't b ought not to c don't have to
8 Wel[, if you might / should try it,let me knowl
4 'lf you think it's a waste of money, you _ buy it.' Explain how the meaning of each sentence in exercise 6
a needn't b mustn't c don't have to would change if the other modal were chosen.
5 'lf you have that much money to spend, you _ buy a
Work in pairs. Decide whether the sentences are natural
sandwich for f3 and give f 107 to charity.'
Engtish or not. lmprove the sentences which are not.
a have to b oughtto c should
1 This dessert is amazing. You really must try itl
6 'The moraI is: You _ believe everything you read in
2 The food there is always terrific, but the service could be
the newspapers!'
a bit slow sometimes.
a mustn't b don't have to c needn't 3 'Could ltryyour pizza?"Yes, you coutd. Go ahead!'
7 'A tot of peopte work for a whole day or more to 4 Customers may only consume drinks purchased on the
earn f 1101' premises.
a must b have to c shoutd 5 My credit card bill is astronomica[! I guess I ought not to
have spent so much on eating out!
S Lool< at your answers to exercise 2. Decide which modals we
use to tall< about 1-7.
6 lt's only another 30 kilometres. We should be there in
time for dinner.
1 what we believe is right ( or__) 7 I prefer eating out now that people mustn't smoke
2 what we betieve is wrong ( or _) anywhere inside a restaurant.
3 what we can deduce is definitety true ( ) 8 Because my sister works in a restaurant, she must work
4 what we can deduce is definitety not true (_ or late every night.
)
5 what we are obtiged to do ( ) ffi Work in pairs. Discuss the question.
6 what we are not obliged to do ( or _) ls it morally wrong for people to pay that much for a
7 what we are obliged or strongty advised not to do ( ) restaurant dish, even if they can afford it? Why?/Why not?

tjrf frX.{,}Al{lAe s{J{["{XX.lt.}: "{$*S.4J.$r F&** :i37 ffiX

Unit 8 Tastes
 Worl< in pairs. Match the charts (1-4) with their names and :.0+ Listen again. Tick the expression (a or b) that the
[&
their descriptions (a-d) below. speal<ers use. (Both are valid expressions.)
i:ar rfumi't grat:h prm cirert t*hl* 1 a For me, the most interesting aspect is ...

ideat for I
b What strikes me as most interesting is ...
1 3 ideat for E
2 a ... a sharp rise in the total number of ...
2-ideatforE 4 ideatforE b ... a significant increase in the totaI number of ...
a disptaying statistics which total 100% a ... a very [arge proportion of peopte ...
b -showing how a situation has changed over time b ... the vast majority of people ...
c visua[[y comparing two retated sets of statistics a The chart tells us that ...
d presenting a variety of statistical information in a clear b According to the chart, ...
but non-diagrammatic form a ... more or less the same number of people ...
b ... roughly equaI numbers of people ...
1i Estimated sales of Fairtrade products ReguLar vs occasional buyers of Fairtrade products a ... seeing it in this form reatty brings home to you...
2000
5o b ... the way it is presented helps to emphasise...
16o o
40 a There's a strong tendency to relect ... /embrace ...
120 0 oyo 3o
b There's a definite trend away from ... /towards ...
a ... the rate has remained quite stabte ...
8oo 2A
b ... the rate has not fluctuated very much ...
400 10 I Regular a There has been a stight increase/decrease in ...
o o ! OccasionaL b ... has increased/decreased marginatty.
2A07 2 011
10 a The significance of this is that...
b This is significant because ...
T ln an average weel<, how often
do you eat at a fast-food outlet? ds Exptain the fottowing expressions. Use language from
exercise 3 where appropriate.
Rates of obesity have:

every day 7"/"

1 rocketed 5 ptateaued
2 crept up 5 slumped
3 times or more 87o 3 plummeted 7 taited off
4 muttiptied 8 stabilised

Sales of organic food Complete the sentence below using expressions below in
position a or b. Which expression could go in either position?
What other words could you use to mean the same?
Fast food consumption has risen (a) 10
per cent (b) _ .

glve rr t*ke a ,*er rrnt ]* i***r.l il*fifu{re.r ln thr r*p;rnn r'l

meal"* *r {**x *r {l'!*rn#h*rii.ii t{i.1fii#1"hltt iiia.*
2A03 2oo5 2006 2oa7

Heatthy eating When you are tatking about charts and statistics, do
not simply report the information they contain. Give a
personal reaction too. What is surprising or important
about the information?

Read the Speaking fip. Which expressions from exercise 3 can

be used to give a personal reaction?
Q :.0+ Listen to four people talking about different charts.
ffi Talk about the information contained in the charts
For each speaker, identify what the general topic ofthe chart
in exercise 1. Use expressions from exercises 3, 4 and 5
they are speaking about is.
where possible.
1
Speaker Speaker 3
Speaker2- Speal<er4 ffi Turn to page 152 and do the exam task.

Unit 8 Tastes 87
 Introduction showcase for loca1 talent, it's garnering quite a reputation
The arm of thrs report is to give an among serrous music fans in the area. tckets are
lnsight inlo the wide range of hve reasonably priced, with concesstons for studenls and the
music lhal is available in lhis area, unemployed. The room is a little cosy, lo say the leasl, but
and to single out one venue which lhal adds to the atmospherel That said, rt does have a
I would parlicularly recommend lendency lo be very crowded on Saturday nights, perhaps
visiling. unpleasantly so. Stage One is somewhat larger than the
Large venues Cave, with an advertised capacity of 350 as opposed to the
Cave s 2b0. They uerd Lo attracr s1 ighLly beuler-known acts.
There are Lwo live music venues oI
but at 125-30 a throw, tickets aren'l exactly cheap, and
a reasonable size: lhe Apo1lo and lhe
when bought over the phone rncur an
Hippodrome. These attract headline
additlonal booking fee of 12.50
acts from all parts of the UK, and
per ticket.
occasionally from overseas too. The
Apollo has recently been refurbished Recommendation
and is clean, weli-run and well-appointed. To my mind, If you only have time to
however, iI is a lillle on the sterile side. The Hippodrome is visit one venue, l wouLd
the polar opposile: dark, grungy and chaotically-managed recommend .Its
- and it could certainly do with better air-condltioning. But programme includes the besl
what it lacks in slickness, it makes up for in characterl bands in rhe UK and whrle tt
Smaller venues may not be the most polished
gig you've ever seen, jl should
If il's internatronally-renowned performers you're looking
be a memorable evenrng.
for, lhe Cave isn't the venue for you. However, as a

ffi#:{ffiffi}.i Compare and contrast the photos. Which gig Read the Writing tip.Then find examples of periphrasis and
would you rather be at? Give reasons. euphemism in the text with the meanings betow.

Read the report about live music venues in the writer's area.
1 lt's sterile.
Answer the questions.
2 lt needs better air-conditioning.
3 lt isn't slicl<, but it has character.
1 ls the report written in formal or retatively informal 4 The Cave doesn't have internationatty-renowned
language? Give examptes to support your answer. performers.
2 Who do you thinl< the intended audience for the report 5 The room is smatt.
might be? Give reasons. 6 lt's very crowded on Saturday nights.
3 Which venue does the writer recommend? Comptete the
7 Ticl<ets are expensive.
gap in the report.
8 The gig won't be potished, but the evening shoutd be
memorable.
Find words or phrases in the text which mean the opposite of
1 -8. Soften these negative comments using periphrasis or
1 un l<nown acts 5 overpriced euphemism.
2 badly-managed 6 empty 1 The band isn't very successful.
3 poorty-equipped 7 unrehearsed 2 The drummer isn't skilfut, but he's enthusiastic.
4 clean 8 forgettable 3 The song isn't very original, but it's catchy.
4 The singer'svoice is unattractive.
5 The singer sometimes goes out of tune.
ln order to soften a negative comment, we often use 5 The stage is too small.
periphrasis (using more words than necessary) or 7 The sound system sometimes doesn't worl<.
euphemism (reptacing negative or offensive words with 8 The room is too hot.
something less direct).
Periphrasis:. This venue is a little on the shabby side. ffiffi:ffiffi Discuss the questions as a class.
(instead of This venue is shabby.) 1 What are the advantages and disadvantages of listening
Euphemism: The floor could do with q clean. (instead of to Iive music, rather than recorded music?
The floor is dirty.) 2 Which performers would you most like to see performing
live? Give reasons.

88 UnitS'Tastes
ffi Work in pairs. Compare and contrast the ln pairs, thinl< of words which have the same core meaning
restaurants in the photos. Which would you prefer to eat at, as the words betow, but a less negative connotation. Use a
and why? d ictionary if necessary.

1 bossy - a*rr\ivo 5 scrawny

2 stubborn 6 arrogant
3 tacttess 7 ftip pa nt
4 out-dated 8 abnormal

A report shoutd be laid out in the clearest possibte

form. Unlike other forms of writing, it is fine to use
subheadings in a report.

Read the Writing trp. Then, in pairs, read the tasl< and decide
what headings to use for sections 2 and 3 of the plan below.
Divide the venues according to size, style of food, price, or
your own idea.

A group of foreign students are visiting your town for a

Read these two descriptions of the same restaurant mea[. week. Write a report giving information about the range
Which is more positive about the experience? of cafds and restaurants. lnclude at least one personal
recommendation.
A Lunch was a relaxed affair. I began with a light starter
of gartic prawns. This was followed by 'Creole Gumbo',
1 lntrod uctio n (th e a im of th e re p o rt)
a noveI combination of pork, chicken and seafood
2 (first type of ven ue)
which came with a side dish of succutent vegetables.
3 (second type ofvenue)
For dessert, I opted for the mango sorbet, which was
4 Recommendation
particutarty sweet.
B Lunch was a long and drawn-out affair. I began with a ffiffiffi,ffiffi Work in pairs. Tatk about caf6s and restaurants
meagre starter of garlic prawns. This was followed by you- know (or invent them ifyou don't l<now any). Add notes to
'Creole Gumbo', an odd concoction of pork, chicl<en the plan in exercise 6. Decide which venue to recommend.
and seafood which came with a side dish of soggy
vegetables. For dessert, I opted for the mango sorbet, Working individua[[y, write a report of 200-250 words
which was particularty sickty. fotlowing your plan from exercise 6. Remember to write in
an appropriate style for your audience. lnclude at least one
example of periphrasis or euphemism.

Words with the same core meaning can have very Checl<your worl< using the list below.
different connotations: these give us information about
the writer,'s attitude.

Have you:
Read the Writing tip. Find words in the texts in exercise
fottowed the ptan?
2which share the same core meaning but have different
written the correct number of words?
connotations.
included at [east one exampte of periphrasis or
Find pairs of words with similar core meaning below. Decide: eu phem ism?
used words with positive/negative connotations?
a whether each pair is most til<ety to be used when
used correct grammar and vocabulary?
describing a restaurant's food, staff or interior.
b which word in each pair has a more positive connotation.

atiantivo - intrurive. da*ribing steff atientive.' in more poritivo

Unit 8 Tastes E9
 Vocabulary Grannmar
I Comptete the sentences with phrasalverbs formed from a 5 Rewrite the sentence with extra emphasis using the words in
verb in A and a particte in B. Use active or passive. bracl<ets.
A checl< drop get hotd show stop I was first attracted to his smite. (it)
B around away into off over up li v,raa hir emik. tha'i I was firs'i afiracloA\0.

Harry was thocYing in.io the hoteI when I arrived. 1 We need to know when their ftight is due. (what)
1 We aren't having a hotiday this summer, but l'm sure we
2 The new head teacher is charming, and she's very
professional too. (on ty)
to somewhere nice in the autumn.
2 They arrived two hours late because they _ 3 He earns too tittle to support himsetf. (truth)
in the rush hour traffic leaving London.
4 Your new haircut looks nice. (does)
3 Emma's taxi was late her at the
5 I don't understand why he's upset. (what)
station, so she nearty missed her train. 6 You totd everyone my secret. (it)
4 During our ftight to Australia last year we
7 We're lost. (fact)
in Singapore for four hours. - 8 I rarety stopped to think about her feetings. (did)

5 She the exhibition by the artist himself. Mark: _ /8

-
Mark: 15
6 ticftne verbs which can complete the sentences correctly.
(Sometimes both are correct.i
2 Comptete the sentences using a noun related to the phrasat
verb in bracl<ets. 1 They were going to catl this morning, so he _about
1 There has been an the job by now.
of ftu. (break out)
2 There was a peasant - in 1.91.7. (rise up)
a would know b shoutd know
3 The _ job losses. (take over) 2 l'm amazed that she _ you tike that.
-
has caused many
4 The scandat led to the president's . (falt down) a would treat b should treat
5 Boy band Take That made a __'n 2006, (come back)
3 They took some extra btankets in case they cotd.
a would get b shoutd get -
Mark: lS 4 We to express our thanks by inviting you both to

3 Complete the sentences with compound adjectives formed -

din n er.
a would tike b should lil<e
from the words in brackets. 5 lt's essentiaI that everyone on time.
1 lt didn't look as if it woutd rain, so she put on a would arrive b should arrive
her (toe) sandats.
2 My brother is cultivating his trendy image by wearing
Mark: 15

- (skin) T-shirts wherever he.goes.

Complete the sentences with the modal verbs below and the
3 There was a cotd breeze and Jess wished she had worn a
correct form of the verbs in bracl<ets.
(sleeve) top instead of a T-shirt.
Since she's been pregnant, my sister feels more can't may not might mLrst needn't
comfortabte in (fit) garments. ought not to shoutd
,losh wanted to make a good impression, so he wore a Candidates (teave) the room until the
(three) suit to the interview.
- examination is over.
Mark: _ /5 Jane's dad is furious with her for having a party white he
was away. He says she (asl<) him first.
4 Give the sentences a more negative connotation by reptacing You (joke) if you think I'm going to tend
the undertined words with the words below. you the money for my birthday present!
People (put) used batteries in their
ctoying cramped crowded hfit/y stoppy household rubbish.
1 They were served ab*aay breakfast. haavl He (tetl) me he wouldn't be home for
2 We were served a sweet dessert. -
lunchl
3 The streets are bustting with shoppers. 6 There's ptenty of time so we (hurry).
4 The tavern had an intimate atmosphere. 7 You (see) Tom yesterday. He's in China.
5 The waiters have quite a taid-back attitude. Mark:
- -- 17
Mark: _ /5
-
90 |i- Language Review 7*8
Speaking Dublin's physicat appearance is misteading because it
makes the city
1 Choose a capital city that you would like to visit. Think about
A seem poorerthan it reatly is.
why and make notes.
B seem cotderthan it reatty is.
2 Worl< in groups. Present your ideas to the other members of C seem less lively and up^to-date than it reatty is.
your group. D took grander and wealthier than it realty is.

What has been the effect of European funding on Dubtin?

Reading A The city has become very expensive.
B The city has changed faster than the rest of lretand.
3 Read the text. For questions 1-4, choose the best answer.
C The city no longer has a strong sense of history.
D The city has rebuitt many of its deretict buitdings.
The fact that Dubtin's population has grown rapidty
A is good news for people under 25.
B has had positive and negative consequences.
C has damaged the economy of other regions.
D has meant some people can't find housing.

The writer advises visitors to Dubtin to

A see both the otd and the new parts ofthe city.
B ignore whatever they previousty thought about the
c ity.
Dublino a & w iir .:,::::
C ignore the city's bad points.
Low-slung, grey and soHd, IreLand's premier city can [ook D find out about the history of the city before they arrive.
surprisingly dark and gtoomy at first glance. Its appearance -
the resu[t of its 1gth-century architecture of Irish stone and Listening
granite - is deceptive. The town itsetf is anything but gloomy,
and it's not the stodgy, oLd-fashjoned city of the late 20th 4 6d ;.OS Edgars, Tomas and Rita are on holiday in Dublin.
century. Behind atL those sturdy columns and beneath atL that Listen and identify the three [ocations for the diatogue.
grey is the rea[, modern, Euro-Dubtjn - an affluent place fiL[ed
with trendy coffee shops, organic juice bars, pricey five-star
5 6d :.Ot Listen again. Comptete each sentence with a single
word.
restaurants and expensive designer boutiques. The European
money that has ftooded jn over the Last decade changed many
1 Edgars says that the hoteI reservation was made
things in Ire[and, but it altered Dubtin most of aLL, catapuLting
2 Edgars complains that his room Iooks really
this historic town from the early 20th century, where it had 3 One bad thing about the hotel restaurant is that they are
made to
[ingered too Long, into the 21st, where it now revets in jts own
success.
4 By the time the food arrives, Rita no Ionger feets
5 Regarding his new business, Edgars feels
'
Gone are the days when many visitors to Iretand chose to
skip Dubtin attogether. Nowadays, a weekend jn Dubtin is one
6 Rita would prefer to have their next meal in the .

of the hottest city breaks in Europe, as people pite into its otd
pubs and modern bars, shop in its thriving markets and matts, Writing -
and relax in its trendy caf6s. Because of a[[ of thjs. Dublin's
population has swo[[en to 1.5 mi[[ion; more than a thjrd of
6 lmagine you are Edgars, Rita or Tomas. Make a note of three
different things you were unhappy with at the hotetin Dubtin.
the Irish population ljves in this city, which, whjte good news
lnvent details or use information from the diatogue.
for the economy, has resjduaI side effects of overcrowding,
high property prices. and gridtocked traffic. It has atso hetped 7 Write a letter of complaint to the hotet. Say:
make DubLin one of the wortd's most youthful cities, with an r what you are comptaining about and why.
estimated 50% of the population under 25 years o[d. . what you woutd tike the hotel to do about it.
It is a contrary, amusing, complex small city, and my advice
to those who haven't been here in a white, or who have never
been here is this: the first thing you should do is Leave your
preconceptions behind. Then you can see this historic, modern,
flawed, charming. and entertainjng city for what it realiy is.

Skitts Round-up 1-8 91

 1 CElfffillil$ll-{ll What are the advantages and 4 Do the Use of English exam tasl<.
disadvantages of bottted water, as opposed to tap water?
Which do you prefer to drink?

Read the text and decide which word or phrase (A-D)

best fits each gap.

Water for S5O a like

Claridge's has taken luxury to a new 1_ by offering
its guests more than 30 '?- of water - with prices
stretching to as much as 850 a litre. The opulent hotel
in the heart of lnndon has 3- an extensive menu
with water from places as far flung as Norway, Patagonia,
New Zealand and Hawaii. Customers are given advice on
which water is best a- to what occasion. For those
suffering from exhaustion or trying to get overjet 1ag,
OGO spring water from the Netherlands contains 35 times
lf you miss an answer during the first listening, don't more oxygen than s_ water 6_ the drinker. The
worry about it. Move on to the next sentence. When you most expensive on the menu is 420 Volcanic, spring water
from New Zealand, which can be bought for S2Ifor 42 cl
listen again, focus on the missing answers.
- the equivalent of 150 a litre. Its low mineral content and
'smooth sensation on the palate' come from its journey from
2 6d :.oo Do the Listening exam task. the 7- at the bottom of an extinct volcano through
200 metres of volcanic rock. Fiuggi from Italy has 8_
been admired: Michelangelo wrote about its restorative
effects in 1554 and it is said to be very popular with the
Listen to the radio programme and complete each
Vatican. e- included on the list is Mahalo Deep Sea
sentence with up to four words.
Water, from Hawaii, which is 121 for 75 cl. Originally a
1 About one in five restaurant customers order bottted fresh water iceberg, the ice melted thousands of years ago
water because they don't want to and sank to the bottom ofthe ocean floor because ofits
2 lt takes L62 grams of oil to make one different temperature and saliniff. It is now 10_ to the
3 When discarded ptastic botttes reach the ocean, they surface through a 1,000 metre pipeline. But among all the
grandeur there is one option which is free of charge a
become a . -
4 The Eastern Garbage Patch is a particutarly poiluted glass of 'old-fashioned l,ondon tap water'.
area of
- 1A h eight B peak C summit D rate
5 Ptastic breaks down into pieces which can be sma[[er 2A varieties B differences C variations D options
than . 3A revised B advised C comprised D devised
6 ln order to reach its customers, about a quarter of all 4A appropriate B suited C suitable D tinked
- water has to _
bottted . 5A common B typicat C ordinary D natural
7 Waterhouse, a new restaurant in London, is unusual 6A revitalising B revitalised C is revitalised
because it won't D to revitatise
8 Bottted water has had so much bad pubticity that 7A sou rce B foundation C basis
eventuatty peopte who drinl< it could [ook like D beginning
8A much B thoroughly C on ce D long
3 Look quicl<ty through the text in the Use of Engtish exam task 9A Futh erm ore, B Also c Plus,
about Ctaridge's, a luxury hotel in London. Find the most D Moreover
expensive and the cheapest water available. 10A d ragged B hauled pu tled D pumped

-gz Get Ready for your Exam 8

THIS UNIT INCLUDES
Vocabulary r gossip and secrets r giving and withholding information t colloquial omissions
r literaI and figurative [anguage r vague language
Grammar e passive structures r the causative . participle phrases
Speal<ing r talking about gossip and secrets E talking about spy stories r tatking about
Secrets
conspiracytheories r drawingconclusions
Writing r an oPinion essaY

ffiffi Worl< in pairs. Describe what the peopte in the

photos are doing. Why do you think they might be doing it?
How might you explain their expressions? Use the words
below to help you.

confide (in somebody) drop a bombshetl

eavesdrop (on a conversation) gossip (n & v) indiscreet
outraged rumours scandaI scandalised scandalous

db :.OZ Listen to three people gossiping over the phone.

Complete each sentence with the information you hear, using
up to four words.
1 Kate teIts Gerry that Harry has got
2 She urges Gerry not to tetI anyone because Harry hasn't
yet-.
3 She claims onty to have told Gerry the secret because he
is
4 Brian tetls Jake about secret plans to
5 He suspects that some of the peopte involved in the deal
witt
6 Jutia tetts Karen about two friends who started a
retationshipata-. Rewrite these sentences using expressions from exercise 3.
7 She reveals that Sue is very keen to l<eep the relationship More than one answer may be possible.
secret from her .

8 She expects the secret witl eventuatly come out when the
1 Don't tell anyone who you heard this from, but lthinl< my
brother is getting married.
couple - I discovered a few interesting titbits about her private

6d :.OZ Choose the correct word in these expressions. life, but I won't telI a sou[. My tips are sealed!
Then tisten again and checl<. 3 Her ptans for next year are top secret.
4 For the time being, they're withhotding the identity of
1 Have you heard the latest / newest? their new manager.
2 I'm telting you this in the firmest / strictest confidence. l'll tetl you my secret because I know you aren't a gossip.
5
3 lf word / truth gets out, it'[[ cause... 6 She totd me one rea[[y fascinating secret about Tony. lf it
4 Harry's the heart / soul of discretion. ever becomes common knowledge, he'tt be furiousl
5 He hasn't breathed / whispered a word to anybody.
6 I know it won't go any longer / further. ffi Worl< in pairs. Discuss the questions. Then
7 | managed to glean / clean some information. compare your ideas with the class.
8 lt's futty / highty confidentiaI at the moment. 1 What kinds of topic often form the basis of gossip?
9 Don't quote / repeat me on this, but... 2 Why are so many people interested in gossip?
10 I've got some reatty fruity I juicy gossip for you.
11 lt's allvery hush-hush / hush up. 3 ln what ways coutd gossip be damaging?

72 fheywon't be abte to keep it under hats / wraps for ever. 4 What woutd be the advantages and disadvantages of
being friends with a gossip?

D VOCISULARY BUILDER 9.1: GIVING AND

WITIIHOLDING INFORMATION: WORKBOOK PAGE 111 GK

Unit 9 Secrets 93
 ffi Have you everfailed to keep a secret? lf so, what
CotloquiaI omissions
were the consequences?
ln informal, spoken Engtish, we often omit unstressed
Complete the text with the verbs below. words at the beginning of the sentence (pronouns,
articles, etc.) provided the meaning is ctear. For exampte:
ir*Luly i;t.rulI .i!rr:li.r fnli fleiy;* tirt giv* Can't talk now! (l con't talk now.)
iT# h*[ci irlil;r

Vow to Keep secret

^
Just don't tetl anyonel Avojd the subject as much as you can.
ShouLd it r- up in conversation for whatever reason,
iq nora nce.
Never
j hints jn company that you know a secret but
can't say what it is. This is Like a red rag to a butl. The peopLe Read the information in the Learn this! box. Then cross out
you are with wjl.L try to '-
the information out of you and any words in the dialogue that you think could be omitted
you probably won't be abte to out.5-
in normal, colloquial speech. (You may have to mal<e other
. If you feel yourself weakening, 6-
your motivation by
minor changes as a result.)
focusing on why ifs so important to keep the information
secret. Is it to avoid ruining a surprise? 0r to protect a friend's r*
reputation?
I
i Sam Are you on your way home?
. Whenever you're tempted to a friend's secret,
7
i
Colin No. I'm iust hanging around.
remind yourself of the long-term damage that this could do 5am Do you fancy a coffee?
to your friendship. At the same tjme. teLL yoursetf that being Cotin Sure.
trustworthy is a wonderfut trait to have.
- Sam lt's my turn to pay.
o Don't 8 into the trap of thinking you can tel.L just one Colin Thanks. So, how are you?
other person provided you insist that it shoutd e- no Sam I'm good. How are you?
further -- it always doesl And sooner or Later, your lack of Colin I can't grumble. Have you
discretion will 10- back to your friend. heard any good gossip recently?
e If you know you're bad at keeping secrets, don't encourage 5am I have, as it happens.
peopLe t0 share them with you - or at least 11- them Colin Wetl, go on then. Spilt the beans!
some warning of your track recordl Sam Wetl, apparently Ben and Molly have split up.
WARNIN&lsometimes jt is better to pass on a secret, if you Colin You're kiddingl Reatty?
suspect the person who told you may be in trouble. A secret can But they haven't told people yet. So don't say
'12- out to be a cry for he[p.
Sam
a word to anyone!
Colin I understand.
S ffi Worl< in pairs. Decide whetheryou agree or Sam Do you promise?
disagree with the advice in exercise 2. Can you add any more Colin Yesl
advice? Sam Ol(. Woutd you like another coffee?
Colin No, thanl<s. l'd better make a move.
tr_tr#$pH{ ffiffiYH Sam OK. l'lt see you later.
It's often more naturalto use a phrase (verb + noun) Colin Sure. lt was nice tatking to you.
instead of a singte-word verb, especially in informaI
Ianguage. #, 6b LOA Listen to the diatogue and compare what you hear
talk) have a talk decide ) make a decision with your answer to exercise 5.

&, Read the Look out! box. Then rewrite the sentences using :fl ffi Worl< in pairs. Rote-ptay a dialogue using the

phrases instead ofthe underlined verbs. outline below. lnclude some coltoquia[ omissions.

1 l'd love to shop with you this afternoon, A: You meet your old friend B in a caf6 and start chatting.
but lneed to
B asks about a mutual friend, and you hint that you know a
revise.
2 Think about what l've said and ca[[ me later. secret. You are unwilting to share it at first, but B persuades
you. You make B promise that it won't go any further.
3 l've concluded that what I really need is to rest.
B: You meet A in a caf6 and start chatting. You ask about a
4 I tooked at her painting and comptimented her.
5 I hinted that I'd [ike to be paid, but I didn't want to offend
mutual friend, and A seems to know a secret about that
by asking.
friend but is unwitling to share it. You persuade A to let on.

94 Unit 9 Secrets
i. ffiffiffi Worl< in pairs. How much do you l<now about the
writer.loseph Conrad? Can you name: Ii.. r+,p,,,r:.!I15ijl1jl?jwe1q3:4ffiit#,ffil.," _,jtui-il#jtj!sa:1":,p+!S,S"*!$Sf$rfiJt:li-,irs+1#4.:"all.ri

1 the country he was born in?

i Literary texts often imply information without explicitty I

2 the country he adopted as his home?

i statingit.Togetthemostoutofatext,youshould be ;

3 any of his works?

j sensitive to this. Certain phrases can convey information I

6d :.Og Listen to the information about Conrad. Find the

i.i:9i:::lly::_._::: ll-._ :-.-?_.-1i:9.":-'_:_:1":i::i* y-:-l*: ._ i

answers to question 1. {$ Does the text imply that Mr Verloc's tife is glamorous or not
very glamorous? Find severa[ adjectives in the text to support
i$ 6d :.Og Listen again. Are the sentences true (D or fatse (F), your answer.
or is the answer not stated (NS)?
ffi@Er
1
2
3
The themes of Conrad's works are very relevant to the
problems of the modern world.
Conrad lived in London and later in a village.
Speciat postage stamps were issued to commemorate
Mr Verloc, going out in the morning, left his shop
nominally in charge of his brother-in-law. lt could
be done, because there was very little business
at any time, and practically n0ne at all before
W
the 150th anniversary of Conrad's birth. the evening. Mr Verloc cared but little about his
4 Conrad's friends never rea[[y regarded him as Engtish. ostensible business. And, moreover, his wife was
5 Conrad's contemporaries accused him of racism. in charge of his brother-in-law.
The shop was small, and so was the house.
Read the opening to the novel The Secret Agenf by Joseph
It was one of those grimy brick houses whtch
Conrad. How does it convey the fact that Mr Verloc is a secret ro existed in large quantities before the era 0f rec0nstruction
dawned upon
agent of some kind? ls it:
London. The shop was a square box of a place, with the front glazed in small
a by describing the shadowy characters who frequent panes. ln the daytime the door remained closed; in the evening it stood
his shop? discreetly but suspicrously ajar.
b by mentioning the politicat propaganda disptayed in his The window contained photographs of more or less undressed dancing
shop window? ts girls; nondescript packages in wrappers like patent medicines;
closed yellow
c by implying that the shop is a front for some other paper envelopes, very flimsy, and marked two-and-six in heavy black figures;
ctandestine activity? afew numbers of ancient French comic publrcations hung across a string as
if to dry; a dingy blue china bowl, a casket of black wood, bottles of marking
Read the Reading f4a. Then find these phrases in the extract.
rnk and rubber stamps;a few books, with titles hinting at impropriety;a few
What exactly do they impty? Choose a or b. 20 apparently old copies of
obscure newspapers, badly printed, with titles like
7 nominolly in charge of his brother-in-low The Torch, The Gong - rousing titles. And the two gas jets inside the panes
a His brother-in-law was the one who reatty ran the shop. were always turned low, either for economy's sake or for the sake of the
b His brother-in-law was incapabte of running the shop. customers.
2 his ostensible business These customers were either very young men, who hung about the
zs window for a time before slipping in suddenly; or men of a more mature age,
a The shop was not his real business.
b He was ashamed that the shop was his business. but looking generally as if they were n0t in funds. Some of that last kind had
the collars of their overcoats turned right up to their moustaches, and traces
3 a square box of a place
of mud on the bottom of their nether garments, which had the appearance of
a The shop was an attractive buitding.
b The shop was an ugly buitding. being much worn and not very valuable. And the legs inside them did not, as
30 a general rule, seem of
much account either. With their hands plunged deep
4 for the sake of the customers rn the side pockets of their coats, they dodged in sideways, one shoulder
a His customers were ashamed to be seen there.
first, as if afraid t0 start the bell going
b His customers were reatly spies.
The bell, hung on the door by means of a curved ribbon of steel, was difficult
5 who hung about the window for a time to circumvent. lt was hopelessly cracked; but 0f an evening, at the slightest
a The young men had nothing else to do. 35 provocation, it clattered behind the customer with imnulent vlrulence
b The young men needed time to summon up courage.
6 with impudent virulence
a The customers disliked the loud bell. .? Sffi.E-t Discuss the questions with the class.

b The customers rang the belt loudly on purpose. 1 Why do you think people are interested in stories about
spies and secret agents?
2 Do you tike this genre of fiction? Why?/Why not?
3 Do you know any writers from your own country who write
spy stories or mysteries?

Unit 9 Secrets 95
 g il,ffiffi.-{{,]|i$ Worl< in pairs. Discuss the conspiracy theories.
Have you heard any ofthem before? Do you betieve any of
them?
1 The US military has l<nown foryears that UFOs exist but is
w:wwrcffiffieKKtu&ffi:w
hiding the truth from the public.
2 lhe 1,969 Apotlo moon [anding did not really
was filmed in a TV studio on earth.
happen - it
mtp"
#H V Yk?&q
Ee #Lef
3 Elvis Prestey did not really die - he fal<ed his own death B

because he was tired of being famous.

r ln 2003, a former government minister in the UK called
4 The HIV/AIDS virus was created by scientists.
Michael Meacher claimed that the US Government had
5 The US government were behind the bombing of the
known all about the September 1l attacks but let them
Wortd Trade Center on 11 September 2001.
happen to jusiify grabb,ing control of the world's oil
6 Princess Diana, who died in Paris in 1997,was murdered
on the orders of the British royal famity. s supplies. That such abizarre conspiracy theory broke out
from Internet chatrooms, grabbed the mind of a former
2 Read the article, ignoring the gaps. Which of the conspiracy minister and was splashed across the media reflects the
theories in exercise 1 are mentioned? growing popularity of conspiracy theories. r l--l
Although Mr Meacher admitted that he got much
ro of his information from websites, he made his claim in
the respected British newspaper The Guardran.The
newspaper later published letters from readers relieved
that the truth had come out. David Aaronovitch, a
Guardian columnist, expressed alarm that his newspaper
rs had given credibility to such 'rubbish',
According to David Alexander, author of Conspiracies
and Cover-Ups - What the Government lsn't Telling
You, 'There's been a tremendous increase in conspiracy
theories ab,out September 11.' ln 1998, Rich Buhler, an
:o American radio show host, set up Truthorfiction.com Io
track and prove or disprove hoaxes, urban myths and
conspiracy theories. 'E Vr. Buhler said: 'The lnternet
has proven a valuable tool for conspiracy theorists - they
exchange ideas and fuel the stories. They have a much
:s larger canvas than be{ore. There's an impression that
whatever is written is more reliable than what is said.
When it is written down, as it is on the lnternet, it comes
packaged as truth.'
Yet there are other reasons why conspiracy theories
s0 are gaining currency - in particular the complexity of our
rapidly changing world. 'A conspiracy theory becomes
more compelling when reality makes less sense, when
liie is beset by problems, when the established order
suddenly changes - even something as simple as losing
:s a job. lf people can't absorb what's going on, conspiracy
theories help us to make sense,' Mr Alexander said. 3 !
'lf people just knew a little more, they would l<now the
thing is false,' he said.
People are becoming furlher removed from seats
+o of political and industrial power. Patrick Leman, a

96 Unit 9 Secrets
 3 Match sentences a-gwith gaps 1-6 in the text. There is one
sentence that you do not need.
a His organisation now gets 1,000 such stories a week.
b People were more tikety to betieve that there was a
conspiracy behind it if he was kitled than if he was
un in ju red.
And yet, it reatty does exist: members agree not to reveal
the contents of their discussions, and the minutes of the

TXilffi{}[Ar$Ttt: meetings are not published for 50 years.

Observers of the phenomenon, more pronounced in

to $?A you?
America than here, say that their increasing prevatence
is destabitising vulnerable individuals and undermining
society.
e That is how conspiracy theories gain momentum, even
though there is no reaI evidence to support them.
psychologist at Royal Holloway College, London, who
f One held that he had been spying for the Chinese, and
has been studying why conspiracy theories are so was spirited away by a Chinese submarine.
appealing, said: 'Conspiracy theories feed into a feeling g A timited understanding of the wortd makes conspiracy
of disconnection with government. People don't like gaps theories seem more ptausibte.
.: in their accounts; they have a need to believe them. They
invent fantastical things that protect them from the real
4 Rephrase the underlined parts ofthese excerpts from the
article in your own words.
world.' ln one experiment, he showed people footage of a
fictional president who was shot at, and provided fictional
1 A bizarre conspiracy theory was sptashed across the
media.
newspaper arlicles. o E l" concluded: 'People think that
2 They ... fueI the stories.
:o a big event must have a big cause, but often things are
3 When it is written down ... it comes packaged as truth.
caused by mistake or accident, not conspiracy.'
4 There are other reasons why conspiracy theories are
Thousands of people die in Europe every year in car gaining currency.
accidents resulting from fast driving and too much alcohol. 5 Peopte are becoming further removed from seats of
But when Diana, Princess of Wales died, many could not potiticaI and industriaI power.
,s occept that such an impoftant event could have such a 6 When Harold Holt disappeared, conspiracy theories
simple cause. Many believed that she was assassinated ran wild.
by the secret services to stop her marrying a Muslim. ln 7 Such is the pubtic appetite for conspiracy theories, there
Australia there were 161 suspected drownings between is money to be made.
1961 and 1985 in which the bodies were never found. 8 There's danger in buying into pat exptanations.

:c But when Harold Holt, the Prime Minister, disappeared DD VOCRSULARY BUILDER 9.2: LITERAL AND FIGURATIVE
when swimming in 1967, conspiracy theories ran wild. s
I LANGUAGE: WORKBOOK PAGE 112 G
Such is the public appetite for conspiracy theories,
there is money to be made. Baft Sibrel makes money
ffi Give an example of:

selling his video claiming that the first moon landing was a
1 a story that has been sptashed across the media very
recentty.
:; fake.
There is no simple way to determine the truth of a
2 something which, in your opinion, is fuetted by
the lnternet.
conspiracy theory. 'The danger lies in buying overarching
3 something which is packaged as truth, but in your
explanations of complex events. That having been said, opinion is not.
there's danger in being too complacent and buying 4 an idea which is gaining currency in your country.
-: into pat explanations of extraordinary occurrences,' Mr 5 one of the main seats of power in your country.
Alexander said. ln other words, scepticism can go too 6 a rumour which has run witd in your school but which
far. When stories began to circulate about the Bilderberg may not be true.
Group, a secretive grouping of the world's political 7 something which there seems to be a growing public
and business elite, most people dismissed it as just a appetite for in your country.
'5 conspiracy theory. 6
[ 8 something which you personally refuse to buy into.
Mr Alexander says that the growth of conspiracy
theories is not something just to laugh at, 'lt's dangerous if
6 ffi Discuss the questions with the class.

your belief system makes you see the world in a way that's
1 Describe any conspiracy theories that are specific to your
own country.
unreal. Conspiracy theories can affect a whole society and
2 Why do so many conspiracy theories involve the USA?
,r make the society mad,'
3 Are conspiracy theories harmtess or damaging?
Give reasons.

Unit9'Secrets 97
 Complete the articte with appropriate passive forms of the
Use of the passive
verbs below. What is your opinion of the way Joyce Hatto and
The choice between active and passive voice is often
her husband behaved?
made for stylistic reasons, because we want a certain
word to be the subject of the sentence in order to fit
with the topic and flow of the text. Compare:
Clara Butt gave the first performonce of Elgar's Sea
Pictures. (in a text about the singer Ctara Butt)
The first performance of Elgar's Sea Pictures was given
by Clara Butt. (in a text about Etgar's music)

.,r: Read the Learn fhisl box. Then decide which of the underlinec
clauses in the text below would be better in the passive and
rewrite them. Give reasons.
loyce tlaltotlld helhusbandlealoldon in the 1970s afte"
dpetqs ha_d,_dr,agne-se!layee Wil-h eaneer. Awayfrom the
public gaze, they worl<ed together on recordings of some ol
the finest classical pieces that anybody had ever composeq
But it soon became clear that her disease was hampering
loyce's efforts to produce outstanding recgrlrnp. lVjlliam
made the first eteqt4r3jq alterations in order to cover up
Classical pianist Joyce Hatto was born in London in 1928 and her cries of pain. Atthough Wittiam l<new that it was wrong,
remembers praciising the piano as a teenager while London a desire to protect his wife's_m!_sjealrcpltalilnftgCele!
1- in the Second World War. As a performer in London his dishonest actions. He simpty wanted people to give her
during the 1950s and 60s. she 2_- to be proficient but not the acctaim which her disease had denied her. Was that
outstanding and she more or less retired from professional so wrong? Atthough people never tool< le_yce'.s- recordings

music in the 1970s. She had her piano moved from London seriously again, perhaps W_e_-5houtd admire her courage.
and her husband's Iove after at[.
to a small house in the country, and there she lived with her
husband, William Barrington-Coupe, a recording engineer. :rli ,o"r the text in exercise 2 change your opinion of Joyce Hatto
Over the next thirty years, she performed at home, and these and her husband? Why?/Why not?
performances - 104 of them in total - r by her husband
and then . on his own record label, Concert Artists. 1|ir Participle phrases
They caused a sensation. Her performances " -. by music iiti,,,l:llli n.r.rnerthatwe can sometimes use a phrase
critics as some of the finest recordings that 6 ever ililllli beginning with a past participle (a participte phrase) in
and Hatto 7 as 'the greatest instrumentalist that almost iliirtt,,tiil
place of a passive construction. Compare:
nobody has heard of'. " """
became international news.
But in 2007 a music magazine discovered that one of the
recordings B
Exposed by a music magazine, the fraud became
electronically from another artist's CD. Since
international news.
then, further frauds have emerged. At least five of
the pieces e- in fact by other artists, and more
fakes o - - on a daily basis. lt seems likely that in due Read the Leorn this! box. Then rewrite the following text using
an appropriate mixture of active and passive constructions
course. all 104 pieces '1 - not to be genuine. Only
and participle phrases.
yesterday, classical pianist David Owen Norrisl2 that his
Millions in the USA watched the cookery show Dinner:
1988 solo piano recording of Elgar's Symphony No 1 in A flat
lmpossible. British chef Robert lrvine presented it.
major 13 as Hatto's work. 'l'm just very sad,' he said. 'l
The Queen had l<nighted lrvine and she had given him a
think it's pathetic really that somebody should "- to this.' castle in Scotland - or so he claimed. Officiats investigated
lrvine when a business venture failed and they exposed him
as a fraud. lrvine has finally admitted the truth.
Now, angry creditors are pursuing lrvine and the TV channel
has removed his fictitious biography from its website.

98 Unit g Secrets
 ffi#ffi# Worl< in pairs. Think of three different situations in
which somebody might want to mal<e themselves invisible, or
very difficult to see. Then compare your ideas with the class.

: ffiffiffiifl1-},$ Worl< in pairs. Compare and contrast the two

photos. Answer the questions.
1 Why do you think each person is attempting to hide?
2 How successFuI do you think their attempts are?
3 ln what ways do the photos emphasise the differences
between the town and the country?
4 ln what other situations might it be useful not to be
visibte?

I 6b :.tO Listen to two students tatking about the photos in

exercise 2. How different are their ideas from your own?

i6 db f .f O Read the phrases for drawing conclusions and

clauses a-m. Thinl< about which clauses belong together
logicatly. Then [isten again and match the clauses with gaps
7-73.

a He's sitting behind a bush,

b he's ptanning to be there for some time.
c the photo was taken in a forest or some such ptace.
d this could be Tokyo or some other [arge city in Japan.
e he's bothered to bring such a [arge piece of equipment
f he's some kind of photographer or cameraman.
g she's pulted the top part up in order to hide. Words Iike thing and stuff are usefuI when it isn't
h there are bushes, [ong grass, and a river. possible to be more precise about what you see. You can
i she's in a back street rather than on a main road. also use phrases [ike some kind of and some.- or other.
j the picture was set up, so to speak.
l< he's got a camera Read the Speaking tip.Find examples of vague [anguage in
I The people Iool< Japanese to me, ctauses a-m in exercise 4. Then use the same language to
m he wants to blend in with his surroundings. mal<e these sentences more vague.

Use the prompts to mal<e sentences. lnclude phrases for 1 He's wearing a coat made of feathers.
drawing conclusions from exercise 4. 2 The photo was taken in Brazit.
1 there's a microphone -) it's a video camera 3 He's bored.
2 he has a grey beard -) he's quite old 4 She works as a private investigator.
3 he's chosen this career -) he Iil<es being alone 5 She's in her thirties.
4 the boy is turning around -) he's seen the woman 6 She wants to blend into the background.
5 it doesn't [ool< much like a real vending machine -) it's
ffi}ffi*l**Tiffi Turn to page 152 and do the exam task. Use
just a joke phrases from exercise 4 for drawing conclusions and include
vague language from exercise 6.

Unit 9 Secrets 99
I
 ffiffilffi Discuss the quotation by academic Noam
ffiffi-
Chomsl<y. ls it an argument against or in favour of
censorship? Do you agree? Passive structures with verbs like regard, consider
and believe mal<e statements appear less personaI
If we don't believe in freedam of and are therefore often appropriate in an essay. The
expression for people we desplse, ptain statement: 'Censorship is undesirabte.' coutd be
we don't believe in it at all. rephrased in these ways:
Censorship is usually regarded as undesirable.
Read the essay. What is the writer's basic answer to the Censorship is generally considered (to be) undesirable.
question in the titte? Censorship is often seen as undesirable.
tt is widely accepted that censorship is undesiroble.
It is often said thot censorship is undesirable.

Should freedom of speech It is generally believed that censorship is undesirable.

always be defended? Read the Writing trp. How many times is this type of passive
structure used in the model text? Choose one other sentence
The first amendment to the American Constitution defends every which could be rephrased in this way and rewrite it.
citizen's right to free speech, and most democracies around the
world pride themselves on a lack of state censorship. lndeed,
iii,iil,ll {uil:.,:l,ir,l,'lrrili.i:i i:ll"rril.til,i,l.i 'i}-ll: l,llii,;,ri,,i.,.f :i'fliti,.ii..'i ., .... .r

the fact that newspapers and TV news stations report stories

which are highly critical of the government is seen as one of the Match 1-6 with a-f to form common collocations. Checkyour
srgns of a healthy democracy. But how far should this lack of answers by finding them in the essay in exercise 2.
censorship extend? ls it possible to have a society which places 1 free a oprnrons
absolutely no controls on information? 2 state b security
Freedom of speech is usually regarded as one of the 3 personaI c speech
cornerstones of democracy. lt is essential that the content of 4 false d resutts
newspapers, for example, is decided by the newspaper editors 5 nationaI e censorship
and not by politicians or police. lf politicians were allowed to 6 catastrophic f accusations
determine what should or should not be printed, they would be
able to suppress any information which did not put them in a Comptete the sentences with the collocations in exercise 4.
good light. Corruption would increase and there would be no way 1 lt was fett that revealing the government's nuclear plans
of exposing politicians'wrongdoings, Moreover, it goes without could jeopardise
saying that ordinary citizens in a democracy should be allowed to 2 Whatever her may be, she never criticises
voice their personal opinions without fear of intimidation. -
her employer in public.
Having said that, it is clear that total freedom of speech 3 - down the website have been portrayed
Attempts to close
is impossible, or at least extremely risky. This is because as an attack on
sometimes it is necessary to limit freedom of speech in order to 4 Allowing peopte to stir up raciaI hatred could have
protect individual members of society or society as a whole.
- a multiracial society.
in
An example of this would be the laws against libel. These
ln some countries, prevents newspapers
prohibit you from making damaging and untrue statements about
from printing the truth.
somebody. Without this protection, people's lives could be ruined -
The minister claimed that he was entirety innocent and
by false accusations.
had been the victim of
It is widely accepted that some information needs to be kept
secret for reasons of national security or crime prevention. lf a trffffiffi.,ri]ffi Discuss whether it is more important, in your
newspaper was allowed to print details of a secret anti-terrorist opinion, to protect freedom of speech or to protect people
operation, there might be catastrophic results. from false accusations. Give reasons.
To sum up, I would say that freedom of speech should be
defended in the majority of cases. However, there will always
be situations in which this freedom would have negative
consequences. ln those instances, I belteve that it is necessary
to sacrifice freedom in order to protect people's lives.

100, Unit9 Secrets

 ffiffiffi-$,ffi Work in pairs. Discuss the proposition. Do you Plan an opinion essay about the proposition in exercise 1.
agree or disagree? Give reasons. Make notes for paragraphs 2-4. Use ideas from exercises 1
and 3.
The Internet should be more tightly
Paragraphl lntroduction
controlled by governments. Paragraph 2 Points in support of the opposite opinion
Read the start offour newspaper articles about lnternet Paragraph 3 Points in support of your opinion
controls. Do they change your opinion about the proposition Paragraph 4 Further points in support of your opinion
in exercise 1? Why?/Why not? Paragraph 5 Conclusion
..r..,r...i......1.,

Cyber Bullying led 7

One way of writing the introduction to an opinion essay
is to describe the current situation as you see it and then

to Teen's Suicide
vv l vvII \, x-, rt Ivl1IlL/
;
restate the question in your own words.

The parents daughter's

ofa 13-year-old girl who believe their
a
Read the Writing fip, then look at the lntroduction to the
suicide was the result ofa cruel cyber hoax are pushing for model essay on page 100. Which sentences describe the
,
measures to protect other children online. Z
current situation? Which sentences rephrase the question in
different words?
Terror websites could be Work in pairs. Write the introduction to your essay using the
blocked in Eucrackdown phrases below to help you.

Access to websites that provide information on how to

make bombs could be blocked by securiff forces in an
attempt to crack down on terrorists.
a

Online anorexia Microsoft abruptly cLosed 3

down four pro-anorexia

sites shut down websites in Spain yesterday
after a comptaint that they
amid claims they were endangering the lives
glorify starvation of teenage girts.
Compare your introduction with another pair's introduction.
.*----.--.--,
-.,.-...---F -- --'"--j Share ideas to improve your work.

Working individual[y, write paragraphs 2-5 of your essay

Bank details being sold followingyour plan. Write 200-250 words in total.
over the Internet for just f1 Check your work using the tist below.
Lists of credit card numbers, names and addresses are
being traded across the Internet by criminals involved
in ID fraud, it is claimed today. Have you:
fottowed the essay ptan correctly?
written the correct number of words?
ffiffiffiffiffi$ Work in pairs. Decide whether the fottowing
inctuded passive phrases for distancing your
things should or should not be allowed on the lnternet. Then
opinions?
compare your ideas with the class.
checked the spetting and grammar?
1 stories about famous peopte which may be untrue
2 unauthorised photos and video clips of ordinary peopte
3 instructions for writing computer viruses
4 unauthorised video footage of rock concerts
5 negative opinions about the government
6 adverts for untested medicines
Unit 9 Secrets 101
 Describe the photograph. What is the role of the two peopte Read the text quickty, ignoring any extra words. Why was an
in the photo? What does the machine do? Use the words inability to lie a big problem for this criminal?
below to help you.
Do the Use of Engtish exam tasl<.
blood pressure deceit deception detect deteetion
lie detcctor pulse sweat

Some [ines of the text are correct and some contain an

extra word which should not be there. Cross out the
extra words and tick the lines which are correct.
0 lt may be tough for Alejandro Martinez to.bf
00 clear himself of charges that he robbed a Las ./
1 Vegas pizza parlour after he allegedly leaving
2 behind a crucial piece of evidence. According to
2 l.r 1 Do the Listening exam task.
3 prosecutors, the 23-year-old Martinez entered the
6&
4 parlour, ordered a pie and requested for a job
5 application. 'The cashier immediately gave him an
6 application and a pen, so that he started filling it _
Listen to a radio programme. Choose the best answers 7 out,'said Clark County Prosecutor Frank Coumou.
(A-D). 'Then, when he thought the moment was right, he
B
1 During an experiment into the development of I lifted his shirt, exposed the butt of a firearm, and had
deception in children 10 told herto give him all of the money.'
A almost atL of the three-year-olds lied. 11 Having stuffed over the $200 in his pocket, Martinez
B about hatf of atl the children lied. 12 rushed out to a waiting car, authorities say. But a _
C all of the five-year-olds tied. 13 witness was iollowed the gunman and wrote down
D all of the three-year-olds and hatf of the five-year- 14 the number plate. An easy trace of that number that
olds tied. 15 led to police straight to Marlinez, whom they found
2 According to research, what proportion of everyday 16 sitting at home. None of that has not made it easy
Iies are not identified as lies? 17 for the lawyer who he has been given the job of
A four out of five C more than eighty per cent 18 defending Martinez. But the evidence that left behind
B a third D eight percent 19 could render his job almost as impossible. When
3 Research into how wetI peopte can detect lies has 20 police returned to the pizza parlour after the arrest,
shown that 21 they found Martinez's job application still was on the
A peopte can onty tell if ctose famity members are 22 counter. He had dutifully filled in with his real name
tying. 23 and address. 'l'd chalk it up to either inexperience
B men are better than women at detecting [ies. 24 or plain stupidity,' he said Prosecutor Coumou.
C young people are the best at detecting ties.
D only a smalI number of people can identify Iies 5 E?ll?gfillifqfln Workin pairs. Decide in what
consistently. circumstances, if any, you might be tempted to lie about:
4 Psychotogist Paul Ekman has demonstrated that
1 somebody's appearance. 3 your age.
A judges and psychiatrists Iie just as much as 2 feeling unwelt.
robbers.
4 your emotions.

B it's easier to detect a Iie when you watch it on 6 Oo the Speaking exam tasl<.
video.
c it's hard to detect a [ie when you are part of a group.
D experts are no better than ordinary people at
Read the following statement. Do you agree or disagree
detecting Iies.
with it? Discuss the issue with your partner, responding
Research by Professor Charles Bond suggests that
to any counter-arguments they have.
people fail to detect Iies because
lf you want to succeed in Iife you shoutd become
A they don't look into the eyes of the person speaking. a
good Iiar.
B they are looking for the wrong signs.
C they don't notice changes in body language.
D people from different countries have very different
body language.

702 Get Ready for your Exam 9

 THIS UNIT INCLUDES
Vocabulary r synonyms for end t the environment r adverbs ofdegree r adjectives to describe films
(connotation) r verb-noun collocations r negative prefixes and suffixes r stylisticatly appropriate language
Grammar e whotever, whoever, etc. r comptex sentences r prepositions in retative clauses * impersonal
structures for introducing opinions
Endings
Speal<ing r rote-play ! tall(ing about threats to the ptanet r tatking about lilms and their endings , communication strategies
Writing r an oPinion essaY

I ffiffi Describethe photos of people sayinggoodbye to It is til(ety that many of these [anguages witl to
each other. What do you thinl( they are feeting? What might exist over the next century or so.
they be saying? This research in the discovery ofthe gene
responsible for a rare form of bone cancer.
Ryan Jones it for City with a goal in
extra time.
And now l'd just tike to
- this rather long speech by
thanl<ing the bridesmaids for looking after l(aren.
5 The party doesn't tilt eleven.
6 The phone lines are now open and they at
nine o'clock.
-
Read the usage note from The Oxford Leorner's Thesourus.
Which of the four verbs connot be used to complete the
sentences?
EEIEI END, srop. FrNrsH oR coNcLUDEl End can be used
for things that end in space as wel) as things that end ir
time: The rood ends here. End. finish and conclude are
used especially abour rhings thar ;ou do nor expect ro
starr again a[rer they have ended: The war ended [n
1945. of ler oimost sr-r yeors of fighnn4. <> The concert
should finkh by lO o clock. o She concluded her speech
with a quotation from Shakespeare. Finish and con-
clude, in particular, suggest that sth has come to an end
because it has been completed. Finish is usecl more to
ralk aboul whpn srh ends; conclude is used more to ralk
about hor4l sth ends. Stop is used about things that may
or will start again, or that canflot ever be 'completed'l
The rain stopped just long enough for us to hove a quick
watk in the park.

2 Read the quotation from Romeo and Juliet by Wittiam

1 The river in a tong narrow [ake.
Shal<espeare. Explain its meaning.
2 The party didn't until the early hours of the
Good-night, good-night! Parting rs sucft morning.
sweet sorrow, 3 The potice have their investigation into the murder.
4 Wilt you please interrupting me?
That I shall say good-night tiL| it be 5 The sates conference with a speech by the
morrow managing director.

3 6b l.t: Listen to nine extracts and match them with 6 Work in pairs.
descriptions a-j. One description is not needed. . Prepare one of the following situations. Mal<e notes.
rI zE rtr +E str etr zE str str . Start the situation a minute or two before the dialogue
woutd end.
a a job interview f a news bulletin . End by parting from each other.
b a radio interview g a speech
c a talent show h a chat between friends 1 a job interview
d a radio advertisement i a documentary 2 a conversation with a friend at a party
e an announcement j a business meeting 3 an interview with a famous person
4 a business meeting
4 6il :.f Z Complete the sentences with the correct form of
the verbs below. Use a dictionary to hetp you. Then listen ffi Act outyour roleplay in front of the class.
again and checl<.
l D VOCneULARY BUILDER 10.1: SYNONYMS AND
fi
!i]
cease close culminate conclude wind up wrap up ANTONYMS: WORKBOOK PAGE 112 (K
Unit 10 Endings 103
 Complete the facts about the environment using the words
6i :.t: Listen to three people tatking about different
below. globalthreats that we face. Who is least optimistic about the
rmrh*ntli*.ilicj* d*gr**:: *q*ir,*trrit exp*rt+:d threat? Who is most optimistic?
exf inc{i*n im6:aii +.;ilr*cj p*lar ie.* ray::;
d6 Match the verbs and nouns to make collocations used by the
r;:y'r n:at*ft;:t t+":*i'1=*i rui:h;s'r; failh*+"lc$
speakers.
l address a ctimate change
2 combat b vaccines
3 assess c weapons
4 stockpile d a threat
5 decommission e measures
6 bring in f a risk
whotever, whoever, wherever, etc.
We use whatever, whoever, etc. to say'it doesn't matter
what, who, etc. because the resutt witt be the same'.
Whatever we do, global warming is here to stay.
Whoever thinks we can ignore the problem is seriously
mistaken.
Whichever country you live in, you'll be affected by
fuai*auwxrtal,laat climote change.
ln the UK twenty million tonnes of food are imported, We'll never prevent sea-levels rising, however hard we try.
and twelve million tonnes .,.--,- ! every year. ln some clauses we can omit the verb be.
However difficult (it is), we have to oct now.
On average every person in the UKthrows away their
own body weight in =- every three months.
fnternationally, one in six species of mammal faces ffi *fa,*'mmAR &i.i{LSfH lS.t: l,fffXfl#y*ff- kL,tr{SSyS&, trf i

On average, each UK uses 55,000 litres of water

every year.
& :.t: Read the Learn this! box. Then rephrase these
ideas as they were expressed by the speal<ers, using
Across the European Union at any one time, there are whotever,whoever,wherever, etc. Then listen and check
stretching along 64,000 kilometres of road. your answers to exercises 4 and 5.
.130
The ten warmest years in the last have all
since 1978.
1 lt doesn't matter which way you [ook at it, gtobaI warming
is a very real threat.
7 It takes around 450 years for a plastic bottle.to
- 2 Everybody shoutd do their bit and make an effort, even if
8 Aviation generates nearly as much in one year as
it's really smat[.
the total population of Africa.
9 An area of tropical rainforest -.to sixteen football 3 Any time the media hear about an outbreak of bird flu,
they always btow it out of proportion.
pitches is destroyed every single minute.
10 For every tonne of waste we produce in our homes, it 4 lt doesn't matter how much the government scientists try
to reassure us, nobody really betieves them.
is estimated that five tonnes of waste has already been
created at the manufacturing stage, and twenty tonnes
5 Reatisticalty I don't think there's any chance at at[ of that
happening in the foreseeabte future.
at the point where the was extracted.
1 1 4O%o of the have melted over the past 50 years.
6 lt doesn't matter what we do with our own nuclear
weapons, we have to prevent other countries from
12 The of the average US citizen on the environment
developing their own.
is approximately three times that of the average ltalian,
-- times- that of the average Brazilian, 140 times
thirteen ffi ffi Work in pairs or small groups. Decide what, in your
that of the average Bangladeshi, and 250 times that of opinion, is the gravest threat facing either your country, your
the average sub-Saharan African. continent or the world. Choose one of the threats below, or
come up with your own. Present your ideas to the class.

;liirn inrra*i*n riir*ase *m,j gtarvEi:i*rl

= ffi
Work in pairs. Do any of these facts disturb you? ff ;qfi essivr.: i-* n * u m p li* n g{eih,rI t*rr*ris er
Are many people concerned? Why?/ Why not? Agree on which glthal virilr*s gi+hnI u*rr*inp; nait-rruI rii*nst*rc
three facts alarm you most. Give reasons. ;"tr.uf *alrrar p*puia{iutt rxp[*sl** rlre dr*gu tra*-l*

104 Unit 10 Endings

 Exptain these sentences from the listening exercise in your
own words.
1 By the finaI reel, inspiration is often replaced by rote.
2 Special effects have become the crutch of lazy dramatists.
3 (The closing shot of The Third Man is) a shot that has
echoed through movie history.
4 When someone does come up with an originaI ending,
everyone apes it.

Look at the tist of adjectives that could be used to describe

the ending of a film. Decide whether each one has a positive,
negative or neutraI connotation. Use a dictionaryto help you.

aruhigucul halfllng ciirl;r* t+*i-g**d haeiln*yrri

h*;lrt"r*n*ing ig"lc*nqru,:ir:,:,,.''r;:rns norises:s:r*{
*Terhlmwn s**tir*tii;tal shclri:ii:q :Lr:iiter:i-ilftr
ffi Look at the tist of fitms. Have you seen any of suh[l* 1*::rilirrg r',ha:ught';:r'*."rr-;iri;lg rrexi]rctfrj
them? Do you remember the ending? Use the words and iir: se ii* lyi*g ,"r;tg{!g

phrases below to help you describe the ending.

Complete the sentences with a suitable adjective from
a great L#sl sh*t ai: uphe;ll fin*ie i:iralc exercise 5. Several answers may be possible. Compare your
e*uld sse it r*nrirlg crxr::atiraily r.*h*rrnt answers with a partner.
ertd \s,,ith * {c.'r{isi ie*[-g**d *n#ing [*rlg, r.ir*,ru*"*ut 1 Thefinatscene is realty-- lwas cryingso much I

pxt4stifylng c,-.nrlusiiln *ncaiisf,,ri*g could hardly see the screen!

7 Shrek 2 The ending is comptetely - you tend to assume
2 Spider-Man j that the hero is going to win, not die!
3 Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End 3 There's a very
-- twist at the end of the film, which I

4 Enchonted coutdn't get out of my mind for days.

5 The Sixth Sense 4 Unfortunatety, the fitm's finate is totally , with
6 2001: A Space Odyssey loud, frantic music and huge special effects.
7 Corrie 5 The fitm deals with tragic events, so I found the happy
8 Before Sunset 'Hottywood' ending totatly
9 Love Actually 5 Thankfutty, the director avoided the obvious endings and
opted for something far more
6D f .f + Listen to a film critic tall<ing
about the endings of
the films in exercise 1. What is his opinion of them? Write: ffi Complete the sentences with your own ideas.
+ (good), - (bad) or ? (doesn't l<now yet) next to the film title. Then compare sentences with your partner, iustifying your
opinions. Does he or she know the fitm and agree about the
6& f.t+ Listen again. Are the sentences true (D or false (F), ending?
or is the answer not stated (NS)? 7 The film with the most touching ending l've ever seen is ...
1 Unsatisfying endings to Hollywood films are often the 2 The fitm with the most spectacutar ending l've ever seen
result of fear. is...
2 Fitm studios often use special effects because they can't 3 The film with the most baffling ending l've ever seen is ...
come up with a good ending. 4 The fitm with the most unexpected ending I've ever seen is ...
3 The fitm Titonic confirms Hollywood's view of what
audiences want. ffi worl< in pairs. Discuss the questions.

4 The onty good thing aboulThe Sixth Sense was the 1 Why do you think American films tend to have more
ending. happy endings than European films?
5 Nobody has succeeded in solving the riddte at the end 2 ls there a l<ind of ending that you particularty lil<e or
2001: A Space Odyssey. distike in films?
6 lt is a shame that almost every horror movie fottows the 3 Which fitm that you've seen recently had the most
example setby Carrie. effective ending, in your opinion? Why?
7 The critic liked Before Sunset because the audience is left 4 Which fitm had the worst ending, in your opinion? Why?
not knowing if the lovers get back together at the end. D VOCRAULARY BUILDER 10.2: ADVERBS OF DEGREE:
8 The critic hates alI films in which the lovers kiss at the end. WORKBOOKPAGEll2 G
Unit 10 Endings 105
 ffiffi{ffiffi,H Work in pairs. Look at the photo of a patient care Read the first two paragraphs ofthe text and find the answer
bay and the title of the text. What do you think is inside the to question 1. Explain in your own words what'cryonics' is.
metaI cylinders?

Wsuld Umu dEe mf 20 This may be exptained by the growing convict'ion among scientists
that mankind 'is ctoser than ever to achieving what untiI now

horedonr if UCIrr has seemed the stuff of our wjtdest dreams or worst nightmares.
depending on your perspective. They think it may wel[ be possibte t:

llued fur Brrtsr? 25

extend human life way beyond its current span - enabling us to live
many hundreds ofyears and perhaps even for ever.
The probLem with al"l" attempts to find the secret to Longer Life
Lined up in neat rows, their stainless steel sjdes gleaming. the huge over the centuries has been that the human body somehow seems
metal cylinders stored in a nondescrjpt office buitding give tittle programmed to die. Although we generalty enjoy much tonger lives
clue as to their gruesome contents. 0n each vesseI there is a stjcker than our forebears, we accept that even jf we avoid accident or
bearing the name and Logo of a company ca[[ed Alcor. 0nLy the 30 iLlness. our bodies wiL[ wear out and we wit[ eventuatty die of
smal[ print beneath hints at what its work might be. 'Life Extensjon 'o[d age'. However, humans don't have a'death gene'which triggers
Foundation Since 1,972i it reads, offering a website address for those the ageing process; the process is the result of malfunctioning cetl
visitors who join the twice-weekly tours of Alcor's headquarters in reproduction. From the jmmortalists' point of view, instead of being
Scottsda[e, Arizona, and who might want to find out more about its an jnevjtabte part of human b'iol"ogical destiny. death is something
highly unusual services. 35 whjch can be avoided if we can onty find cures for the illnesses
Alcor is in the business of cryonics. For a fee of approximatety whjch threaten our [ves. Given that we are talking about diseases
$200.000 - depending on your age and heal.th - it wiLL dispatch such as cancer, this is a very big'if'- but medicine's success in
a trajned response team when you die to drajn your blood and eradicating polio in the twentjeth century shows how quickty today's
deep freeze your body in one of those huge vacuum fl.asks of Liquid incurabLe iLtness can become tomorrow's medical success story.
nitrogen. The theory js that the firm's emptoyees witl thaw you 40 Atready, advances in technotogy are raising previousty unimaginable
1,5 out and revive you at some point in the future when scjence has possibiI'ities in medicaI science. For exampLe, scientjsts at the Wake
advanced enough to cure you of whatever it was you djed of. And Forest Universjty Medical School in Amerjca are working to grow
aLthough the total number of peopte across the world who have twenty different tjssues and organs, including blood vessels and
signed up for freezing is stjtt tittte more than 1,000, Atcor says its hearts, in the [aboratory using human cetts. This procedure coutd,
membership has increased rapidty recentty. 45 one day, heLp combat diseases such as cancer, by simpty rep[acing
the diseased organs with 'spares' supptied by the recipients'own
cells, wjth therefore no rjsk of rejection. In this way, humans might
become much [ike cars - wjth every part replaceabte and immortality
guaranteed.
50 Perhaps the reaI question js not whether eterna[ life wil.t one day
be possibte, but whether the quest itse[f is misdirected. In his
short story. The Immoftal, the Argentinean writerJorge Luis Borges
wrjtes of a man who goes in search of a river which cleanses people
of death. The immortal peopte whom he finds there are inert and
55 apparently miserabte. Since they wiLl' Live for an jnfinjte number of
years, they reasonthat everything that can happen to them witl do
at some point. As a resuLt they can hardl.y bring themselves to move.
'I remember one who I never saw stand upi says Borges'narrator.'A
bird had nested on his breastl
60 This rajses the question: what incentive wou[d there be to do
anything if we knew that we had an endless number of days ahead
of us in whjch to accomptish at[ our goa[s? Indeed, wou[d our
Lives have any meaning at aLl'? As humans, we onty seem able to
understand our feelings when they are batanced against opposing
65 emotions. When we feet happy, it is in contrast to being sad; when
we fee[ at peace, it is a respite from being anxious. How then coutd
we feel gtad to be ative, to savour our existence day to day, if there

106 Unit 10 , Endings

 Read the rest ofthe text and choose the best summary. 5 Scientists can take what they learned from tackling potio
What is wrong with the other two summaries? and use it to find cures for other diseases.
6 Scientists at Wake Forest University Medical SchooI are
A developing man-made organs to replace human organs.
Many scientists now believe that death is not biotogicatty 7 The Borges story impties that achieving immortality
inevitabte and could be avoided if there were cures for all woutd deprive us of the ioy of being alive.
life-threatening diseases. However, living for ever woutd 8 Deciding whether or not to choose immortaLity may be
create its own probtems. People might become apathetic difficutt, but it witt probabty never arise for anyone
and the planet would be overcrowded. alive today.

Match the adlectives in red in the text with these definitions.

B
Underline the negative prefix or suffix in each adjective.
Scientists are developing new ways to combat serious
diseases, Iike cancer, and may soon be able to replace 7 impossible to imagine
parts of the body, just tike a mechanic reptaces parts 2 not worl<ing properly
of a car. However, living for ever would have several 3- not relevant
disadvantages as we[[ as advantages. 4- with no interesting features
5- , having no conclusion
C
6 not aimed at the correct goal
lf scientists found a way of allowing humans to Iive for 6 Complete the sentences. Make the words in bracl<ets negative
ever, the result would not necessarity be positive. As -
by adding the correct prefix or suffix from exercise 5. Use a
Borges ittustrated in a short story, immortatity woutd tead dictionary to hetp you if necessary.
to a complete [ack of motivation. lt would also cause the
1 Celts can become as a result of repticating
ptanet to become over-poputated.
themselves time and time again. (formed)
2 l(nowing that you will never die could mal<e your daity tife
4 According to the text, are the sentences true (T) or false (F), or . (meaning)
is the answer not stated (NS)? Justify your answers. 3 One day, serious diseases could be rendered
1 Scientists betieve that immortality may soon be a (existent) by science.
possibitity. Perhaps people who opt for cryonics are to accept
2 Past attempts to find the secret of immortality faited the reality of death. (witting)
because nobody fulty understood the ageing process. Reviving people who have been frozen may prove to be
3 Everyone accepts that finding cures for itlnesses will scientificatty (feasibte).
never be enough to prevent people from dying. lf you were revived centuries into the future, you might be
4 Advances in science make it almost inevitabte that we to tife in that era. (adjusted)
will soon find a cure for cancer. Anyone who lived to be 200 would be of
remembering their own chitdhood. (capabte)
Perhaps the very ambition of achieving immortality is
was no possibititythat it might one day be . (conceived)
snatched from us? At[ our emotions would become immaterial. Maybe the secret of immortality wilL remain
70 And what about the Limitations of our memories which often faiL
(penetrable) for ever.
us, even in the short lives currently altotted to us? It is frustrating
enough to acknowtedge that we have forgotten things which
7 ffi Discuss the questions with the class.

happened ten, twenty or thirty years ago. Imagine then the 1 What emotions might somebodywho had been frozen for
frustration of hundreds 0f years' worth of memories slipping away 200 years and then revived experience, in your opinion?
75 from us as we drift through the centuries - constantty Losing sight 2 What might be the best and worst aspects of being
of where we have been and what we have done. immortat?
There woutd be other prob[ems too. Un[ess we began to coLonise 3 Would you personatty choose to be immortat, if you
space, the Earth woutd soon be burdened with too many people could? Give reasons.
and some sort of [irnit on the number of chitdren we can have might
80 be necessary. Perhaps we might onty be atlowed to reproduce if we
undertook to dje oursetves at some future point.
Given atL this, it seems that [onger tife might come at a price much
heavier than many of us are witting to pay. For most of
us ative today, immortal"ity may never be an issue - but for those
85 who are at the start of their lives, or yet to be born, it js a decjsjon
they may well have to confront, and much sooner than any of us
might have imagined.

Unit 10 , Endings : 107

 *, nead the text and explain in your own words how the Darwin Write the story of Larry Walters by joining each group of two
Awards get their name. or three sentences into one complex sentence. When there
are two possible positions for a preposition, choose the more
The Darwin Awards forma[.

The various individuals upon whom the DarwinAwards are i

1 Among the 'near misses' is the story of Larry Walters.
bestowed each year are, by definition, unaware of the honour; and ; Most fans of the Darwin Awards are familiar with his
even if they were, it certainly is not an award of which any right- i exploits.
minded person could be proud.This is because the people to t 2 ln 1,982, he attempted a daring ftight using only an
whom it is awarded have inadvertently caused their own dea[h ordinary garden chair. He'd attached 45 helium balloons
through an act of reckless stupidity. (The lamous scientist that i to it.
the awards are named afrer put furward the theor"y of natural i
seleclion, according ro which inferior members of a species are
3 The ptan was to float up to a height of about ten metres.
He'd be abte to enloy a fine view of the surrounding
less likely to survive long enough ro pass on their genes.) Each
year: Lhe Danvin Awards websrte publishes a number o[ such
Z
terrain from that height. The plan had been worked out
stories which are then voted for by the public in order to select i carefutly.
a winner. Although the purpose of the award rs, strictly speaking, : Unfortunately, he rocketed into the air, climbing more
Lo celebraLe these bizarre oealhs and the people whose stupidity than 5,000 metres. He remained at that altitude for more
brought them about, the website also includes 'near misses', which i than fourteen hours.
Air traffic controI received bewitdered messages from
r::l::aiT.:y:3:_l-""y-:9-=:*::ji::.*_.____*-_*_,: passenger planes. Their pitots had seen Larry.
Read the information below. Then, where possible, rewrite 6 It was a terrifying ftight. Larry had no control over it.
the clauses in bold in exercise 1 with the preposition in a 7 Luckily, Larry had brought his pistol. He burst some of tht
different position. lf it is not possible, explain why. balloons with it.
8 He gradually descended to the ground. At this point, he
Prepositions in relative clauses was arrested by the potice.
1 When a relative clause includes a preposition, we &
can often choose whether to put it at the beginning Work in pairs. Decide which of the complex sentences you
or at the end. The latter is more common and more wrote in exercise 3 could be rewritten in a less formalstyle by
informa[. putting the preposition in a different position.
That's the man from whom we bought our cor,
Add the information a-e to the correct place in the text 1-5
That's the man (who/that) we bought our car from.
using one or more relative clauses.
2 However, when the preposition is part of a phrasal
verb, it atways stays with the verb. One evening, Fabio was chatting to some friends.
tI Fabio was a 28-year-old ltalian truck driver. He
He adopted three children, whom he looked afrer 'I
well. took a gadget 3E out of his pocket to show his friends. lt
Mutti-word prepositional phrases can go at the looked like an ordinary pen, but was in fact a pistot aE .
beginning or end, but we don't separate the words. Keen to demonstrate the gadget to his friends, Fabio hetd
We saw o cafd, in front of which sot several diners. it to his head and putled the trigger 5[.
We passed a cof6, which severol diners sot in front of,
We can't put a preposition at the beginning when the a he'd recently become the proud owner of it.
retative pronoun is the subject of the fottowingverb. b a single .22 calibre bultet could be fired from it.
I bought a house which hadn't been lived in for c he was having a quiet drink with them.
yeors. d at this point, the gun fired and Fabio died.
The relative pronoun may form part of a noun phrase e his hobby was spy gadgets. He had some ofthem
such as some of which, many of whom, the first of with him.
l
which or an adverbial phrase like atwhich point, for
I

i
which reason, in which case. ffiffiffiffiWork in pairs. Student A: Briefly retettthe story
I have three brothers, the youngest of whom is five. of Larry Walters in your own words. Student B: Briefly retell
He recorded more than fifty songs, many of which the story of Fabio in your own words. Try to use complex
become hits- sentences. Which person deserved a Darwin Award more, in
your opinion? Why?
i
The host fell osleep, at which point we left.
i

ffiS& *gamm,{K &Liir-*[* :!i,].: ]itlt-$,]iv]: {t_&u$($:

p,q$g 1:3* ffi
108 Unit 10 Endings
$" ffi Work in pairs. Read the task below. Discuss and C Mentioning associations
decide on three things you might tatk about. For each thing, You'd find it in/on/near "'
thinkoftworeasonswhytheworldwouldbebetteroff lt'ssomethingyou'dexpecttoseeif youwere...
without it. You might need one of these if you were ...
D Giving a definition
i Give.a presentation about one thingwhich, in your , ft,s a type of ... that...
l 9Pi,l..lll. y:ll9*-"Y19 !:llll-:-lly gllyl,lgY. I rt,s another word ror ...

rc Play a word game to practise copingwhen you

forget a word. Use phrases from exercise 4.
. Everybody in the ctass writes three nouns on three pieces
of paper.
. All the pieces of paper are put into one bag.
. One pair takes the bag and has one minute to score
as many points as possible. Student A tal<es a piece of
paper from the bag and describes the word to Student B
without saying (or spetting) the word. Student B has to
guess the word. The pair receives one point for each word
correctly guessed. You are aItowed to'pass'if you cannot
guess the word, but onty twice.
6b :.t 5 Listen to extracts from five students' . The pairwith the most points wins. lf there's a tie, the
presentations. For each speaker say what thing has been
pair with the fewest passes wins.
chosen and give one reason that is mentioned.
& Choose one idea from exercise 1 and expand your list of
6B :.f S
Listen again. Complete the phrases the students
reasons why the world woutd be a better ptace without that
use when they forget a word. Then write the word that they
thing.
have forgotten.
1 'The word has f ust my mind.'
2 'The correct word me for the moment.' Try not to repeat the same phrase too often in a
3 'l can't quite remember what it's .' presentation. Before you start, try to think of a few
4 'The word is on the- tip of my It,..different ways of referring to the main idea. ln addition,
5 'l can't put my on it at the-moment.' ;1',thint< about what adiectives you wilt need and note down
iL-**""--*--
a few synonyms.

Read the Speoking trp. Then study the box below. Can you
Try not to panic if you forget a word while you are i
to add any phrases to it?
speaking. Just use one ofthe phrases from exercise 4 I

admit it, and then find a different way to describe it. i put a stop to
put an end to
&. Read the Speaking frp. Then put the phrases below under the l'd put a halt to because ...
correct heading A-D. like to see the back of
do away with
it's qui{*: lir*i[*r ts *.."
It w*Lrtel r,:m*: in h;rn**y tcr... -,'n53.".
ffi Give your presentation to the class. Remember to
ffiPtrffiffi
& (p*iie* *{ti**r'} sicli.,lld }"ii'mhshty i:*v* *fir cf Xires#.
carry on speal<ing if you forget a word, using phrases from
il's a ulr:rd thial ffireang"".
exercises 3 and 4. You can also use the phrases below to help
A Specifying use with fluency.
It's one of those things for -ing ...
Correcting yourself Paraphrasing
It's something you might use for ...
It can be used to ... What I meant to say was ... 0r to put it another way ...

B Describing appearance
What I should have said was ... ln other words, ...
Come to thinl< of it, ... What l'm trying to say is ...
It's one of those things that has (a handte)
Or rather, ... The point l'm trying to
It looks a bit tike a ...
mal<e is ...
It's Iike a... onty (smatter)

Unit 10 fndings , 109

 Lool< at the photo. Worl< in pairs. Thinl< of as manyother phrases as you can that
What are eBool<s and would fit in the gaps in the essay.
how do they work?
Read the first sentence Did the writer mention any of the arguments which you
ofthe essay in exercise 3 discussed in exercise 2? Which of the writer's arguments do
to checl< your ideas. you find most persuasive? Give reasons.

ln which paragraph does the writer:

1 state his/her own view for the first time?
2 reiterate his/her view?
3 give background information about eBooks?
4 focus on the proposition by turning it into a question?
ffi Worl< in pairs. Read the proposition below. Decide 5 give arguments supporting his/her view?
if you agree or disagree with it, and brainstorm ideas for and 6 give counter-arguments?
against the proposition.
ffi Worl< in groups. Discuss the questions.
eBooks will eventually make 1 Do you think any of the things in the photos wi[[ become
traditional books obsolete. obsolete in the future? Give reasons.
2 Can you thinl< of anything etse which might become
Complete the essay with the phrases below, adding capital
obsolete in the future? Justify your opinions.
letters where necessary. (Some of the phrases can go in more
than one gap, but there is only one set of correct answers.)

Oven the past few yeans we have seen the introduction

of eBooks: digital ver"sions of paper books which can be
i
downloaded fnom the Intennet onto small hand-held devices i
called eBook neadens. '- eBooks will inevitably have ;

an enormous impact on the sales of tr"aditional books,

but
2- , will they become so popular. that they will
eventually neplace books?
Many of us already download mone music than we buy
fnom shops in CD fonm, and the same will soon be tr-ue of
films. 3- in the next decade or so it will be the tur-n
of books. So what are the advantages of eBooks? A single
eBook readen can hold hundr.eds of digital novels, which in
thein traditional form would occupy metnes of shelving.
o-, they are mone environmentally fr-iendly as they
i4
save paper and thene ane no tnanspont costs. A, -,
k- ii;+
5- eBook neadens have two major- drawbacks: they
,"t'i:. ffi 1.;
61 +,1

ane curr^ently veny expensive and they rely on baLteries.

6- , they ar.e sure to come down in pr-ice as they
gnow in popularity, as computens and mobile phones
Mj;; ruw
have done, and l'm convinced that batteny-life will improve .a
enough in the coming yeans for. this no longen to be a
senious concern.

'-, then, alLhough eBooks are a nelatively new

phenomenon, l'm 8- that it is only a matter of time
befone eBooks make traditional books uneconomical and
therefore obsolete.

110 I Unit 10 , Endings

ffiffi Worl< in pairs. Discuss the proposition. Do you
agree or disagree with it? Brainstorm ideas for and against.
4 Sure, I admit that pretty soon they'll develop a computer
Computers will soon make pens, paper that you can carry in a pocl<et.
and handwriting obsolete. 5 People sometimes even say that handwriting will become
obsotete, but I reatty don't reckon it's at att tikely.
6 You simpty cannot imagine they won't teach handwriting
When you are expressing your own opinion in the essay, in schools in the future.
it is acceptabte to use first person pronouns.
Ptan an opinion essay about the proposition in exercise 1.
I om convinced that ... I am of the opinion that ...
Mal<e notes under the headings using ideas from exercises
However, to avoid over-use of personaI pronouns,
1 and 3.
opinions, judgements and arguments can be introduced
using impersona[ [anguage, for example passive Paragraphl lntroduction
structures (see page 98), or preparatory ir. Paragraph 2 Points in support of your opinion
It is interesting how much ... Paragraph 3 Points in support of the opposite opinion
It would oppear that .., Paragraph 4 Conctusion
It is undoubtedly true/highly likely that ...
Write the introduction and paragraphs 2 and 3 of your
It is usuol/important/impossible, etc. for ... to ...
essay fo[[owing your plan. Write no more than 210 words.
tt is right/wrong to suggest .
!l1t Remember to use some impersona[ [anguage.

Read the Writing frp. Then rewrite the sentences using

preparatory if and the words in brackets.
ln an essay of 200-250 words, your conctusion
1 We have to remember that people have been using pen shoutdn't be more that 40-50 words [ong. A good
and paper for centuries. (bear in mind) , strategy is to acknowledge the strength of the opposing
2 l'm pretty sure that paper won't become obsotete. . argument and then to restate your own opinion. Do not
(atmost certain [y true) new arguments in the con.'clusion.
3 Some people say that it's a waste of time teaching lntroduce
chitdren to write neatly. (be argued)
Read the Writing tip,Then write the conclusion to your essay.
4 I simpty cannot betieve that paper wi[[ become obsotete.
Use the phrases below to hetp you.
(in con ceivable)
5 What surprises me is how few people can write neatty.
(surprising)
6 I think chitdren reaIty shoutd be taught to touch-type at
schoot. (essentiaI for children)
7 Peopte who say that paper and pen will become obsolete
are wrong. (wrong to suggest)

6'd f .re Listen to two people giving their opinions on the

proposition in exercise 1. Which opinions do you agree with? Worl< in pairs. Swap essays and checl< your partner's work
Which do you disagree with? Give reasons. using the list below.

Rephrase these extracts from the listening so that they would

be stylisticatty appropriate for an essay. Use the words below
to help you. Sometimes a passive construction is appropriate. Has your partner:
foltowed the essay plan correctly?
written the correct number of words?
used expressions from lhe Writing tip and exercise 7?
1 I mean, we now send loads more emails than traditional checked the spelling and grammar?
letters.
2 Ol(, so some old people wilI sticl< with paper and pen,
but there won't be many of them.
3 Also, more and more often we're doing our schoolwork
on computers.

Unit 10 '' Endings 111

 Vocabu[ary 6rammar
1 Comptete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs 4 Comptete the sentences with the correct passive form of the
betow. The answers may be active or passive. verbs betow.

breathe cc:1's; drop gtean hear l<eep decide evacuate lie rebuitd record repair
1 The ra-as:- a bombshelt in the board 1 Several towns last night due to flood
'nee:irg ,',re^ he handed in his resignation. wa rn in gs.
2 Terr m: ,'/hal you know - I promise I a word. The staff have been assured that the pay increase
3 Ai na att the information she coutd about the during the next board meeting.
job from the HR manager,
--
who happens to be her cousin. 3 Pete
-
couldn't watch the match because his W
d rre identity of the f ury members under wraps 4 You can't enter the studio right now because tonight's
" case they are btackmaited. news programme
5 ; told my best friend about my date with Dytan and now It took time to realise he to by his wife.
everyone knows. l--never.-,-,-,,- in her again! Mark: lS
6 you the latest? Martha's sptit up with Paul
and she's going out with Andyl
-- - correct causative form ofthe
Rewrite the sentences usingthe
- Mark: 16 verbs in brackets.
1 Someone mows my aunt's lawn once a fortnight. (have)
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words 2 They're coming to change our windows next week. (have)
below. 3 They'lt refurbish the office when they can afford it. (get)
accuse catastrophe censor nation person speal< 4 No one had serviced my father's car in years. (have)

1 Democratic countries betieve in 5 Someone stole my boyfriend's waltet yesterday. (get)

2 ln many countries, there ls state of the press. Marl<: lS

3 lt's essential to be able to express your
opinion when discussing potitics. 6 Rewrite the sentences using the words below.
4 Opponents to totalitarian regimes-.- are often imprisoned however whatever whenever Wlerever whichever
because of false
5
-
security is under threat from terrorist groups.
whoever
No matter where you end up, please write to me.
6 The results witl be if the probtem is ignored.
r,,,lhoravar
1ou ond up, ple.asa lrri-ie 1o me.
Mark: 16
1 The person who gave you that has impeccable taste.
- 2 John wit[ never become an airtine pitot, no matter how
Match 1-8 with a-h to mal<e common col[ocations.
hard he tries.
1 finalise a confidential 3 Every time l'm in the Ul( I buy a toad of tea bags.
2 strictest b acontract 4 She'tt look stunning, no matter which dress she wears.
3 comptete c ameeting 5 lt doesn't matter what you do, but don't panic,
4 highty d arrangements
5 wind up e a Master's degree Mark: lS
5 cease f aword
7 terminate g industriaI action Join the two sentences using formal relative clauses.
8 breathe h confidence A fight started in the ctub. At that point we went home.
Afight *artad in the club, al \hi.h point \.,Je went homr.
Mark: 18
1 She started to dustthe desk. On top of it lay pites of
papers.
2 He has won eleven medals so far. Most of them are gotd.
3 The president will appoint a number of new ministers in
the new session. Many of them are women.
4 That woman's an actress. My friend was mistaken for her.
5 I addressed my complaint to an employee. He was
blatantly rude.
Mark: lS

112 I Language Reviewg-10

 Listening
1 Look quickty through the two excerpts from two emails, ignoring 3 6d l.rz Listen. Which three of the following four
the gaps. Decide: diatogues do you hear, and in what order?
a who each email is from. a togars an0 l0mas
b what the relevance of the photo is. b Tomas and Rita

2 fUatch sentences A-G with gaps 1-6 in the emaits. There is one
c Rita, Edgars and Tomas
sentence that you do not need.
d Edgars and Rita
A That would be a shame, because I've made some good friends 4 6'd :. r z Listen again, focusing on the speakers'
here, inctuding a really nice guy from Latvia catted Edgars. intonation. Say how each speaker sounds when they
B That's how I managed to earn enough money for the ftat say the words below. Then say what this implies about
deposit. what they are thinking or feeling.
C This was a bit of a disaster, as I'd atreadyfound a ftat and 1 Rita: 'Oh, I see. Professionat.'
needed to pay my rent. 2 Edgars: 'You don't have to say anything now.'
D lronicalty, she works for lnterPost, the company who let me 3 Rita: 'l've just accepted a promotion.'
down over that job offer. 4 Edgars: 'So you're moving to Edinburgh.'
E lt's in a great location too, onty a coupte minutes from a tube 5 Tomas: 'No, she hasn't said anything to me.'
station. 6 Tomas: 'Nobody tetls me anything.'
F As it happens, my flatmate's sister, Rita, works in lT and would 7 Rita: 'His face went red and he couldn't speak.'
be an ideal business partner.
G Who knows when another one might come along?
Speaking
Everythrng is going well here. l'm 5 Work in pairs. Rote-play one of the foltowing dialogues:

sharrng a f lat with two other women,

. Edgars persuading Rita not to go to Edinburgh.
o Rita tetting her boss that she's leaving the company.
one from Lithuania and the other from
Poland. The f lat isn't huge, but rt's btg
enough and in relatively good conditron, Writing
with modern furniture and appliances 6 Read the statement below. Decide whether you agree
'- (Everybody travels by tube here, or disagree with it. Make notes for and against. Use the
it's the only way to avoid the traff ic ) words and phrases in the box to hetp you.
Work rs gorng f rne. ln fact, l've recently
been offered a promotion, which would
It is impossr'b/e to maintain a clase
mean more money as well as more friendship with somebody who lives
isthatl'd a long way away.
responsibilrty.Thedownsrde
have to relocate to Edinburgh
W
because I
2- fl body language chat rooms emaiI face to face
that's where the company's head off rce is. We've really hit it off, f hang out physicat coRtact sociaI networl<ing sites
and between 1louand me, I think he quite fancies me. And of course, l
my brother is here too. But I suppose I should do what's bestfor my
,1 F 7 Write an essay of 20O-25O words using your notes from
career and accept the opportunity. 3- Anyway, I haven't made a final I exercise 6.
decision yet.
?
lri
ED CHTCTVOUR PROGRESS: PAGE 4 @
F1:a!..=!rfr .XY!+tf'ffjlt1@i

I've been in London for six monlhs now. Can you beheve that? The time has real1y flown byl
I'm so sorry I haven't been in touch earlier, but I never seem to have lime.
t haven't had a particularly easy time srnce getting here, for one reason or another. Having
been offered a job at interview, I was lhen lold that I didn't have lhe job after all. a- I decided
[o sel up in business as a consu]tant, and it's reaIly taken off. In fact, I'm so busy that I'm
looking for somebody lo work with me - either an employee or a partner. 5- Not only is she I
rea1ly well qualified, bul we also gel on well together. However, she's currently in ful1-tlm"
i
employmenl, so I'd have to lure her away from her job. u- She hasn't been lhere 1ong, so I
I doubl she'cl want to leave F
s
wF#Ew,re++:,ffi1+inErffi?fltr9.{+5rjFIryr+1f,j+4r:+J1F[sjrF:frsnts[-aiitr!:q]@!]*1]4Fjtrffi4!,{ir,4n4i11ffi!F.rf$ffFi*rF{+"'

Sl<ills Round-up 1*10 , 113

 f4lilf#Ftll|filTfi! Read the text in the Reading exam task, 3 Read the information about synonyms of old and complete
ignoring the gaps. ln what order will the Sun turn into these the sentences with the adiectives in the correct form, Justify
types of star? your choice of adiective.
a a black dwarf b a red giant c a white dwarf 5YI*ONYM5

2 oo the Reading exam task. old

elderly " aeed . long-lived. mature
These words all describe si: who has lived for a long time
or th.rr usually live5 lor a long time.
Read the text carefully and decide which sentence (A-F) old having Iived for a long trme; no longer young: She's

best fits each gap (1-5). There is one sentence that you getlingold \h€ \ 75 next \ror.
etrlerly (ratherlormal) used as a polite rvor<J {or 'rild': She
do not need. is very busy mringfor two elderly relatives.
aged (formofl verv old: Har tng agetl relativet lo slay in
The end of the world yout houte tan be quitc strp\5lul.
long-lived havirrg a long lite: lasting lor a long time:
The Sun is now approximately half-way through its life span. lt is fveryone in my lontily is uteplionally long.lived.
rrlat$r€ used as a polite or humorous way of saying that
in a 'dynamic equilibrium' - there is gravity on one hand and the :b rs no longer you ng: dothes Jor thc malure woman
fusion process that'fuels'the Sun on the other hand. 1!
Astronomers still don't know all the exact details but they know 1 The person in the world is 177.
thatthe Sun will startto swell up and turn into a red giantwith a 2 A 4}}-year-old clam may be the animal known.
diameter about times greater than its current size. ,fl 3 There are over eleven miltion peopte in the United
100 The
-
Earth will be scorched at this point, leaving the planet unsuitable Kingdom, according to the most- recent census
for life. Pluto, in fact, would be the only place suitable for any life 4 This particular dating agency is for men and women of
in the solar system. At the very end of its life cycle, the Sun is likely vpa rq
to blow off its outermost layers. lt will then shrink to the size of the 5 Women have traditionally borne the brunt of supporting
Earth, surrounded by a glowing bubble of gas called 'planetary relatives.
nebulae'. 3f-l Astronomers have observed many Sun-like stars
in their final stages, before becoming white dwarfs. The images of 4 Do the Speaking exam task.
planetary nebulae are spectacular and each looks like no other.
The expelled gas has intriguing symmetrical patterns as well as
more chaotic structures. Compare and contrast the two photographs. Answer the
A white dwarf derived from a star as massive as the Sun will questions.
be roughly the same slze as the Earth. 'I tfre gravity on the
surface will be over 100,000 times what we experience on Earth!
0nce the white dwarf has reached its minimum size, it will have a
temperature of over 100,000 Kelvin and shine through residual heat.
5f-l Because the Universe is only 13.7 billion years old, there are
no black dwarfs yet.
0ne thing is for sure: if the human race hasn't migrated to another
solar system within the next five billion years, it is sure to become
extinct.

A The star will gradually cooI and eventually, after

hundreds of bittions of years of radiating, it witt no
longer be visible, becoming a black dwarf.
B The gases will eventuatty disperse in the course of
severaI thousand years [eaving behind a white dwarf.
C lt wilt be so dense that a teaspoon of white dwarf
material wilt weigh severaI tonnes.
It will continue to burn in this stabLe condition for a
further five bitlion years, when it will start to change. 7 ln your opinion, at what age do peopte become 'old'?
This means that the radiation, which initiatty will be 2 What effect wi[[ increasing life expectancy have on
very high, wit[ lessen with time. soci ety?
It witt be so big that it witI engutf Mercury, while Venus What, if anything, can we learn from talking to etderly
witl probabty orbit iust outside the Sun's surface. peopte? Give examples.

714 Get Ready foryour Exam 10

 2 Rewrite the sentences using the word in brackets.
$ Talking about habitual actions
gll,,., 1 We used to spend hours playing hide-and-seek when we
were kids. ('d)
Present simple
Wo'd tpend houro plaling hide -and-seek whr.n ws wor^e Kids.
We use the present simple with an adverb of frequency to talk
about repeated actions, habits and routines. 2 My mother witt cook something speciat whenever we go
ihe. often goes io worr b1 biclc\e round. (usuatty)
3 Gina will take my CDs without asking. (constantly)
Present/Past continuous
4 We had no pets when we were littte. (use)
We use the present/past continuous with the adverbs alwoys,
5 Ben woutd always leave his dirty dishes all over the place
constontly, continually and forever to tatk about annoying
when he lived with us. (teaving)
repeated behaviour.
6 Every summer we made sandcastles on the beach. (used)
thr'* ah^ra1t complaining aboul har job
-[ho1

Will
uere forever shouting at each olher.
I would ill Phrasa[ verbs
Phrasalverbs combine verbs with adverbs or prepositions (or
Will and would to tatk about habituat actions and
can be used
behaviour. When they are stressed in spoken Engtish, sometimes both) to create a new meaning. Phrasalverbs can
it suggests criticism. Would refers to the past. be divided into four main types:
thr'li oftsn forgot io bu1 miix. Two-part verbs with no object.
Ho r^rould plal racords so loud we couldn't hava a convorsa.lion. M1 car broKe dovrn on iha motorvral lart nigh'i.

Used to Two-part verbs whose object can come between or after the two
We use used to + infinitive to describe past states or habits that parts. However, when the object is a pronoun, it must come
someone did in the past but does not do now. between the two parts.
to iivs, in Ner,^i yorK.
Wo use.d He turned do'rrr thr 1ob offer hr rrcrivrd
Ao roceived a jol, offer but ha turned ii down.
Woutd
Would can also be used to tatk about past habits, but it can't Two-part verbs whose obiect cannot come between the parts.
be used to tatk about past states. We use used to to do that. fon differonl opinioni frcm ataff membsr*.
Wa havo 1o altrour
Wa vrould go to stal with our grandparontt every *ummar. Three-part verbs whose object cannot come between the parts.
Hovr do 1ou put up urith hic commanlt?
1 Choose the correct words to complete the sentences.
One, two or three answers may be correct. I Complete the sentences with the correct form of the phrasal
1 Before my brother had chitdren he a motorbike. verbs below. Where possible use an obiect pronoun.
a used to have b would have c had t.i,i;,:t :,:i"l ..:;.t i);-f* ;'r l.i'i tll.l'l

i
2 My sister often gets annoyed with her
- husband - he
i
My otd school reports were in a box - I came aaroae them
t
L
a would wind the children up in the attic yesterday.
t b 's atways winding the children up
.t Carot's children are very badly behaved - I don't know
c wittwind the children up how she
3 When I was littte my mother nursery rhymes to me We're going to have an early night as we
- at
at bedtime. 6 a.m. tomorrow.
a used to sing b would sing c sang Matt's girlfriend has teft him, so his friends are trying to
I moved out of lsaac and Maisie's house - they
when I was around. 5 Nobody coutd prove that Bilt had stoten the car and so he
a were constantty arguing -
b would argue 6 It's too hot and I'm feeling dizzy. I think I .

c witt argue 7 The letter made l(ar[ furious, so he -- and put

Before she got married she in Germany for two it in the bin.
years. Emma's dog bit her last night - it -- -_ as she
a used to live b tived was opening the door.
- c would live
lf it's not raining, I to work.
a usualtv walk b used to watl< c 'lt watk
 ?

Complete the sentences with the phrasalverbs betow. Use an Comptete the sentences with the infinitive form of the
obiect pronoun where necessary. phrasal verbs below and an object pronoun.

rrt ,tr .t.

'Did you watch the fitm att the way through?' 1 Jim was going past the station so asl<ed him'to drop
I

'No, ldroppe d otIin the middte.' mc off outside.

'Did you see Becky yesterday?' lf they want to rent out the cottage, they'll have
'Yes, l in the supermarket.' first.
'Does your boyfriend think he'tt get the iob? ' 3 I haven't washed the car * I hope
-*,- . soon.
'No, he thinks they 4 We've thoroughly enfoyed our stay. lt was so kind of you
'Do you l<now where you went wrong in the exam?'
'Yes, my tutor with me.' 5 Jane's phone is always engaged - it's impossible
'Does your school still have a uniform?'
'No, they 6 Once you start smoking, it's very hard
'Did they catch the thief?' 7 Keira bought a dress but couldn't find shoes
'No, he
'Do you stilI see your o[d neighbours?' :_* q

'No, I . as and like

'Does Harry always turn up for football practice?'
Like is a preposition and it is used with a noun or a
'No, he often
pronoun to describe simitarities.
M1 broll,rr'r rusi liKe m1 dad
Phrasal verbs: passive and infinitive
lJnlikeis also a preposition and it is used with a noun ora
forms pronoun to describe dilferences.
Some phrasalverbs that have an object can be used in the tlntlXs darr, t don''i ar3o1 uaiching raali'q showr
passive. As in alt passive structures, the subject comes before As is a conjunction and it is used urith a subject and a verb
the verb. This means the two or thee parts of the phrasaI verb to describe simitarities.
atways stay together. This atso applies to infinitive structures: Ha's , c{ood plalar. as his falhar r*at whan he war 1ou'rge.
?isasa switch jour.omputer off urhon 1cu leavo the ct,
"e. However, in informal speech 1il<e is also often used as a
?Va*o maie sure your compu'irr is sc$itckod off wirar \,011 leave
co nj u n ctio n.
the of{ia
iha doeen't dragc [iKa 1ou do. iha hasn't got lour r\te
11'e varl difficuli 1o get through to him. He novar \isleru
ln written Engtish, when os is fotlowed by an auxitiary or
1 Rewrite the second sentence with a suitabte passive form of modal verb the word order of questions is often used.
the phrasalverb in bracl<ets. i1a uani, as d;d his brothers, to a boardinq echooi

1 A gang attacked Tom on his way home. (beat up) As is used to tatk about the job a person has. ln this case it
Tom l.ras baateir :rp on his way home. operates in the same way as a preposition.
2 They've cancetled the match. (catl of0 As lcur daclor I rrcommrrrd )ou giva up iroKin6
lhe match lf we reptace as with like in this sentence it changes the
3 Her grandparents took care of her. (bring up) meaning. As means'l am your doctor' and tike means'l have
She by her grandparents. the same opinion as your doctor'.
4 A tocal builder is doing the work. (cany out) LiKe lour doctor, I rercrrmend yol, g:,. Ltp smoking
The work by a local builder.
ln very informatspeech like can be used to introduce
5 500 workers wi[[ lose their iobs. (lay of0
reported speech.
500 workers
M1 dac war liKo, '$lha'i"iinir do you call this?'
6 The police stopped the riot. (break up)
The riot by the police. Notice how the function of like can change depending on
7 An accident is detaying the traffic. (hotd up) whether it comes before or after a negative ctause.
The traffic LiKe rnr sislzr, i'm n01 Kprr or corrcdies
by an accident.
(She doesn't lil<e them and neither do l.)
8 His boss has refused his transfer request. (turn down)
His request l'm nol Ke"sn cn comodios, iiKr m1 *irtrr.
(My sister likes them but I don't.)
1 Choose the correct words to complete the sentences. We use the past perfect continuous to tatk about tonger events
6ometi-mes correct.). that were happening before another event in the past.
1 Trn
I prefer ltatian food,
i* and pasta, \'d bevn vraiiing {or an hour brlorr, *ho arrive.d.
a as b like
--pizza We use used to + inlinitive to describe past situations or habits
2 The weather was superb, was the hotel. that are different now and would + infinitive is used to describe
a as b tike
- past habits that are different now.
3 -- you, I don't enjoy staying in att day. You never move tht used to go out 'orith
ion'
from the sofa! ula urould go 1o Ihy cinoma evrrl iaiurdal ffiornint.
a Lil<e b Unlike We use the future in the past to tatk about things that were in
4 My boyfriend's yours in some respects.
the future when we were taiking about them. We express these
a as b tike - ideas by using structures simitar to the ones we normalty use to
5 I don't work out every day, you do. talk about the future but changing the verb forms.
a as b like I thought loLl i,{ere going awal lor fta r,.iesKpnd
6 '- your doctor, I recommend you to try and lose Ha MiC he would $o? \To nrl'i waak.
weight,' said Dr White.
ni b Like
a 1 Correct the mistake with narrative tenses in each sentence.
7 sister's , 'Where's my jacl<et?'
My
1 Although the storm had passed, the roads were still
a as b tike treacherous because it had-s*ewedalt night.
8 '- your doctor, I think you shoutd lose some weight,' had bren srovr;ric
his mum said.
a As b Like 2 He climbed the stairs stealthily and was entering the
bedroom.
2 Comptete the sentences with os, tike or unlike. Sometimes 3 She crossed a field when she spotted a bullgrazing by
two answers may be possibte. the gate.
1 Owen enioys ptaying team sports, basl<etbatt and 4 They coutdn't tal<e the ftight because they had been
volleyball. forgetti ng their passports.
2 '-'-_--'.---.-the rest of the family, I'm fed up with your 5 As a chitd, Iwas sitting in the kitchen for hours watching
moods,' her mum said. my mother cook.
3 my brother, l'm notvery good at maths. He always 6 They used to be married in the spring, but war brol<e out
gets top marl<s! and he was catled up.
4 Your dad doesn't go away on business mine does. 7 My parents would live in a cottage in the country before
5 You've got a car mine, haven't you? they moved to the city centre.
6 We got tost on the way, did most of the guests. 8 Our arms were aching as we had shifted boxes alI day.
7' your father I think you should seriousty consider
- We weren't lool<ing forward to continuing the next day.
your future,' said Connor's dad.
8 My boyfriend's ,
uWhere have you
been?'
2 Complete the mini dialogues with the correct form of the
verbs in bracl<ets.
*6e**s
$,,r,,,1r$ Narrative -tenses 1 'Why didn't she answer the phone?'
'Because she was lling in the bath.' (lie)
We use past tenses to narrate past events.
2 'Why are you [ate?'
We use ihe past simple to refer to short actions and events that
'Because I my train.' (miss)
are soon finished, [onger actions and events and to repeated
actions.
3 'Have you got any pets?'
'Not now, but I a dog.' (have)
He watrsd down the streoi and boughl a
Wo [ivsd in Mancheclec for 20 1e;1p5
nev.r$?aper
4 'Why were they ---
so ieihargic?'
'Because they ry all day.' (watch)
I w*,nt to tho g1m rvarl worK laet 1oar. -
5 'Do you remember your grandparents weIt?'
We use the past continuous to set the scene of a situation in 'Yes, we
the past. lt is often used to describe a background event in
-every summer with them as kids.'
(spend)
conjunction with the past simple, which describes an event or
action that interrupted it.
6 'Why was Annabel crying?'
'Because her boyfriend .' (watk out)
The tL,n r,raa shininE and thr birds ware srngrng
Thal ware cloaning thr car wherr ii alarled to iain.
7 'Why didn'tyou bool<a hotet?'
'Because we had decided we camping.' (go)
We use the past perfect to tatk about an event that happened 8 'When did you have your bag snatched?'
before another event in the past. 'While I at the traffic tights.' (wait)
I siartad thB olerriss and realissd I had donp rt brfore..

-
 2 Complete the two sentences with a simple and a continuous
Simple and continuous forms form of the verb given.

We use simple forms to talk about habits, repeated actions and 1 RUN

states. a He was out of breath because he'd been running.

ula plal tennis overy week. b He was out of breath because he'd run alt the way.
I was in ihe arm1. 2 EAT
\rlo've alwals lived hara. a Ruth got food poisoning because she
We use continuous forms to tatk about something happening at something strange.
a particutar moment. b Daisy had greasy fingers because she
He was still sleeping at loa m fish and chips.
-Ihis
time tomorrow l'll ba lling on a boach.
loG
He's urorKing at ths momant
, f -_- in the parkwhen I twisted my ankle.
We use simple forms to tatk about permanent situations. b I didn't have much time so I once round
l{e urorKed for thr company all his life. the park.
We use continuous forms to talk about temporary situations.
STUDY
I'd bron stafng with Sack unti! ihe hou* vrar finished.
a George passed his exams because he
We use simple forms to talk about finished situations. every night.
Wa aloanad the offiae and ihan ws werf homa. b Charlie had a headache because he
We use continuous forms to tatk about unfinished situations. ,*l
l've been raading 'this booK for two months. E, -E
Sp.culating
There are two types of verbs, dynamic and state. Dynamic verbs We use the fottowing structures to speculate about people and
are verbs that describe actions. They can be used in simple and th ings:
continuous forms.
/ook (and seem, sound, feel, etc.) like with a noun.
tha eala lunch ai horna avery da1
6ha looKs liKe a s'tudeni
I r.rae aaling lunch at homg uhon I heard iha ne.ws on tha radio.
ll fasfs lixa eilr.
We don't usuatly use state verbs in continuous tenses.
look (seem, saund, feel, etc.) with an adjective.
thry r,ranl to visit'tha calhedra\
Thal loor upsot.
Some common state verbs are: believe, belang, enjoy, forget, Sha soarns angr1.
hate, like, love, need, prefer, remember, understand, want.
wonder + if followed by a subject and verb.
I Choose the correctwords. I wondsr if ihel hava had problomr,
1 They'd only known i 'd onty been knowing each other modal verbs to talk about possibitity, probabitity and certainty
for three weeks when they got married. in the present and the past.
2 The teacher refused to repeat the exptanation because He must ba at home novr
some students hadn't listened / hadn't been [istening. they might have gono out laet night.
3 I adored my new shoes - they were just what | 'd tooked
for I 'd been looking for.
1 Rewrite the example sentence using the words in brackets.

4 We voted for the opposition party because we thought / 1 Iwonder if he's a sailor^
were thinking they might change our foreign poticy. a Ha looks liKa a railor. (look)
5 Ruby didn't enioy / wasn't enioyingthe party, so she b He migh"f havtbern a eailor. (might)
decided to leave earty. 2 She might be ilt.
6 The fish smett / was smelling off, so we threw it away. a . (wonder)
7 The ring had belonged / had been belonging to my b . (lool0
grandmother before it was handed down to my mother.
3lr tooks like they're going to a football match.
a (wonder)
b . (must)
4 lwon der if he's passed his exams.
a . (not took)
. (can't)

118 Graniri":ar Suii*er e;:* Reirre*e*

 Complete the sentences with one word. 2 Complete the formal tetter with the present perfect simple or
1 The lights are on. She musl be home. continuous form ofthe verbs in brackets.
2 You awfull What's wrong?
3 I what time it is. Dear Albert,
4 Her boyfriend didn't stop. He have seen her. I am writing to complain about your proposed
5 Rudi looks he didn't steep last night. changes to our agreement regarding business flights.
5 - Sara's not at school today. I suppose she be Emptoyees from TNN' (fty) with BusyAir
itt. for over twenty years now, and our retationship until
7 What's that noise? It tike a fire alarm.
r-
now 2 (be) more than cordiat. Each year
8 My mother didn't catt me on my birthday. She we (negotiate) a reasonable increase
have forgotten.
-
in fares and every month our accounts department
4-, (deat) promptly with your invoice.
LL$ eresent perfect simple and I fail to understand why on this occasion you
5 (choose) to communicate your
continuous
proposaI in this impersonaI manner.
We use the present perfect: Regarding the price increase itsetf, I can only hope
. continuous for something which has been happening you 6 (make) a mistake. This year we
repeatedly in the very recent past.
. simple when something has happened on several occasions
'/ (pay) on average nearty 8o per cent of
the futt business rate and you are now proposing that
over a period of time and may happen again. we pay the futI fare.
. continuous wilh for or since to say how [ong an action has Since receiving your fax, my colleagues and
8
I

been in progress. (discuss) our retationship with BusyAir

. simple with for or sinceonly ifthe verb is one which is not and we wish to express our indignation at the lack of
commonly used in continuous tenses. respect we have suffered at your hands.
. simple for a recent action that is now comptete.
Yours sincerely,
. .ontinuou, for a recent action that is ongoing.
Benjamin Murray
I Complete the two sentences in each pair with the present
perfect simple and the present perfect continuous form of the
verbs given. Use contractions where possible.
Verb patterns (1)
1 SWIM
a Wittiam 50 tengths today. Some verbs are fotlowed by an infinitive.
in a mountain stream and now we're r,raniad lo lc.ava.aarl1 but wg couldn'J.
vlr
b We
frozen. Some verbs are fotlowed by + object + infinitive.
2 sEE
I won't allor^r the children to ttal up.

aI a[[ of Woody Allen's films. Some verbs are followed by + obf ect + base form.
b Lily Adam for over two years now. Wil\ the.1 lat u* *la1 and *ao tha ond?
-
3 STAY Some verbs are foltowed by + (obiect) + -ing form.
a Daisy : in rented accommodation since \ir gnJoY comrng 10 5e0 JOu.
she arrived in London. Some verbs are foltowed by + object + past participte.
- ..''-'--..----
b We - at this guesthouse a few times tha had her naite potished ai the hairdre*som.
before.
Verbs which are only fottowed by an infinitive afford, agree,
4 DISAPPEAR oppear, decide, expect, foil, happen, hope, monage, mean,
a My car isn't where I parked it. lt !
pretend, promise, refuse, seem, wont.
b Bags from the changing rooms for
Verbs which are onty fottowed by an -ing form: admit,
severaI weeks now.
appreciate, avoid, can't stand, consider, contemplate, delay,
5 STOP deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, face, feet like, finish, forgive,
a Now you _--.=_-- arguing perhaps you can telt
- mention, miss, practise, put off, resent, risk, suggest,
me what happened. understond.
b The potice pedestrians to ask them
Some verbs are followed by both an infinitive or an -ing with
about the burgtary.
tittle or no change in their meaning: begin, tike, love, hate,
prefer, start.
S:'ne verbs are followed by both an infinitive or an -ing with a 2 Complete the sentences with fo be, being, to hove or having,
:-ange in their meaning: forget, go on, try, regret, remember,
s:cp.
1 My sister avoids h,ring seen wlth her glasses on.
2 I don't recottect been buttied at schoot.
.',e can also use infinitives and -ing forms directty after some 3 She resents treated tike an idiot when she
- lul-iS,
takes her car to the garage.
ric a Ka.1 to op*n iht dr:ar. 4 The.accidentappears been caused byleaves
-'. lci vror*l* uorr'6lng abtut.
"- '.
on the track.

1 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in

5 i,.;;;. spoken to [it<e that.
brackets.
il':J Comparative and superlative forms
1 Most people tend tl iake their summer holiday in August.
(take) Some comparatives can be used with the lo say that two
2 Angie volunteered the money for Gina's changes happen at the same time or are linked.
-[he biggar
teaving present. (cottect) th?" ?iL-La, tho happirr I am
3 Because of the crisis they had difficulty their tk*. rlili*r 10u ar*, il'le. mort'*urcr.ssfui '{fru are.
house. (sell) -- We can use two comparatives to express the idea of continuing
4 The inheritance enabted him - a yacht. change.
(purcnaseJ \rlf,ai nr salr ir lass and lesr intereeling
5 Ryan's parents wouldn't let him - a tattoo. (get) Hr'* cs'l'lin*
J,j
tatrXc"r a*d iatrianl
6 lt's not worth the doctor - he'tl onty give me We use ihe fottowing words to modify comparatives very much,
some pills. (consult) a lot. lots, any, rather, o little, a bit.
7 Peterstopped in a carpark_a phone catL. i."., t:t': afl\
happier iir.rn ,{ir.r i i;rl ia,c rrm?
(mal<e)
- 1i.zt:"..:1et;rz,rllr;ii v9i'! much ricar"lhar the. alhor ane vla,,^rant to.
8 Last year we spent a month _ around Europe.
(travel) 1 Comptete the sentences with a comparative or superlative
9 l'm so glad I remembered my mum's birthday form ofthe adjectives in bracl<ets. Be carefuI of negatives!
card yesterday. (post)
-. -
1 The (tong) you wait for something, the more
you appreciate it.
Verb patterns (2) 2 Good heatth is one of _ (important) things in
tife.
When a verb is followed by another verb, the infinitive or -ing
3 The
- (fast) he speaks, the
form can include the passive, perfect and continuous forms.
(inteltigibte) he becomes.
I Comptete the sentence with the correct alternative. 4 Most mothers are at their (low) when their
1 After her ordeal, she described in the jungte. children leave home.
-
a to be hetd b being held 5 The more time he spends at home, the (good).
2 - he risks
lf he starts another fight at schoo[,
6 Life is (hard) in Europe as it is in Africa.
-
a to be expelled b being expelled
-
Complete the sentences with the words below,
3 She was unlucky that she happened =- in the wrong
ptace.
a to be standing b being standing 1 Mallorca isn't as poputar as lbiza with young
people.
4 They admitted the car.
2 l'd tike to introduce you to my best friend,
stoten b having stoten
a to have
Katie.
-
5 The actress agreed -.
on W. 3 My mother spent a good more time with us as
a to be intervriewed b being interviewed kids than my father did.
5 We appear -
an agreement. 4 My younger brother is a little talter than me.
a to have reached b having reached 5 Daniel Craig is better as James Bond than
7 - denied
The politician Sean Connery.
a to have been mistaken b having been mistaken 6 ln my opinion, Cristiano Ronatdo is and away
the most talented footballer in the wortd.
8 The painting seems by a professiona[.
a to have been stolen b having been stoten 7 jK Rowting is an lot richer than Phitip Putlman.
- 8 Nico is the most inteltigent student in our ctass by a

-
1r{:rj:s;{

1. - 1 neduced retative clauses rf + past perfect would have + past p.'- - : =

We can sometimes form reduced relative clauses from li "iri] *** !fili .i*i,c 1'r*{.!1dflt }3!re iriil,r
identifying relative ctauses. ln a reduced retative clause we 'i:lr.,r,
drop the relative pronoun and auxiliary verb that hetps form the Mixed conditional
verb tense. We use mixed conditionals to say how an imaginary situalio- -
A kl *i ih* pcpb {who uvr+) 6ittir$ ai ih+ tabla lr?re rrl'{ rslalrvr.i the present depended on an imaginary event in the past takir.
Trr huiidingr (r*hack vrare-) ****tr*etc.d !n *?:* *ev*r;t!e* ai* r1!"" p la ce.
Reduced retative clauses cannot be used if the relative pronoun We form mixed conditionals with f + past perfect and would +
is not the object of the verb in the relative clause. bare infinitive in the resutt clause. lt's atso possible to put the lf
& bi li thr pa*pb wt":* ! talxael ts at t** *ab!* +, r 1 ' . r, -i ',: clause at the end of the sentence.

I Join the two sentences using a reduced relative clause.

l, r i: rti::t.. .: r. tt...
.. ,r . . i . i :

1 Some information was given in the leaftet. ltwas wrong. if + past perfect would + bare infinitive
inmr rnicrrnalrcl 3r','.-r ,. rrtl l';,'r'.r3f r{'silc,. ., .:, ? Lr.!-..f.. .: ,. :.
"
2 A ptayer was injured in the match. He was rushed to
lnversion
hosp ita l.
3 Some boys are hanging around outside the shopping ln a more formal style the auxiliary verbs should, were and had
centre. They live on my estate. can replace if at the beginning of a conditionaI sentence.
4 A man was arrested last night. He is now in police custody. t{ { had *ss.c1 hu-r, { $*c;ld ?rave l*td hir:':
5 Some hostages are being held by the hijackers. They are t*ad { *c"**r hi*, { uo*trd have tcld hln
atI members of the crerrr. We can use unless instead of if... notwhen we want to say we'll
6 Several emptoyees were dismissed for bad conduct. do the first thing if the second condition does not happen.
They have all been reinstated. utr'li havr; i:ar''r,r*ile. x*i,*.e* i"l 'r;il*.
7 A tifeguard is jumping into the sea. He's going to rescue We can sometimes use as long as instead of if in first
someone. conditionaI sentences.
8 Some measures have been enforced by the government. : ' . d$ '.r"unC a* ' ' ^Ur '' ...1
They seem to be working"
9 A woman is standing on the podium. She's my mother. I Decide ifthe sentences are correct or not. Correct the
10 Some houses were destroyed in the earthquake. sentences that are incorrect.
They're going to be rebuilt. 1 You'd have passed yourtest ifyou hadn't been so
nervous.
i . ,* Conditionats 2 lf l'd spoken better Engtish, I got the job.
Second conditional 3 She wouldn't have called unless she had a problem.
We use the second conditional to tatk about an imaginary 4 Suppose I hadn't been to the bank, how did we pay for
situation or event and its result in the present or future. that meat?
We form the second conditional with the past simple in the 5 Had they arrived any later, the show would start.
conditional if c.lause and would + bare infinitive in the result 6 You wouldn't be so tired if you wentto bed earlier iast
clause. lt's also possible to put the if ctause at the end of the n ight.
sentence. Furthermore, were can be used instead of r.,vas in the 7 Should you require any help, our catl centre is open
conditional clause with l, he and she. 24 hours a day.
8 lf they'd been driving more slowly, they woutdn't crash.

i/+ past simple would + bare infinitive 2 Choose the first, second, third or a mixed conditional to
complete the sentences.
:i yrlir,'r'd {i.t{:L'!i.i r
1 You spent all your money in the sales. You're broke n0,,.,',
Third conditionat lf lrLi h;drr'1 *'enr -!i ir irc ,;!*, lcLl ',!: '
iri,'r;i.,ti ,:
We use the third conditional to tatk about the imaginary result : ,^. r,-^k ' r,J.

of things that didn't happen in the past. lt is often used it to 2 I didn't know you lil<ed Cotdptay. I didn't buy you a iic(et
express criticism or regret. for the concert.
We form the third conditionat with i/+ past perfect, would have rf
+ past participte. lt's atso possibte to put the if ctause at the
end of the sentence.
 3 You didn't lose your gtasses. You'll be abte to read the
men u.
Eltipsis
Had
4 -
John didn't pacl( the sandwiches. He's starving now. We can ieave words out when the meaning is clear without
lf them and also to avoid repetition.
5 lf they don't ban tourists from the ancient city, it wilt be We can sometimes just use fo, a reduced infinitive, instead of
ruined in no time. repeating the whole expression again.
Unless Ha watris nra 10 $0 1o the cinema wllh him and I vrould lire to
Mary doesn't work at home. She doesn't spend much (go to thr c;nena uilh hinr).
-=
time with her chitdren. We sometimes teave out the whote infinitive.
Mary havrio irll nra ii 1ou don'l r,rant (to toil me)
You don'i
We sometimes leave out the main verb after an auxiliary or
i for + noun/pronoun + infinitive modal verb.
We use for + nounlpronoun + infinitive after certain adfectives. r,(p d;dn't i;nirn iha woi-K Lui wr should have (finishod the r^,orr)
These sentences are often introduced by it. I ran'1 {ir it this morninq, bui I ean (fi} 11) this afternoon. 1r thai 0K?
With adlectives used to express importance or the [ack of it: ln these cases, the second auxitiary verb is stressed in spoken
lr'r vilal for us io urin ihr rnal,,.h Engtish.
ll'* unnecp**ar1 for ths *tudants to rNc!floriae rverylhing.
I Cross out the words that can be omitted from the sentences
With adjectives used to express frequency: because of ellipsis.
li's normatr for lorc1 drivsrr to gel 'iire.d
It's rarc for m1 s'iudr.ntr to do ail iheir home.uorK
1 Mittie agreed to peeI the potatoes atthough she didn't
want to peel them.
With adlectives used to express reactions to future events: 2 Maria is goingto tryto getthe books lwant but l'm sure
l'r oager far the" p\av to rtarl she won't be able to get the books.
$la'rt" Eecn for tha rhildrorr io return. 3 I didn't ask after Pam's mother when I should have asked
This structure can be more formatly expressed by using a fhaf after her.
clause: 4 AIfie's always upsetting his girtfriend atthough he doesn't
ll's vital ihal we urin the ma+ch mean to upset her.
i1's normat ihai lorry driverl ge1
.tirod 5 My brother didn't go out [ast night although he could
l'm vager that the p\ay rhou\d slar'l have gone out.
This structure is atso used with some nouns: 6 Andy doesn't know if he'tt be able to beat Rafa, but he
It's tirne for us lo rtari horK certainty hopes to beat him.
7 Max goes horse-riding now, but he didn't use to go
I Comptete the sentences using the words in bracl<ets. ho rse-rid ing.
1 lt's a shame{or 1ou'lo mirs (you / miss) the party. 8 When Liam asked Grace to go out for a drink, she said
2 Her father's ptan was _._ (she / take over) the she'd love to go out for a drink.
medicaI practice.
3 They're reluctant (he / leave) the company. Talking about the future
t+ _ (they / win) would be a miracle. We use will + infinitive when we decide to do things as we are
5 She's anxious (we / go) and stay in her new
speakin g (instant decisions, offers, prom ises).
house.
- impossibte
5 lt's (l
l'm going nsw. l'trtr phon* 1ou ihis evanirg
/ start) worl< next weel<. You don''f look woii.
111 taKs
1cu homa
2 i{e'11 bring
1ou tha'i book tomorror^r
Rewrite thethat-clauses usingfor+ noun/pronoun + infinitive.
We also use willto mal<e predictions about the future.
1 lt's important that Grace arrive before the other speakers.
Hr'll nevor grt ail thai \,iorr finish?d b1 Fridal.
ll's imporianl {ar Graco'io arrivr br{ore. ihe oiher *peaKrrs
2 Mum's plan was that the whole family go camping together. We use going to + infinitive for plans and intentions that we
3 lt's essentiat that he shouldn't turn up [ate. have atready decided on before speaking.
4 He's eager that his girlfriend accompany him to Jo's ule'vr aireadl decided r,,Iherr we wanl to go Wr're going io vi6it
wed d i ng.
brail\.
5 lt seems unnecessary that we stay untit the boss Ieaves. We also use going fo to make predictions about the future.
6 Our host's idea was that we shouldn't set off until after ln this case, the prediction is based on some present evidence.
tunch. li'* fivs to ninr. and hr'* onll just \oft. Ho'r going to be. latr for
rchool again!
We use the present continuous to tatk about arrangements we
have already made, usuatly at a specific time in the future and Particles and their meanings
with somebody else.
i'm maeting thr bn:s,n har cificr \ nrt c'L\aLY lomorrcw morning Phrasalverbs are formed from two (sometimes three) pa::s:
a verb followed by a preposition or adverb. The prepositiors :-
We use the present simpte to tatk the timetables of future
adverbs are sometimes referred to as particles. These parti.ie s
activities and events.
often add a particutar meaning to a phrasaI verb and they
Your plana laavpe al 5 p.m. tonorrow.
usualty have more than one meaning.
We use the future continuous (will + be + -ing) lo talk about
bock: repeating or looking into the past
actions that witl be in progress at a certain time in the future.
tuLrld 1ou plal bacK tha iolephonr rny**agr,, y\ea*r)
It suggests that the future event has atready been decided on. "lnp
r'11 be uorKin$ ir our i1dna1 cffirr nrr.i nonth
iennis club date.s bacK to ihr t{th ernlurl

Wiil he be sta.ling w,i'r: rcu at Lhriflras? down = record in writing or reducing

Lould 1ou urite inms oatrs dovrn2
We use the future perfect (will + hove + past participte) to tatk
Houao prica* h:vo finalil gone down.
about actions or events that witt have finished in the future.
lllg'll tr'ravs" fini*had the cattr*a in ilune. off : departing or ending
lhrpe lcu'll have left itrq cff,..( bi seven o'c\cc'*. lla quicKll *id goodbp and'thrr ran off \r: calch *o bu*
-lhp
1i'ro .ounlries havr cut off d;piomatir ralationr with rach othsr.
I Choose the correct atternatives. on = continuing or attacking
1 Sophie's gone very pate, I think out. ih',spent lhr v,h"!e lir,rr going on abrui hrr naw parlnar
a she's going to b she't[ pass Tho*s builioe ara a\wa1* picKirrg *n Davr..

2 Come and stay with us, the fresh air you good. out = disappearing or sotving, searching
a is going tc do b wilt do "1he.
lore*i firc finalll di€.d out aftor "rwo da1a,
3 Dave's been saving up. a new car. Lan 1ou vrorK out tha anrv;rrio thir maths que*Iian?
a He's going to buy b He'll buy over : visiting or considering, examining
4 There's a documentary on W tonight. at7.3O. ulo popped ovar 1o ml mum'5 but rho wa* out.
a lt's starting b lt starts Le\'s go over ihe. ropod be.loro iho mer.ting

5 Alex can't see his girtfriend tonight. , ,,. wiih her up : approach or improve
- i1r. aiv;ays cto&?6 *p 0n fie 1,," 1u*1 appurc, u:ilhoul rnrKing a nci*o.
friends.
a She'ttgo ctubbing b She's going clubbing 1 i.;art to bru*il up rn nr1 ccmpulrr eKill* ihir lear
6 This time next year around the wortd. 1 Choose the correct meaning for the underlined particle.
a we'I be travetling b we're travetling
1 Have you sorted out what you're doing at the weekend?
7 By the time you get home the cases. a disappearing b sotving, searching
a l't[ pack b l'lt have packed
2 We're going to asl< some friends over for dinner on
8 Don't cry. By this time next weel< someone new. Saturday.
a you'll be meeting b you'tt have met a visiting b considering, examining
2 Complete the mini dialogues with a suitabte future form of 3 Hannah cheered up as soon as she saw her boyfriend's
the verbs in bracl<ets. message on her mobile.

1 'Can you ca[[ me before midnight?'

a approach b improve
'OK. I'm sure I '\1 nrv, irr,vi,1 by then.' (arrive) 4 .lanice is goingto stay on at school to do the university
2 'Shall we go out for a coffee after class?' entrance exam.
'Sorry, I can't. I tennis.' (ptay) a continuing b attack
3 'Why are you slowing down?' 5 Every now and then we took back at our wedding photos
'Because I can see the traffic lights , , (change) a repeating b
4 'Shalt I picl< you up at eight tonight?'
----- .' [ooking into the past
6 Matt's mum asked him to turn down the W.
'No, We dinner then. Come round at 8.30 a writing b reducing
record in
instead.'(have)
5 'What time do you have to get up?'
7 The old man is always tetting the kids to ctear or[f.

'At six. The bus

a departing b ending
at 7 .15; (leave)
6 'When witl you be able to hand in your project?'
'l'm sure I it by Friday.' (finish)

-
 T

Choose a particle that can be used in both sentences. Decide Reporting verbs
which meaningfrom exercise 1 is used in each sentence. We can use a number of other reporting verbs to introduce
1 bar< - (a) lonr<in,i ,e l^ li e r:arl, (L) rrfi:atin.r. reported statements apart from say and fel1. These verbs are
a This song takes rne to our first family used with a variety of structures. A few verbs are used with
hotiday in Greece. more than one structure:
b Paola played the CD to make sure it had verb + infinitive: agree, ask, claim, offer, promise, refuse,
recorded properly. threaten
Hr promi*ed to halp ls
a When my aunt had finished criticising my sister, she verb + obiect + (not) infinitive: advise, beg, dore, order, remind,
started me. urge
b They kept .*, working until they finished the iir advised u$ to app{y ior a visa.
report.
verb + gerund: deny, mention, recommend, suggest
- Hr reeomrnpnded vi*iting'lhr mutr.um.
a Let's invite some friends to see our holiday
verb + preposition + gerund i accuse, admit, boost, confess,
photos.
congratulate, insist
b l'm going to think the job offer before I

Ht confBssod to copling n1\i horL

accept it.
verb + object + preposition + gerund: accuse, blame, warn
a Tom noted her number and arranged to cail ihry *acxe*d ne p{ s*eaiing"lhrir car.
that afternoon. verb + that + (should) clause: demond, propose, recommend,
b They played the incident to prevent the reouest, suggest
crowd from panicking. ::: euggasls ihal *,i. :i.c:ri: ii.i rlf iail)..
verb + (object) + question word + infinitive with to: ask, tell
a The weather soon brightened _ and we were ne asked vrhere rc
able to go out for a walk.
;c
b The castle loomed ..- at us through the fog. 1 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb in
brackets. Use an object pronoun where necessary.
a We set- ..- for the beach as soon as the sun 1 Tyter's friends dared him to do a bungee jump. (do)
came out. 2 I've onty tent Hotty the money because she's agreed
b Anne's waiting for Stephen to log .- so she can by the end ofthe week. (pay back)
use the phone. As soon as Beth mentioned to a theme parl<,
- her brother and sister wanted to loin her. (go)
a We need to find -.. what time our train leaves The teacher kept the whole class behind untiI someone
tomorrow. confessed her mobite. (steal)
b The government is phasing analogue TV. 5 Nathan's parents urged home. (not teave)
- 6 The head teacher gave the student her prize and
!"* R"porting structures congratulated the competition. (win)
The protesters are demanding that the government
We use direct speech to repeat the exact words that someone
said. We use reported speech to report what someone has said, taxes. (reduce)
but without using the exact words. The muggers threatened Amy's boyfriend if
&nnr uid, '1-i r"rar an inrrsCiLrlo r*ncr,rt. talr htd a faniartir 1iina.' she didn't reveal her PIN number. (beat up)
Annr. *ald th*.1 had r*,alX1 *njo.;od tks eenacrt
Choose the correct alternative.
When we change direct speech to reported speech we usually
change the tense of the sentence, the pronouns and possessive
1 They warned me against crossing / not to cross the parl<
at night.
adjectives from first and second person to third person and the
Tom's girlfriend reminded to ca[[ her at midday / him
time expressions.
when to ca[[ her.
r ri .rn ir,1ir-v,eu vl4liid:l ,ta;d Schn.
He accused me to use
I'ohn said he ka{tr had xn iiliervis}.} ttre da"g be{ore.
3 / of having used all the mill<.
4 Mitlie advised us where to stay / we stay in Myl<onos.
5 The teacher suggested Dan to stop / that Dan stop and
think about it.
Mum insisted on giving / to give us more cal<e.
 1 Complete the sentences putting the adjectives in brackeis
Adverbs and adjectives the correct order. You may also need to add an article.

Ad jectives 1 They purchased a eharming litt\a ihatch*d cottage in i-=

The order of ad jectives before a noun usuatty depends on their
auction. (thatched, charming, little)
meaning. Adjectives which describe attitudes and opinions
2 She looked very stylish in
evening gown. (sitk, btack, long)
usually come before atl other ad.iectives.
11 t an incrsdible cli Fre nrh painting
3 Joh n drives - sports car.
(fast, ltatian, elegant)
Adjectives referring to size, tength and height often come 4 They're going to pull down that
before age, colour, origin, materiaI and purpose. building on the corner.
Ho'r gol an &normsus blaek Tapanera rnolorbiKs (concrete, grey, ideous)
h
Numbers usually go before adjectives and the words first, next 5 Grace is hoping to meet
and last go before numbers. stranger white she's away. (tall, darl<, gorgeous)
'ftu.ba
art. m1 first .lwo
old griiirh slarnpr. 5 Susan's down-and-out father wore
Adverbs suit to her wedding. (check,
We can usually use adverbs in three positions: at the old-fashioned, scruffy)
beginning, in the middte or at the end of a sentence. However, Decide if the sentences are correct or not. Sometimes there is
most adverbs are only used in one ortwo of these positions.
more than one possibility. Correct the incorrect sentences.
We use adverbs that show our thoughts or feetings about
1 We'd tuckity booked a tabte for dinner the day before.
something at the beginning of a sentence. :,Jrk;1,, ,.dt'd DrO(? i a irblr
Personalll, l'm no1 :tai\1 irrtrrr;ted ir hrs i.iaar. 2 Zoe spent her chitdhood in Moscow and she can still
tlnfortunatatrl, we.vrrrn't be ab\r. io .crxr 1r tna waddirrg. spea l< ftuently Russian.
We use adverbs of frequency in the middle of a sentence. 3 Unfortunatety, the young people in my area rarely put
They go after the verb ro be, between an auxiliary verb and a their litter in a bin.
main verb, and before atI other verbs. 4 | tost my job almost yesterday.
He was often \air 5 Basicatty, we never are going to finish on time.
fner'vt atr^ra'{s \;vr,1 he:a 6 She's been trying to eat healthity for the last weel< or so.
We usualt'6 plal at tha vrBskondr. 7 They occasionally in the summer go camping.
We also use adverbs of degree like almost, nearly and quite in 8 My cousin even didn't say thank you when we put her up
last weel<end.
the middte of a sentence.
Nr arr naarll therr m*3
-lng forms after preparatory it, nouns
lhe almost won tht rars *
$
r',:r
$
and adjectives
When we want to say something was unexpected we use even
before a verb. /f can be used as a preparatory subject or object far an -ing
MiKr Ev&n cocKod ir-rnch. i\nd i1 war rioodl form, especiatty in informal styte.
lha dldn't evan reiurn the mon*1 I dad irnt har.
We often use it with ad,ectives.
We usually use adverbs of manner with the verbs they describe. tt wag intsr**iing haaring +rirat ha had tc ra1.
lf the verb has an obiect, the adverb fottows it. it vrill b* gr*at saring lcLr ail again.
ihr has alwal* rung opora boauti{ulX.g We often use if with ihe noun vvorfh.
1tr rh,\"re n at'. quicKll ar:d r^,en1 oul 1c p\a'y i
ls it reall1 uorih ,r,,',1 those.itai,;?
It waa vrorth a;Ilr:g {cr holp.
The object of lhe -ing form can sometimes become the sub.iect
of the sentence.
l"f'e ucrlh 6er.inq Psgsntr'a FarK.
Begent't ?ar* ,L .noilh :.ee,n.J
/f is also often used negativety with the noun use.
It won't bo an.g u*e. waiting harp for hifi,
Some nouns and adjectives can be fottowed by -ing forms.
A preposition usually joins the -ing form with the noun or
ad jective.
I haia tha idea of ge.tting bad a:arn rs*ul.fr
 rl:1

Complete the sentences with the words below and the -ing We use not only... but also... to emphasise that two negative
form ofthe verb in brackets. events have happened.
He \os1 his job and his wifa le ft him
--/ Not onll drd his vlf. ieavr him but he atso losr hrsjob
1 lt's no utr raporl ng the crime. Yourwallet will never be
AdverbiaI expressions of place
found. (report)
2 It was your mother out for lunch. Adverbial expressions of place can be put at the beginning of
She didn't eat anything. (take) a sentence for emphasis, especially when they are followed by
3 lt's no intransitive verbs such as come, sit, stand or walk.
-.- on at school if you aren't Hr walrod up tha hi!!
going to study. (stay)
It's been Up tha hill ha v,a\rsd
to you. Thank you for your
We can also use phrases such as the problemltroubleltruthl
time. (tatl()
It was
-- with the same otd problems, factlquestion is.
day in and day out. (deat)
Tho problam ia hr dos*r''i do an1 uorK.
We sometimes use the auxiliary verb do to add emphasis to the
6 rt isn't our house right now. (selt)
main verb.
Comptete the sentences using the word in bracl<ets and an tNo rrall1 do eryo1 his rocrtals a'i tha conceri he\l
-ing form.
1 Comptete the second sentence adding emphasis.
1 Nobody urants to have an operation. fthought)
People don't Like''' :: : -".t-', :':','-r.t. -_ ii :;?.j-,1 .
1 The four officers jumped into a waiting police car.

2 Of course l'll pass alL my exar-ns. i.ccrficeni'l

into r uu,lriri colrrr ;:r 1, rs,pr d rho {oLrr of{icBrr.
t'm
2 The party had hardLy got going when the tights went out.
.lardlv
3 Everybody thinks that Nadalwitlwin. (chance)
Nadal has 3 lVe got ccmpieteiy carried away. That's the truth.
The truth is
4 Her main concern is that her children may get [ost.
(worried) 4 The captain reported the fauit as soon as we took off.
No sooner
Sh e's
5 I've never spent the night in an igloo before. (strange) 5 They need to improve public transport to solve the
It'lt be congestion problem.
l(ids rarely lil<e thinl<ing that their parents might split up. What
-
(thought) 6 I miss my otder sister the most.

Most chitdren hate It's

7 Two armed soldiers stood outside the palace.

Emphasis Outside
8 We didn't pay for the ftight. We paid for the hotet. (do)
We add emphasis to written Engtish by using special structures. We didn't
Cleft sentences
2 Rewrite the underlined phrases in the text to add emphasis.
We can use tt islwas... thot...to emphasise different parts of a Use the words in brackets for 3, 4,6 and 7.
sentence from the verb.
1A solitary figure stands in front of the ruins of his house.
Jacr \orl ihe camera
li uras facK vrho \ost tlt camrra. '?Neither a bomb nor a fire caused the destruction. but a
ll was tha La$tora lhat f,ac< lori
formidable tornado, which roared through the French town
of Hautmont last Sunday night. 3 The storm ripped houses
We can use What... islwas... to emphasise the subject or object
apart and kitled three peopte. a Nobodv knows what turned a
of a sentence.
thunderstorm into a devastating tornado.
kaio sold her flat \{hat Kats *old was hsr flai Paul l(nighttey, at the Tornado and Storm Research
lnversion Organisation, believes that a supercell struck the north of
Some negative adverbs can be used at the beginning of a Fra n ce. Su percells a re exceptiona lly powerfu t th u n derstorms.
sentence to add emphasis. ln these cases the auxiliary verb is They rotate tike a slowty spinning carouset but deep in their
put before the subject. lf there is no auxiliaryverb do, does or centre a faster-spinning column of air drops down to the ground
did is used. as a tornado. " These storms occur frequently in the USA. but
l've. nrve.r gr.on euch an animal. Never have I *een such an anirnai / they haven't been seen in northern Europe before.
t(e rarr\1 arrivod on iimo. Farell did w& arrivo on iima
 :lli

t:rtl

1 ln front of 1hf. ruine of hir house aiands a s0\itary figLlr?

2 What Modals
3 (not onty)
4 (question) ModaI verbs are used to talk about obtigation, permission,
5 It witlingness, abitity and future possibitity. They are atso used
6 (do) to tall< about the possibitity or probabitity of something
7 (not until) happening.
Abitity
,:
E r,t, 6
would We use can and am lare I is able to to tatk about ability in the
We can use would to:
present.

. l'rr able to drive vorl big \orrias.

express examptes of what was typicaI behaviour in the past.
6an lour daLrqhirr srim?
?ooplr vroutd vre.ar thorr bxt rlo'ltrpr on iurdap.
We use could and wasf were able to to tatk about ability in the
. express examptes of willingness in the past or in a
past. We use b.oth structures to talk about repeated activities in
hypotheticat present.
the past.
il, vrouldn't halp m, ,,,t\, rn'; fornihoiK 1eil i,',,h1
r.le could Can..r ve rl uell
I vrouldn't *rant io vieit 0gypt a1 thit linra of par
\rls warsn't able to rpaaK Fronch .lhen.
. mal<e a deduction about the present or past.
'l'.iar We onty use wasf were able to (i.e. not couldt totatk about
i!riard somecnt dl ra? dorr vrould be,',( porlrian
something that on[y happened once in the past.
\\e yroUld have been aprni,trr.r.1 rhrr, r.r ;e.r rhal I,lr:.
the partl iinishad \a1a bu1 I wae abts to taKa a iaxi
We express preferences using would + like, love, prefer and
Permission
rather.
l'd lixe a blarK rofrro, ploaer
We use can to say something is permitted in the present and
could to say something was permitted in the past. Con'f and
We use would with the verbs say and thinklo make our
couldn't are the negative forms.
opinions more tentative.
Ws can leava worK a\ 5 p.n. avarl Fridal.
l'd ea.g thai 1or-r rhould tr1 and irnprove lolrr prrlo, manra.
I can'| uro tha lntsrnai al homr a{tr.r lo p.m.
l'd thinx 1ou'11 hava a diffirull tirna
M1 dad coutd on\1 aat rhccolaie on tundap,
1 Complete the sentences using would and the verbs in I couldn't 'ftp,i ior'r9 t.ouc,,r5 to schco\ r,,rhrn I was a bo1
bracl<ets. Then match the sentences to the uses on page 82 Obtigation
of this Student's Bool<. We use must and hove to to tatk about obligation in the
1 The chitdren didn't like vegetabtes when they were littte. present. We usualty use have fo when we are tatking about
(eat) rules, must when it's a personaI obtigation.
Thel wou\dn'1 ra'i vogotable* whar ihol wrra ii1lio. You have. to woar a $vlimming cap al tho purblic rwimming poo\.
2 As a child I atways made my own birthday cards. (create) i rnust etudl mora Eng\ish Uufo., f go to \ive in Lhicago'.
When We use mustn'twhen something is prohibited.
3 Can 't we get a takeaway instead? (rather) tludrnls mu*tn't
oa\ anlt drinK in the librarl.
I
We use needn't and don't have to to say there is no obligation
4 lt never occ urs to my brother to ca[[ me. (think)
to do anything. You may choose to do or not to do something.
My brother
lrle needn't do thesa elercispi buri l'fhrnr it r^ould be a gooC idaa to
5 ln my opinion about twenty people turned up. (say)
Ho doean't havo to halp his old noighbour but he lires io.

5 lgue ss Vou were tired after your iourney. (been) Possibitity

You We use may, might and could to discuss the possibility of
7 Go ing to the Emeti Sand6 concert's a great ideal (love) something happening. /lzlay suggests that the chances of
l_ something happening are slightty greater lhan could and might.
8 Of c ourse her boyfriend stood up for herl (defend) I thinr it ma.i rain this gvonrng
Her iha said ehe. mlght comr, bui shs didn't oound vary an"ihuriaslic.
Logicat deductions about the present
We use maylmightlcould + infinilive to say something is
possibte.
forn misht win iha racy lle;t in qood form
 We use must + infinitive to say something is certain. I a pen? I want to write down your
MiEa is *oaKin$. lt muel b* raining. emai[ address. (borrow)
We use can't + infinitive to say something is impossible.
l't can't be trua 5am with me last night (get tosO
'nras
Logieal deductions about the past Jessica isn't going out tonight because she for
tomorrow's exam. (study)
We use naylmightlcould + have + past participte to say
something was possible in the past.
F:.1
It'a rtrange thal ha hasn't phonad. He might have loit hi* mobile. lv ; I Cotloquial omissions
We use must + have + past participte to make a strong ln informal spoken Engtish we can sometimes teave out words
supposition about something in the past. at the beginning of a sentence if the meaning is very clear.
dohn vrar off worK lasi wrK, Hs muat havc bo*n ilt. These words are not stressed in spoken Engtish when they are
included in a sentence.
We use can't + have + past participle to say it was impossible
that something happened in the past. Articles
-thrv Wh1 did 1ou catch iha bus? (Ihe) Trains aren't running todal
didn't Know anl,ihing about ths.film so ihal can't have xon rl.
Possessive pronouns
1 Cross out the modat verb that cannot comptete the sentence. Ara 1ou 0K? No. (ta1) Hrad hurts. t thinx l'vs gol a migraina.
Try to iustifu your choice.
Subject pronouns
1 He
- watk for a year after his accident. He went around whai did 10u Ba1? ff) Lan't hrar 1ou! -lhs mu*ic'e too loud
in a wheelchair.
Auxitiary verbs and personaI pronouns at the beginning of
a coutdn't b wasn't able to c shouldn't questions
c - asuldn'l and uasn't able to elprcss no abilitl,
(Have 1ou) goen lo lho cintma rzcenl\1?
ahouldn't is normali'1 ured for advics
No v{hai'a on?
2 She have teft her mobite in the coffee shop.
Her mum called whi[e she was there. Negative forms can be replaced by not
-
a mighl b can c could
3 i get my hair cut - it looks awful. (Ho ion't) Not happ1, l'm afraid.

-must
a b can't c have to --E
4 You park on a double yellow line or you'[[ get a fine. Is;! The passive
a don't have to b can't c mustn't We make passive forms with the verb be + past participle.
5 I stay at your house tonight? l,ve missed the last bus

-a Can
home.
b May c Must
They wait in the gueue. They had already bought
-
their tickets.
a mustn't b didn't need to
c didn't have to
We buy a leaving present for Mary. She,s been such
-
a good boss.
a ought to b shoutd c woutd
8 lt's 2.30 p.m. George ==- have arrived in Beijing by now.
a can b must c witl
2 Comptete the sentences with a suitable modalverb and the
verb in brackets. More than one answer may be possible.
1 I don't mind our school uniform because we
a tie. (wear)
2 To reduce carbon emissions people public The passive is used to talk about processes.
transport more. (use) tne car* are laKen from ihe factorl and then ihrl ara lran*ported
,3 My mother until she was 40. She passed her all ovor Europe.
test on her birthday. (drive) : The passive is used when we don't want to say or we can't say
4 ll John that:called. He said he would. (be)
-thi6
5 You your mobile phone white you're driving. booE wag rrrttlsn in'ths flth canturl buf the auihor ir unKnoum,
-
It's ittegat. (use)
-
3,*& I *r**:xxr i3*ii**y a*d ffef*r*xee
The passive is used when it's obvious who performed the 4 Wind power is the best solution to the gtobal energy
actio n. crisis. (sav often)
ths fira has {inalli baen pu* out. tt
The passive is also used to putthe main focus atthe beginning Oil is running out. (consider genera[ty)
of the sentence. lf we want to say who carried out the action we oit
introduce the person's name with the preposition by. Pubtic transport is too unreliable. (see usualty)
Those amails have been sent \ s0me.0n0 in this offica, and I want Pubtic transport
'to know uhol CommerciaI flights cause a great deaI of potlution.
(acknowledge widety)
1 Complete the article with the correct passive form of the verb Commercial flights
in bracl<ets. Ftooding has worsened in recent years. (report frequentty)
A study into the future of the world's monkeys It
thasbotn carried ou1 (carry out) recently by animal
experts,
the results of which 2
internationaI conference last month.
(retease) at an
ffi wha tever, whoever, wherever,
however, etc.
During the survey it r (find) that 303 of the
We use whatever, whoever, wherever, however, etc. to say
634 primates studied may soon become extinct in the wild; 69
it doesn't matter what, who, where, how, etc. because
species 4 , (ctassify) as criticatly endangered
the outcorne witt be the same. As these expressions are
since the results became known.
conjunctions, they can come at the beginning or in the middle
The main reason for the rapid dectine in numbers of a sentence.
5-- (identify) in the report as deforestation. Whalev*r you sa1, I won''t change. rn1 rninri.
However, in some areas more damage vls had a groat 'lima in ltaly, whsravar wa went.
(do) by locaI people who hunt the
We can also use howeverwith an adiective or adverb to mean
animals for food. Monkeys 7 (eat) in
it doesn't matter to what extent. ln these sentences we can
severalregions of Africa and Asia.
sometimes leave out the verb to be.
Conservationists want wortd leaders to take urgent Howavr.r interasting (t is), t don't ,-'rafi'! 'lc ore thr pla1.
measures to protect these animals in the hope that they
(save) from extinction in the near future. 1 Comptete the sentences using the words below.

Passive structures with consider,

believe, etc. 7 l'm not telling you my phone number, you are.
We sometimes use passives with an introductory subject to 2 Don't go out with Mandy's brother, you do.
tatk about things in a general sense. Some the verbs most 3 We can meet up day is best for you.
frequently used in this way are believe, consider and feel. - with their salary
4 People are seldom satisfied
This man ie considerod erlreme\1 dangerous much they earn.
l.i i* fetl thai ihr qovrrnmrnt *rut do iornathing aboul infla1ion. We can meet you've got time, I've got a
flexibte schedute.
1 Rewrite the sentences in the passive using the words in My tittte brother follows me I go.
-
brackets.
1 NationaI security is of paramount importance. (believe
firmty)
-
thal nalional *curitl i* of paramouni
il.;rl;)r*lis'ved
2 Human actions are responsibte for gtobat warming.
(accept widely)
It
Monsoons are a tropical phenomenon. (regard usually)
Monsoons
 foin the sentences with a suitabte relative clause. Omit the
Retative clauses pronoun where possibte.
1 A man answered the phone. He refused to listen to my
comptaint.
-Ihs ffan r"rho
t.,,r'..t,,i,.,ri::li::rirr::rllll:.i:;l:lr,ii,.',r,irrrl.t''r:r::ri::,iril.t:illii:l.il:llai:t)rt.r:atrtal:tlur,it.t:ir:r.
1tha1 ans'l,rred thr phona refusrd 1o li*'lrn to
. ...:ti,..ri:r,:r:tariiiiil
r,,r ,i, I . t.rr .i r. t. ari.rt..,.j
lr1 crnp\ain'i
who/that who 2 Some medicine got rid of my cough. lt tasted of tiquorice.
wh ich /that which 3 The Gotden Gate Bridge is an impressive sight.
We crossed it yesterday.
where
4 He's a pitot. His plane crashed yesterday.
when 5 The tift is being repaired. lt brol<e down yesterday.

,.,,., liiril::.:.::tlilili:l..:
wh ose whose 6 I asked a woman for information. She was very helpfut.
7 Britney Spears is hoping to make a comebacl<. She sang
Defining relative clauses Boby one more time.
Defining relative clauses give essential information about 8 The hotetwas ful[. We had booked it.
the person, thing or place in the main clause. Without this
Rewrite these retative ctauses in a more formal styte. lt is not
information the sentence would be incomplete.
possible to rewrite two of the sentences.
X:at't ri ,r ial ihat ue vranl t* bu,g
I mr.i thr prrson a':hc i* qdlim* t* ?xK* l,il.r' 'lhs dr.,p.:rlnorii. 1 The land which the river runs through betonged to my
l've bruqni 1lu 1nr blcr wki*h I i*l{i !iu.1 :i)il:,;i famity in the past.
We can omit the relative pronoun when it is the object of the
l. 'a,:.\ ...rlr .,rl vL,:re iht. lir11i.[\owr b,lon.ird 1O m1
defining relative clause but not when it is the subject.
. , ,, ,),-'

thai'r iha flal (that) vra wanl ln bu1 2 My grandfather, who I have the utmost respect for,

lnr.i thr. prr;lr: wI'la ii qril', r ro lcko ovii rhr ot,rartrnpnt. died fighting for his country.
l'vr bought pu thr bcar (vrl'rl*Xr) i tnio 1lu abr',rl
3 Applications which are fitted in incorrectlywitlbe
Non-defin in g relative clauses
rej ected.
Non-defi ning relative clauses give non-essential information
about the person. thing or place in the main ctause. This extra 4 My mother's gtasses, which she cannot see without,
information must atways go between commas. look quite stylish.
thr Quarn, q"rho wa* wearifi* a bl&s *uffir$er drass o2rna,1 rr,o
rl.f, l,c5'u.lai :n lLar.r-igct"C. 5 Wittiam's best friend, who he has always confided in,
M.; rar, *rtr'lleh { b*ugtrtt 1a** 1*ar, ir aluale br*ai<,no r,r,,,n has just moved abroad.
We cannot omit non-defining relative pronouns from the
sentence. Neither can we use the relative pronoun fhof in ptace They gave away some old toys which hadn't been played
of which or who. with for years.
Prepositions in relative clauses
The watl which Ryan was standing on top of tooked tike it
lf a relative clause includes a preposition we can often choose
would topple over.
to put it at the beginning or the end of the clause. lf it is used at
the beginning of the clause it sounds more formal.
The boy who Sarah fe[[ in love with turned out to be a
This la lhr ;hirrrh lvi:trh) **r gri rnarrird ir-:.
th ief.
ltrir ls'ihr *hut!; tn ''thir1: wr, qri rnarrie.d.
We usually use the formal relative pronoun whom instead of
urho when a preposition comes before it.
the pzcplo uho I *pori. ir r^rer* .oal!1 hrlp{ul.
ltra parple 1t wharn i rperr wrrr rcail1 hrlp{ul
lf the preposition is part of a phrasal verb it stays with the verb.
i rnrl thl. man whr rot r-rp ihr rompail1 v;ith m1 {a1hri
 ffi Worl< in pairs. What do you know about 7 ffi Act out the extract from Romeo and Jutiet.
Shakespeare? Can you name any of his plays?

Read the Fact file. Compare your ideas from exercise 1.

ls there anything that surprises you?

,i:,,,,,

. Born 23 April 1554. Died 23 April 1516.

Married at eighteen and had three children,
Wrote 37 playsl history plays (e.g, /ulius Cqesar, Henry tr\,
tragedies (e.9, Hornlet, King Leor, Athello,) and comedies (e.9.
As Yau Like lt, Twelfth Nighfl.
Regarded as the greatest writer in the English language,
Many of his plays were first performed at the Clobe Theatre,
London. The theatre was destroyed by fire in 16L3 - and
reconstructed in 1997!
Few records of Shakespeare's private lile survive.

3 Read the information about Romeo and luliet.

Jutiet O Romeo, Romeo! lWherefore art thou Romeo?
The ptay is set in Verona in ltaly. Romeo, from the Montague Deny '7thy father and refuse thy name.
famity, and Jutiet, who is a Caputet, have fallen in love, but Or, if thou 3witt not, be but sworn my [ove,
their famities are sworn enemies and would never consent to And l'tt no [onger be a Caputet.
their marriage. They can't see each other openty, so Romeo s Romeo lasidel Shatt I hear more, or shatI I speak at
comes at night to Jutiet's balcony ... this?
lutiet -'Tis but thy name that is my enemy.
4 6B fnCn Listen to a modern version of part of a famous Thou art 5thyself, though not a Montague.
scene from Romeo and Juliet. Choose the correct words to What's Montague? lt is nor hand, nor foot,
complete the summary. 10 Nor arm, nor face, nor any other part
Juliet is laware / unaware that Romeo is there. She wishes Belonging to a man. O. be some other name!
that Romeo could change his 2name / famity. She wishes What's in a name? That which we ca[[ a rose
that names were 3more / less important and reasons that By any other word woutd smetl as sweet.
if a rose were given another name itawould stil[ be a rose So Romeo woutd, 6were he not Romeo ca[[ed,
/ woutd be quite different. Romeo is 5unwilling / wilting to 15 Retain that dear perfection which he owes
reveaI his identity to Jutiet, but in any case she recognises Without that title. Romeo, ,doff thy name,
his 6voice And for that name, which is no part of Bthee
/ face.
Take all mysetf.
5 6b TRCD Now read the originattext and match the Romeo I take thee at thy word.
underlined words and phrases with the modern Engtish 20 Cal[ me but [ove, and l'tt be new baptized.
equivalents below. Then listen and read again. 'Henceforth I never witt be Romeo.
Juliet What man art thou that, thus 10be screen'd in
from now on hidden I don't l<now if he weren't if I had n ight,
it is only private thoughts remove speech why So stumbtest on my llcounset?
why are you will young woman you your yourself zs Romeo By a name
121
know not how to tell thee who I am.
6 ffiffi Match the phrases to mal<e famous Shal<espeare My name, dear saint, is hateful to myself
quotes. Then translate and explain them. Because it is an enemy to thee.
13Had I
1 To be, or not to be: a nor a lender be. it written, I would tear the word.
2 Att the wortd's a stage b never did run smooth. :o Jutiet My ears have not yet drunk a hundred words
3 Neither a borrower c that is the question. Ofthat tongue's lauttering, yet I know the
4 Love is btind d Parting is such sweet sorrow. sou n d.
5 The course of true love e and lovers cannot see. Art thou not Romeo, and a Montague?
6 Good Night, Good Romeo Neither, fair lsmaid, if either thee distike.
f and a[[ the men and women
night! are merety players.

Literature ,. Wi[liam Shal<espeare ] 131

 3 ffiHffi ln pairs, answer the quiz questions about the 3 Which of these countries is not a Commonweatth realm?
British royalfamity. a Australia b Canada c lndia d the Ul(
4 More than 54 countries enterthe Commonwealth Games
because:
a ex-members of the Commonwealth can enter.
b non-members can enter by invitation only.
c countries which are part of a larger state can enter
separate teams.

S Read the text about the l<ind of Engtish spoken. in the

Commonwealth country of Ghana. Match the words below
with their synonyms underlined in the text.
How many children does Queen Elizabeth have? Can you {(}py ir'****r-i'r irii:*riianr* lar':gr.l;lg* raa*lisn
name any of them? r*ieq ststliq
What is the relationship between Prince Wi[[iam and the
Queen? uestion: 'Have you eat?' Reply: 'No I go eat
Assuming Wittiam has children, who witl become after small small.' This is just one of the turns of
monarch after his death? phrase Ghanaians use, in the words of one local
a his younger brother commentator, 'to give the Queen's English a good
b his etdest son or daughter beating'. But as Ghanaians begin to speak their inherited
c his etdest son (even if he has a daughter first) colonial ltongue with growing creative 2licence, a row is
4 Does the Queen have any potiticat power in the Ul(? breaking out about what really is ihe proper way to speak
Choose the best answer. English. On one side of the fence are the old-school
a Yes, in theory, but he/she never uses it. Ghanaians who were taught throughout their education
b Yes, and she uses it occasionatLy. to 3mimic received pronunciation - or BBC English, as
c No, her potiticat powers were abolished years ago. it is popularly known - with varying degrees of success.
5 The next head of the Commonweaith of Nations On the other side, a abacklash is growing against the old
a witI be the Queen's eldest son. mentality of equating a British accent with spfest1ge.
b has yet to be decided. 'The idea that intelligence is linked to English
c wit[ be from a country other than the UK. pronunciation is a olegaey from colonial thinking,' said
Delalorm Semabia, 25, aGhanaian blogger. 'People used
H Sd fnCn Listen and checl<your answers to the quiz. to think thai if you speak like the British then you are as
intelligent as the British. But now we are waking up to
"9 (b fnCO Listen to the information. What does the the fact that we have great people here who have never
map below show? ls it (a) the British Empire, (b) the stepped outside the borders.'
Commonwealth, or (c) the Commonwealth Realms? 'ln the 90s many local arlists wanted to sound like
Usher or Jay-2, bul now they are taking local names
ss
Sil fnCO Listen again and choose the correct answers. and branding themselves locally,' said Semabia. 'For
1 The Commonweatth of Nations is an organisation made us, English is our language - we want to break away
up of 54 independent states, nearty all of which were: from the old Tstrictures, to personalise it, mix it with our
a in NATO b part of the British Empire c in Africa Iocal languages, and have fun with it. The whole point
2 Sixteen members, including the UK, are Commonwealth of language is that it's supposed to be flexible and it's
Realms, which means that they all share the same: meant to be fun.'
a constitution b president c monarch
S 6& fnCO Listen to five sentences about the text in exercise
5. Are they true (T) or fatse (F)?

ffiffiffi:ffi.ffir
ffi Discuss these questions with your partner.
1 How important is, or was, the royal famity in your
country? How much do you l<now about them?
2 ls there such a thing as a 'modernroyat famity'or is the
whole idea old-fashioned?

732 ', 7 " Culture . The British Commonwealth

 ffi Lool< at the photo. How much do you l<now about
this character? Compare your ideas in pairs.
It a dreary night of November that I beheld the
was on
accomplishment of my 1toils. With an anxiety that almost
amounted to agony, I collected the instruments of life around
me, that I might infuse a spark of being into the lifeless thing
that lay at my feet. It was already one in the morning; the rain
pattered dismally against the panes, and my candle was nearly
burnt out, when, by the glimmer of the haH-extinguished light,
I saw the dull yellow eye of the creature open; it breathed hard,
and a convulsive motion agitated its 2limbs.
How can I describe my emotions at this catastrophe, or how
deiineate the lurctqh whom with such inflnite pains and care I
had endeavoured to form? His limbs were in proportion, and I
had selected his features as beautiful. Beautiful! - Great Godl His
yellow skin scarcely covered the work of muscles and arteries
beneath; his hair was of a lustrous black, and flowing; his teeth
of a pearly whiteness; but these uluxutanecs only formed a more
6d fnCO Listen to the information about the novel horrid contrast with his watery eyes, that seemed almost of the
Frankenstein. Complete the notes in the fact file. Write one or same colour as the dun white sockets in which they were set, his
two words in each gap. shrivelled complexion and straight black lips.
The different accidents of life are not so changeable as the
feelings of human nature. I had worked hard for nearly two
years, for the sole purpose of infusing life into an inanimate body.
The novel was written and published near the beginning of For this I had deprived myseH of rest and health. I had desired
ther century, it with an sardour that far exceeded moderation; but now that I
The author, Mary Shelly, later married a famous ?-. had finished, the beau[r of the dream vanished, and breathless
Mary and some friends decided to write stories on holiday horror and disgust fllled my heart. Unable to endure the aspect of
berause of r the being I had created, I rushed out ofthe room, and continued
The idea for the story came to Mary in a-. a long time traversing my bedchamber, unable to compose my
ln the novel, Frankenstein is the name of 5-. mind to sleep. At length 6lassitude succeeded to the Ttumult I had
The novel's themes reflect concerns of the day, such as the
before endured; and I threw myself on the bed in my clothes,
fear that6 were becoming too powerful,
endeavouring to seek a few moments of forgetfulness. But itwas
in vain: I slept, indeed, but I was disturbed by the wildest dreams.
3 Read the extract opposite. Match the underlined words I thought I saw Elizabeth, in the bloom of health, walking in the
(1-10) with the definitions betow (a-i). streets of Ingolstadt. Delighted and surprised, I embraced her;
a confusion f dead body but as I imprinted the flrst kiss on her lips, they became livid
b heatthy-tooking features g arms and legs with the hue of death; her feafures appeared to change, and I
c cloth for wrapping the dead h drops of water thought that I held the scorpse of my dead mother in my arms; a
d work i passion, eagerness eshroud enveloped her form, and I saw the grave-worms crawling
e tiredness j miserable person in the folds of the flannel. I started from my sleep with horror; a
cold 10dew covered my forehead, my teeth chattered, and every
4 ffiffiffi ln pairs, discuss how the extract is made more
limb became comulsed: when, by the dim and yellow iight of the
effective by:
moon, as it forced its way through the window shufters, I beheld
a the weather and time of night. the wretch - the miserable monster whom I had created. He
b the detailed description ofthe creature's face. heid up the curtain of the bed; and his eyes, if eyes they may be
c Victor's dream.
called, were flxed on me. His jaws opened, and he muttered some
d the creature's inability to speak clearly.
inarticulate sounds, while a grin wrinkled his cheeks. He might
ffi Work in pairs. How many different characters from have spoken, but I did not hear; one hand was stretched out,
horror films or stories can you thinl< of? What makes them seemingly to detain me, but I escaped, and rushed down stairs.
scary? Do they have any other qualities which mal<e them
appealing or sympathetic?

2 *, Literature r MaryShetley ! t33

 S} fnCO Listen to the radio programme about the British
class system and speech. Which of these topics are
mentioned?

ii iiiiii r- i::

i1, (b fnCO Listen again. Using information from the

programme, try to fo[[ow the instructions below.
1 Choose the option (a-c) which rhymes with the word on
the teft when it is spoken in an upper class accent.
getting ashutting bpatting c sitting
just a fist b chest c past
catch a pitch b fetch c clutch
#;,i }: il Describe the photo and answerthe questions
2 ln an upper ctass accent, say: 'Let's get ready for the
below.
m atch !'
1 ln your opinion, what might be: 3 ln a worl<ing class London accent, say:'l thinl< l'll have
a the attitude of the boys on the right towards the boys some butter.'
on the teft? 4 Translate this sentence into standard English: 'My mate
b the reason why the boys on the teft are not lool<ing at went into the boozer to use the bog.'
the boys on the right? 5 Translate this sentence into London worl<ing class
2 What does the photo tett you about British society at the [anguage: 'You were Iucl<y l'm not a police officer"'
time?
,l-.',..,t..,,:. Read the fact file about a popular British IV show.
d Complete the text with suitable words. Then discuss the questions below in pairs.

The British are particularly aware of - and fascinated FACT FILE

t- --their class system, While many othersocieties
around the world have a comparable structure, in Downton Abbey, one of the most popular shows on British TV
is shown in more than 100 countries worldwide.
Britain it seems to permeate every aspect of life, from
food to fashion and 2__
sports to speech.
First screened in 2010, it became an instant hit.
Downton Abbey is the fictional home of an aristocratic family,
A hundred years ago, the British class system was well-defined the Crawley family, in the.north of England
and there 3- little movement between the classes. ln broad The events take place in the early part of the twentieth century,
terms, society was divided into three social groups. The upper There are two sets of characters: the upper-class family who
class consisted 4_ people with inherited land or wealth who own the Abbey and the servants who work there,
5- no need to worl<. The middle class were professional Highclere Castle is used for the setting, lts owner, the Earl of
people, generally well-educated, with jobs which paid a monthly Carnarvon, is a personal friend of the show's writer,
salary: teachers, architects and doctors, for example. The working
class were people who did unskilled work or skilled manualworkfor
6 -- they were paid a daily or weekly wage.
Although the basic structure of the class system remains the
1-, some important aspects of it have changed. Firstly,
the proportions. For most of the nineteenth century, the upper
and middle classes together constituted only about l5% of the
population. But the middle classes grew rapidly 8_ the
economy grew, with more and more people becoming merchants,
businessmen, financiers and civil servants. Secondly, inequalities
in wealth have become s_ pronounced. Before the 20th
century, ordinary workers earned so little that even a moderately
wealthy member of the middle classes 10_ afford to employ
1 ln what way does the poputarity of Downton Abbey reflecl
servants. This changed as workers began to demand a reasonable an interest in the class system?
wage. Thirdly, ideas of status have changed and people tend to 2 ln your opinion, is it morally wrong to have servants?
be proud of their origins rather than aspiring t0 move up the class Why?/Why not?
Ia dder. 3 Do you thinl< society would be better without a class
system of any kind? Why?/Why not?

134 2 e utture The tsritislr class system

 Thinl<about the plots of two romantic comedies
ffi-ffiffiffi
and answer the questions. Use two from the list or your own
ideas. Mr Bingley had soon made himself acquainted with al1 the
principal people in the room; he was lively and unreserved,
Definitely Maybe Forgetting Sarah Morsholl danced every dance, was angry that the ball closed so early,
Hit and Run The Five Year Engagement Morley ond Me and talked of giving one himself at Netherfield. Such amiable
1 ls it usuatty ctear from the start which characters witt end qualities must speak for themselves.'!7hat a contrast between
up together? How can you tell? him and his friend! Mr Darcy danced only once with Mrs Hurst
2 How we[[ do these characters get on earlier in the film? and once with Miss Bingley, declined being introduced to any
What happens between them? other 1ad5 and spent the rest of the evening in walking about
the room, speaking occasionally to one of his own party. His
Read the information about Jane Austen and Pride and character was decided. He was the proudest, most disagreeable
Prejudice. Complete the text with suitable words. man in the world, and everybody hoped that he would never
Although Jane Austen (1775-1.81.6) is one of the most
come there again. Amongst the most violent against him
was Mrs Bennet, whose dislike of his general behaviour was
famous writers in the Engtish' , she was not
sharpened into particular resentment by his having slighted one
regarded as a major figure in English literature until a
century 2-
of her daughters.
her death. Her six novels are generatty
Elizabeth Bennet had been obliged, by the scarcity of
regarded as romantic fiction, but they also show the reality
gentlemen, to sit down for two dances; and during part of
of contemporary society and customs, particutarty from a that time, Mr Darcy had been standing near enough for her
female perspective. ln Austen's day, women were financially to overhear a conversation between him and Mr Bingley, who
3-- on men, tiving at home untilthey got married. For came from the dance for a few minutes to press his friend to
famities with several 4-, it was a daunting task finding join it.
a'good match'(that is, a suitable husband) forthem att. ln 'Come, Darcy,' said he,'I must have you dance. I hate to see
Pride and Prejudice, Austen's best-known nove[, Mr and Mrs you standing about by yourself in this stupid manner. You had
Bennet have five daughters, and 5- the girts atl have much better dance.'
certain qualities, they have no private weatth to 'I certainly shal1 not. You know how I detest it, unless I am
6 them more attractive to would-be husbands. So particularly acquainted with my partner. At such an assembly
when Mr Bingtey, a handsome, rich and charming bachelor, as this, it would be insupportable. Your sisters are engaged, and
moves to the area, it naturaIty causes great excitement in there is not another woman in the room whom it would not be
the Bennet famity. His friend, Mr Darcy, is atso handsome a punishment to me to stand up with.'
(and even ' ) but his behaviour is far from charming. 'I would not be so fastidious as you are,' cried Bingley,'for a
Etizabeth Bennet, the second etdest daughter, immediatety kingdoml Upon n-ry honour I never met with so many pleasant
distikes him. This distike grows throughout the novel - girls in my 1ife, as I have this evening; and there are several of
exacerbated by various deceptions and misunderstandings them, you see, uncommonly pretty.'
'You are dancing with the only handsome girl in the room,'
- until, eventatty, the inevitabte happens: they fatt said Mr Darcy, looking at the eldest Miss Bennet.
desperately in B

'Oh! she is the most beautiful creature I ever beheld! But

Read the extract from Pride and Prejudice. Underline parts there is one of her sisters sitting down just behind you, who
which either show or imply that: is very pretty, and I dare say very agreeable. Do let me ask my
partner to introduce you.'
1 Mrs Bennet is protective towards her daughters. '\fhich do you mean?' and turning round, he looked for a
2 )ane Austen believes gossip leads to exaggeration. moment at Elizabeth, till catching her eye, he withdrew his own
3 Bingtey and Darcy are close friends. and coldly said,'She is tolerable; but not handsome enough to
4 Darcy has a high opinion of himsetf. tempt me; and I am in no humour at present to give consequence
5 Darcy is feeling particutarly unsociabte on this occasion. to young ladies who are slighted by other men. You had better
return to your partner and enjoy her smiles, for you are wasting
Sfi fnCO Listen to an extract from Pride and Prejudice.
your time with me.'
Does Mr Bennet breal< his word to his wife? Why?/Why not ?
Mr Bingley followed his advice. Mr Darcy u,,alked off; and
(d fnCn Listen again. Find evidence to show that these Elizabeth remained with no very cordial feelings towards him.
statements are true.
1 Mrs Bennet is very keen for her daughter to marry.
2 Mr Bennet is used to his wife being over-dramatic.
miJlJtt{lllLffi Discuss this question: How has the relationship
3 Mr Bennet has a low opinion of Mr Collins.
between men and women changed now that women can worl(
4 Mr Bennet has a close retationship with Etizabeth.
and support themselves financia[[y?

3. Literature . Jane Austen L35

 R$a
ts.:

ffi Work in pairs. Look at the photos above. d+ 6* fnCO Listen to the information about the BBC Wortd
How has the BBC changed over the years? Do you know Service. Answer the questions.
any BBC programmes?
1 How confident was the director general ofthe BBC that
# Read the text. Which of these media is not mentioned? the new Empire Service would be successful?
2 What event did the same director general describe as
i:q:*isg the fnt*rnrt ri*g*:l*e-.lil rasiir: t*i*visimn 'the most spectacular success in BBC history'?
s Match these headings (A-F) to paragraphs 1-5 ofthe text.
3 What did the Empire Service change its name to in 1.939?

There is one extra heading.

4 Why did Generat Chartes de Gaulle broadcast such
strange messages from London?
A A false start D Radio's heyday 5 How did the BBC respond when the Communists
B A multi-platform provider E The [aunch of BBC News attempted to block their broadcasts?
C CommerciaI beginnings 6 How did Vactav Havel get around efforts to prevent him
speaking on the BBC's Czech Service?
7 What happened to Bulgarian f ournalist Georgi Markov on
his way to work in London?
8 ln what way did the BBC Wortd Service inadvertentty help
thc KGB?

l_ S ffi Discuss this statement in pairs: Television and

The BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation),the most famous
radio belong to the past and will soon be reptaced by the
public service broadcaster in the world, began life as the British
lnternet and sociol media. Do you agree or disagree?
Broadcasting Company, owned and managed by a consortium
Give reasons.
of six radio manufacturers. By establishing a network of radio
transmitters around the country and broadcasting a popular mix
of news, weather, children's entertainment and music, they hoped
to achieve their main goal: selling more radios! lt worl<ed, and 3_
by l926,more than two million households in the UK owned at DuringWorldWar ll, BBC radio played a crucial role, not only
least one radio set. Newspapers refused to print details of the by broadcasting public service announcements and reporting
programmes on offer for fear their readers would desert them, so news, but also by providing morale-boosting entertainment for
they were listed in a new BBC magazine called The Radio Times. the troops abroad and their families back home. During that
2_ period,the BBC also broadcast news programmes in all European
ln l927,the company evolved into a national institution rather languages and these were an important part of the propaganda
than a business venture, and its General Manager at that time, war against Nazi Germany. After the war finished in 1945, radio
John Reith, had a clear vision of the BBC,s role: it was to educate, continued to flourish and became a central part of British culture.
inform and entertain.Their output increased massively during 4
the I 930 as did their number of listeners, and in I 936 they began Today, the BBC is the largest broadcasting company in the world
experimenting with a new and exciting form of technology: employing about 23,000 people.Although its main activity is
television. Sport immediately became an important part of the TV still mal<ing and broadcasting radio andTV programmes, it also
schedules and in 1937 they broadcast tennis fromWimbledon. But maintains a huge website which includes a news service, an
when Europe went to war in 1939, the BBC's television service on-demand video service (BBC iPlayer) and a wide range of
closed down. educational resources-

136 3 ,' Culture ', The BBC

ffiffifrffi Worl< in pairs. Can you name any Romantic writers, What does the poet compare the daffodits with in:
artists or composers? Can you describe any of their work or (a) tines 7-10 (b) 11-13?
say why you lil<e or dislil<e it?
What is the poet's mood or moods in:
Read the text about Romanticism. Answer the questions. (a) tines 75-76 (b) tines t9-2O c) lines 23-24?

1 What did the Enlightenment (a) react against?( b) vatue?

What is the rhyme scheme of the poem?
2 What did the Romantic poets dislike about modern Iife?
3 How did Romantic artists differ from those who preceded 1 ABCABC 3 ABABCC
them? 2 AABBCC 4 ABABAB
ffi. Do you tike the poem? Give reasons.

M
Romanticism was a movement in the arts which started in
the late eighteenth century and lasted for about 50 years. It
revolutionised the way people thought about the world.
In the eighteenth century the Enlightenment (or Age of
Reason') had emphasised the importance of knowledge
and reason, and had championed freedom ofthought over
despotism, medieval religion and superstition. It placed a
special value on science, invention and discovery and paved
the way for the Industrial Revolution at the end of the
eighteenth century.
Although in sympathy with many of the aims and
achievements of the Enlightenment, poets like lVilliam
\Tordsworth reacted against industrialised urban life. I wandered [onely as a cloud

These Romantics, as they came to be known, stressed the That floats on high o'er valesr and hitls,
importance of 'nature' in contrast to the 'monstrous machines' When all at once I saw a crowd,
in the new cities. They placed a high value on emorions; A host, of gotden daffodils;
for \Tordsworth, poetry was 'the spontaneous overflow of Beside the [ake, beneath the trees,
powerful feelings'. \Thereas in the period before Romanticism Ftuttering and dancing in the breeze.
artists had often followed 'rules' and tried to create beautiful
works of art, the Romantics despised conventions and valued Continuous as the stars that shine
above all originaliry and imagination. The artist was a lonely And twinkle on the milky way,
figure, a talented 'genius', with a special mission in the world. They stretched in never-ending tine
He or she often shunned the company of others to be alone 10 Atong the margin2 of a bay:
nirh narure. Through rhe power of imaginarion and memory, Ten thousand saw I at a glance,
he or she was able to create works of arr which spoke directly Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.
ro the reader and invited them to identify with the artist and
share his or her Feelings. The waves beside them danced; but they
Out-did the sparkting waves in glee:
t5 A poet could not but be gay,
ln such a jocund company:
6b fnCO Read and listen to Wordsworth's poem Doffodils. I gazed-and gazed-but littte thought
Choose the best summary:
What weatth the show to me had brought:
1 The poet saw some daffodits but soon forgot them.
2 The poet saw some daffodits and tal(es great pteasure in For oft, when on my couch I lie
the memory. 20 ln vacant' or in pensive mood,
The poet didn't see reaI daffodits but created a beautifuI They flash upon that inward eye4
image of them in his imagination. Which is the btiss5 of sotitude;
And then my heart with pleasure fitts,
(b fnCn Read and listen again. ldentify parts of the poem And dances with the daffodits.
which show:
1 the poet atone with nature.
2 the poet spending time at home atone with his thoughts. Glossary lover vatleys 'edge rwithout thoughts
3 the importance of memory and imagination in quiet amind or imagination 5joy
moments.

Literature . Wordsworth ; 137

 ,ffiflSLfiHi,ffif{ Worl< in pairs. What do you l<now about these What nouns do these adjectives qualify in the text? Thinl< of
famous streets? other nouns that they could be used with. Use a dictionary to
1 Downing Street 2 Oxford Street 3 Carnaby Street help you.
l ceremonial 4 iconic 7 refined
(b fnCO Listen to the radio advertisement for a sightseeing 2 edgy 5 prestigious 8 upmarl<et
tour and checl< your ideas. 3 fashionabte 6 principal 9 wortd-renowned
Find these words and phrases in the texts below. Explain
S ktti#iliflijl Worl< in pairs. Discuss these questions.
them.
1 Which of the ptaces mentioned in the text woutd you like
1 draw a big crowd 5 bring into the mainstream to visit? Which not? Why?
2 blockbuster shows 5 fashion house 2 Have you ever seen a play or a musical? lf so, tet[ your
3 flagship stores 7 residence partner about it. lf not, would you like to see one? Why?/
4 independent boutiques 8 accession Why not?
3 Describe
a the most important shopping streets in your town
/capita t city/country.
b the main residence of your country's president or
'Theatretand' is London's m o na rch.
principat theatre district.
Situated in the heart of the West
End, it contains approximately Chelsea became centres ofyouth
40 theatres. The first, The cutture. Fashion designers Mary
Theatre Royat, was established
Quant, who invented the mini-
in 7663 in Drury Lane and is stil[ skirt and hotpants, and Vivienne
open, atthough the buitding itself has been demolished and Westwood, who brought punk
rebuilt severattimes. The works staged at West End theatres fashion into the mainstream,
are predominantly classics, comedies and musicals, often both opened boutiques there.
starring world-renowned fitm actors like Nicole Kidman ln recent years, edgy young
and Orlando Bloom, who draw big crowds. The success of London designers such as John
blockbuster shows like Cofs, Phantom of the Opera and les Galliano, Atexander McQueen
Misdrables has helped the West End overtake New York's and Stelta McCartney, daughter of Beatte PauI McCartney,
Broadway as the world capita[ of have landed top lobs at the most famous fashion houses,
musicattheatre. such as Givenchy and Christian Dior, and become some of
the industry's most revered and fashionabte figures. White
Mitan and Paris are famous for haute-couture and refined
elegance, London-based designs have gained a reputation
Stretching two and a half for quirkiness and extravagance,
kilometres through the West
End, Oxford Street is Europe's
longest and busiest shopping
street, with about 300 shops,
The British Prime Minister
in cludin g malor departm ent
resides at Britain's most
stores and prestigious ftagship famous address: 10 Downing
stores. Nearby Bond Street is home to many high-price Street. Nearby, the Palace of
upmarket stores, especiatly jewellers. Small independent Westminster, on the north bank
boutiques can be found in another famous West End
of the Thames, contains the
shopping area, Covent Garden, formerly home to Britain's two Houses of Parliament (the
largest fruit and vegetab[e market.
Commons and the Lords), Big Ben - probabty London's
most iconic [andmark - and Westminster Hal[, which has
been used for trials, coronations and ceremonial banquets
for over 900 years. Not far away stands another world-
London is one of the four big fashion capitals of the wortd, renowned buitding: Buckingham Palace, the principal
the others being Paris, Milan and New Yorl<. London is a residence of British monarchs since the accession of Queen
retative newcomer, onty rising to prominence in the 1960s Victoria in 1,837.
when Carnaby Street in the West End and the King's Road in

138 ' 4 ,. Culture ', TheWest End

ffi Worl< in pairs. Match the sentence halves to make
Lady Bracknett Mr Worthing! Rise, sir, from this semi-
epigrams by Oscar Witde. Which ones do you lil<e? Say why.
recumbent posture. lt is most indecorous.
1 Atways forgive your enemies; Gwendolen Mamma! [He tries to rise; she restrains him.l
2 I am not young enough I must beg you to retire. This is no place for you.
3 I can resist everything Besides, Mr Worthing has not quite finished yet.
4 Some cause happiness wherever they go; Lady Bracknell Finished what, may I ask?
5 One should always be in [ove. Gwendolen I am engaged to Mr Worthin g, mamma.lThey
6 Experience is simply rise together.l
Lady Bracknell Pardon me, you are not engaged to any
a but temptation. one. When you do become engaged to some one, l, or
b That is the reason one shoutd never marry. your father, should his health permit him, witt inform
c nothing annoys them so much. you of the fact. An engagement shoutd come on a
d the name we give our mistakes. young gir[ as a surprise, pteasant or unpleasant, as
e others whenever they go. the case may be. lt is hardty a matterthat she could
f to know everything. be atlowed to arrange for hersetf. And now I have a
few questions to put to you, Mr Worthing. White I am
Complete the information about The lmportance of Being making these inquiries, you, Gwendolen, wilI wait for
Earnest and Oscar Wilde with the nouns below. me below in the carriage.
Gwendolen lReproochfullyl Mammal
cflme customs health play ptot release success Lady Bracknelt ln the carriage, Gwendolenl lGwendolen
trial goes to the door. She and Jack blow kisses to each
The lmportance of Being Earnest is Oscar Wilde's best other behind Lody Bracknell's bock. Lady Bracknetl
l<nown and most poputar 1- . First performed in 1895, looks vaguely about as if she could not understand
it was subtitled 'A triviaI comedy for serious peopte' and in what the noise wos. Finally turns round.l Gwendoten,
many ways it is, for despite the light-hearted '? and the carriage!
witty diatogue, it mocl<s late-Victorian 3
Lady Bracknell lSitting downlYou can take a seat, Mr
and morality,
Worthing. lLooks in her pocket for note-book and
especially marriage and love. ln the play the two main
pencil.l
characters have secret identities so that they can behave
.lack thank you, Lady Bracknet[, I prefer standing.
differentty in different ptaces. The lmportance was an Lady Bracknell lPencil and note-book in hond.) I feel
immediate 4-, but it proved to be Witde's final play. bound to tet[ you that you are not down on my list of
Shortty after it opened in London, Wilde was put on etigibte young men, atthough I have the same Iist as
t , accused of being homosexua[, which was then a the dear Duchess of Bolton has. We worl< together, in
6- in Britain. He was found guilty and sentenced fact. However, I am quite ready to enter your name,
to two years' hard labour. His 7- suffered greatty in should your answers be what a realty affectionate
prison and he died destitute in Paris in 1900, three years mother requires. Do you smoke?
after his He was just 46 years old. Jack Wett, yes, I must admit I smoke.
Lady Bracknell I am glad to hear it. A man shoutd always
Checl< the meaning of the words below, which a[[ appear in have an occupation of some kind. There are far too
the extract from The lmportonce of Being Earnestlhalyou many idle men in London as it is. How old are you?
will listen to in exercise 4. Jack Twenty-nine.
Lady Bracl<ne[[ A very good age to be married at. I have
candidty demonstrative destined getchristened always been of opinion that a man who desires to get
ideat (n) indifferent plain propose to sb (vb) married shoutd know either everything or nothing.
speculation thrilt(vb) Which do you know?
lack lAfter some hesitotion l I know nothing, Lady
rac kn It.
6il fnCO
B e
Now listen to the extract. Does Gwendolen accept
Lady Bracknell I am pteased to hear it. I do not approve of
.lack's proposal? What does she find most attractive about
anything that tampers with natural ignorance. [...] The
him? Why is this a problem for Jack?
whole theory of modern education is radicalty unsound.
() fnCn Listen again. Find evidence of: Fortunatety in Engtand, at any rate, education produces
no effect whatsoever. lf it did, it would prove a serious
1 Gwendotin's a confidence. b cynicism. danger to the upper ctasses, and probably lead to acts
2 ,|ack's a nervousness. b romantic nature. of viotence in Grosvenor Square.

$d fnCn Read and [isten to the next part ofthe play.

ldentify comic moments and say why they are funny. (Look at 7 Wtrat does the extract te[[ us about the nature and purpose of
both the characters' lines and the stage directions.) marriage in late-Victorian England?

5 u Literature, OscarWitde I 139

 Joseph Mallord \Tilliam Turner was born
in London in 1775. He came from a
modest background; his father was a
barber and wig maker and his mother
was from a family of butchers. He
showed a very early talent for drawing
and painting, and began to sell his
pictures from his father's shop. By the
age of 14, youngJoseph was already an
accomplished artisr and enrolled at the
Royal Academy of Arts school, the most
prestigious painting school in Britain.
In the 1790s Tirrner spenr rhe
summers travelling widely in Britain,
sketching in the open air, and spent
the winters painting in his studio. His
paintings soon began to appear in
;1,;:,$iift
exhibitions in London alongside works
by much older, well-established painters.
In 1802 he made the first of many trips
to mainland Europe, visiting France and
Switzerland. He was very influenced by
French painters and imitated their sry1e.
But he soon began to experiment and to
develop a very individual style of his own. paint realistically. He has imagined the very popular and sold well, making
Turner was particularly attracred scene rather than painted it from nature, him a very wealthy man. on his diath,
to dramatic, romanric subjects like and attempts to make it as dramatic he left all his paintings to the British
shipwrecks. fires and narural disasrers. and as striking as possible. He is giving governmenr and most of them are
He was fascinated by the destructiveness us an impression of the tiny boat in the kept at the Tate Gallery in London.
of nature and in particular the violent swirling rain and mounrainous seas. He Turner had a big influence on the
power of the sea. In this painting, is trying to show us how helpless we are French impressionist painters in the
'Snow storm steamboat off a harbour's when faced with the destructive powers
- second half of the nineteenth cenrury.
mourh', exhibited in 1842, the boat is of nature. \(/hat they admired in Turner was rlre
caught in the middle of a terrible storm Turner was recognised by his 'impressionistic' atmosphere in his
and is trying to reach the safety ofthe contemporaries as an artistic genius. paintings and the way thar he painted
harbour. Turner is not trying here to His romantic, dramatic paintings were light.

ffi Look at the painting. Discuss these questions. 3 ffi Worl< in pairs. Discuss these questions.
Give reasons for your opinions.
1 Do you tike the painting in exercise 1? Why?
1 What does the painting depict? 2 Do you generaIty prefer figurative art (art that attempts
2 When do you think it was painted? to represent with some accuracy its subject matter) or
3 Describe the atmosphere of the painting. abstract art (art that in some ways departs from the
* Read about the painting and the artist. ln your own words te[[
reality of the subject)? Why?
your partner about the following aspects of the artist.
3 Tetl your partner about a work of art or an artist that you
admire. Give reasons for your views.
1 famity background
2 early career
3 travel
4 subiect matter of his paintings and style
5 success during his lifetime
6 influence on later artists
140,5 ,: Culture ,, Britart
 ffi When was the FirstWortd War? Which countries 7 ffi Do you til<e the poems? Which one do you prefer?
were involved? Give reasons.

2 Sfi fnCf Read and listen to the poems. Which poem:

1 gtorifies dying for your country? THE SOLDIER by Rupert Brooke
2 hightights the horror of dying in war? If I should die, think only this of me:
That there's some corner of a foreign field
3 ft fnCnRead and listen again. Use the adjectives below to That is for ever England. There shail be
describe the tone and content ofeach poem. Give reasons for In that rich earth a richer dustl concealed;
your opinions. s A dust whom England bore, shaped, made aware,
Gave, once, her flowers to love, her wa)rs to roam2,
angry bitter compassionate depressing gruesome
A body of England's, breathing English air,
hard-hitting nostalgic patriotic peacefuI powerful Washed by the rivers, blest3 by suns of home.
realistic sentimentaI shocking soothing uplifting And think, this heart, aii evil shed awaf,
ro A pulse in the eternal mind, no less
4 Read the Fact file. ln what way do the two poems reflect each Gives somewhere back the thoughts by England given;
poet's experience of war? Her sights and sounds; dreams happy as her day;
And laughter, learnt of friends; and gentleness,
In hearts at peace, under an English heaven.

Glossary 1'a richer dust' i.e. the soldier's body

Rupert Brooke and Wilfred Owen both died in the First World 2paths and roads to wander 3blessed aremoved
War. Brooke was 27 and died of an infetted mosquito bite
on a naval ship in the Mediterranean.0wen was 26 and was
killed in action in France on 4 November 1918, exactly a week
before the war ended.
DULCE ET DECORUM EST
The Saldier was written in 1914 at the start of the war,
Brooke had not experienced any fightinB, by Wilfred Owen
Dulce Et Decorun Est was written in 1917 after 0wen had Bent double, like old beggars under sacks,
experienced a number of years of trench warfare, The poem Knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed through sludge,
was written to Jessie Pope, who wrote poems encouraging Till on the haunting flares we turned our backs
young people to ioin the army, And towards our distant rest began to trudge.
s Men marched asleep. Many had lost their boots
But limped on, blood-shod]. A11 went lame; all blind;
Match each of the four stanzas of Dulce Et Decorum Esf with
Drunk with fatigue; deaf even to the hoots
a summary sentence below. There is one sentence that you Of gas-shells dropping softly behind.
don't need. Gasl GAS! Quick, boys! - An ecstasy of fumbling,
a the image of the sotdier dying recurs in the poet's ro Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time;
dreams But someone still was yelling out and stumbling,
b a direct address to the reader chat[enging him/her not to And flound'ring like a man in fire or lime ...
glorify war Dim, through the misty panes and thick green light,
As under a green sea, I saw him drowning.
c a warning not to join the army rs In all my dreams, before my helpless sight,
d sudden action as the soldiers come under chemical He plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning.
weapon attacl< If in some smothering dreams you too could pace
e a description of tired soldiers returning from battle Behind the wagon that we flung him in,
And watch the white eyes writhing in his face,
6 Consider and contrast the imagery used in the poems. zo His hanging face, like a devil's sick of sin;
7 ln The Soldier, find: If you could hear, at every jolt, the blood
a references to the English landscape. Come gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs,
b tranquil images in lines 12-14. Obscene as cancer, bitter as the cud
2 ln Dulce Et Decorum Esf, find: To children ardent for some desperate glory,
zs The o1d Lre: Dulce et decorum est
a two similes in Iines 1-2 describing the soldiers.
Pro patria mori2.
b four adjectives in [ines 6-8 describing the sotdiers.
c shocking images describing the dying soldier in lines Glossary 1 'shod' wearing on one's feet
1.6-24. '? Latin:
'lt is sweet and fitting to die for one's country'.

6 ", Literature ,' War poets , 141

 S Worl< in pairs. Answer the quiz questions.
When did the Aboriginat people first arrive in Australia?
a about 50,000 years ago b about 25,000 years ago
c about 5,000 years ago
ln which century did Britain first cotonise Australia?
a 77th century b 18th century c 19th century
What did the British estabtish in Botany Bay?
a a cricket club b a holiday resort c a penal cotony
4 The British colonists took Aboriginal land principatly to
a grow crops. b raise livestocl<. c buitd new towns.
5 What made Australia much richer in the mid-19th
ce ntu ry?
a livestock farming b the arrivaI of immigrants
c the discovery of gold
6 Austratia gained independence from Britain in S 6d fnCO ffi Work in pairs. Listen to part of a song
a 1.851. b 1901 c 1,951. called Botany Bay, written in the 19th century. Discuss the
questions.
H S fnCO Listen and checkyour answers to the quiz.
1 Who is 'we' in the song?
H ft fnCO Listen again. Answer the questions. 2 What do they find depressing?

1 What information is given about the early indigenous

3 Who etse is on the ship besides them?

peopte?
4 What warning is contained in the third verse?

2 What unfortunate effect did the arrivaI of the European

3
colonists immediately have on the Aboriginat peopte?
What caused conftict between the colonists and the IIOUINY ITAY
indigenous peopte? It's not leaving old England we care.about, r

4 What effect did the Gold Rush have on the population?

It's the bloomin' monotony wears us out
& Complete the text with the adjectives below. And the prospect of Boiqqy Bat
r-*ieftl*fi iir*t {re* ide;al *l.*i;;l'{:!\,rJd*d p*naI too-ro'ir-&:e, oo,vob-lie,'oo,,,,,roolay,
th,
Too-roo-lie, oo-roo-Iie
$i?*r reiurtanl us*ful ay; :
Too-roo-lie, oo-roo-lie, oo.roo-lay,
To o- roo -Iie, oo-roo-lie-ay.
Oh, the Captain and all the ship,s officers
The Bo's'n and all of the creq i
- - -- -
The first- and second-class passengers,l
Knows what us poor convicis go ttr"*ou-gfr,
y the late eighteenth century, Britain's prisons had
Chorus
become very 1-, and transportation to the
American colonies had become a 2_ NoW all you young dukes and you duchesses,
punishment
for many crimes. In the 1770s Britain lost her American
Take warning from what I've to say.
Be sure that you own aII you touchesses
colonies and was forced to look elsewhere. Australia, which
Or they:Il land you in Bdtany Bayr,,ir.,,::::,...,ti
had recently been claimed for Britain by Captain James Cook, .
was the 3- location for a new 4_ coiony. Conditions
Chorus
on the transport ships were' and many prisoners
died before reaching their destination. For the few decades
after the arrival of the u- settlers, convicts made up the
majori Ly of Austra I ia's popu la tion. Approx i m ate ly I o1,700 convicts taking their jobs. It was the discovery of gold that
convicts, of whom 25,000 were womery *"." .ur-rt to Australia finally led to the abolition of transportation. Free settlers were
between 1788 and 1868. As time went by, however, they were understandably 8- to share the new-found wealth with
increasingly seen as a7-source of labour rather than convicted criminals, and argued that transportation was no
simply as prisoners undergoing punishment. Opposition to longer a punishment but a e_ ticket to riches. The last
transportation grew among the free settlers, who resented the convict ship arrived in Australia in 1868.

142 ', 6 ,'. Culture , Going Down under

1 $Hfi:i,Si*:irt Worl< in pairs. What do you l<now about: 4 this question in pairs: What do you thinl(
{ii.fl.i,#1lffffii# Discuss
1 the Russian Revolution? 2 Statin? might happen later in the story with regard to the Seven
3 tife in the Soviet Union before the fatt of Communism? Commandments?

2 6il fnCn Listen to information aboutAnimol Farm and db fCCO Listen to an extract from near the end of the story.
George Orwell. Answer the questions. Did you mal<e any correct predictions in exercise 4?

1 ln which countries did 0rwetl live before returning to 6 S& fnCO Listen again and answer the questions.
England in the 1930s?
2 ln which war did he fight, and on which side?
1 Which of the first six commandments have the pigs
broken? ln what way?
3 Why did he have to flee from Spain?
What other resolution described in the text in exercise 3
4 Why was he critical of left-wing people in Britain?
have the pigs atso broken?
5 Did 0rwett betieve that the Russian Revotution was totatty
What role do (a) the sheep (b) the dogs have on the
wrong? Why?/Why not?
farm?
6 What other famous bool<s did he write?
4 How has the seventh commandment been attered?
3 Read the extract from Animal Farm. Answer the questions. 5 ln what way is this new single commandment
nonsensical and contradictory?
1 How does the animats'fear and wonderment manifest
itself as they look round the farmhouse? you thinl< attegories are an effective way of
Hi,ff.Hi{ifl#ffi3 Do
2 What do the animals resotve to do with the house? conveying a political message? Give reasons.
3 What have the pigs done that demonstrates how much
cleverer they are than the other animals?
4 What does Snowball first use the paint for?
5 The commandments are designed to unite the animals, Napoleon sent for pots of black and white paint and led
and to emphasise the distinction between them and ihe way down to the five-barred gate that gave on the
what else? main road. Then Snowball (for it was Snowball who was
(The animals have justtoken control of the farm and expelled best at writing) took a brush between the two knuckles of
Farmer lones.) his trotter, painted out MANOR FARM from the top bar
of the gate and in its place painted ANIMAL FARM. This
They filed back to the farm buildings and halted in was to be the name of the farm from now onwards. After
silence outside the door of the farmhouse. That was theirs this they went back to the farm buildings, where Snowbail
too, but they were frightened to go inside. After a moment, and Napoleon sent for a ladder which they caused to be
however, Snowball and Napoleon butted the door open set against the end waII of the big barn. They explained
with their shoulders and the animals entered in single that by their studies of the past three months the pigs had
fiie, walking with the utmost care for fear of disturbing succeeded in reducing the principles of Animalism to seven
anything. They tiptoed from room to room, afraid to commandments. These seven commandments would now
speak above a whisper and gazing with a kind of awe be inscribed on the wa1l; they would form an unalterable
at the unbelievable luxury, at the beds with their feather law by which all animals on Animal Farm must live for
mattresses, the looking-glasses, the horsehair sofa, the ever after. With some difficulty (for it is not easy for a pig to
Brussels carpet, the lithograph of Queen Victoria over the balance himself on a ladder) Snowball climbed up and set
drawing-room mantelpiece [...] A unanimous resolution to work, with Squealer a few rungs below him holding the
was passed on the spot that the farmhouse should be paint-pot. The commandments were written on the tarred
preserved as a museum. A11 were agreed that no animal wa1l in great white letters that could be read thirty yards
must ever live there. away. They ran thus:
The animais had their breakfast and then Snowball and
Napoleon ca11ed them together again. THE SEVENCOMMANDMENTS
'Comrades,' said Snowba11, 'it is half-past six and we 1 Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy.
have a long day before us. Today we begin the hay harvest. 2 Whaterrer goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend.
But there is another matter that must be attended to first.' 3 No animal sha11 r,vear clothes.
The pigs now revealed that during the past three 4 No animal shall sleep in a bed.
months ihey had taught themselves to read and write from 5 No animal shall drink alcohol.
an old spelling book which had belonged to Mr Jones's 6 No animal shall kill any other animal.
children and which had been thrown on the rubbish heap. 7 A11 animals are equal.

7 ' Literature " George Orwett , 143

 g ffiffi Describe the photo below and answerthe
questions.

WKffireffiffiMffi
i The earliest Europeal settlers in North America established
colonies on the east coast, where they had landed. But as the
:E: :. I population lncreased, many felt the urge to move westwards
in search ofnew lands and a new life, The vast expanses ofthe
contlnent were largely r-rnpopulated, except for scaitered tribes
of indigenous Indians, Those who headed west were called
pioneers, and they travelled ur lines of wagons for up to six
months in order to reach Caiifornia or Oregon on the west coast.
The pioneers laced many dangers on their journey Some
Indians were hostile, although not as blood-thirsty as Hollywood
1 Where do you thinl< these people were going and why?
fllms tend to suggest. krjury and illness were far more 1ike1y
2 What probtems do you think they might have faced on
causes of death, Crossing rivers was perilous, as were storms
the journey?
and wild animals, and since dlstances between waterinq holes
Read the text and find the answers to the questions in could be great, they were always at risk of rurrning out.
exercise 1. What is the connection between the photo below Given the hazardous nature of the journe]I why dld so many
the text and the photo in exercise 1? Amerrcans choose to make it? Partly they were tempted by
exaggerated descriptions of how wonderlul life could be in the
Are these sentences true (T), false (F), or is the answer not west; many had heard tales of crops growing taller than a man,
stated (NS)? But they were also escaping very real hardships in the MidWest,
1 The word 'pioneers' refers to the first European settlers in where the swamps of Mrssourl and Mississippi were infested
North America. with disease carrying rnsecLs
2 The most Iikety cause of death for members of a wagon Once Lhey had orrived at thef destrnaLion, pioneers used
train was itlness. any money they had broughr wrth Lhem to buy Iand. They
3 Some rumours about tife in the west were not true. cleared trees and prepared rhe lald for farmrng. and builL
4 Malaria was a big kitter in the swamps of the mid-west. simple houses, The pioneers needed to be largely self-suffrcient,
5 Few of the pioneers who made the journey west regretted makiag their ornm clothes, tools and furniture. Life was certainly
their decision. hard but commr.rnities were close-lcrit and supportive, and most
6 People who mal<e 'road trip movies' are a modern families were glad they had made the journey
incarnation of the pioneer spirit. In modernAmerica, people sti11 talk of the 'pioneer spirit',
meamng a willingness to face hardslups and danger in order
& fd fnCO Listen to the true story of an itt-fated wagon train to achieve a better life for yourself and your family Many of the
called the Donner Party. Who was mostly to blame for their rmmigrants wtro come to the USA each year a-re a testament to
problems? tLus spirit. And although these days Holl),wood makes few films
about wagon trains, the modern'road trip mor,'re'taps rnio the
(b fnCO Listen again. Answer the questions. same urge to esceipe your surroundings and fo1low your dreams
1 Why were the group called the Donner Party? across a vasl and excrting conlinent,
2 Why did the party choose to follow Lansford Hastings's
new route from Fort Bridger to California?
3 How many people and wagons were in the group?
4 Why did the party stop and wait severaI days before
entering the Wasatch Mountains?
Why did the detays during their journey become more
important when they reached the Sierra Nevada?
What are members of the party rumoured to have done to
escape starvation while trapped in the mountains?

s ffi Discuss examples of the 'pioneer spirit' in the

modern world. Do you thinl< it is something specificalty
American or do a[[ nations have it?

144 , 7 ',, Culture !, Go West!

 ffiffi Worl<in pairs. Can you thinl<of anyfitms orW
shows in which the two main characters are close friends but
very different? Why is it an appealing kind of story? Curley stepped over to Lennie like a terrier. 'What the hell you
laughin at?'
Complete the text with the words below. Lennie looked blankly at him. 'Huh?'
as enduring particularly peacefully previously Then Curley's rage exploded. 'Come on, ya big bastard. Get
temporary white whotty up on your feet. No big son-of-a-bitch is gonna laugh at me. I'11
show ya whot yeila.'

At the beginning ofthe 1930s, the United States entered Lennie looked helplessly at George, and then he got up and
a long period of economic depression, 1- did most tried to retreat.
other countries in the devetoped wortd. Economic output Curley was balanced and poised. He slashed at Lennie with his
declined sharply, ' unemptoyment soared. There was left, and then smashed down his nose with a right. Lennie gave
widespread poverty, 3- in areas which depended on a cry of terror. Biood welled from his nose. 'Georgei he cried.
heavy industry, construction and farming. The people who 'Make 'um let me alone, George.' He backed until he was against
had a- been employed as farm labourers, builders the wall, and Curley followed, slugging him in the face. Lennie's
and factory workers now found themselves without jobs, hands remained at his sides; he was too frightened to defend
without money, without homes - and often without hope. himseif.
Against this background, the Nobel Prize-winning novelist George was on his feet yelling, 'Get him, Lennie. Dont let him
John Steinbecl< created some of his most powerful and do it.'
5- fiction. Of Mice and Men is a novella which tetts Lennie covered his face with his huge paws and bleated with
the tragic story of two migrant workers struggting to make a terror. He cried, 'Make 'um stop, George.' Then Curley attacked
tiving by wandering from farm to farm in search of 6- his stomach and cut offhis wind.
emptoyment. The two men coutd hardty be more different: Siim jumped up. 'The dirty little
George Milton is a survivor, smatI and quick-witted, white myselfi
Lennie Small is mentatty disabted, 7 dependent on George put out his hand and grabbed Slim.'Wait a minutej he
his friend and yet immensely strong physicatly. The two shouted. He cupped his hands around his mouth and yelled, 'Get
friends share a dream of one day living B on a smatl 'im, Lenniel'
farm of their own, where Lennie, who loves pets, can look
Lennie took his hands away from his face and looked about for
after the rabbits. But Lennie's habit of getting into trouble
George, and Curley slashed at his eyes. The big face was covered
means that the dream is destined never to come true.
with blood. George yelled again, 'I said get him.'
Curley's fist was slvinging when Lennie reached for it. The
Read the extract from Of Mice ond Men. What does it tettyou next minute Curley was flopping like a fish on a 1ine, and his
about Lennie's physicaI and mentaI qualities? Justify your closed fist was lost in Lennie's big hand. George ran down the
answer with words and phrases from the text. room. 'Leggo of him, Lennie. Let goi
But Lennie watched in terror the flopping little man whom he
4 Find the following words in the text. How do you write the
held. Blood ran down Lennie's face, one of his eyes was cut and
words correctty? Why are they written this way here?
ciosed. George slapped him in the face again and again, and still
7 ya 3 yetta 5 'im 7 lol' t han' Lennie held on to the closed fist. Curley was white and shrunken
2 gonna 4 'um 6 leggo 8 ever' by now and his struggling had become weak. He stood crying,
his fist lost in Lenniei paw.
$ fnCn Listen to an extract from nearthe end ofthe novel. George shouted over and over.'Leggo his hand, Lennie. Leggo.
Lennie has run away after accidentally l<itting a young woman,
but George has caught up with him. Why do you thinl< SIim, come help me while the guy got any hand left.'
George: Suddenly Lennie let go his hold. He crouched cowering
against the wa11.
1 tells Lennie to tal<e his hat off?
'You tol' me to, Georgei he said miserably.
2 tatks about the rabbits one more time?
3 pauses several times while he's talking to Lennie? Curley sat down on the floor, looking in wonder at his crushed
4 wants Lennie to lool<s straight ahead, across the river? hand. Slim and Carlson bent over him. Then Slim straightened
5 insists he isn't, and has never been, angry with Lennie? up and regarded Lennie with horror. 'We got to get him in to a
doctor, he said. Looks to me like ever'bone in his han is bustl
6 ffi ln pairs, discuss why George shoots Lennie. Do
you thinl< he is right to do it? What does it te[[you about their
relationship?

B Literature ,, lshn Steinbeck , 145

 ii, Read part of a song about the Vietnam War. What is the J6 6b fnCO Listen to an extract from Catch-22. in which the
songwriter's attitude to the war? Find evidence in the [yrics to main characterYossarian explains his fear of combat to another
support your answer. soldier, Clevinger. Which character gets angry and why?

6b TRCD Listen again and write Yossarian's two missing

"q lines. Do you thinl< his argument mal<es sense? Why?/Why
not?
Farewell my wistful Saigon bride 'No one's trying to kitt you,' Clevinger cried.
l'm going out to stem the tide ?'Yossarian asked.
A tide that never saw the seas 'They're shooting at everyone,' Ctevinger ansWered. 'They're
It flows through jungles, round the trees trying to kilI everyone.'
s Some say it's yellow, some say red ,
It will not matter when we're dead -*-?'
S ffi-ffi1ffiffi ln pairs, look
at the tittes of some fitms about the
How many dead men will it take Vietnam War. Then discuss the questions below.
To build a dike that will not break?
How many children must we kili Apocalypse Now Good Morning Vietnam
ro Before we make the waves stand still? AWOL Missing in Action
Born on the Fourth of Julv Platoon
The Deer Hunter The Walking Dead
H Discuss the questions. Give reasons for your opinions. Full MetalJacket We Were Soldiers
1 Who is the singer, do you thinl<?
1 Do you enioy watching war films? What do you [il<e or
2 Who is the Saigon bride?
dislike about them?
3 What is the significance of the words yellow and red
2 Why is the theme of war so popular with film-makers and
(tine 5)?
audiences?
3 Read the text about the Vietnam War and answer the 3 Can a war film ever convey an anti-war message? How?
questions below in your own words.
1 Why did Britain and the USA help create South Vietnam?
singers, musicians, artists and students, but with a few
2 Who were the Viet Cong? high-profile celebrities from Hollywood and the media
3 Why was it difficult for the US government to resolve adding their voices to the protests. As more and more
the conflict? American troops were killed, the government struggled to
4 ln what sense did the Americans lose the war, bearing find a peaceful solution which wouldn't look like a defeat.
in mind their original aims? ln 1972, the Americans intensified their bombing
campaign against North Vietnam while at the same time
seeking a peace settlement. ln 1973, the Paris PeaceTreaty
WHENWORLDWARTWO ended in 1945, the small was agreed and US troops leftVietnam. However, two
South-East Asian country of Vietnam, which had been years later North Vietnam took control of the south and
under French control for many years, hoped to gain the country was reunited as a Communist state which
independence at last. But the French had other ideas. survives to this day. According to Joseph Hellet author
Britain and the USA were also unhappy with the idea of an of the famous anti-war novel Catch-22, the Americans
independent Vietnam because they feared it could embrace brought peace to Vietnam 'in the same way Napolean
Communism, seen as the big enemy by the West at that brought peace to Europe: by losing.'
time. So when the French were defeated by the Vietnamese t
in 1954, the Americans stepped in. Vietnam was split in
two. and an anti-Communist state was formed in the
south, supported financially and militarily by the USA.
North Vietnam's ambition was to reunite the two halves
of the country, and they were aided by various groups
within South Vietnam too, who were known as the Viet
Cong. SouthVietnam needed more and more American
assistance, until the USA found itself fighting a full-scale
war in South-EastAsia. Casualties were high on both
sides, but there was no clear way to resolve the conflict.
An anti-war movement formed in the USA, mainly among

146 I 8'' Culture' Vietnam

I ffiffitffirHSffi Discuss this statement in pairs: Song lyrics
are a form of poetry. Do you agree or disagree?
Give reasons.
Family Reunion (crRCA res3)

Outside in the street I hear

2 $) fnCO Listen to a short A car door slam; voices coming near;
biography of Sytvia Ptath. lncoherent scraps of talk
Complete the l<ey facts And high heels clicking up the walk;
below. Write one word in The doorbell rends the noonday heat
each gap. With copper claws;
A second's pause.
The dull drums of my pulses beat
Against a silence wearing thin.
The door now opens from within.
Oh, hear the clash of people meeting
-
The laughter and.the screams of greeting:

Fat always, and out of breath,

A greasy smack on every cheek
1 Sytvia Plath was born and grew up in the From Aunt Elizabeth;
2 She studied at Smith Cottege. There, that's the pink, pleased squeak
3 Ptath underwent treatment for Of Cousin Jane, our spinster with
4 She metTed Hughes while at The faded eyes
5 As a poet, Hughes often chose as a theme. And hands like nervous butterflies;
6 Ptath and Hughes in1962. While rough as splintered wood
7 Ptath's death in 1963 was the result of Across them all
jarring baritone of Uncle Paul;
Rasps the
8 The finat months of her life were a very
The youngest nephew gives a fretful whine
peri od.
And drools at the reception line.
, ft fnCO Read and [isten to the poems opposite. Like a diver on a lofty spar of land
Which theme do they have in common, in your opinion? Atop the flight of stairs I stand.
a relatives c day and night A whirlpool leers at me,
I cast off my identity
b trees and ptants d death
And make the fatal plunge.
I{ ln pairs, read the poems and check the meaning of any
unknown words. Then answer the questions. I am vertical t,so,l
Which poem contains:
But I would rather be horizontal.
1 more rhymes? I am not a tree with my root in the soil
2 a more regular rhythm? Sucking up minerals and motherly love
3 more references to the naturat wortd? So that each March I may gleam into leal
4 a clearer sequence of events? Nor am I the beauty of a garden bed
5 more references to specific sounds? Attracting my share of Ahs and spectacularly painted,
6 more allusions to death? Unknowing I must soon unpetal.
Compared with me, a tree is immortal
5 Read the generalisations below about modern poetry. And a flower-head not tall, but more startling,
Find evidence for them by comparing the two Sylvia And I want the one's longevity and the other's daring.
Plath poems with the poems on pages 737 and 747.
Tonight, in the infinitesimal light of the stars,
The trees and the flowers have been strewing their cool odors.
Compared to more traditional poetry, modern poems often:
I walk among them, but none of them are noticing.
. have more irregular line lengths. Sometimes I think that when I am sleeping
. have a less regular rhythm. I must most perfectly resemble them
. have fewer rhymes or none. Thoughts gone dim.
-
. contain more ambiguities and unctear meanings. It is more natural to me, lying down.
. focus more on the poet's own experiences and feelings. Then the sky and I are in open conversation,
And I shall be useful when I lie down finally:
6 fl'$ffiryffiffi which of the two poems on this page do you
Then the trees may touch me for once, and the flowers have time for me.
prefer? Can you explain why?

9 Literature Sytvia Plath 747

 .t Q fnCn Listen. Match the six music clips with the musical Read the texts. Which type(s) of music:
styles below. Which do you [ike or distike? 1 possibty has a bad influence on young people?
.. 2 was sung by black slaves?
3 is sung in churches?
$*ffiHffi Worl<in pairs. Match the singers and performers 4 was at its most popular in the first two decades of the
below with the musical styles in exercise 1 that they are twentieth century?
associated with. 5 developed in New Orleans?

1 Louis Armstrong
6 often has as its subiect matter problems experienced by
4 Scott Joplin btack peopte in the USA?
2 Aretha Franktin 5 B. B. King
3 Snoop Dogg 6 Mahalia Jackson ffiH.ffiffiRead the texts again. Tettyour partner in your own
words two interesting facts you discovered about the music.
How many more blackAmerican musicians and singers can
you name? What do you l<now about them?

tnj{!ya!,s- flrd pop e_el

Spirituals are religious folk songs that were created by btack
slaves in the USA in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
The staves were converted to Christianity, and the songs were
an expression of their retigious faith and also communicated the
hardship and suffering they endured. Btack gospeI music has its
roots in spiritual music, originating in churches in northern cities
in the 1920s. lt has survived as the most important music in
churches with predominantly black congregations.

Bagtime
Ragtime had its origins in the marching music played by
African-American bands in the 1890s. lt is characterised by a
syncopated or'ragged' rhythm, hence its name. lt was at the
height of its popularity between about 1900 and 1918, after
which it fell out of favour. Scott Joplin, a virtuoso pianist, became
famous as a composer of ragtime music. Many of his pieces,
such as The Entertainer are stil[ widety played today.

Blues
Blues originated in the African-American communities in the Soul
southern states of the USA in the late nineieenth century. The
Soul originated in the 1950s and 1.960s, in northern US cities
lyrics are usuatty sad, often describing troubles experienced
til<e Chicago. lt combines elements of gospel music and blues
in African-American society. Earty blues songs were typicatly
and, like the blues, reflects the experience of young African-
sung with a guitar or banjo and harmonica accompaniment. ln
Americans. ln the 1960s, Detroit-based Motown Records
the 1950s, btues had a huge influence on mainstream popular
produced a number of soul hits by artists such as Stevie Wonder,
music and inspired white British musicians such as Eric Clapton
Gtadys Knight, Marvin Gaye and the Temptations.
in the 1960s.

[[q hon
Jazz developed in the last decade ofthe nineteenth century Hip hop evolved in the 1970s in New York at parties hetd
in New Orleans from btues, ragtime, and brass band music by groups of young blacl< people. lt has its roots in the
usually heard at festivals and funerals. There was a strong strong driving rhythms of soul and disco music, and is often
'party atmosphere' in the city and music was atways in demand. accompanied by'rapping', chanted rhyming speech. The lyrics
Scores of jazz bands formed and played in the city's bars and are frequentty potitical or dealwith sociaI issues like poverty
dancehalls, often competingwith one anotherto playthe most and racism, but have often been criticised for being misogynistic
demanding and entertaining music. lmprovisation atso became and gtorifying gun culture. lt is often ctaimed that hlp hop music
an important part of New 0rteans jazz. provides a voice for disenfranchised youth in poor urban areas.

148 9 - Culture '' Al[ thatJazz

 ffiffiffi ln pairs, write a definition of the term'science
fiction'. Then compare your ideas with the class and improve
your definition. This is the heart of Gilead, where the war cannot intrude
except on television. Where the edges are we aren't sure, they
2 dl fn(n Listen to a synopsis of Margaret Atwood's novel vary, according to the attacks and counterattacks; but this is
The Handmoid's Tole. How well does it fit your definition the center, where nothing moves. 'The Republic of Gilead,'
from exercise 1? Explain your answer. said Aunt Lydia,'knows no bounds. Gilead is within you.'
Doctors lived here once, lawyers, university professors.
There are no lawyers anymore, and the university is closed.
Luke and I used to walk together, sometimes, along these
streets. We used to talk about buying a house like one of these,
an old big house, fixing it up. We would have a garden, swings
for the children. We would have children. Although we knew
it wasn't too likely we could ever afford it, it was something
to talk about, a game for Sundays. Such freedom now seems
almost weightless.
We turn the corner onto a main street, where there's more
traffic. Cars go by, black most of them, some gray and brown.
$D fnCn Listen again. Are these statements about the plot There are other women with baskets, some in red, some in
of The Hondmaid's Tale true (T) or fatse (F)? the dul1 green of the Marthas, some in the striped dresses,
1 The novel is set after the USA has been invaded by red and biue and green and cheap and skimpy, that mark
another state. the women of the poorer men. Econowives, they're called.
2 Offred can only achieve totaI privacy in her own room. These women are not divided into functions. They have to
3 Offred's name reftects the fact that she is the do everything; if they can. Sometimes there is a woman all in
Commander's possession. black, a widow. There used to be more of them, but they seem
4 When Offred becomes separated from her husband and to be diminishing. You don't see the Commanders'Wives on
daughter, she stays with another relative. the sidewalks. Only in cars.
5 Offred becomes a member of a secret organisation called The sidewalks here are cement. Like a child, I avoid
Mayday. stepping on the cracks. I'm remembering my feet on these
6 The novel does not say what Offred's uttimate fate is. sidewalks, in the time before, and what I used to wear on
them. Sometimes it was shoes for running, with cushioned
4 Read the extract opposite. What does Aunt Lydia mean when soles and trreathing holes, and stars of fluorescent fabric that
she says'Now you are being given freedom from'? reflected light in the darkness. Though I never ran at night;
and in the daytime, oniy beside well-frequented roads.
Explain in your own words what the following phrases from
Women were not protected then.
the text tetl us about the Republic of Gilead. I remember the rules, rules that were never spelled out but
1 'Gilead', said Aunt Lydia, 'knows no bounds. Gitead is that every woman knew: Don't open your door to a stranger,
within you.' even if he says he is the police. Make him slide his ID under
2 There are no lawyers anymore ... the door. Don't stop on the road io help a motorist pretending
3 ... and the university is closed. to be in trouble. Keep the locks on and keep going. If anyone
4 Luke anil I used to walk together ... Such freedom now whistles, don't turn to look. Don't go into a laundromat, by
seems almost weighttess. yourself, at night.
5 ... the striped dress ... that mark the women of the poorer I think about laundromats. What I wore to them: shorts,
men. Econowives, they're catted. jeans, jogging pants. What I put into them: my own clothes,
6 ... no man shouts obscenities at us, speaks to us, my own soap, my own money, money I had earned myself. I
touches us. think about having such control.
Now we walk along the same street, in red pairs, and no
6 ffiffiffiW Discuss why science fiction so often shows the man shouts obscenities at us, speaks to us, touches us. No one
future as a 'dystopia'. Say whether you agree or disagree whistles.
with the statements below and add your own ideas. 'There is more than one kind of freedom,' said Aunt Lydia.
1 lt's easier to invent stories about dystopias. 'Freedom to and freedom from. In ihe days of anarchy, it was
2 lt's more interesting to read or watch stories about freedom to. Now you are being given freedom from. Don't
dystopias. underrate it.'
3 Dystopias are more realistic because the world is
becoming a worse ptace to live.

10 * Literature # MargaretAtwood : 149

 ffiffi*tl|T.ffii# Worl< in pairs. Lool< at the photos. Do you l<now: Worl< in pairs. What in your opinion are the two most
a where it is? interesting pieces of information in the text? Tel[ your partner
b how old it is? and explain your choices.
c why itwas buitt?
$d fnCO Listen to a radio report about Stonehenge. Answer
"d;
Read the text about Stonehenge. Did you find the answers to the questions.
any ofthe questions in exercise 1? 1 In what way does Stonehenge appear to function as a
calendar?
2 What l<ind of peopte are gathered today at Stonehenge?
3 What do the owners of the site a[[owvisitors to do on the
Ftonshgngc is a Neoritnic monument
situated near Salisbury in southern England. At first, it was 4
so Isti ces?
How does attendance at the winter solstice compare with
just a circular bank and ditch, about 110 m in diameter, that at the summer solstice?
within which stood another circle of upright wooden posts. 5 What l<inds of crop did the people who buitt Stonehenge
Radiocarbon dating on deer antlers used to dig the ditch grow, and what kinds of animal did they raise?
reveal that it was consiructed between 3000 and 2920 BC. 6 What does George thinl< their feelings would have been
By about 2500 BC huge stones started to arrive, the
on the shortest day of the year?
largest of which weigh over 40 tonnes. The amazing thing
7 What reasons does George give for his celebrating the
is that these stones were brought from two sites: one 30
winter solstice?
km away, the other an astonishing 24a km away, in Wales.
There is no doubt about their origin: the mineral composition :li ry,i:liiitillf} Worl< in pairs. Discuss these questions.
of the stones can be matched precisely. But how were they
transpoded such enormous distances? lt is thought that
1 Would you tike to visit Stonehenge? Give reasons.

they were brought by boat and then dragged across the land
2 What do you thinl< of people who stilt celebrate the
solstices at Stonehenge?
on rollers. They were arranged in a circle and capped with
horizontal stones. Only seventeen of the original stones are 3 Do you know of any other ancient monuments whose
still standing, with five horizontal stones in place. origin or purpose is still a mystery? Describe them.
The arrival of these stones marked a period of 800 years
of construction and alteration stretching into the Bronze Age,
when the first metal tools and weapons were made. By this unanswered questions have
time Stonehenge was the largest and probably the most inspired people through the
impodant monument in Britain, but it was just one parl of a ages to make up their
remarkable ancient landscape. lt is surrounded by hundreds own stories to explain
of burial mounds and a number of smaller ceremonial sites. Stonehenge, from
The most remarkable burial is the skeleton of a man of about medieval my.ths of
30, found surrounded by flint arrowheads. magic, to the Victorian
Archaeologists know that he met a violent death because theory that it was built
the missing tips of the arrowheads were found embedded by Celtic Druids. But it is
in his bones, But he was carefully buried, and is believed to archaeology and modern
have been either a warrior who died in battle, or possibly a science that provide the best
human sacrifice. hope o{ unlocking the mysteries
Stonehenge was finally abandoned in 1500 BC, but of Stonehenge.
just as no one knows for sure why it was built, and what it
was used for, no one knows why it fell into disuse. These

150, 10' Culture " Stonehenge

Photo companison Usxit 2F Ptroto cCImparisom Unit 6F
!" Work in pairs. Take it in turns to do the task. The student who 1 Worl< in pairs. Tal<e it in turns to do the tasl<. The student who
is tistening shoutd thinl< of two questions to asl< when hisi her is tistening shoutd think of two questions to asl< when his/her
partner has finished speal<ing. partner has finished speal<ing.

i
,'i,

I
a

i;

.tj
f
"tl
,v_

I
I
a4
*i

Compare and contrast the photos. Answer the questions. Compare and contrast the photos. Answer the questions,
1 What do you think life is like for these people? 1 What do you think these peopte have done to achieve
2 What experiences might they have had in their lives? their awards?
3 Do you agree that the etderly have a lot to offer society? 2 Which person do you admire more, and why?
Why?/Why not? 3 What does it take to be successfut?
4 Do you think we treat the elderty with enough respect? 4 What do consider success to be?
Why?/Why not?

Communicativeactivities 151
 Stimulus-based discussion Unit 8F Phsto comparison Unit 9F
1 Present the information in relation to the topic. 1 Work in pairs. Tal<e it in turns to do the task. The student who
is listening should thinl< of two questions to ask when his/her
partner has finished speaking.

Sharp rise in childhood obesitY

brings call for action

Compare and contrast the photos. Answer the questions.

'L5o/o
d.ecline in school meal
following introducrion uptake fl
1 What steps has each person taken in order to make
of ro*Irrl riurr., himself hard to see?
+'-ryry3ryrti"nrFrq,ffi1frli1rl*. y*r4 +r#r, ? +*nr1a:r.s,qj4+e,qr*rjrt*n*,**$i: fl 2 Why do you think they have taken those steps?
3 How woutd you feel if you were in each person's
Teenagers' attitudes to healthy eating situ atio n?

o/oO5101520
4 Which of the photos do you find the most interesting and
25 30 35 40 why?
eat [oW fat versions
of food

Take more exercise

Eat 5 portions offruit

and vegetables

Drink more water

Eat less sugar

Cut down my salt intake

Eat fast food

Eat foods with more fibre

Eat calorie-controlled foods

I don'L do anything because my

lifestyle is heatthy already
I am not interested

2 Discuss the questions.

1 What kinds of fast food are avaitable where you live? How
often do you eat them?
2 What are the pros and cons of fast food?
3 Are young people's tastes in food becoming more heatthy
or more rinheatthy, in your opinion?
4 How coutd we encourage young people to have heatthier
orelsi

t52 Communicativeactivities
oxroRD
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con. Reproduced by peunission. p.18 Frorl lord o/the llies ODYSS!.Y/Pictorial Press Ltd), 1 10 (e-reader/Ruth Grines), Archive p.140 (Silo\\,stom: sLeamboat off ahorbour's mouth,lBl2:
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p.30 !-rorn 'Love And War', 25 Arlgust 2004, M.CBSNews. Cover: Stephen Hawkins.
Francois Mori),42 (dinosaur/Jens Meyer), 70 (Abrahan
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lsBN 978-0-1 9-45s290-5

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