NAUKI INŻYNIERSKIE NAUKI INŻYNIERSKIE I TECHNOLOGIE

I TECHNOLOGIE ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES

ENGINEERING SCIENCES Year 2023, No. 39
AND TECHNOLOGIES ISSN 2449-9773

Selected Natural Stimulants in Food and Their Effects

on Human Health

Natalia Jany
Wroclaw University of Economics and Business
e-mail: [email protected]

Tomasz Lesiów
Wroclaw University of Economics and Business
e-mail: [email protected]
ORCID: 0000-0002-1284-5874
© 2023 Natalia Jany, Tomasz Lesiów
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. To view
a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

Quote as: Jany, N., and Lesiów, T. (2023). Selected Natural Stimulants in Food and Their Effects on Human Health.
Nauki Inżynierskie i Technologie, (39), 84-95.
DOI: 10.15611/nit.2023.39.07
JEL Classification: Q19

Abstract: The paper discusses the various stimulants found in foods and the prevalence and public
knowledge of their effects on health. The study aimed to identify the impact of consuming selected
natural stimulants on human health. A survey was conducted online in 2023, based on the authors’
questionnaire, among people of different ages and education. Stimulants were found to be commonly
used by the survey respondents. A significant number of the respondents consumed stimulants even
several times a day (41.1%), however they were aware of the adverse effects of consuming these
substances and many expressed a desire to reduce their consumption (46.1%). A total of 84.1%
indicated the need for more education on the subject, noting that the information they gained from
the Internet regarding both the effects and safe doses of a substance was insufficient.
Keywords: caffeine, health, food

1. Introduction
Stimulants are found in food on a daily basis (Babik, 2020; Wierzejska, 2012). Scientific articles describe
the properties of active substances, e.g. those contained in coffee beans, with a particular focus on
pharmacological effects and potential side effects of their main component – caffeine (Grodzka et al.,
2021; Wierzejska, 2012). Some papers focus on the amount and frequency of consumption of coffee,
tea, chocolate products, energy drinks, cola-type drinks, and some dietary supplements by different
social groups such as university and high school students, adult women, etc. (Wanat and Woźniak-
-Holecka, 2011; Wierzbicka et al., 2010).
Selected Natural Stimulants in Food and Their Effects on Human Health 85

However, only few people know how these substances affect the human body and how stimulation
occurs. Therefore, learning about their advantages and disadvantages is of great importance, as there
are risks associated with the use of these stimulants, primarily if the permitted safe doses regulating
their consumption are not known.
This study aimed to determine the respondents’ knowledge about the effects of consuming stimulants
on human health. It was intended to prove that regular consumption of natural stimulants in food in
appropriate doses can positively affect human health.

2. Caffeine
Nearly 80% of the world’s population consume caffeine daily as a stimulant. It is most often introduced
into the body with coffee, tea, or cola drinks. The chemical name of caffeine is 1,3,7-Trimethylxanthine,
an alkaloid found naturally in some plants, such as coffee beans, tea tree leaves, cocoa seeds, and
cola seed sprouts. Caffeine has different names depending on the plant in which it is found, as taina
is the caffeine found in tea leaves, guaranine is found in guarana fruit, and matein comes from yerba
mate (Balawejder-Biśto and Pyka-Pająk, 2022). There are many ways to obtain caffeine from the above
products. The most popular method is extraction, which involves collecting raw materials and extracting
caffeine from them, removed with organic solvents or carbon dioxide. Finally, the extracted caffeine is
purified by distillation or crystallisation.
Caffeine consists of four nitrogen atoms, two oxygen atoms, ten hydrogen atoms, and eight carbon
atoms. It is an alkaloid of the purine group, and appears as a white powder with a bitter taste. It is
a substance that dissolves easily in water, alcohol, and other organic solvents. The human body quickly
breaks down caffeine after ingestion.
Since it is alkaline, it can react with acids to form salts, such as sodium caffeate or potassium caffeate.
The average melting point of caffeine is 236.1°C, while the sublimation temperature is 90°C. It is
thermally stable and does not degrade under regular coffee or tea steaming conditions. Caffeine can
already be isolated from over sixty plants (Barczak, 2021).
Average doses of caffeine in individual products are as follows:
1. Coffee: about 100-200 mg of caffeine in a cup of coffee.
2. Tea: 50-100 mg of caffeine in a cup of tea.
3. Energy drinks about 50-200 mg of caffeine per can.
4. Cocoa and chocolate: about 2-60 mg of caffeine in 100 g of product.
5. Dietary supplements with caffeine: contain various doses of caffeine, usually from 50 to 300 mg per
serving (Grodzka et al., 2021; Sadowski, 2024; Scientific opinion…, 2015; Wierzejska, 2012).
The caffeine content of tea and coffee differs depending on the variety or the way the beverage is
prepared (Grodzka et al., 2021). Approximate recommended daily doses of caffeine vary by age:
1. Adults: the recommended safe daily dose of caffeine for adults is 400-450 mg, 200 mg at one time.
2. Pregnant and nursing mothers: the recommended safe daily dose of caffeine for pregnant and lac-
tating women is 200 mg or less.
3. Children and adolescents: the recommended daily caffeine dose for children and adolescents is
lower and depends on age and weight. It is usually recommended that children and adolescents
under 18 consume less than 100 mg of caffeine daily (Evans et. al., 2023; Grodzka et al., 2021; Rosa,
2022; Scientific opinion…, 2015).
Caffeine works by blocking adenosine receptors in the brain – thus, it increases the secretion of
neurotransmitters, namely norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, acetylcholine, GABA
(Matysek-Nawrocka and Cyrankiewicz, 2016). It stimulates the central nervous system and expands
the blood vessels. It is wholly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract after about 45 minutes and is
Natalia Jany, Tomasz Lesiów 86

metabolised mainly in the liver. It reaches its highest concentration after 30-120 minutes. The half-life
of this compound is approximately 4 hours (Detlaff i in., 2020). Changes in the concentration of caffeine
in the body and the recommended daily intake depend on several factors, such as genetics, smoking,
age, pregnancy, and medication consumption. Only 2% of caffeine in unchanged form is excreted in the
urine.
Caffeine is a substance known worldwide and widely used as a stimulant. It owes its fame to its
stimulating effect on the nervous and cardiovascular systems. After consuming it, one notices increased
alertness and concentration. It improves performance and endurance, helping sports people achieve
better results, however it was proved that trained individuals with good acid-base balance obtain more
significant effects. It reduces feelings of fatigue, improving one’s mood. Increasing the secretion of
gastric juice accelerates total and resting metabolism. It enhances lipolysis (breakdown) of adipose
tissue and the body’s thermogenesis process, which aims to maintain a constant body temperature
(Sikorska, 2020). Due to its diastolic properties, it dilates the airways, which reduces the frequency
and intensity of coughing attacks and breathlessness in people with asthma and/or chronic bronchitis
(Wierzejska, 2012). Caffeine has many pharmacological actions; coffee consumption has been linked
with the incidence of diabetes. For this reason, caffeine increases insulin secretion and enhances
sensitivity to this hormone. According to recommendations, drinking several cups of coffee a day
regularly benefits glucose metabolism and reduces the likelihood of type 2 diabetes. It reduces the risk
of liver damage, Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson’s disease and even improves psychomotor performance
(Babik, 2020; Grodzka et al., 2021; Qi and Li, 2014; Surma et al., 2020; Zhou and Zhang, 2021).
In reasonable amounts, caffeine is safe, but its excessive consumption may have many adverse effects
(Rodak et al., 2021). The safe daily dose of caffeine for an adult is 400 mg (Walczynski, 2019). The lethal
dose of this substance is about 10 g. Increasing the dose of caffeine beyond the established norm can
cause side effects such as insomnia, anxiety, and headaches. Symptoms of acute intoxication can include
headache, nausea, insomnia, agitation, photophobia, anxiety, and visual disturbances. In addition, the
risks of ischemia, osteoporosis, gastritis, and coronary artery disease should be considered (Kumar
et al., 2018). Caution should be taken with caffeine consumption by pregnant and nursing women.
According to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), breastfeeding and pregnant women should
not take more than 200 mg daily. In this case, the half-life of caffeine is three times longer, and caffeine
quickly passes through the placenta to the fetus. As a result, the caffeine level in the fetus’s blood is the
same as in the mother. Caffeine permeates the breast milk and the baby, causing irritability and sleep
problems (Baran and Kubit, 2021; Wierzejska, 2020).
By meeting four conditions out of the seven set by the American Psychiatric Association (APA), i.e.
increasing the body’s tolerance to the substance taken, experiencing adverse effects associated with
withdrawal from stimulants, problems controlling the amount of the intake, and using the substance
knowing the adverse effects of its use - caffeine is considered an addictive substance (Siwek et al.,
2013).
Caffeine used together with medications significantly changes its activity. Most often, the half-life of
the substance in the body is prolonged. Women taking oral contraceptives and people being treated
for depression are at risk (Balawejder-Biśto and Pyka-Pająk, 2022). A reduction in the effectiveness of
medications with concurrent caffeine consumption occurs most often when taking antiepileptic and
antihistamine drugs. It is worth noting, however, that caffeine can sometimes support the effects of
drugs. A standard treatment is to add caffeine to painkillers so that the impact of the drug is enhanced,
which was confirmed by a study of 10,000 people in 1984 (Lipton et al., 2017).
Today, caffeine is used in the food industry and has found applications in medicine and cosmetology
(Balawejder-Biśto and Pyka-Pająk, 2022; Baran and Kubit, 2021).
Selected Natural Stimulants in Food and Their Effects on Human Health 87

2.1. Comparison of Stimulants in Foods

Stimulants are widely present in many foods and beverages, offering a quick energy source and
a temporary enhancement in mental and physical activity. However, their effects on human health are
controversial. Below is a brief comparison of the substances by their indication or contraindication in
supplementation.
Caffeine is one of the most well-known stimulants in coffee, tea, energy drinks, and some carbonated
beverages (Balawejder-Biśto and Pyka-Pajak, 2022). Its action is to block adenosine receptors, leading
to feelings of arousal and increased alertness (Matysek-Nawrocka and Cyrankiewicz, 2016). It is
recommended when concentration, focus, or physical performance needs to be improved. However,
excessive caffeine consumption can lead to insomnia, hand tremors, and heart rhythm disturbances.
Guarana is a plant native to South America whose seeds contain a high amount of caffeine. It is
often used in dietary supplements and energy drinks (Schimpl et al., 2013). Its effects are similar to
caffeine, but caution should be exercised when consuming it due to its concentrated source. Guarana
supplementation may be indicated in short-term increases in physical performance, but long-term
consumption may lead to side effects similar to excessive caffeine consumption.
Taurine is an amino acid that occurs naturally in animal bodies. It is found in energy drinks and dietary
supplements; its effects are complex, including an impact on the nervous system and cellular functions.
It may be recommended in situations requiring improved brain function and focus (Dziewiecka
et al., 2010). However, there is currently not enough research focusing on the long-term effects of its
supplementation, so it is recommended to use taurine in moderation.
Tyramine is an organic chemical compound in many food products, such as ripened cheeses, cured
meats, and some fermented foods. According to Burns and Kidron (2020), tyramine can affect the
cardiovascular system. It acts as a sympathomimetic substance, meaning that it can increase the
activity of the sympathetic nervous system, which regulates the functioning of the heart and blood
vessels. In some people this can lead to increased blood pressure and an increased risk of vasospasms,
migraines, or other ailments (Grudzińska, 2023).
Theobromine is a compound found mainly in chocolate and cocoa drinks. It has a mild stimulant effect,
but its concentration is much lower than caffeine’s. It can be used as a mild stimulant, but excessive
consumption of chocolate can lead to theobromine-related health problems, such as stomach irritability
and heart problems.
Ginseng is a plant used in natural medicine, often advertised to be able to improve physical and mental
strength. Recommendations for ginseng supplementation include periods of intense exertion or stress.
However, there is only sometimes sufficient research to support its effectiveness, and long-term use
can lead to complicated interactions with the medications taken (Stańczak and Lewgowd, 2021).
Yerba mate is a beverage popular in South America, containing caffeine and other compounds such
as theobromine and theophylline (Gambero and Ribeiro, 2015; Lutomski et al., 2020). It can be used
as an alternative to coffee due to its content of various stimulants. It can help improve concentration
and physical performance, but excessive consumption can lead to heart and nervous system problems.
Kola nut is traditionally used in carbonated beverages containing caffeine and other stimulant
compounds. Its effects are similar to caffeine’s, and supplementation may be advisable for short-term
periods requiring greater alertness and stimulation. However, as with other sources of caffeine, overuse
can lead to adverse effects (Adelusi et al., 2020).
Acai is a fruit grown in South America and is promoted for its antioxidant properties and health benefits.
It is not directly a stimulant in the traditional sense but contains components that can affect overall
energy and health (Piekarska-Radzik and Klewicka, 2020). It can be used as part of a balanced diet but
is not a substitute for other energy sources.
Natalia Jany, Tomasz Lesiów 88

Nicotine is a substance found mainly in tobacco products, such as cigarettes and tobacco smoke. It
is highly addictive, and its consumption is hazardous to health. There are no recommendations for
nicotine supplementation, and its use has been linked to many diseases, including cancer.
When considering the use of stimulants in daily life, there are several vital aspects to address. First and
foremost, scientific studies have shown that moderate consumption of stimulants, such as caffeine or
taurine, can increase alertness and improve concentration and, thus, efficiency in daily tasks (Wierzejska,
2012). However, many factors influence whether supplementation is advisable; individual tolerance
and the body’s unique reactions to these substances are essential. Individuals who are sensitive to
stimulants may experience side effects, such as insomnia, nervousness, or heart rhythm irregularities.
Evans et al. (2023) divide side effects into mild (anxiety, restlessness, fidgeting, insomnia, facial flushing,
increased urination, muscle twitches or tremors, irritability, agitation, elevated or irregular heart rate,
GI (gastrointestinal) upset)) and severe (disorientation, hallucinations, psychosis, seizure, arrhythmias,
ischemia, rhabdomyolysis). Hence, it is necessary to start with low doses and gradually increase them,
watching how the body reacts. In addition, the source of the stimulants is essential. Natural products
such as coffee or tea, which contain caffeine, are often preferred due to their milder effects on the
body compared to artificial energy drinks. However, it is essential to remember that additives in these
drinks, such as sugars and artificial flavours, can negatively affect health (Wierzejska, 2012).
Research on supplements with stimulants, such as guarana or ginseng, is still ongoing and does not
always provide conclusive evidence of their effectiveness and safety. Therefore, if one is considering
using them, it is advisable to consult a doctor or nutritionist.
In conclusion, the use of stimulants in daily life is possible and can be beneficial, but it should be
undertaken with caution and in full awareness of individual needs and body reactions. Scientific studies
are still analysing the effects of these substances, therefore it is worth being aware of their possible
changes.

3. Survey Research
Based on the authors’ questionnaire, an online survey was conducted on selected natural stimulants
and their effects on human health. The survey was designed to investigate what most commonly
natural stimulants the respondents consume and how they affect them. The respondents were also
asked questions about their eating habits and attitudes towards, and the knowledge of stimulants.
Since the survey was scientific and educational, it was accompanied by information on what stimulants
are, why they are used, and the factors (intake, frequency, individual body sensitivity) that affect the
absorption of nutrients from food, such as iron, calcium, magnesium, zinc, and copper.
The survey was disseminated through several well-known communication channels. Online platforms
such as Facebook, Instagram, and some instant messengers were used. People of varying ages and
educational backgrounds were invited to participate in the survey. Throughout the research process,
priority was given to ensuring the full anonymity of the participants. The survey was conducted with
deep respect for ethical principles, guaranteeing the respondents’ right to confidentiality and privacy.
Each person was aware of their contribution to the study and could withdraw from participation
without giving a reason.
Data analysis was performed using the χ2 statistical test for selected questions. The relationship
between responses and gender was tested, assuming a significance level of α ≤ 0.05 (Słowińska, 2019).
The collected information was analysed using Microsoft Excel, and the results were presented in the
form of graphs and tables. When the number of persons is given in brackets, the question was multiple-
-choice.
The survey comprised 17 questions; the sheets were filled in over four months, i.e. from May 2023 to
August 2023. One hundred and seven respondents took part in the survey, of which 86 sheets were
Selected Natural Stimulants in Food and Their Effects on Human Health 89

completed by women (80.4%) and 21 by men (19.6%). All the questionnaires were filled in correctly,
so none of the responses were rejected. The age of the respondents ranged from 17 to 57, with the
majority falling into the 20-25 age group (60.7%). Most of the respondents had a higher education
(57%) and fewer secondary education (39.3%).
The vast majority of participants resided in cities with more than 100,000 residents (52.3%), suggesting
that the sample focused on people from urban areas. A small number of the respondents came from
rural areas and cities with less than 100,000 residents (Table 1).

Table 1. Profile of the respondents

Tabela 1. Charakterystyka respondentów

Number of respondents Number of respondents Share %

Gender Female 86 80.4
Male 21 19.6
Age (years) 15 – 25 65 60.7
26 – 35 20 18.7
36 – 45 9 8.4
over 45 13 12.2
Education Elementary 4 3.7
Secondary 42 39.3
Higher 61 57.0
Place of residence A city up to 10 thousand residents. 4 3.7
A city of more than 10 thousand residents but
less than 100 thousand residents 10 9.3
A city with more than 50 thousand residents
but less than 100 thousand residents 18 16.8
A city with more than 100 thousand residents 56 52.3
Rural area 19 17.8

Source: own study.

4. Results and Discussion

The survey asked the respondents about their familiarity with various stimulants. The most familiar
substances were caffeine (106 persons, 99%), nicotine (100 persons, 93%), and Yerba mate (98 persons,
92%). The least familiar was theobromine (14 persons, 13%). The respondents were most likely to use
caffeine (104 persons, 97.2%), tyramine (79 persons, 73.8%), and theobromine (66 persons, 61.7%).
When asked about their consumption of other stimulants, they additionally mentioned pre-workout
drugs and illegal substances. As many as 41.1% consumed stimulants, even several times a day, most
often consumed before or during work (51 persons, 27.7%) and in the morning (38 persons, 20.7%).
The survey results on stimulant consumption, and the respondents’ beliefs and habits offer an insight
into how people make decisions about their health and daily habits. The educational level of the
respondents is worth noting – the majority (57%) have a college degree, suggesting that this is a well-
-educated group and potentially more aware of the health effects of stimulants.
Caffeine, a widely available substance, is one of the most recognisable. As such, it is not surprising that
declarations of daily caffeine consumption are at a high level. Other substances, such as tyramine and
theobromine, are also popular, but their recognition among respondents appeared to be significantly
lower. Evidence of the prevalence of stimulant consumption, especially among adolescents and students,
was provided by a 2011 study conducted among 200 people in the Silesia and Malopolska provinces,
which found that these substances are frequently consumed due to their unlimited availability and
mode of action (Wanat and Woźniak-Holecka, 2011). Subsequently, a 2013 study among schoolchildren
Natalia Jany, Tomasz Lesiów 90

(110 students aged 15.4±1.6 living in the Warsaw area) found that all the respondents consumed
stimulants, and adverse effects were experienced by more than half of them (Wierzbicka et al., 2013).
The respondents’ opinions on the harmfulness
of stimulants in this study varied. More than
half (53.5%) believed that stimulants were
34.6% harmful to health and that they should
limit the number of stimulants in their diet
(Figure 1). It may be worrying that a significant
49.5% proportion of the respondents (34.6%) had no
opinion on the subject, suggesting that they
lacked specific knowledge in this area.

Fig. 1. The respondents’ answers about whether

stimulants are harmful to health
15.9% Rys. 1. Odpowiedzi na pytania, czy substancje
pobudzające są szkodliwe dla zdrowia
Yes No I have no opinion Source: own study.

Confirmation of the lack of basic information in this area was the response of most of the respondents
(84.1%) about the need to spread knowledge about stimulants (Figure 2). They agreed on banning the
sale of energisers to people under the age of 18 (66.3%) (Figure 3).

13,1% 15.9%

2,8%

17.8%

66.3%
84,1%

Yes No I have no opinion Yes No I have no opinion

Fig. 2. The respondents’ answers to whether they Fig. 3. Responses whether in their opinion, the sale
think education about stimulants should be more of energisers to people under 18 should be banned
widespread in society in Poland
Rys. 2. Odpowiedzina pytanie, czy według nich Rys. 3. Odpowiedzi respondentów, czy według
edukacja na temat substancji pobudzających nich w Polsce powinien zostać wprowadzony zakaz
powinna być bardziej rozpowszechniona sprzedaży energetyków osobom poniżej 18. roku
w społeczeństwie? życia
Source: own study. Source: own study.

According to the respondents, the most frequently cited adverse effects brought about by stimulant
consumption were anxiety and insomnia (93 votes, 19.3%), addiction (84 votes, 17.4%), hand/
leg shaking (78 votes, 16.1%), concentration problems (68 votes, 14.1%) and increased a risk of
Selected Natural Stimulants in Food and Their Effects on Human Health 91

cardiovascular diseases – according to the respondents, there is a potential risk of such a disease
(67 votes, 13.9%) (Figure 4).

100 93
90 84
78
80
The number of answers

68 67
70
57
60
50
40 36
30
20
10
0
Anxiety and Problems with Trembling Dizziness Heartburn and Increased Addic�on
insomnia concentra�on arms/legs or headache other diges�ve risk of
problems cardiovascular
disease

Fig. 4. Responses regarding the adverse effects experienced after consuming stimulants experienced by the
respondents
Rys. 4. Odpowiedzi dotyczące znanych przez respondentów negatywnych skutków doświadczanych po spożyciu
substancji pobudzających
Source: own study.

70
56 59
60
53
49
The number of answers

50
39 39
40
35 34
28
30
24
20 18
20
10 11
10
0
0

Fig. 5. Responses to the question: did you experience any of the following symptoms after consuming
stimulants? (regarding the adverse effects experienced after consuming stimulants known by respondents)
Rys. 5. Odpowiedzi respondentów na pytanie: czy doświadczyłeś któregoś z poniższych objawów po spożyciu
używek? (dotyczące znanych respondentom działań niepożądanych po spożyciu używek)
Source: own study.

The analysis of the data presented in Figures 4 and 5 on the effects of stimulants on health confirms
that a significant number of the respondents have experienced adverse effects after consuming them.
Typical responses were sleep problems, feelings of agitation, nervousness, accelerated heartbeat,
anxiety, and aggression (Figure 5). These results indicate the need for careful consumption of these
Natalia Jany, Tomasz Lesiów 92

substances and point out that there are real consequences associated with their excessive use. Similarly,
a study conducted by Pawlas, Hołojda, and Brust (2017) found a high prevalence (54.7%) of adverse
side effects after consuming stimulants among students at Wroclaw universities (1263 aged 18-28). In
another study conducted in 2010 on a group of 138 adult women from Warsaw and the surrounding
area, Wierzbicka, Gałkowska, and Brzozowska (2010) found that 14.5% of the respondents exceeded
the safe intake of stimulants, i.e. caffeine taken mainly from coffee and tea, which increases the risk of
adverse health effects.
It is also worth noting that in this study, almost half of the respondents (46.1%) considered the option
of reducing the amount of stimulants consumed for health reasons. The opposite view was held by
40.4% of the respondents, and the possibility of this was indicated by 13.5%. Such an opinion may
result from growing knowledge of these substances’ effects on their health and suggests a desire to
make more informed dietary choices.
According to the respondents, the main reason for limiting the consumption of stimulants was primarily
“for health reasons” (85%), and to a small extent “for financial reasons” (11%), as well as “for social
reasons” (1%), or other (1%), i.e. that one can become addicted.
A significant proportion of respondents turned to the Internet for information on stimulants
(94 persons), followed by information from friends/parents (37), books/scientific publications (34),
and doctors and specialists (27 people). Only nine indicated that they obtained this information from
school, and six did not reach for it. Searching for information nowadays has become quick and easy,
yet one has to wonder if everyone who searches for information on a given topic in the Internet uses
verified sites, journals, or publications. This question becomes especially important when it comes to
one’s health.
The survey shows that most of the respondents used the Internet just to obtain information on
a particular stimulant, which may involve incomplete and unreliable knowledge.
The cited studies showed that over several years, stimulants were consumed in large quantities,
and adverse effects were often felt after their consumption. These findings can help with creating
educational and regulatory actions that support healthy eating habits and promote a conscious approach
to the consumption of stimulants. In addition, it is necessary to continuously monitor information on
stimulant consumption and people’s beliefs and habits.
From verification of several hypotheses made using the chi-square correlation test regarding the
influence of age and gender on assessing the harmfulness of stimulants, the results indicated that no
significant relations were found. Below are presented some results proving such hypothesis regarding:
• women’s and men’s age and place of residence, and the effect on the assessment of the harmful-
ness of stimulants (chi-square statistic value: 3.872341, the critical value read from the chi-squ-
are table at the 0.05 significance level: 12.5916; 6.076923 versus 12.5916, and 9.04853 versus
15.5073),
• women’s and men’s age and place of residence regarding the assessment of whether education
about stimulants should be more widespread in society (3.882352941 versus 12.5916; 3.882352941
versus 12.5916, and 6.925338 versus 15.5073).

5. Conclusion
The hypothesis was proved that the regular consumption of natural stimulants in appropriate doses
can positively affect human health. Its validity is supported by the mechanism of action of caffeine,
which stimulates the central nervous system, improving concentration and mood and increasing
energy. Caffeine speeds up metabolism and reduces the risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes and
heart disease.
Selected Natural Stimulants in Food and Their Effects on Human Health 93

The survey conducted for this study showed that a significant proportion of the respondents consumed
stimulants up to several times a day (41.1%) and that they experienced adverse effects after consuming
them. The frequent consumption of these substances is due to the high availability and variety of
products on the market. It should be noted that respondents who felt that they should reduce the
amount of stimulants consumed (46.1%) were directed by health reasons (85%) rather than financial
reasons (11%). Thus, the price was not entirely crucial for the respondents, but rather how much the
products they consumed were affordable.
The majority of the respondents (84.1%) pointed to the need for more education regarding stimulants,
indicating that the information they gained from the Internet regarding both the effects and safe doses
of consumption of a given substance was far from sufficient. Therefore, it is essential to promote the
dissemination of knowledge regarding both the effects and safe doses of consumption of a given
substance.
The ingestion of stimulants used to be reserved for the upper strata of society, but over time it has
become commonplace and, despite their high prices, is an everyday companion for many people.
However, one is constantly following the latest information about them, paying particular attention
to the health issues. Scientists are divided as to whether consuming four cups of coffee a day is still
acceptable in terms of good health. The values remain a contentious issue that will surely provide
a point for discussion for generations to come.

References
Adelusi, A. A., Ogunwolu, Q. A., Ugwu, C. A., Alli, M. A., Adesanya, K. A., Agboola-Adedoja, M. O., and Akinpelu, M. O. (2020).
Kolanut Consumption, Its Benefits and Side Effects. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 8(3), 356-362.
https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2020.8.3.0483
Babik, K. (2020). Kofeina – pomaga czy szkodzi? Journal of NutriLife, (4). Retrieved February 1, 2024 from http://www.Nutri-
Life.pl/index.php?art=342
Balawejder-Biśto, A., and Pyka-Pająk, A. (2022). Kofeina – substancja znana czy poznawana? Farmakognozja, Polska Platforma
Medyczna, Repozytorium Śląskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Katowicach.
Baran, J., and Kubit, P. (2023). Kawa i jej prozdrowotne właściwości. Herbalism, 1(7), 19-30. https://doi.org/10.12775/HERB.
2021.002
Barczak, A. (2021). Rola kawy w zapobieganiu otępieniu. Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna (Journal of Psychiatry & Clinical
Psychology), 21(2), 10-15.
Burns, C., and Kidron, A. (2020). Biochemistry, tyramine. Retrieved February 1, 2024 from https://europepmc.org/article/
NBK/nbk563197
Detlaff, G., Samaszko-Fiertek, J., Madaj, J., and Dmochowska, B. (2020). Kofeina: właściwości i przykłady wykorzystania. Wia-
domości Chemiczne, 74(7-8), 527-543.
Dziewiecka, H., Kasperska, A., and Zembroń-Łacny, A. (2010). Zastosowanie związków siarkowych w sporcie, biotyna, tyramina
i tauryna. Medycyna Sportowa, 26, 1(6), 11-18.
Evans, J., Richards, J. R., Amanda, S., and Battisti, A. S. (2023). Caffeine. In StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls
Publishing, 2024 Jan. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519490/
Gambero, A., and Ribeiro, M. L. (2015). The Positive Effects of Yerba Maté (Ilex paraguariensis) in Obesity. Nutrients, 7(2),
730-750.
Grodzka, A., Kużaj, W., Zielińska-Pisklak, M., Szeleszczuk, Ł., and Sobczak, M. (2021). Kofeina i inne substancje aktywne far-
makologicznie zawarte w ziarnach kawowca. Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 19(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.56782/
pps.11.
Grudzińska, M. (2023). Tyramina – gdzie się znajduje, jak działa i kiedy szkodzi? Retrieved February 1, 2024 from https://
portal.abczdrowie.pl/tyramina-gdzie-sie-znajduje-jak-dziala-i-kiedy-szkodzi
Kumar, V., Kaur, J., Panghal, A., Kaur, S., and Handa, V. (2018). Caffeine: a Boon or Bane. Nutrition & Food Science, 48(1), 61-75.
https://doi.org/10.1108/NFS-05-2017-0100
Lipton, R. B., Diener, H. C., Robbins, M. S., Garas, S. Y., and Patel, K. (2017). Caffeine in the Management of Patients with Head-
aches. The Journal of Headache and Pain, 18(1), 1-11.
Lutomski, P., Goździewska, M., and Florek-Łuszczki, M. (2020). Health Properties of Yerba Mate. Annals of Agricultural and
Environmental Medicine, 19, 27(2), 310-313. https://doi.org/10.26444/aaem/119994
Matysek-Nawrocka, M., and Cyrankiewicz, P. (2016). Substancje biologicznie aktywne pozyskiwane z herbaty, kawy i kakao
oraz ich zastosowanie w kosmetykach. Postępy Fitoterapii, 17(2), 139-144.
Natalia Jany, Tomasz Lesiów 94

Pawlas, K., Hołojda, P., and Brust, K. (2017). Ocena spożycia napojów energetycznych oraz ich wpływu na zdrowie człowieka na
podstawie badania wśród studentów wrocławskich uczelni. Medycyna Środowiskowa-Environmental Medicine, 2(20), 39-45.
Piekarska-Radzik, L., and Klewicka, E. (2020). Wpływ preparatu z jagód acai (Euterpe oleracea) na właściwości powierzchnio-
we, autoagregację i tworzenie biofilmu przez bakterie z rodzaju Lactobacillus. Żywność Nauka Technologia Jakość, 27(1),
96-110. https://doi.org/10.15193/zntj/2020/122/325
Qi, H., and Li, S. (2014). Dose-response Meta-analysis on Coffee, Tea and Caffeine Consumption with Risk of Parkinson’s Dis-
ease. Geriatr Gerontol Int., 14(2), 430-439. https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.12123
Rodak, K., Kokot, I., and Kratz, E. M. (2021). Caffeine as a Factor Influencing the Functioning of the Human Body-Friend or Foe?
Nutrients, 13(9), 3088. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093088.
Rosa, N. (2022). Kofeina w ciąży. Czy jest bezpieczna i w jakich ilościach? Retrieved April 1, 2024 from https://dietetycy.org.
pl/kofeina-w-ciazy/
Sadowski, M. (2024). Kofeina – wszystko, co powinniście o niej wiedzieć. https://dietetycy.org.pl/kofeina/
Schimpl, F. C., da Silva, J. F., de Carvalho Gonçalves, J. F., and Mazzafera, P. (2013). Guarana: Revisiting a Highly Caffeinated
Plant from the Amazon. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 150(1), 14-31.
Scientific Opinion on the Safety of Caffeine. (2015). EFSA Journal, 13(5), 4102. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4102
Sikorska, J. (2020). Kofeina a metabolizm. Retrieved February 1, 2024 fromhttps://www.herreria.pl/pl/n/15
Siwek, R., Witkowska-Banaszczak, E., and Szamański, M. (2013). Kofeina w lekach i suplementach diety – znaczenie
w lecznictwie. Farmacja Polska, 69(7), 541-549.
Słowińska, M. (2019). Wykorzystanie testu chi-kwadrat w badaniach preferencji żywieniowych konsumentów. Nauki Inżynier-
skie i Technologie (Engineering Sciences and Technologies), 1(32), 24-38. https://doi.org/10.15611/nit.2019.1.02
Stańczak, A., and Lewgowd, W. (2021). Środki wspierające poprawę funkcji poznawczych–co powinniśmy o nich wiedzieć.
Uniwersytet Medyczny w Łodzi, 77(4), 201-219.
Surma, S., Romańczyk, M., Fojcik, J., and Krzystanek, M. (2020). Kawa – lekarstwo, używka i narkotyk. Psychiatria, 17(4),
237-246. https://doi.org/10.5603/PSYCH.a2020.0031
Walczyński, P. (2019). Kawa – wpływ na zdrowie i funkcje mentalne. Retrieved February 1, 2024 from https://www.solvelabs.
eu/blog/31_kawa-wplyw-na-zdrowie-i-funkcje-mentalne.html
Wanat, G., and Woźniak-Holecka, J. (2011). Ocena konsumpcji produktów zawierających kofeinę wśród młodzieży akademic-
kiej i licealnej. Problemy Higieny i Epidemiologii, 92(3), 695-699.
Wierzbicka, E., Brzozowska, A., and Dróżdż, K. (2013). Ocena ryzyka nadmiernego pobrania kofeiny z dietą w wybranej grupie
młodzieży szkolnej. Problemy Higieny i Epidemiologii, 94(4), 820-824.
Wierzbicka, E., Gałkowska, K., and Brzozowska, A. (2010). Ocena spożycia kofeiny z całodzienną racją pokarmową w wybranej
grupie dorosłych kobiet. Problemy Higieny Epidemiologii, 91(4), 564-571.
Wierzejska, R. (2012). Kofeina – powszechny składnik diety i jej wpływ na zdrowie. Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny,
63(2), 141-147.
Wierzejska, R. (2020). Kawa i zielona herbata a karmienie piersią. Retrieved February 1, 2024 from https://ncez.pzh.gov.pl/
ciaza-i-macierzynstwo/kawa-i-zielona-herbata-a-karmienie-piersia/
Xiangyu Zhou, X., and Zhang, L. (2021). The Neuroprotective Effects of Moderate and Regular Caffeine Consumption in Alzhei-
mer’s Disease. Oxid Med Cell Longev.: 5568011. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5568011.

Wybrane naturalne substancje pobudzające w żywności

i ich wpływ na zdrowie człowieka

Streszczenie: W pracy omówiono poszczególne substancje pobudzające występujące w żywności oraz po-
wszechność i wiedzę społeczeństwa na temat ich wpływu na zdrowie. Celem pracy było zidentyfikowanie
wpływu spożywania wybranych naturalnych substancji pobudzających na zdrowie człowieka. Badania an-
kietowe przeprowadzono online w 2023 roku, w oparciu o autorki kwestionariusz, wśród osób o różnym
wieku i wykształceniu. Stwierdzono, że substancje pobudzające są powszechnie stosowane przez respon-
dentów ankiety. Znaczna część ankietowanych spożywała substancje pobudzające nawet kilka razy dzien-
nie (41,1%). Ankietowani zdawali sobie jednak sprawę z negatywnych skutków spożycia tych substancji
i wyrazili chęć ograniczenia ich spożycia (46,1%). Aż 84.1% respondentów wskazało na konieczność więk-
szej edukacji na ten temat, zaznaczając, że informacje, które pozyskiwali z Internetu, dotyczące zarówno
działania, jak i bezpiecznych dawek spożycia danej substancji, były daleko niewystarczające.

Słowa kluczowe: kofeina, zdrowie, żywność