The Effect Of Profitability, Leverage, And Firm Size On

Sustainability Report Disclosure

Sherly Yohana1 and Rousilita Suhendah2*

1,2
Faculty of Economic and Business, Universitas Tarumanagara, Jakarta, Indonesia

Email Address:
[email protected], [email protected]*
*
Corresponding Author

Submitted 12-05-2023 Reviewed 26-06-2023 Revised 29-06-2023 Accepted 05-07-2023 Published 21-09-2023

Abstract: This study aims to determine the effect of profitability, leverage, and firm size on sustainability
report disclosure in healthcare, energy, and financial sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock
Exchange in the 2019 to 2021 period. Samples were selected using non-probability sampling and purposive
sampling techniques, and the data obtained consisted of 12 companies. Data were processed using the
EViews (Econometric Views) version 12 program. The results of this study indicate that profitability and
leverage have a positive and significant effect on sustainability report disclosure, while firm size does not
affect sustainability report disclosure. This research implies that companies with high levels of funds tend to
make broader sustainability report disclosures, so to obtain a high level of sustainability report disclosure
requires a large amount of funds, which can also be obtained from the company's operating profit or by
borrowing funds (debt) to creditors.
Keywords: Leverage; Firm Size; Profitability; Sustainability Report Disclosure.

Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh profitability, leverage, dan firm size terhadap
pengungkapan sustainability report pada perusahaan sektor healthcare, energy, dan financials yang terdaftar
di Bursa Efek Indonesia pada periode 2019 sampai 2021. Sampel diseleksi dengan metode non-probability
sampling dan teknik purposive sampling, data yang didapat sejumlah 12 perusahaan. Pada penelitian ini,
data diolah menggunakan program E-Views (Econometric Views) versi 12. Penelitian ini menunjukkan hasil
bahwa profitability beserta leverage berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap pengungkapan sustainability
report, sedangkan firm size tidak berpengaruh terhadap pengungkapan sustainability report. Penelitian ini
memiliki implikasi yaitu perusahaan dengan tingkat dana yang tinggi cenderung akan melakukan
pengungkapan sustainability report yang lebih luas, sehingga untuk memperoleh tingkat pengungkapan
sustainability report yang tinggi diperlukan jumlah dana yang besar juga yang dapat diperoleh dari laba
operasional perusahaan atau dengan meminjam dana (hutang) kepada kreditur.
Kata Kunci: Leverage; Firm Size; Profitability; Pengungkapan Sustainability Report.

INTRODUCTION
Environmental problems are still common in the current era and have never found
an effective solution. Poor environmental conditions can be caused by industrial economic
activities that run daily. Several industrial companies often throw their production waste
at random places. This production waste can be in the form of steam or gas, which will
pollute the air, or solid or liquid waste, which will contaminate water or the environment
where these wastes are disposed of.
Disposing of production waste in any place can pollute the surrounding environment,
a residential area. Production activities carried out by companies are often only concerned
with company profits without paying attention to environmental factors. Production
activities that negatively impact and pollute the environment are carried out by one of the
paper production companies, namely PT Pindo Deli Pulp and Paper Mills II. In April 2019,

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PT Pindo Deli Pulp and Paper Mills II were involved in a case of water pollution in the
Cibeet River in Taman Mekar Village, Pangkalan District.
The local community reported to the Environment and Forestry Service (DLHK) that
the Cibeet River water was filled with foamy waste. Satpol PP followed up on this report
through letter No.180/981/PPL. After checking, water pollution was caused by a failure to
process liquid waste at the Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP), overflowing due to a
waste storage tank being repaired, so the waste was diverted to the pond. It flowed into the
Cibeet River (https://voi.id) /). As a result of this pollution act, the Karawang Environment
and Sanitation Service (DLHK) stopped the production activities of PT Pindo Deli Pulp
and Paper Mills II based on letter no. 660.1/927/PPL signed by the local Head of DLHK
(https://www.mind-rakyat.com/).
In September 2022, PT Pindo Deli Pulp and Paper Mills II carried out another
pollution incident, which resulted in 43 residents of Kutamekar Village, Ciampel District,
experiencing chlorine gas poisoning caused by a gas leak originating from the production
of a causcatic soda plant. The incident of factory gas poisoning experienced by residents
was caused by incomplete combustion from the HCL hydrogen pump located at the PT
Pindo Deli II caustic soda plant. Similar incidents occurred in December 2017, May 2018,
and June 2021. As a result of this air pollution case, the Karawang Regency Government,
West Java, again stopped production activities from PT Pindo Deli Pulp and Paper Mills
II (https://megapolitan.antaranews.com/ ).
Repeated environmental pollution by PT Pindo Deli Pulp and Paper Mills II has
forced the company to stop its production activities. Unilateral termination of production
activities will hamper the continuity of business activities and pose several economic risks
to the company. The risks that arise can be in the form of a decrease in profits and a
decrease in the company's good name in the eyes of the public and investors. Investors are
one of the stakeholders who have a significant role in the sustainability of the company's
operating activities.
Investors and stakeholders tend to invest in companies with a low environmental
pollution risk level when making long-term decisions. The important role of investors and
stakeholders allows companies to recognize social and environmental factors in carrying
out the company's operating activities. Companies and other business entities must
disclose or report corporate social and environmental responsibility activities in a special
sustainability report. Sustainability reports are reported by companies or business entities
using specific reporting standards.
The most widely adopted sustainability report framework or standard by companies
and business entities internationally is the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) sustainability
reporting framework. According to the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), sustainability
reports are intended so companies and business entities can identify and prioritize impacts
on the economy, environment, and society to be more transparent about these impacts.
These disclosures and reports are generally and structurally intended for the public and
benefit stakeholders and other interested parties. The Global Reporting Initiative (GRI)
Standards can be used by any organization, large or small, public or private, from any
sector or location.
Companies or business entities can use the information disclosed or presented in the
sustainability report to assess the policies and strategies the company has implemented.
Disclosure of sustainability reports can also guide and assist company management in
decision-making, such as setting goals or targets for the future. Stakeholders such as
investors can use the information in the sustainability report to assess how companies

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integrate sustainable development into strategies to identify financial risks and evaluate
long-term success. Other parties, such as analysts and policymakers, can use the
information presented for benchmarking purposes (measuring the quality of organizational
policies) and forming guidelines for academics in research.
Several factors can affect the disclosure of sustainability reports, such as
profitability, leverage, and firm size. (Karaman et al., 2018) He has researched
sustainability reporting in the aviation industry around the world. The results of his study
stated that firm size and leverage affected sustainability report disclosure, but on the other
hand, profitability did not affect sustainability report disclosure. Many other previous
researchers have carried out the same research. However, the research results still need to
be more consistent between studies, so another study is carried out to determine whether
profitability, leverage, and firm size can affect sustainability report disclosure.

THEORETICAL REVIEW
Agency Theory. Agency theory explains the agency relationship between two
parties who desire to maximize their respective interests, which then causes a conflict of
interest or agency (Putri, 2022). Agency relationships arise when one or more people
(principals) employ another person (agent) intending to provide a service and delegate
decision-making authority to the agent. Principals in agency theory are parties who own
or become shareholders who provide funds and facilities planning to meet the needs of the
company's operational activities. An agent is a management party with a contractual
relationship with the principal to carry out the obligation to manage the company by the
provisions stated in the contract.
Differences in goals between principals and agents can lead to information
asymmetry. Information asymmetry is the difference in the information held by principals
and agents in the operational activities of entities or companies. (Nuraeni, 2020) explains
that information asymmetry is divided into moral hazard and adverse selection. A moral
hazard is when parties do not have good intentions when providing information or intend
to take greater risks to gain profit (Usman, 2020). Adverse selection is an unfavourable
choice in general with the condition that the seller has information regarding an agreement
or product not owned by the buyer or vice versa.
(Nuraeni, 2020) states the agency theory explains the difficulty in giving complete
trust to management (agents) because agent performance is only sometimes based on the
interests of shareholders (principals), and this difficulty will lead to conflicts of interest.
Conflicts of interest between principals and agents are caused by the assumption that
humans tend to prioritize or prioritize themselves (self-interest). (Noviantini, 2019) It is
assumed that principals are only interested in increased financial results or their investment
in the company, while agents are assumed to receive financial compensation as personal
satisfaction. The difference in interests between the two parties causes each to try to
increase profits for themselves.
Conflicts of interest between management (agents) and shareholders (principals)
cause agency costs to arise. Agency fees are costs that must be incurred to minimize
conflicts of interest. Examples of agency costs are monitoring management performance
and other expenses for carrying out activities that bring management closer to
shareholders. Agency theory views company management as an agent acting with full
awareness for their interests (self-interest), not as a fair and wise party towards owners or
shareholders/principals (Noviantini, 2019).

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 Stakeholder Theory. Stakeholder theory defines a company as an organ that deals
directly with interested parties, both internal and external to the company. According to
stakeholder theory, stakeholders play a role as a group or individual that significantly
influences the success or failure of a company. Companies must maintain good relations
with stakeholders to increase company power in the availability of resources for company
operational activities such as company products, labour, and others (Wagiswari and
Badera, 2021). The stakeholder theory extends corporate responsibility to investors,
company owners, and all stakeholders.
Stakeholders in stakeholder theory include parties other than shareholders, such as
employees, customers, creditors, suppliers, and the surrounding community. According to
(Afifah et al., 2022), companies do not carry out operational activities for the sole purpose
of their interests, but companies are required to provide benefits to stakeholders.
Shareholder needs can be met if the needs of other stakeholders have been satisfied beyond
maximizing company profits (Krisyadi and E, 2020). To make the right decisions,
stakeholders have the right to obtain information related to company activities (Gunawan
and Sjarief, 2022).
Legitimacy Theory. Legitimacy theory focuses on interactions between companies,
organizations, and society (Karlina et al., 2019). Legitimacy is a strategic factor for an
organization to develop the organization in the future. It defines legitimacy as something
that has an essential influence on the organization because there are boundaries that are
emphasized by social norms and values, and reactions to these boundaries can encourage
organizations to be able to analyze organizational behaviour concerning the environment.
(Karlina et al., 2019) States the legitimacy of a company can be seen as something
that is given by society to companies and something that companies want or seek from
society. Legitimacy can be used as a way for companies to maintain their business
existence. Legitimacy Theory explains how a company must carry out operational
activities according to the norms and values that apply in the community where the
company operates to gain legitimacy from the district.
Legitimacy aims to equate assumptions and perceptions that all activities carried out
by companies are desirable, appropriate, and follow generally accepted norms in social
life. Companies can be placed in a different position if there is a discrepancy between the
values of the company and the values the community applies (Krisyadi and E, 2020). The
dissimilarity between the company's values and the social values of society is generally
referred to as the "legitimacy gap". This difference can affect the company's ability to
continue the company's operational activities (Septiani et al., 2018).
Sustainability Report. A sustainability report is a report issued by an organization
or company that contains economic, social and environmental impacts caused by the
company's daily operational activities, as well as presents organizational values and
organizational governance models and shows the relationship between strategy and
organizational commitment towards a sustainable global economy (Global Reporting
Initiative, 2016). A sustainability report is a report that contains not only financial
performance information but also non-financial information consisting of information
about social and environmental activities that allow companies to change continuously.
A company's performance can no longer be measured only by financial indicators
but also by non-financial indicators. One non-financial indicator is a sustainability report
or a sustainability report. In Indonesia, the company's obligation to provide corporate
sustainability information is reflected in the regulations issued by the Financial Services
Authority in POJK Number 51/POJK.03//2017 concerning the Implementation of

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Sustainable Finance for Financial Services Institutions, Issuers, and Public Companies.
According to Article 10 of POJK Number 51/POJK.03//2017, companies are required to
prepare sustainability reports.
(Afifah et al., 2022)A sustainability report is a tool that the government and
companies can use as a form of accountability to society. By compiling a sustainability
report, users of information can find out whether companies are transparent when
formulating their policies that are oriented towards the environment, management,
employees, society, nature, the impact of the company's production process or operational
activities on the environment and how far the company communicates these matters to the
public. as well as company honesty towards themselves and the surrounding environment
(Septiani et al., 2018)
Profitability. (Sari et al., 2017) states profitability is the percentage of profit a
company generates from using assets. There is another understanding from (Tobing et al.,
2019), which defines profitability as the ability of a company to earn profits or profits
related to sales, total assets, and own capital. Every company will try to increase
profitability because a high profitability level will guarantee the company's survival rate
(Septiani et al., 2018).
Profitability can provide an overview to investors regarding the company's
performance and show whether the company has good opportunities in the future. The
higher the level of profitability, the better the productivity of assets in obtaining net profit
(Jawasand Sulfitri, 2022). (Karlina et al., 2019) states that profitability is a form of
responsibility that the company must fulfil to stakeholders. With profitability analysis,
shareholders can see the benefits of dividends (Tobing et al., 2019).
Leverage. Leverage illustrates the company's dependence on debt in financing the
company's operational activities (Oktaviani and Amanah, 2019). Using too high debt will
endanger the company because it can fall into the extreme leverage category, namely
companies trapped in high debt levels. (Kasmir, 2017) states that leverage is a ratio that
measures how much a company is financed by debt. A company's ability to pay debts
depends on the company's ability to generate profits because instalments of principal and
interest on the debt will be paid with cash funds, and the amount of cash funds is
determined by the profits generated by the company (Karlina et al., 2019).
(Putri and S, 2022)states the higher the level of leverage of a company, the greater
the company's responsibility towards creditors, and the company will have a greater risk.
The higher leverage generated by the company reflects that the company has a high
dependence on debt (Gunawan and Sjarief, 2022). (Septiani et al., 2018) states companies
with high leverage levels have a high probability of violating debt contracts so managers
will report current earnings higher than future earnings. Companies with high leverage
levels should make broader disclosures (Afifah et al., 2022).
Firm Size. Firm size or company size is a scale used to assess the size of a company.
(Krisyadi, R., 2020) state firm size is a scale that can classify a business entity into two
groups: large-scale and small-scale companies. The bigger the company, the higher the
level of trust investors or stakeholders give the company in investing (Handayani et al.,
2019). (Fadilla et al., 2020)stated that the larger the company, the greater the responsibility
that the company has, including the company's commitment to stakeholders.
(Septiani et al., 2018) stated a company with a larger size can survive more than a
smaller one because the larger the company, the greater the resources owned by the
company. The size of a company can determine the number of members related to
choosing how to control operational activities in achieving company goals (Tobing et al.,

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2019). (Afsari et al., 2017) large companies generally have better management capabilities
and will issue reports with good standards and integrity. Large companies must have
broader information disclosures to meet the information needs related to stakeholder
interests (Karlina et al., 2019).
Profitability and Sustainability Report. Profitability is the ratio used to assess a
company's profit-making ability. Profit or profit is what investors expect from the
investment activities carried out. Companies with good profit levels will attract investors
to invest in the company. Companies with a high level of profitability will have high self-
confidence and be able to show stakeholders that the company can meet their expectations,
especially investors and creditors (Wagiswari, N. S., and Badera, 2021).
(Wagiswari et al., 2021) Explained companies with high profitability tend to add
social and environmental costs to the company's sustainability report. Companies with a
high level of profitability indicate that the company has sufficient funds to carry out more
economical, social, and environmental activities, which means that there will also be more
information that can be disclosed in the sustainability report (Gunawan and Sjarief, 2022).
The company's ability to earn high profits shows that the company's operational activities
are going well, so transparent disclosure of the information is needed in the sustainability
report as a form of entity accountability to stakeholders (Nuraeni and D, 2020).
The above description is in line with the results of research conducted by (Fadilla et
al., 2020), which states that profitability positively affects sustainability report disclosure.
However, different results were expressed by (Karaman et al., 2018), which indicated that
profitability did not affect the exposure of sustainability reports.
Leverage and Sustainability Report. Leverage is a ratio used to measure a
company's ability to pay all short-term and long-term obligations (Tobing et al., 2019).
The higher the leverage, the lower the disclosure of sustainability reports by companies so
that the level of stakeholder trust will decrease, and investments made by investors will
also be reduced (Afsari et al., 2017). A low level of investor trust in the company will
make the company need more funds so that the company cannot increase information
disclosure in the sustainability report (Gunawan and Sjarief, 2022).
(Sinaga and Teddyani, 2020) A belief is that the high leverage causes a reduction in
the disclosure of the company's sustainability report because it is considered an additional
cost by the company. Companies with high leverage tend to regard sustainability reports
as a luxury that requires high costs and does not refer to the company's long-term
sustainability (Hermawan and S, 2021). (Kumar et al., 2021) explain disclosing a
company's sustainability report requires quite a long time. It costs quite a lot, so if the
company has a high level of leverage, the disclosure of the company's sustainability report
will be even lower.
The description above is in line with the results of research conducted by (Susanti
and Alvita, 2019), which states that leverage has a negative and insignificant effect on the
disclosure of sustainability reports. However, (Tobing et al., 2019) expressed different
results, which state that leverage does not affect the exposure of sustainability reports.
Firm Size and Sustainability Report. Firm size is a scale that can classify the size
of a company (Jawas and Sulfitri, 2022). (Febriyanti, 2021) explains that large companies
tend to maintain positive evaluations from the community, so companies will view that the
activities carried out are not only centred on seeking profit but are also responsible to
stakeholders by carrying out activities, as stated in sustainability reporting. Meanwhile,
small companies tend to be more concerned with profit-oriented activities, so they cannot
deal with social and environmental problems (Sari et al., 2017).

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 Large companies with high profits can incur higher costs for disclosing company
reports such as financial or sustainability reports (Febriyanti, 2021). (Karlina et al., 2019)
they stated that large companies tend to pay more attention to the general public and special
interest groups (stakeholders) who are socially sensitive, which can lead to broader
disclosure of sustainability reporting presented by companies. (Karlina et al., 2019) Stated
that large companies disclose better than small companies because large companies have
large assets that can be used to carry out social and environmental activities.
The description above is in line with the results of research conducted by (Karaman
et al., 2018), which states that firm size positively affects the disclosure of sustainability
reports. However, different results were expressed by (Septiani, H., and Mukhzarudfa,
2018), who stated that firm size does not affect sustainability report disclosure.
(Afifah et al., 2022) Stated companies with a high level of profitability will make
more efforts to meet stakeholder interests to maintain and establish good relations with all
stakeholders. In stakeholder theory, stakeholders are a part of a company that has a role
that can influence the use of economic resources in the company's operational activities. If
stakeholders can use their influence properly related to the use of economic resources in
company activities, then the role of stakeholders can increase company profitability.
This study proxes profitability by Return on Assets (ROA). ROA was chosen as a
proxy because ROA measures a company's financial performance by looking at how much
the company's assets return in carrying out operational activities. Companies with high
ROA tend to present additional information to the public and stakeholders because
companies can issue sustainability reports, which require high costs. In contrast,
companies with low ROA will focus more on increasing profits than issuing sustainability
reports, which will further reduce the profits earned. Based on the results of previous
studies, profitability has a positive effect on the disclosure of sustainability reports (Susanti
and Alvita, 2019); (Thomas et al., 2020). However, the results of other studies state that
profitability does not affect sustainability report disclosure (Septiani et al., 2018);
(Gunawan and Sjarief, 2022).

H1: Profitability has a positive effect on sustainability report disclosure.

According to the agency theory, companies with high leverage levels will bear high
monitoring costs. Companies with high monitoring costs tend to reduce other expenses
incurred by the company, including charges for disclosure of sustainability reports. (Sari
et al., 2017) state that companies with high leverage levels have limitations in using the
company's financial resources. Hence, companies become more focused on short-term
goals compared to long-term goals. (Putri and S, 2022) state a high leverage ratio indicates
that a company's ability to carry out obligations to creditors is low, so it can disrupt the
fulfilment of other obligations, such as the obligation to disclose sustainability reports. In
this study, leverage is proxied by the Debt-to-Equity Ratio (DER). DER measures a
company's financial performance in managing debt by comparing all debt to all equity.
Companies with a high DER indicate that the company has obligations that must be
fulfilled to creditors, causing the company to try to reduce additional costs, such as
disclosing a sustainability report. Thus, the higher the leverage, the less funding allocation
for corporate social and environmental responsibility, so the disclosure of the sustainability
report will be lower.
Research conducted by (Susanti et al., 2019) and Sulistyawati et al., 2018) state that
leverage has a negative effect on the disclosure of sustainability reports. However, another

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study (Tobing et al., 2019) (Hermawan and S, 2021) found that leverage does not affect
the disclosure of sustainability reports.

H2: Leverage has a negative effect on the disclosure of the sustainability report.

Large companies have a relatively large and broad influence on the public, while
small companies have a relatively small and narrow impact. According to legitimacy
theory, large companies are more visible to the public, more subject to public scrutiny, and
have more significant social pressure; large companies also have an enormous
environmental and social impact on their business operations (Usman, 2020). Public and
social pressure factors and significant environmental and social effects make companies
disclose better information on sustainability reports to legitimize their existence and create
a positive image in society (Kumar et al., 2021). The company will disclose how the
company is responsible for operational activities that have been carried out to maintain
company legitimacy (Sulistyawati et al., 2018).
This study measures firm size using the natural logarithm (Ln) of the company's total
asset value. In general, large companies have large assets, and companies can use these
assets to make better sustainability report disclosures. Large companies tend to have high
self-esteem and will disclose sustainability reports to maintain company pride. Previous
research stated that firm size positively affects sustainability reporting (Karlina et al.,
2019). However, different results were declared by (Karlina et al., 2019) with the effect
that firm size does not affect sustainability report disclosure.

H3: Firm size has a positive effect on sustainability report disclosure.

The framework of thought in this study is illustrated as follows in Figure 1.

Profitability(ROA)

Leverage(DER) Sustainability Report Disclosures (SRD

Firm Size(FS)

Figure 1. Research Model

METHODS
This research uses a descriptive research design, and the data used is in the form of
secondary data obtained from the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the 2019 to 2021 period.
The sample in this study was selected using a non-probability sampling method (non-
random sample) and a purposive sampling technique. Non-probability sampling is a
sampling method that does not provide equal opportunities or opportunities for each
member of the population to be selected as a sample (Susanti and Alvita, 2019). Purposive
sampling is a sampling technique that is carried out in a non-random manner in which the
researcher determines specific characteristics to take the research sample. (Susanti and
Alvita, 2019) Argues that purposive sampling is a technique for selecting data samples
with particular considerations. The research subjects used were companies in the

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healthcare, energy and financial sectors with the criteria of (1) being listed consecutively
on the IDX from 2019 to 2021, (2) publishing sustainability reports, and (3) using the GRI
Standard. The samples obtained from the selection process were from 12 companies.
OperationalizationVariable. The sustainability report disclosure variable is the
dependent variable whose position will be analyzed due to the influence of the independent
variables. The independent variables in this research use three variables, namely
profitability, leverage, and firm size. Each variable must be measured to analyze the effect
of the profitability, leverage, and firm size on the sustainability report disclosure. Table 1
shows the operational variables and measurements used in this study.
Dependent Variable. The dependent variable in this study is the disclosure of the
sustainability report (SRD). The standards used to assess sustainability reports are the GRI
Standards indicators in the Sustainability Report Disclosure Index (SRDI). The GRI
Standards consist of 38 types of GRI with a total of GRI indicators is 148. If the company
discloses sustainability report disclosure items, it will be a value of 1 and 0 if it does not.
The sustainability report disclosure can be measured as the following:

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑

𝑆𝑅𝐷 = …………………………………….. (1)
145

Independent Variables Profitability is a company's responsibility to stakeholders

(Karlina et al., 2019). The profitability ratio using the ROA (Return on Assets) proxy is an
analytical technique used to measure a company's financial performance by looking at how
much the company's assets are returning when carrying out the company's operating
activities (Wagiswari and Badera, 2021). Profitability uses proxy ROA. ROA ratio
provides information regarding the ability of company assets to generate profits (Afifah et
al., 2022). The profitability variable can be measured using the following formula:

𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒
𝑅𝑂𝐴 = ………………………………………………………………….. (2)
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡

Leverage. Leverage is a company's dependence on debt in company financing

activities (Oktaviani and Amanah, 2019). The leverage of a company will affect the level
of risk and responsibility of the company to creditors (Putri and S, 2022). Leverage is
measured using the DER ratio (Debt to Equity Ratio). DER is calculated by dividing the
company's total debt by total equity (Afifah et al., 2022). The following formula can
measure leverage.
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑏𝑡𝑠
𝐷𝐸𝑅 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦……………………………………………………………………..(3)

Firm size. Firm size shows the size of a company as measured by total assets, level
of sales, and market value of shares (Karlina et al., 2019). Firm size is measured using the
natural logarithm of total assets. Firm size can be calculated using the following formula:

𝐹𝑆 = 𝐿𝑛 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡………………………………………………………………… (4)

Operational variables and measurements can be summarized in Table 1.

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 Table 1. Operationalization Variables

Variable Measurement Scale Source

Sustainability 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 Ratio (Afifah et
𝑆𝑅𝐷 =
Report Disclosure 145 al., 2022)
Profitability 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 Ratio (Afifah et
𝑅𝑂𝐴 =
/𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 al., 2022)
Leverage 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑏𝑡𝑠 Ratio (Afifah et
𝐷𝐸𝑅 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 al., 2022)
Firm Size 𝐹𝑆 = 𝐿𝑛 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡 Ratio (Afifah et
al., 2022)
Source: Author

RESULTS
As the dependent variable proxied by the sustainability report disclosure index
(SRDI), the sustainability report has a formula that is the number of indicators disclosed
divided by the total indicators on the GRI standard, which is 148. The independent variable
in the form of profitability is proxied by return on assets (ROA), which has a net income
formula divided by total assets. Leverage is proxied by the debt-to-equity ratio (DER),
which has a formula: total liabilities divided by total equity. The last independent variable
is firm size proxied by SIZE, which has the formula: the natural logarithm of total assets.
Descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics provide a description or description of
the data from a sample of research objects. The descriptive statistical test consists of the
average value, namely the mean; the middle value, namely the median; the highest value,
namely the maximum; the lowest value, namely the minimum; and how the data
distribution in the sample is with the standard deviation. Table 2 is the result of descriptive
statistical data derived from the variables used in this study, namely the disclosure of
sustainability reports, which are denoted by the symbol SRD as sustainability report
disclosures, profitability (ROA), leverage (DER), and firm size (FS), as independent
variables. The results of the descriptive statistical data were analyzed in Table 2.

Table 2. Descriptive Statistical Test Results

SRD ROA DER FS

Mean 0.460 0.766 1.478 15.783
Median 0.429 0.037 0.711 15.666
Maximum 0.723 0.310 6.163 21.269
Minimum 0.250 -0.020 0.033 10.619
Std. Dev. 0.130 0.083 1.979 2.942
Skewness 0.589 1.165 1.620 0.096
Kurtosis 2.376 3.375 3.996 2.514
Source: Author

The sustainability report disclosure symbolized by the SRD has a minimum value of
0.250, owned by PT. Clipan Finance Indonesia in 2019 has a maximum value of 0.723,
which PT holds. Mitra Keluarga Karyahealth in 2021. The mean value of 0.460 in the
sustainability report disclosure shows that companies in the healthcare, energy and
financial sectors disclose sustainability reports by 46 per cent. The standard deviation
value for the sustainability report disclosure is 0.130. This shows that the distribution of

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the sustainability report disclosure is narrow. The sustainability report disclosure variable
also has a median value of 0.429.
The profitability represented by the ROA has a minimum value of -0.020, owned by
PT. Dian Swastatika Sentosa in 2020 and a maximum value of 0.310, which PT owns.
Sido's Jamu and Pharmaceutical Industry in 2021. The mean value of 0.766 in the
profitability indicates that companies in the healthcare, energy and financial sectors have
an average profitability of 76.600 per cent. The standard deviation value for the
profitability is 0.083. The profitability also has a median value of 0.037.
The leverage represented by the DER has a minimum value of 0.033, which PT Bank
Danamon Indonesia owns in 2019 and 2021, and a maximum value of 6.163, owned by
PT Bank CIMB Niaga in 2021. The standard deviation value for the leverage is 1.979; this
value is greater than the mean (average) value of 1.478. This shows that the leverage has
a wide distribution. The leverage also has a median value of 0.711.
The firm size represented by the FS has a minimum value of 10.619, owned by PT.
Dian Swastatika Sentosa in 2020 has a maximum value of 21.269 owned by PT. Bank
Mandiri in 2021. The standard deviation value for the firm size is 2.942; this value is
smaller than the mean (average) value of 15.783. This shows that the distribution of the
firm size is narrow. The firm size also has a median value of 15.666.
After conducting a descriptive statistical analysis, a test was conducted to select the
most appropriate regression model for this study. Testing the panel data model estimation
can use three types of tests: the Chow Test, the Hausman Test, and the Lagrange Multiplier
Test.
Chow Test. The Chow test’s result shows a probability value of a chi-square cross-
section of 0.000, which indicates that the probability value is smaller than the significance
value of 0.050 (Table 3). This shows that H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted, so the most
appropriate model chosen in this study is the fixed effect model (FEM). The fixed effect
(FEM) regression model was selected, then continued with the Hausman test.

Table 3. Chow Test Results

Effect Test Statistic d.f. Prob.

Cross-section F 9.850 (11,21) 0.000
Cross-section Chi-square 65.446 11 0.000
Source: Author

Hausman Test. The Hausman test’s results show a random cross-section probability
value of 0.869, which indicates that the probability value is greater than the significance
value of 0.050. This shows that H0 is accepted, so the most appropriate model chosen in
this study is the random effect model (REM). The random effect (REM) regression model
was selected and continued with the Lagrange Multiplier test.
Langrange Multiplier Test. The Lagrange Multiplier Test results show a
probability value of both Breusch-Pagan of 0.000, indicating that the probability value is
smaller than the significance value of 0.050 (Table 4). This indicates that H0 is rejected
and Ha is accepted, so the most appropriate model chosen in this study is the random effect
model (REM). Because the Lagrange Multiplier test is the last, the random effect model
(REM) is this study's most appropriate regression model.

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 Table 4. Lagrange Multiplier Test Results

Test Hypothesis
Cross-section Time Both
Breusch-Pagan 20.040 0.222 20.261
(0.000) (0.638) (0.000)
Honda 4.477 -0.471 2.833
(0.000) (0.681) (0.002)
King-Wu 4.477 -0.471 1.323
(0.000) (0.681) (0.093)
Standardized Honda 5.502 -0.142 0.642
(0.000) (0.557) (0.260)
Standardized King-Wu 5.502 -0.142 -0.525
(0.000) (0.557) (0.700)
Gourieroux, et al. -- -- 20.040
(0.000)
Source: Author

The classical assumption test consists of four parts: the normality test,
multicollinearity test, heteroscedasticity test, and autocorrelation test. The classical
assumption test aims to provide certainty that the regression equation model has estimation
accuracy, is not biased, and is consistent.
Normality test. The normality test was carried out to know whether, in the
regression model, the confounding variables (errors) or residuals were normally distributed
or not. The criterion used in the normality test is if the Jarque-Bera probability value is
greater than 0.050, then H0 is accepted, so it can be concluded that the data is normally
distributed. Conversely, if the Jarque-Bera probability value is smaller than 0.050, then H0
is rejected, and Ha is accepted, so it can be concluded that the data is not normally
distributed. The normality test results can be seen in Figure 2. The normality test (Figure
2) produces a Jarque-Bera probability value of 0.395, which indicates that the probability
value is greater than the significance value of 0.050. This shows that H0 is accepted, so it
can be concluded that the data is normally distributed
9
Series: Standardized Residuals
8 Sample 2019 2021
7 Observations 36

6 Mean 1.78e-16
Median -0.029570
5
Maximum 0.256713
4 Minimum -0.184556
Std. Dev. 0.109455
3
Skewness 0.478510
2 Kurtosis 2.431084

1
Jarque-Bera 1.859332
0 Probability 0.394686
-0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3

Figure 2. Normality Test Results

Source: Author

Multicollinearity test. The multicollinearity test was carried out to test whether
there is a correlation between the independent variables in the regression model. A good

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regression model is a model that does not correlate with the independent variables. The
criterion used in the multicollinearity test is if the correlation coefficient value between the
independent variables is greater than 0.850, then there is multicollinearity in the regression
model. Conversely, if the value of the correlation coefficient between the independent
variables is smaller than 0.850, there is no multicollinearity in the regression model. The
results of the multicollinearity test can be seen in Table 5.
The multicollinearity test shows the value of the correlation coefficient between
independent variables consisting of the profitability, denoted by the ROA, the leverage,
represented by the DER, and the firm size, represented by the FS. The first test was carried
out on the profitability and leverage. The correlation coefficient value between the
profitability and leverage shows a result of -0.414, indicating that the correlation
coefficient value is less than 0.850. It can be concluded that there is no multicollinearity
between profitability and leverage.
The second test was carried out on the profitability and firm size. The correlation
coefficient value between profitability and firm size is -0.215, indicating that the
correlation coefficient value is less than 0.850. There is no multicollinearity between
profitability and firm size.
The third test is carried out on leverage and firm size. The correlation coefficient
value between leverage and firm size is 0.617, indicating that the correlation coefficient
value is less than 0.850. Based on these results, there is no multicollinearity between
leverage and firm size. Based on the results of the three multicollinearity tests above, it
can be concluded that there is no multicollinearity in the regression model.

Table 5. Multicollinearity Test Results

ROA DER FS
ROA 1.000 -0.414 -0.215
DER -0.414 1.000 0.617
FS -0.215 0.617 1.000
Source: Author

Heteroscedasticity test. The heteroscedasticity test was carried out to determine

whether there is an inequality of variance in the regression model from the residuals of one
observation to another. If the variance from one observation's residual to another remains,
it is called homoscedasticity. Conversely, if the variance of the residual from one
observation to another is different, it is called heteroscedasticity. A good regression model
is a model that does not have heteroscedasticity. The results of the heteroscedasticity test
can be seen in Table 6. The heteroscedasticity test produces a probability value of chi-
square probability in the Obs*R-Squared line of 0.698, which indicates that the probability
value is greater than the significance value of 0.050. This shows that H0 is accepted, so it
can be concluded that there is no heteroscedasticity problem in the regression model.

Table 6. Heteroscedasticity Test Results

F-statistic 0.6264 Prob. F(9,26) 0.764

Obs*R-squared 6.414 Prob. Chi-square(9) 0.698
Scaled explained SS 3.380 Prob. Chi-square(9) 0.947
Source: Author

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 Autocorrelation test. The autocorrelation test was carried out to know whether, in
the regression model, there is a correlation between the confounding errors in the t period
and the confounding errors in the t-1 period. A good regression model is a model that has
no autocorrelation problems. Autocorrelation testing in this study was carried out using
the Durbin-Watson test (DW). If the Durbin-Watson stat value is between the dU and 4 –
dU values, there is no autocorrelation problem. Conversely, if the Durbin-Watson stat
value is not between the dU and 4 – dU values, there is an autocorrelation problem. The
value of dU can be seen in the Durbin-Watson table. The results of the autocorrelation test
can be seen in Table 7.

Table 7. Autocorrelation Test Results

R-Squared 0.256 Mean dependent var 0.126

Adjusted R-Squared 0.187 SD dependent var 0.060
SE of regression 0.054 Sum squared resid. 0.095
F-Statistic 3.679 Durbin-Watson stat 1.778
Prob(F-statistic) 0.022
Source: Author

The number of samples and independent variables in this study, the dU value is
1.654. The dU value can be seen in the Durbin-Watson table with n equal to 36, which
comes from the total number of samples studied, and k equal to 3, which comes from the
total number of independent variables studied. The autocorrelation test produces a Durbin-
Watson stat value of 1.778 (Table 7), indicating that the Durbin-Watson stat value is
between dU and 4 – dU values). It can be concluded that there is no autocorrelation
problem in the regression model.
The classic assumption test has fulfilled the requirements, so it is continued by
carrying out an influence test or test whose results can be seen in Table 8.

Table 8. Multiple Regression Analysis Test Results

Variable Coefficient Std. Error t- Prob.

Statistic
C 0.604 0.218 2.774 0.009
ROA 0.614 0.258 2.375 0.024
DER 0.054 0.021 2.619 0.013
FS -0.017 0.015 -1.167 0.252
Source: Author

Tables 8. It shows the results of the multiple linear regression analysis table. The
multiple linear regression equation model in this study can be formulated as follows:

SRD = 0.604 + 0.614ROA + 0.054DER – 0.017FS ………….………………..... (5)

The constant value of the results of the multiple linear regression equation in Table
8 is 0.604. This value indicates that if all the values of the independent variables, namely
profitability, leverage, and firm size, are equal to zero, then the value of the sustainability
report disclosure is 0.604.
The β1 value or the regression coefficient value of the first independent variable,
profitability (ROA), is 0.614. This value indicates that if profitability (ROA) increases by

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one unit, then the value of the sustainability report disclosure will increase by 0.614 with
the assumption that the variables leverage (DER) and firm size (FS) are constant.
Conversely, suppose profitability (ROA) decreases by one unit. In that case, the value of
the sustainability report disclosure will decrease by 0.614, assuming that the variables
leverage (DER) and firm size (FS) are constant. The β2 value or the regression coefficient
value of the second independent variable, leverage (DER), is 0.054. This value indicates
that if leverage (DER) increases by one unit, then the value of the sustainability report
disclosure will increase by 0.054, assuming that the variables profitability (ROA) and firm
size (FS) are constant.
Conversely, if leverage (DER) decreases by one unit, the value of the sustainability
report disclosure will decrease by 0.054, assuming that the variables profitability (ROA)
and firm size (FS) are constant. The β2 value or the regression coefficient value of the third
independent variable, firm size (FS) is -0.017. This value indicates that if the firm size (FS)
increases by one unit, then the value of the sustainability report disclosure will decrease
by 0.017, assuming that the variables of profitability (ROA) and leverage (DER) are
constant. Conversely, if the firm size (FS) decreases by one unit, the value of the
sustainability report disclosure will increase by 0.017 with the assumption that the
profitability (ROA) and leverage (DER) variables are constant.
T-Test. The t-test was carried out to determine each independent variable's effect on
the dependent variable. The t-test can be done by looking at the t-statistic probability value.
The criteria used in the t-test is if the t-statistical probability value is smaller than 0.05, it
can be concluded that the independent variables partially (individually) affect the
dependent variable. Conversely, if the t-statistical probability is greater than 0.05, it can
be supposed that the independent variables partially (separately) do not affect the
dependent variable. From the research results of Table 8, it can be seen that the coefficient
value of the profitability variable is 0.614, which indicates that the profitability variable
has a positive direction of influence. This positive direction indicates that if profitability
increases, the disclosure of sustainability reports will also increase. The t-test results in
Table 8 also show that the probability value of the t-statistic on the profitability variable
denoted by ROA is 0.024, which indicates that the probability value is smaller than the
significance value of 0.050. This shows that profitability affects the disclosure of
sustainability reports. This research indicates that profitability positively affects the
sustainability report disclosure. The conclusions obtained from the t-test results indicate
that hypothesis 1 in this study is accepted (H1 is accepted).
In Table 8, the coefficient value of the leverage is 0.054, which indicates that the
leverage variable has a positive direction of influence. This positive direction indicates that
if leverage increases, the disclosure of the sustainability report will also increase. The
results of the t-test in Table 8. also show that the probability value of the t-statistic on the
leverage denoted by DER is 0.013, which indicates that the probability value is smaller
than the significance value of 0.050. This shows that leverage affects the disclosure of
sustainability reports. It can be concluded that the leverage positively affects the
sustainability report disclosure. The conclusions obtained from the t-test results indicate
that hypothesis 2 in this study is rejected (H2 is rejected).
The research result is in Table 8; it can be seen that the coefficient value of the firm
size variable is -0.017, which indicates that the firm size has a negative direction of
influence. This negative direction suggests that if the firm size increases, the disclosure of
the sustainability report will decrease. The results of the t-test in Table 8. also show the
probability value of the t-statistic on the firm size denoted by the FS, which is 0.252, which

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indicates that the probability value is greater than the significance value of 0.050. This
shows that firm size does not affect sustainability report disclosure. It can be concluded
that the firm size variable does not affect the sustainability report disclosure. The
conclusions obtained from the t-test results indicate that hypothesis 3 in this study is
rejected (H3 is rejected).
F Test. The F test was conducted to test whether there is a significant effect between
the independent (independent) variables together (simultaneously) on the dependent
variable with the feasibility of the resulting model. The criteria used in the F test is if the
regression model's probability value (F-statistic) is smaller than 0.050, it can be concluded
that the research model is feasible. Conversely, if the regression model's probability value
(F-statistic) is greater than 0.050, it can be concluded that the research model is impossible
to use. The results of the F test can be seen in Table 9. The F-test results show a probability
value (F-statistic) of 0.022, which indicates that the probability value is smaller than the
significance value of 0.050. This shows that the research model is feasible to use, and it
can be concluded that profitability, leverage, and firm size together influence the disclosure
of sustainability reports.

Table 9. F Test Results

R-Squared 0.256 Mean dependent var 0.126

Adjusted R-Squared 0.187 SD dependent var 0.060
SE of regression 0.054 Sum squared resid. 0.095
F-Statistic 3.679 Durbin-Watson stat 1.778
Prob(F-statistic) 0.022
Source: Author

Coefficient of determination test. The coefficient of determination test was carried

out to measure the model's ability to explain the variation of the dependent variable. Test
the coefficient of determination by looking at the Adjusted R-squared value. The criterion
used in the coefficient of determination test is that if the Adjusted R-squared value is
greater or closer to one, it can be concluded that the greater the ability of the independent
variables to explain the variation in the dependent variable. Conversely, if the Adjusted R-
squared value is smaller, the ability of the independent variables to explain variations in
the dependent variable is quite limited. Table 9 shows the coefficient of determination test
produces an Adjusted R-squared value of 0.187 or, if converted into a percentage, 18.700
per cent. This shows that the dependent variable, namely the disclosure of the sustainability
report, can be explained by the independent variables, namely profitability, leverage, and
firm size of 18.700 per cent. Meanwhile, 81.300 per cent of the dependent variable, namely
the disclosure of the sustainability report, can be explained by other variables not examined
in this study.

DISCUSSION
The results of this study, profitability as measured using return on assets (ROA), has
a positive and significant influence on the disclosure of sustainability reports. These results
prove that companies with a high-profit level tend to disclose more information on the
sustainability report. High profitability indicates that the company has enough funds to
carry out more social and environmental activities so that more and more information is
disclosed in the sustainability report. In addition, companies with a high level of

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profitability also indicate that the company has operational activities that are running well.
Hence, companies must disclose transparent information on sustainability reports as a form
of accountability to stakeholders (Nuraeni and D, 2020). The study results align with the
research conducted by (Thomas et al., 2020). They state that profitability has a positive
effect on sustainability report disclosure. However, this study's results differ from the
research conducted by (Karaman et al., 2018). They state that profitability does not affect
sustainability report disclosure.
High profitability allows managers to carry out and disclose corporate social
responsibility widely. The legitimacy theory states that if the company wants to operate
successfully in the future, it must consider social factors through CSR disclosure.
Companies that have high profits should commit to disclosing and making CSR
disclosures. The company must have confidence that the profit earned can overcome the
costs of CSR disclosure. Extensive CSR disclosure can reduce the possibility of conflict
between companies and the community as a negative impact may arise due to the
company's presence in the environment. The stakeholder theory also supports the results
of this study. It defines that stakeholders play a role that significantly influences the
success or failure of a company. Therefore, companies must maintain good relations with
stakeholders to increase the company's strength in carrying out operational activities. This
theory also expands corporate responsibility not only to investors or company owners but
to all stakeholders so that as a form of corporate responsibility to stakeholders, companies
with a high profitability level will tend to disclose more sustainability reports because the
company has sufficient funds to carry out activities related to the economy, social and
environment.
The results of this study indicate that leverage, as measured using the debt-to-equity
ratio (DER), has a positive and significant effect on the disclosure of sustainability reports.
These results prove that companies with high debt levels tend to disclose more extensive
information on the sustainability report. A high level of leverage does not indicate that the
company will reduce costs for environmental and social activities to be disclosed in the
sustainability report. High leverage means the company has sufficient funds to carry out
more activities to be disclosed in the sustainability report. The study's results align with
the results of research conducted by (Thomas et al., 2020). They state that leverage has a
positive effect on sustainability report disclosure. However, this study's results differ from
those of research conducted by (Hermawan and S, 2021). They state that leverage does not
affect sustainability report disclosure.
The company will use the funds obtained from the loan to support its operational
activities. The company conducts operational activities to increase company value and
product quality so that the company can develop in the future. CSR activities and
disclosures are a form of company compliance with government regulations and company
sensitivity to the environment. CSR activities and disclosures are the company's
obligations. The company's disclosure of CSR can increase the company's positive image.
Companies that show concern for the environment will try their best to carry out CSR
activities and disclose them regardless of how much debt they have. The results of this
study do not support the agency theory. It states that companies with high levels of leverage
will bear high monitoring costs, so companies will tend to reduce other costs incurred by
companies, including costs for disclosure of sustainability reports. A high level of
disclosure of sustainability reports can indicate that companies have high social
responsibility. Companies with a high degree of leverage will try to gain support and trust
from the principal by disclosing more sustainability reports.

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 The results of this study also show that firm size, as measured using the natural
logarithm of total assets, does not affect sustainability report disclosure. The results of this
study do not support the legitimacy theory. It defines legitimacy as something that has an
important influence on the company because there are boundaries that are emphasized by
social norms and values, and reactions to these boundaries can encourage companies to
analyze corporate behaviour by paying attention to the environment so that companies will
disclose more sustainability reports as a way to gain legitimacy from the public and special
interest groups (stakeholders). Companies carry out and disclose CSR only if the company
has concern and sensitivity to environmental and social factors around the company. Firm
size does not guarantee that the company will make extensive disclosures. The size will
affect the company in disclosing corporate social responsibility. It will be asked to provide
information on corporate social responsibility. The study results align with the results of
the study conducted by (Septiani et al., 2018). They state that firm size does not affect
sustainability report disclosure. However, this study's results differ from those of the study
conducted by (Karaman et al., 2018). They state that firm size has a positive effect on
sustainability report disclosure.
Large companies tend to be the most highlighted by the public. Large companies are
the centre of attention for investors and the public. Large companies will attract public
attention, so companies' performance is required to be good. Good performance companies
should pay more attention to social and environmental conditions by disclosing corporate
social responsibility. The bigger the size of the company, the more pressure and scrutiny
the company gets from society and government. Companies will increasingly show
concern for the environment. Companies will carry out and disclose CSR to gain
legitimacy from the public and reduce agency costs. These results prove that a company
of a large size will only sometimes disclose a lot of information on the sustainability report.
Therefore, a company's big or small size cannot determine how much or how little the
company discloses the level of information in the sustainability report.

CONCLUSION
This research is inseparable from limitations that need attention and improvement.
The first limitation of this study is that the data population from the sample is limited to
companies in the healthcare, energy, and financial sectors. The second limitation is that
the independent variables tested in this study only use the profitability, leverage, and firm
size of the many independent variables that can affect the disclosure of the sustainability
report. The third limitation is that this study only examines the 2019-2021 period, so the
results of this study only reflect that period.
The description of the limitations contained in this study, the following are some
suggestions that researchers can give: For subsequent research, other variables that have
not been studied in this study can be used, which can affect the disclosure of sustainability
reports, such as liquidity, company activities, audit committees, independent
commissioners, industry type, free cash flow, growth, and ownership structure. This is
related so that investors can consider other factors in conducting investment analysis in
companies related to the company's sustainability for the environment and the future.
We can use other company sectors not used as samples, such as basic materials,
consumer cyclical, consumer non-cyclical, industrials, infrastructures, property, real
estate, technology, transportation, and logistics. This is intended so that investors and

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creditors can choose a corporate sector responsible for the economy, the environment, and
society.
In the future, research can use more than three years of research. This is intended so
that company managers can see the company's performance in the long term related to
social, economic, and environmental performance.

REFERENCES

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