Journal of Engineering Science and Technology

Vol. 16, No. 1 (2021) 365 - 384

© School of Engineering, Taylor’s University

LOW VOLTAGE RIDE THROUGH CAPABILITY

ENHANCEMENT USING SERIES CONNECTED
FACT DEVICES IN WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM

BIBHU PRASAD GANTHIA*, SUBRAT KUMAR BARIK, BYAMAKESH NAYAK

School of Electrical Engineering, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology

(KIIT),Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
*Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Abstract
The complete assessment of the various strategies used to decorate the skills of
Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT) of Double Fed Induction Generators (DFIG)
primarily based Type-III wind turbine systems (WT) explained in this research
paper. In this paper, simulation results in MATLAB show that a DFIG based
Type-III wind turbine system do not have the LVRT capacity due to insufficient
reactive power support during disturbances using conventional PI controller.
Hence using proposed Mode 4 Type-I fuzzy logic controller in associated with
series connected FACTS devices can improve the LVRT capacity of DFIG based
WECS, with DVR providing better VAR compensating capacity than other series
connected FACTs devices. Type-III wind turbine system with DFIG based
WECS has better LVRT capacity and voltage stability due to its real and reactive
power control ability using proposed controller technique. Therefore, unique
LVRT approaches based at the implementing additional active interface
technologies had been proposed in this paper. Many techniques are developed
nowadays to overcome the issue of this low voltage due to faults. This paper tries
to define such active methods to short the gap by presenting a complete analysis
of these LVRT strategies for DFIG based WECS in terms of overall adaptive
performance, complexity of controllers, and cost effectiveness using fuzzy logic
controller. Here characteristic of this paper is to highlight the methods for
increasing the ability of LVRT relying on the configuration of the relationship
into 3 major areas according to its grid integrations. In this paper smooth and
simple series connection of FACT devices are used in WECS to study its
effectiveness and benefits. The mathematical models of the whole system are
simulated through MATLAB Simulink and results are discussed. In this paper all
the types of wind turbine systems (Type-I and Type-II) are implemented by
FACT devices with comparison to previous works and the faster FACT device is
used on new proposed Type-III wind turbine system with fully control
mechanisms (aerodynamic, mechanical, electrical and drive train system) are
introduced to get more stability in the power system operation and control.
Keywords: DFIG, FACTs, FSIG, LVRT, Type-I FLC, Type-III WT, WECS.

365
366 B. P. Ganthia et al.

1. Introduction
The objective of this paper is decreasing ozone depleting substance discharges is
the vital issue which related with the development and entrance of sustainable
power sources [1, 2]. Introduced wind turbines (WTs) are focused on power system
stability using grid integrations to enhance the power quality during faults.
However, grid integration into the wind energy system of large WTs can cause
serious side effects in poor or weak grids. The inclination towards more WT
integration is to build the present degree of the unbalancing just as decline the
voltage over the wind generators system, which can prompt the fault clearances of
the WT. As of late, many power system techniques are in everywhere throughout
the world have started to grow and alter their correspondence prerequisites for wind
cultivates by specialized models, known as grid codes which is one of the
significant necessities with respect to grid voltage control is the capacity of the Low
Voltage Ride Through (LVRT), which is remembered for a few new grid codes.
Figure 1 delineates the LVRT bend in activity for grid associated WTs [3].

Fig.1. LVRT curve.

Depending on this principle, the WT must be connected to the grid if the voltage
stays at a level more than 20 m/s than the nominal value for length less than 0.5 m/s
[4]. WTs can be disconnected from the grid only on instance of voltage profile
dropped in region B, close to the LVRT requirements where grid codes additionally
need huge WTs to reply throughout error and retrieval. Inject strength of the
machine to contribute to the protection of the voltage of the energy devices. The
blue line and the orange line signify the LVRT requirement line of grid code which
defines the voltage sag condition during the grid unbalance and voltage swell
conditions during transients due to rapid variations in wind speeds [5, 6]. This
LVRT curve represents the operating regions during normal and abnormal
condition of the wind speed.
The literature reviews on the recent research hybrid FACTs devices are
implemented for the LVRT capability enhancements using adaptive control
techniques [2-7, 9-12]. Comparing with the hybrid; series compensating techniques
can show faster steady state and reactive power compensations using adaptive
techniques for the controlling the error in the system gains[13, 14]. Previously
connectional PI controllers are used for the transient analysis [15, 16, 18]. Then it
switches over to the adaptive techniques like genetic algorithm based and other
meta heuristic techniques [17, 19, 20]. These techniques are very complex and
needs more optimizations [20]. Hence in this paper Mode-4-Type-I fuzzy logic

Journal of Engineering Science and Technology February 2021, Vol. 16(1)

 Low Voltage Ride Through Capability Enhancement Using Series . . . . 367

controller is implemented to get faster response during the transients due to sudden
change in wind speeds [2-5].

2. Wind Energy Conversion System

There are three forms of machines utilized in wind energy conversion structures
which can be stated in preceding section. The model of WECS contains three key
differentiators, they are aerodynamic core, mechanical system and electrical as
shown in Fig. 2. In the electrical component of WECS can similarly be divided into
three main component systems, which can be utility grid, power electronics
converters (PECs) and wind turbine generators (WTGs) [1, 2].

Fig.2. Wind energy conversion system.

The captured aerodynamic power shown below in Eq.(1) calculates for the wind
turbine is given by:
Pwt= ½ ρπR2V3 (1)
where, ρ defines the air density [kg/m ], V shows the wind speed [m/s], R is the
3

blade radius [m], Pwt is the power. The mechanical power for the turbine can
extract maximum power depends on power coefficient Cp can be given in Eq.(2)
shown below:
Pmec= CpPwt= ½ CpρπR2V3 (2)
From Eqs. (1) and (2) it is obvious that the energy generated increases with
blade area, wind speed, air density and power coefficient.

3. Double Fed Induction Generator

The recent study on wind turbine with DFIG is used where back-to-back voltage
source converter feeds the rotor winding. A gearbox is vital to couple the rotor to
the generator just like the preceding case, because of the difference within the rotor
and generator pace stages. The mathematical modelling of wind turbine system
using DFIG is used as it can be fully controlled during variations in wind speed.
The mechanical drive train system can be associated with the electrical system to
make this system fully control [3, 4].

Journal of Engineering Science and Technology February 2021, Vol. 16(1)

368 B. P. Ganthia et al.

The stator winding of the DFIG is coupled to the network, the rotor winding is
coupled to rotor side converter (RSC) and the scientific notations appeared in Fig.
3. Then the rear side of consecutive voltage source converter specifically grid side
converter (GSC) that takes care of the rotor winding is coupled to the grid network.
A DC link is connected to decoupled frame of RSC and GSC [2].

Fig.3. Wind energy conversion system.

4. Type-III Wind Turbine Electrical Model

Type I DFIG system is based on fixed speed rather a Type II DFIG wind system is
operated under partial variable speeds. In Type III DFIG system it can work under
variable wind speed in partial scale control action shown in Fig. 4. The Type IV
DFIG system is variable speed of operation in full scale controller. The Type-III
DFIG equations according to axis d and q scheme can be expressed as [2, 3].

Fig.4. Type III DFIG-based wind generator.

The model shown in the Fig. 4 depicts the control action of Type-III DFIG
under the transients and the rotor side, grid side control operations using the stator
voltage control mechanism. The control is also using a conventional PI controller
of control system for the steady state and transient actions of settling time during
fault clearances [3].
𝑣𝑣𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = −𝑅𝑅𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + (𝑥𝑥𝑠𝑠 + 𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚 ) 𝑥𝑥 𝑖𝑖𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 + 𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 (3)
𝑣𝑣𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 = −𝑅𝑅𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 − (𝑥𝑥𝑠𝑠 + 𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚 )𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (4)

Journal of Engineering Science and Technology February 2021, Vol. 16(1)

 Low Voltage Ride Through Capability Enhancement Using Series . . . . 369

𝑣𝑣𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = −𝑅𝑅𝑟𝑟 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + (1 − 𝜔𝜔)𝑥𝑥((𝑥𝑥𝑟𝑟 + 𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚 )𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 + 𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 (5)

𝑣𝑣𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 = −𝑅𝑅𝑟𝑟 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 + (1 − 𝜔𝜔)𝑥𝑥((𝑥𝑥𝑟𝑟 + 𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚 )𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑠𝑠 (6)
where: ʋds, ʋqs are d and q axes of the stator voltages; ʋdr, ʋqr, d and q axes of the
rotor voltages; ids, iqs, d and q axes of the stator currents; idr, iqr, d and q axes of the
rotor currents; Ra, Rr, stator and rotor resistance; xs, stator self-reaction; xr, rotor self-
reaction; xm, rotor speed. The inserted active and reactive forces in the network can
be expressed as given below [2, 3]:
𝑃𝑃 = 𝑣𝑣𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑣𝑣𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 + 𝑣𝑣𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑣𝑣𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 (7)
𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚 𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣 2
𝑄𝑄 = − − (8)
𝑥𝑥𝑠𝑠 +𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚

Here v is the magnitude of grid voltage.

The Type-III DFIG has the mechanical motion system associated with the wind
gear box and coupled to the blades [3, 4].The motion equation of the wind turbine
system derives the torque due to electromagnetic effect and the mechanical torque.
The equations are shown as follows:
𝑑𝑑𝑤𝑤𝑚𝑚
𝐽𝐽 = 𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒 − 𝑇𝑇𝑚𝑚
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
3𝑃𝑃 ∗ 3𝑃𝑃 ∗
� (9)
𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒 = 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅( 𝑗𝑗 𝜆𝜆⃗𝑠𝑠 𝚤𝚤⃗𝑠𝑠 ) = − 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅( 𝑗𝑗 𝜆𝜆⃗𝑠𝑠 𝚤𝚤⃗𝑟𝑟 )
2 2

where Here J = MI-moment of inertial of the rotor (kgm2), P = number of poles,

Tm = Mechanical Torque (N.m), Te = Electromagnetic Torque (N.m), and wm =
Rotor Mechanical Speed (rad/s)
The mathematical modeling of Type-III base on dq frame of reference
conversion in dq axis representations. The modeling equations are present below:
���⃗
𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 = 𝑣𝑣𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑗𝑗𝑣𝑣𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞
𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟 = 𝑣𝑣𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑗𝑗𝑣𝑣𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞
���⃗ (10)
𝚤𝚤⃗𝑠𝑠 = 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑗𝑗𝑖𝑖𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞
𝚤𝚤⃗𝑟𝑟 = 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑗𝑗𝑖𝑖𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 (11)

𝜆𝜆⃗𝑠𝑠 = 𝜆𝜆𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑗𝑗𝜆𝜆𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞

𝜆𝜆⃗𝑟𝑟 = 𝜆𝜆𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑗𝑗𝜆𝜆𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 (12)
Voltage equations for stator and rotor in dq axis frame are:

⎧𝑣𝑣𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑅𝑅𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑝𝑝𝜆𝜆𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − 𝑤𝑤𝜆𝜆𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞

⎪𝑣𝑣𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 = 𝑅𝑅𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑖𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 + 𝑝𝑝𝜆𝜆𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 + 𝑤𝑤𝜆𝜆𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
(13)
⎨𝑣𝑣𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑅𝑅𝑟𝑟 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑝𝑝𝜆𝜆𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − (𝑤𝑤 − 𝑤𝑤𝑟𝑟 )𝜆𝜆𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞
⎪𝑣𝑣 = 𝑅𝑅 𝑖𝑖 + 𝑝𝑝𝜆𝜆 + (𝑤𝑤 − 𝑤𝑤 )𝜆𝜆
⎩ 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 𝑟𝑟 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 𝑟𝑟 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Flux linkages to stator and rotor in dq axis reference frame are:

𝜆𝜆𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = (𝐿𝐿𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 + 𝐿𝐿𝑚𝑚 )𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝐿𝐿𝑚𝑚 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝐿𝐿𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝐿𝐿𝑚𝑚 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
⎧
𝜆𝜆𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 = (𝐿𝐿𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 + 𝐿𝐿𝑚𝑚 )𝑖𝑖𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 + 𝐿𝐿𝑚𝑚 𝑖𝑖𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 = 𝐿𝐿𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑖𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 + 𝐿𝐿𝑚𝑚 𝑖𝑖𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞
(14)
⎨𝜆𝜆𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = (𝐿𝐿𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 + 𝐿𝐿𝑚𝑚 )𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝐿𝐿𝑚𝑚 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝐿𝐿𝑟𝑟 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝐿𝐿𝑚𝑚 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
⎩𝜆𝜆𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 = (𝐿𝐿𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 + 𝐿𝐿𝑚𝑚 )𝑖𝑖𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 + 𝐿𝐿𝑚𝑚 𝑖𝑖𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 = 𝐿𝐿𝑟𝑟 𝑖𝑖𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 + 𝐿𝐿𝑚𝑚 𝑖𝑖𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞

Journal of Engineering Science and Technology February 2021, Vol. 16(1)

370 B. P. Ganthia et al.

Motion due to mechanical rotation is shown in equations in dq reference frame are:

3𝑃𝑃
⎧𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒 = 2 (𝑖𝑖𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 𝜆𝜆𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝜆𝜆𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 )
⎪ 3𝑃𝑃
𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒 = �𝑖𝑖𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 𝑖𝑖𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 − 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑖𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 � (15)
2
⎨
⎪𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒 = 3𝑃𝑃 (𝑖𝑖𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 𝜆𝜆𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝜆𝜆𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 )
⎩ 2

5. Type-III Wind Turbine Mechanical Drive Train Model

The wind turbine mechanical torque can be presented as 𝑇𝑇𝑚𝑚 is [1, 3, 4]:
𝑝𝑝𝑤𝑤
𝑇𝑇𝑚𝑚 = (16)
𝜔𝜔

The wind turbine system can extract the as Pw is:

1
𝑝𝑝𝑤𝑤 = 𝜌𝜌𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝 𝐴𝐴 ∗ 𝑉𝑉𝑤𝑤3 (17)
2

where: 𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝 - power coefficient, 𝜔𝜔 - rotor speed, ρ - air density (𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚2 ), A - rotor area
( 𝑚𝑚2 ) and 𝑉𝑉𝑤𝑤 (m/s) - wind velocity. Thus, the electrical torque 𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒 and the
mathematical link between 𝑇𝑇𝑚𝑚 and 𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒 results:
𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒 = 𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚 (𝑖𝑖𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑖𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 ) (18)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1
= (𝑇𝑇𝑚𝑚 − 𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒 ) (19)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2𝐻𝐻
Here H is denoting rotor inertia.
Mathematically wind speed 𝑉𝑉𝑤𝑤 (t) is characterized by four components of its
controls: i) Initial and average value of wind speed 𝑉𝑉𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 (m/s); ii) Ramp component
𝑉𝑉𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 (t); iii) The gust component 𝑉𝑉𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 (t) iv) Turbulence of wind speed 𝑉𝑉𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 (t).
Therefore, the mathematically wind speed 𝑉𝑉𝑤𝑤 (t) represented as follows:
𝑉𝑉𝑤𝑤 (t) = 𝑉𝑉𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 + 𝑉𝑉𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 (t) + 𝑉𝑉𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 (t) + 𝑉𝑉𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 (t) (20)
Figure 5 represents the generation of wind speed in artificial manner through
the Gaussian noise generator using ARMA (autoregressive moving average)
technique taking unity delay function [4].

Fig.5. Typical configuration of ARMA wind speed model.

6. Mode 4 Type-I Fuzzy Logic Controller

Using conventional PI controller in the wind turbine system during grid integration it
shows sluggish steady state and transient analysis [1]. Hence new adaptive techniques

Journal of Engineering Science and Technology February 2021, Vol. 16(1)

 Low Voltage Ride Through Capability Enhancement Using Series . . . . 371

are implemented for faster transient response during faults. Sugeno-Takagi Type-I
fuzzy logic controller can use to enhance the stability during grid integration when
faults arise due to sudden changes in wind speeds. This proposed technique Mode 4
Type-I FLC can incorporated with FACTs devices and conventional PI controller to
enhance low voltage ride through capabilities and can control the reactive power. This
reactive power can be use during sag and swell of voltage due to the transients. The
propose technique controls both sag and swell with considering constraints of weather
conditions [1, 2].
The proposed controller outputs during operation are more reliable and efficient
because here the effect of unwanted aspects or parameters like noise, harmonics
and cause due to range of wind speed control and the area are taken into
consideration. Sugeno-Takagi Type-I fuzzy set model developed here shown in
Figs. 6 and 7 and initiated to control the reactive power (Q) and stator active power
(P) of the WECS.

ids _mes iqr _ mes

* * *
idr (k) Qs eQs ∆iqr +iqr (k)
Ps* ePs ∆idr + + +
+
− + − −
iqr*(k −1)
Ps ∫ dt ieP idr*(k −1)
Qs ∫ dt ieQs Fuzzy controller
s Fuzzy controller

PI PI
Controller Controller

Fig.6. Control scheme of P and Q with error

and integration of error as input with PI controller.

The membership function for active and reactive power input and output is given as:

NL NM NS ZE PS PM PL
1

−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3

Fig.7. Triangular membership function for

error, change in error, integration of error and output.
7. Low Voltage Ride Through Methods
The LVRT methodologies are classified into series, shunt and hybrid system
associated with wind energy system. Some series connected flexible AC
transmission system (FACTs) devices shown in Fig. 8 are: dynamic voltage restore
(DVR), thyristor-controlled series compensation (TCSC), magnetic energy

Journal of Engineering Science and Technology February 2021, Vol. 16(1)

372 B. P. Ganthia et al.

recovery switch (MERS), series dynamic braking resistor (SDBR) and fault current
limiter (FCL). In this paper three important series connected solutions are discussed
and comparisons based on the implementations are also highlighted. A suitable
series connected device taken which used during grid integration with proposed
controller (Mode 4 Type-I FLC) [1].

Fig.8. Classified LVRT capability enhancement methods.

8. FACT Devices in WECS

8.1. Thyristor controlled series compensation (TCSC)
The fundamental standard of the TCSC is to control power stream of the grid lines,
increment the dynamic steadiness of intensity transmission and adequately limit the
power transients [1].
Figure 9 shows a common TCSC module introduced surroundings of the wind
system along the essential control mechanism. This FACT device (TCSC)
comprises of three segments: bypass sidestep inductor L, capacitor banks C and
forward biasing thyristors T1 and T2. In this control mechanism the operation on
variation in voltage are reported in this paper. This innovation might be valuable
for wind ranches situated a long way from the PCC, for example, offshore farms of
wind system [5].

Fig.9. Circuit diagram of TCSC.

8.2. Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR)

Grid fault identified with WT generators is a promising way to deal with adequately
to clear the issues and incrementing ride through capacity shown in Fig. 10. This
should be possible utilizing power electronic chargers integrated with the system,

Journal of Engineering Science and Technology February 2021, Vol. 16(1)

 Low Voltage Ride Through Capability Enhancement Using Series . . . . 373

called dynamic voltage restorers (DVRs) which put a sensible voltage on the PCC
and on the grid bus to keep up generator voltage [1, 6].

Fig.10. Circuit diagram of DVR.

8.3. Series dynamic braking resistor (SDBR)
SDBRs were developed to directly contribute to the equalization of active power
between the mechanical and electrical side of the WT framework during the fault,
conceivably diminish the requirement for reactive power compensation (RPC) and
pitch angle control devices appeared in Fig. 11 [1].

Fig.11.Types of SDBR (a) Stage 1 normal scheme

(b) Stage 2 switching scheme (c) Stage 3 variable resistor scheme.

It is achieved through dynamically adding a series resistor between the WT and

the grid to assist the voltage at the generator terminals, thus the reliability issues
regarding electrical torque and power throughout the time frame of fault [1].

9. Steady State Analysis

The WT discharges power from the air through sharp edges fabricated by aerodyne
and changes it into mechanical quality. In steady state analysis under high-

Journal of Engineering Science and Technology February 2021, Vol. 16(1)

374 B. P. Ganthia et al.

speedwind variations and power provided by WT can surpass its rated parameters.
The aerodynamics of the accelerated wind turbines control and operated by
uninvolved slow down, active slow down and pitch control mechanisms intended
for low, medium, and enormous wind turbines [8].

10. Transient State Analysis

In transient analysis at the point when the fault happens at the WT terminals drops,
hence lessening the power yield from the electromagnetic torque and induction
generator. In any case, the mechanical information torque stays steady during the
fault, which makes the rotor's speed surpass its well-being limit with the goal that
greatest vitality can be put away precisely [1, 8].

11. MATLAB Simulink Model

The models are designed using MATLAB Simulink. The system is associated with
the PI controller and adaptive Mode 4 Type-I fuzzy logic controller for the steady
state and transient analysis the settling time after fault clearance also reported from
the simulations. The systems are discussed with all three FACT devices
implemented with the wind energy conversion modelling.
The Simulink diagram Fig. 12 shows the TCSC action in reactive power control
during faults. Figure 13 associateswith the DVR action and Fig. 14 highlights the
action using SDBR device connected in series with the system.

Fig.12. TCSC module installed in wind turbine.

Fig.13. Dynamic voltage restorer with wind turbine.

Journal of Engineering Science and Technology February 2021, Vol. 16(1)

 Low Voltage Ride Through Capability Enhancement Using Series . . . . 375

Fig.14. Wind turbine with SDBR.

12. Simulink Results, Performances Comparison and Discussion

Figure15 shows the simulation results of the DFIG system under grid voltage
unbalance fault (a) stator grid voltage(W), (b) electromagnetic torque (W), (c)
stator flux (W), (d) active & reactive power, (e) stator current, (f) rotor current, (g)
modulated voltage, (h) DC-link voltage.

(a)TCSC (b)DVR (c)SDBR

Fig.15. DFIG transient analysis using TCSC, DVR and SDBR.

Journal of Engineering Science and Technology February 2021, Vol. 16(1)

376 B. P. Ganthia et al.

The above Simulink results have shown in Fig. 15 highlights the control action
of FACT devices as given in the design model to control the reactive power during
low voltage transient analysis. Here both steady state and transient analysis are
done to know both the virtual and direct effects of low voltages due to the unwanted
faults. From the above Simulink result it is clearly indicating the control actions
during the faults during 0.4 sec to 0.9 sec the wind turbine parameters are changes.
In case of DVR shown in Fig. 15,Section B highlights the transient time duration
of 0.4 sec to 0.9 sec, it clears the fault before the 1sec rather in Section A it is 1.2
sec and in Section C it is found that about 1.5sec. With comparison to other flexible
ASC transmission devices as controller DVR shows faster response among series
connected devices. Hence it can be used further with the proposed control technique
(Mode 4 Type-I fuzzy logic) to control the reactive power to achieve faster steady
state and remove transients due to sudden change in wind speeds.
The Simulink model shown in Fig. 16 below depicts the control model and
control strategies of the PI-Type-I fuzzy logic controller.
Figure 16 shows that the mathematical modelling of Type-III wind turbine
system. In uses DFIG as the induction generator as it can use for both variable speed
with modified full controller. In Fig. 17, it is the shot view of GSC of the grid where
the Mode 4 Type-I fuzzy control with conventional PI controller is used to get faster
response during transients to make the system more stable. As grid integration brings
more transients and instabilities during speed variations this proposed technique can
be help full to make the grid integrated wind energy system more stable.

Fig.16. DFIG with WECS showing Type-III WT using controller.

Figure 18 shows the control action of series connected FACT devices with
different wind speed variation on stator active power and reactive power. His result
based on Fig. 15. Here both steady state and transient state analysis are done to
know the better control action with exact settling time after fault clearance in a

Journal of Engineering Science and Technology February 2021, Vol. 16(1)

 Low Voltage Ride Through Capability Enhancement Using Series . . . . 377

single frame of graphical representations taking active and reactive power into
consideration.

Fig.17. DFIG with WECS showing application of Type-I fuzzy logic controller.

Fig.18. DFIG transient analysis using TCSC, DVR and SDBR (comparison).

Figure 19 illustrates that the variations of parameters with reference to (a)

(without DVR), (b) (with DVR and PI) and (c) (DVR with Mode 4 Type-I FLC).
Below results are illustrating the proposed control (Mode 4 Type-I FLC) action
of without using DVR and with DVR. Figure 20 shows the active power variations
during different operating conditions and Fig. 21 illustrates the reactive power
variations during the transients.
The numerical analysis of the Simulink results is shown in Table 1. The active
power increased and reactive power decrease per unit to maintain the stability of
the grid during faults. A phase and line faults (line to line and 3 phase faults) are
taken for the transient study. The settling time is more in proposed technique clearly
shown in Table 1.

Journal of Engineering Science and Technology February 2021, Vol. 16(1)

378 B. P. Ganthia et al.

(a) (without DVR), (b) (with DVR and PI) (c) (DVR with Mode
4Type-I FLC).
Fig.19. DFIG transient analysis using DVR with control techniques.

Fig.20. Active power control using DVR with control techniques.

Fig.21. Reactive power control using DVR with control techniques.

Journal of Engineering Science and Technology February 2021, Vol. 16(1)

 Low Voltage Ride Through Capability Enhancement Using Series . . . . 379

From Table 1 shown below illustrates that the comparison between PI-FLC
conventional Mode and PI-FLC proposed model. From Table 2 the total
comparisons of all FACT devices are shown, and the performances are
demonstrated. In Table 3 the parameters of the whole wind energy conversion
system are shown and implemented in the Simulink.
Table 1. Comparison of DVR with proposed control technique.
Controller PI-FLC Type- I PI-FLCType- I
Parameters (Conventional) Mode 4
Active Power 9.17 pu 9.8 pu
Reactive Power 9.50 pu 8.8 pu
Settling Time
0.1229sec 0.0777sec
(3 Phase Fault)
Settling Time
0.57212sec 0.5420sec
(Line Fault)

Table 2. Comparison of FACT devices.

Techniques/
SDBR TCSC DVR MERS FCL
Parameters
Complexity
Simple Simple
and wind Simple and Simple and Simple and
and not and not
speed required required not required
required required
measurement
Speed of
High Low High High Medium
convergence
Sensitivity More Less More More Less
Tolerance to
fast Medium Low High High High
transitions
Memory Not Not Not
Recommend Vary
requirement required required required
Operational Not Not
Recommend Recommend Recommend
Knowledge required required
Efficiency Medium Low Very Large Large Large

Table 3. Parameters of wind energy conversion system model.

Parameters Value
Wind Turbine Parameters
Wind turbine rating 1.5 MW
Air density 1.225 kg/m3
Rotor radius 30.66 m
Gear ratio 71.28
Wind cut-in speed 4 m/sec
Wind cut-out speed 25 m/sec
Rated wind speed 12 m/sec
Optimum TSR 5.7
Generator Parameters
Capacity 1.5 MW
Voltage (L-L) 690 V
Frequency 60 Hz
Speed 2100 rpm
Reference Torque at t=0 -6631.45 Nm
Inertia constant 18.7 kg m2
Control Parameters

Journal of Engineering Science and Technology February 2021, Vol. 16(1)

380 B. P. Ganthia et al.

DC link voltage 1200 V

DC link capacitor 60 mF
Grid side Filter Parameters
Filter resistance 0.002 ohm
Filter inductance 0.02

13. Analogy of Enhancement and Functional Approaches for WECS

Table 4 summarizes the effectiveness of the FACT devices.
Table 4. Series LVRT capability enhancement methods.
Methods Conclusions Limitation Summary
• Capacitive reactance • High • Offshore wind
variations resonance farm applicable
TCSC

• Useful for fault current • Heavy • Per unit

limitation and voltage harmonic application is
unbalance injection medium
• Quick voltage recovery • Faster phase • Compatible and
FACT Devices

• Controlled reactive angle high power

DVR

power • Faster usability

absorption of • More stable
active power
• Quick voltage recovery • No control on • Per unit
• Controlled reactive reactive power application is
SDBR

power • High voltage better

damping • Less power
• Poor low poor system stability
factor usage

Table 5 highlights the control action over faults during 8 m/s and 12 m/s wind speed
variations. The Type-I fixed speed induction generator (FSIG) on using FACT devices
gives voltage sag by 5% enhancements. This can be concluded that control action on
wind turbine system FACT devices voltage sag by 0.06 sec and 0.8 sec.

Table 5. LVRT capability settling times (in sec).

Type I WT- Type I WT- Type I WT-DVR (Mode
Controller
TCSC SDBR 4 Type-I FLC)
Wind Variation
0.13 0.12 0.06
8m/s
Wind variation
0.16 0.15 0.08
12m/s
Remark Slow Medium Faster

Table 6 highlights the control action over faults during 8 m/s and 12 m/s wind
speed variations. The Type-II variable speed induction generator without control
action on using FACT devices gives voltage sag by 15% enhancements. This can
be concluded that control action on wind turbine system FACT devices voltage sag
of 0.7 sec and 0.8 sec pu sag condition.

Journal of Engineering Science and Technology February 2021, Vol. 16(1)

 Low Voltage Ride Through Capability Enhancement Using Series . . . . 381

Table 6. LVRT capability settling times (in sec).

Type II WT- Type II WT- Type II WT-DVR
Controller
TCSC SDBR (Mode 4 Type-I FLC)
Wind Variation
0.12 0.11 0.7
8m/s
Wind variation
0.15 0.14 0.8
12m/s
Remark Slow Medium Faster

Table 7 highlights the control action over faults during 8 m/s and 12 m/s wind
speed variations.

Table 7. LVRT capability settling times (in m/sec).

Type III Type III WT- Type III WT-DVR
Controller
WT-TCSC SDBR (Mode 4 Type-I FLC)
Wind Variation
13.6 13.3 12.1
8m/s
Wind variation
15.7 14.1 13.9
12m/s
Remark Slow Medium Faster

The Type-III variable speed induction generator with control action on using
FACT devices gives voltage sag by 25% to 35% enhancements. This can be
concluded that control action on wind turbine system FACT devices voltage sag of
0.7 sec and 0.8 sec pu can be reduced by settling the fault by 12.1 millisecond and
13.9 millisecond for different wind speeds. In this research using Type-III wind
turbine system it is conclude that the DVR is faster and better efficient as voltage
enhancement during transients.

14. Conclusion
The activity of FACT devices and advancements for LVRT ability improvement
of Type-III WTs using double fed induction generator presented in this research.
The proposed controller Mode-4 Type-I fuzzy logic control technique associated
with DVR gives more reliability to the grid during transients. At that point, all
the control approaches of series connected arrangements are simulated and results
are compared. It is concluded that rather than using conventional PI controller to
DVR to control the grid profile, adaptive techniques can be implemented. Hence
adaptive Type-I fuzzy logic controller is used to maintain the grid stabilities
during transients. The dynamic and effective performance using different
controllers the paper gives idea about complexity, cost economic and application
reliabilities summarized in the comparison tabulations. Tables 5 and 6 summarize
the proposed technique action on Type-I WT system (FSIG) and Type-II WT
system, respectively. Table 7 illustrates the application of proposed control
technique on Type-III WT. The simulations are generated using the programming
software and the MATLAB/Simulink model. In this way, this operation on wind

Journal of Engineering Science and Technology February 2021, Vol. 16(1)

382 B. P. Ganthia et al.

energy system enables the analysts to comprehend the overall viability of the
proposed auxiliary devices by controlling the active and reactive power during
grid integrations. Due to rapid variation in wind speed this analysis in this
research gives more impact to go for the proposed technique to maintain the
stability of the system during transients.

Nomenclatures

Cp Power coefficient
J Moment of inertia, kg.m2
P Active power, W
Pwt Wind power, kW
Q Reactive power, kVAR
Te Electromagnetic torque, N.m
Tm Mechanical torque, N.m
Vw Wind speed, m/s
𝑣𝑣⃗𝑠𝑠 , 𝑣𝑣⃗𝑟𝑟 Stator and rotor voltage, V
wr * Reference rotor speed, rad/s
𝑤𝑤𝑟𝑟 Actual rotor speed, rad/s

Greek Symbols
𝛽𝛽_𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 Reference pitch angle, deg.
𝚤𝚤⃗𝑠𝑠 , 𝚤𝚤⃗𝑟𝑟 Stator and rotor current, A
𝜆𝜆 Tip speed ratio
𝜆𝜆⃗𝑠𝑠 ,𝜆𝜆⃗𝑟𝑟
Stator and rotor total flux linkage, Wb
ρ Air density, kg/m3
χ Inductance, H
Abbreviations
DFIG Double Fed Induction Generator
DVR Dynamic Voltage Restorer
FLC Fuzzy Logic Controller
GSC Grid Side Controller
LVRT Low Voltage Ride Through
PI Proportional Integral
RPC Reactive Power Compensation
RSC Rotor Side Controller
SDBR Series Dynamic Braking Resistor
TCSC Thyristor Controlled Series Compensation
WECS Wind Energy Conversion System

References
1. Moghadasi, A.; Sarwat, A.; and Guerrero, J.M. (2016). A comprehensive
review of low-voltage-ride-through methods for fixed-speed wind power
generators. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 55, 823-839.
2. Ganthia, B.P.; and Barik, S.K. (2020). Steady-state and dynamic comparative
analysis of PI and fuzzy logic controller in stator voltage oriented controlled

Journal of Engineering Science and Technology February 2021, Vol. 16(1)

 Low Voltage Ride Through Capability Enhancement Using Series . . . . 383

DFIG fed wind energy conversion system. Journal of Institution of

Engineers(India): Series B,101, 273-286.
3. Ganthia, B.P.; Barik, S.K.; and Nayak, B. (2020). Shunt connected FACTS
devices for LVRT capability enhancement in WECS. Engineering, Technology
and Applied Science Research, 10(3), 5819-5823.
4. Ganthia, B.P.; Barik, S.K.; and Nayak, B. (2020). Application of hybrid facts
devices in DFIG based wind energy system for LVRT capability
enhancements. Journal of Mechanics of Continua and Mathematical Sciences,
15(6), 245-256.
5. Ganthia, B. P.; Barik, S. K.; and Nayak, B.; (2020). Transient analysis of grid
integrated stator voltage oriented controlled type-III DFIGdriven wind turbine
energy system. Journal of Mechanics of Continua and Mathematical Sciences,
15(6), 139-157.
6. Sun, L.; Peng, C.; Hu, J.; and Hou, Y. (2018). Application of type 3 wind
turbines for system restoration. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,
33(3),3040-3051.
7. Guest, E.; Jensen, K.H.; and Rasmussen, T.W. (2018). Sequence domain
harmonic modeling of type-IV wind turbines. IEEE Transactions on Power
Electronics, 33(6), 4934-4943.
8. Chen, X.; Yan, L.; Zhou, X.; and Sun, H. (2018). A novel DVR-ESS-
embedded wind-energy conversion system. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable
Energy, 9(3), 1265-1274.
9. Pragati, A.; Ganthia, B.P.; and Panigrahi, B.P. (2021). Genetic Algorithm
Optimized Direct Torque Control of Mathematically Modeled Induction Motor
Drive Using PI and Sliding Mode Controller. Recent Advances in Power
Electronics and Drives. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. vol 707.
Springer, Singapore, 351-366
10. Muyeen, S.M.; Takahashi, R.; Murata, T.; and Tamura, J.A. (2010). A variable
speed wind turbine control strategy to meet wind farm grid code requirements.
IEEE Transactions Power System, 25(1), 331-340.
11. Ganthia, B.P.; Pradhan, R.; Sahu, R.; and Pati, A.K. (2021). Artificial Ant
Colony Optimized Direct Torque Control of Mathematically Modeled
Induction Motor Drive Using PI and Sliding Mode Controller. Recent
Advances in Power Electronics and Drives. Lecture Notes in Electrical
Engineering. vol 707. Springer, Singapore. 389-408
12. Syed, M.H.; Zeineldin, H.H.; and Moursi, M.S. (2014). Hybrid micro-grid
operation characterization based on stability and adherence to grid codes. IET
Generation, Transmission and Distribution, 8(3), 563-572.
13. Ganthia, B.P.; Mohanty, S.; Rana, P.K.; and Sahu, P.K. (2016). Compensation
of voltage sag using DVR with PI controller. Proceedings of theInternational
Conference on Electrical, Electronics, and Optimization Techniques. Chennai,
India, 2138-2142.
14. Ganthia, B.P.; Agarwal, V.; Rout, K.; and Pardhe, M.K. (2017). Optimal
control study in DFIG based wind energy conversion system using PI & GA.
Proceedings of theInternational Conference on Power and Embedded Drive
Control. Chennai, India, 343-347.

Journal of Engineering Science and Technology February 2021, Vol. 16(1)

384 B. P. Ganthia et al.

15. Jerin, A.R.A.; Kaliannan, P.; Subramaniam, U.; and El Moursi, M.S.A. (2018).
Review on FRT solutions for improving transient stability in DFIG-WTs. IET
Renewable Power Generation, 12(15), 1786-1799.
16. Baloch, M.H.; Ishak, D.; Chaudary, S.T.; Ali, B.; Memon, A.A.; and Jumani,
T.A. (2019). Wind power integration: an experimental investigation for
powering local communities. Energies, 12(4), 1-24.
17. Saeed, M.A.; Khan, H.M.; Ashraf, A.; and Qureshi, S.A. (2018). Analyzing
effectiveness of LVRT techniques for DFIG wind turbine system and
implementation of hybrid combination with control schemes. Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Reviews, 81(2), 2487-2501.
18. Niu, L.; Wang, X.; Wu, L.; Yan, F.; and Xu, M.(2019). Review of low voltage
ride-through technology of doubly-fed induction generator. The Journal of
Engineering, 2019(16), 3106-3108.
19. Din, Z.; Zhang, J.; Zhu, Y.; Xu, Z.; and El-Naggar, A.(2019). Impact of grid
impedance on LVRT performance of DFIG system with rotor crowbar
technology. IEEE Access, 7, 127999-128008.
20. Naderi, S.B.; Negnevitsky, M.; and Muttaqi, K.M. (2019). A modified DC
chopper for limiting the fault current and controlling the DC-link voltage to
enhance fault ride-through capability of doubly-fed induction-generator-based
wind turbine. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 55(2), 2021-2032.

Journal of Engineering Science and Technology February 2021, Vol. 16(1)