2020

12 PHYSICS
th

IMPORTANT PROBLEMS - SOLVED

NUMERICALS
PHYSICS - PART 3
CHAPTER 9 : RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
CHAPTER 10 : WAVE OPTICS

 65 MOST IMPORTANT PROBLEM SOLVED

 BASED ON LATEST BOARD EXAMS TYPES OF PROBLEMS
 INCLUDES PROBLEMS FROM PREVIOUS YEARS BOARD EXAMS

www.studysmartcbse.com
NUMERICALS – PHYSICS
MOST IMPORTANT PROBLEMS CHAPTERWISE
OPTICS

1. A ray of light passing through an equilateral triangular glass prism from air undergoes
minimum deviation when angle of incidence is 3/4th of the angle of prism. Calculate the
speed of light in the prism.
[Delhi 2008]

2. A converging lens of refractive index 1.5 is kept in a liquid medium having same refractive
index. What would be the focal length of the lens in the medium?
[Delhi 2008]

3. Calculate the distance off an object of height h from a concave mirror of focal length 10
cm, so as to obtain a real image of magnification.
[Delhi 2008]

4. An astronomical telescope uses two lenses of powers 10 D and 1 D. What is its magnifying
power in normal adjustment?
[All India 2010]

5. An object of 3 cm height is placed at a distance of 60 cm from a convex mirror of focal-

length 30 cm. Find the nature, position and size of the image formed.
[All India 2010]

6. A convex lens is used to obtain a magnified image of an object on a screen 10 cm from the
lens. If the magnification is 19, find the focal-length of the lens.
[All India 2010]

7. Two thin lenses of power +6D and –2D are in contact. What is the focal length of the
combination?
[All India 2010]

8. A lens of refractive index 1.45 disappears when immersed in a liquid. What is the value of
refractive index of the liquid?
[Delhi 2010]

9. Find the radius of curvature of convex surface of a plano-convex lens, whose focal length
is 0.3 m and the refractive index of the material of the lens is 1.5.
[Delhi 2010]
10. A biconvex lens has a focal length 2/3 times the radius of curvature of either surface.
Calculate the refractive index of lens material.
[Delhi 2010]

11. Calculate the speed of light in a medium whose critical angles is 30°.
[Delhi 2010]

12. The radii of curvature of the faces of a double convex lens are 10 cm and 15 cm. If focal
length of the lens is 12 cm, find the refractive index of the material of the lens.
[Delhi 2010]

13. A convex lens has 20 cm focal length in air. What is its focal length in water? (Refractive
index of air-water = 1.33, refractive index of air-glass = 1.5).
[Foreign 2010]

14. A converging lens has a focal length of 20 cm in air. It is made of a material of refractive
index 1.6. It is immersed in a liquid of refractive index 1.3. Calculate its new focal-length.
[All India 2011]

15. A compound microscope uses an objective lens of focal length 4 cm and eyepiece lens of
focal length 10 cm. An object is placed at 6 cm from the objective lens. Calculate the
magnifying power of the compound microscope. Also calculate the length of the
microscope.
[All India 2011]

16. A giant reflecting telescope at an observatory has an objective lens of focal length 15 m. If
an eyepiece lens of focal length 1.0 cm is used, find the angular magnification of the
telescope.
If this telescope is used to view the moon, what is the diameter of the image of the moon
formed by the objective lens? The diameter of the moon is 3.42 × 10 m and the radius of
the lunar orbit is 3.8 × 10 m.
[All India 2011]

17. Two convex lenses of focal length 20 cm and 1 cm constitute a telescope. The telescope is
focused on a point which is 1 m away from the objective. Calculate the magnification
produced and the length of the tube, if the final image is formed at a distance, 25 cm from
the eyepiece.
[Delhi 2011C]
18. The objective of an astronomical telescope has a diameter of 150 mm and a focal length of
4.00 m. the eyepiece has a focal length of 25.00 mm. Calculate the magnifying and
resolving power of telescope. ((𝜆 = 6000Å for yellow colour).
[Delhi 2011C]

19. Find the position of the image of the object O formed by the lens combination given in the
figure.

[Foreign 2011]

20. You are given three lenses 𝐿 , 𝐿 and 𝐿 each of focal length 10 cm. An object is kept at 15
cm in front of 𝐿 , as shown. The final real image is formed at the focus l of 𝐿 . Find the
separation between 𝐿 and 𝐿 , 𝐿 and 𝐿 .

[All India 2012]

21. For the same value of angle of incidence, the angles of refraction in three media A, B and
C are 15°, 25° and 35° respectively. In which medium would the velocity of light be
minimum?
[All India 2012]

22. The focal lengths of the objective and eyepiece of a microscope are 1.25 cm and 5 cm
respectively. Find the position of the object relative to the objective in order to obtain an
angular magnification of 30 in normal adjustment.
[Delhi 2012]

23. A convex lens of focal length f is kept on contact with a concave lens of focal length f .
Find the focal length of the combination.
[All India 2013]
24. (a) A small telescope has an objective lens of focal length 140 cm and an eyepiece of foc
focal
length 5.0 cm. Find the magnifying power of the telescope for distant objects when:
(i) The telescope is in normal adjustment and
(ii) The final image is formed at the least distance of distinct vision.
(a) Also, find the separation between the objective and the eyepiece.
[All India 2013C]
25. An equiconvex lens of focal length 15 cm is cut into two equal halves in thickness. What is
the focal length of each half?
26. A ray of light passes through an equilateral prism in such a way that the angle of
incidence is equal
qual to the angle of emergence and each of these angles is 3/4ththe angle of
the prism. Determine the (i) angle of deviation and (ii) the refractive index of the prism.

[All India 2013C]

27. A convex lens of focal length 25 cm is placed coaxially in contact with a concave lens of
focal length 20 cm. Determine the power of the combination.
[Delhi 2013]

28. A convex lens of focal length 30 cm is placed coaxially in contact with a concave lens of
focal length 40 cm. Determine the power of the combination. Will the system be
converging or diverging in nature?
[Delhi 2013]

29. A small bulb (assumed to be a point source) is placed at the bottom of a tank containing
water to a depth of 60 cm. Find out the area of the surface of w
water
ater through which light
from the bulb, can emerge. Take the value of the refractive index of water to be 4/3.
[Delhi 2013C]

30. A biconvex lens made of a transparent material of refractive index 1.25 is immersed in
water of refractive index 1.33. Will the lens behave as a converging or a diverging lens?
Give reason.
[All India, 2014]

31. Two monochromatic rays of light are incident normally on the face AB of an isosceles
right-angled
angled prism ABC. The refractive indices of the glass prism for the two rays ‘1’ and
‘2’ are respectively 1.35 and 1.45. Trace the path of these rays after entering the prism.

[All India, 2014]

32. What is the value of the critical angle for a material of refractive index √3?

33. A convex lens of focal length 20 cm is placed coaxially with a convex mirror of radius of
curvature 20 cm. The two are kept at 15 cm apart. A point object lies 60 cm in front of the
convex lens. Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of the image by the combination.
Determine the nature and position of the image formed.
[All India, 2014]

34. A convex lens is placed in contact with a plane mirror. A point object at a distance of 20
cm on the axis of this combination has its image coinciding with itself. What is the focal
length of the lens?
[Delhi 2014]

35. The total magnification produced by a compound microscope is 20. The magnification
produced by the eye piece is 5. The microscope is focused on a certain object. The
distance between the objective and eyepiece is observed to 14 cm. If least distance of
distinct vision is 20 cm, calculate the focal length of the objective and the eye piece.
[Delhi 2014]

36. If the angle between the pass axis of polarizer and the analyser is 45°, write the ratio of
the intensities of original light and the transmitted light after passing through the
analyser.
[Delhi 2009]

37. In Young’s double slit experiment, the two slits 0.15 mm apart are illuminated by
monochromatic light of wavelength 450 nm. The screen is 1.0 m away from the slits. Find
the distance of the second
(a) bright fringe,
(b) dark fringe from the central maximum.
[All India 2010]

38. A beam of light, consisting of two wavelengths 560 nm and 420 nm, is used to obtain
interference fringes in a Young’s double slit experiment. Find the least distance from the
central maximum, where the bright fringes, due to both the wavelengths coincide. The
distance between the two slits is 4.0 mm and the screen is at a distance of 1.0 m from the
slits.
[Delhi 2010C]
39. Yellow light (𝜆 = 6000Å Å) illuminates a single slit of width 1 × 10 m.. Calculate the
distance between
etween two dark lines on either side on the central maximum, when the
diffraction pattern is viewed on a screen kept 1.5 m away from the slit.
[All India 2011C]

40. Between two polaroids placed in crossed position, a third polaroid is introduced. Th The axis
of the third polaroid makes an angle of 30° with the axis of the first polaroid. Find
intensity of transmitted light from the system assuming 𝐼 to be the intensity of polarized
light obtained from the first polaroid.
[All India 2011C]

41. Light passes through two polaroids 𝑃 and 𝑃 with pass axis of 𝑃 making an angle 𝜃 with
the pass axis of 𝑃 . For what value of 𝜃 is the intensity of emergent light zero?
[Foreign 2011]

42. The intensity at the central maxima ((O)) in a Young’s double slit experiment is 𝐼 . If the
distance OP equals one
one-third
third of fringe width of the pattern, show that the intensity at
point P would be 𝐼 /4.

[Foreign 2011]

43. Two polaroids, A and B are kept in crossed position. How should a third polaroid, C be
placed between them so that the intensity of polarized light transmitted by polaroid, B
reduces to 1/8th of the intensity of unpolarized light incident on A?
[All India 2012]

44. A parallel beam of light of 450 nm fall

fallss on a narrow slit and the resulting diffraction
pattern is observed on a screen 1.5 m away. It is observed that the first minimum is at a
distance of 3 mm form the centre of the screen. Calculate the width of the silt.
[All India 2013]
45. Two wavelengths
lengths of sodium light 590 nm and 596 nm are used, in turn, to study the
diffraction taking place due to a single slit of aperture 1 × 10 m. The distance between
the slit and the screen is 1.8 m. Calculate the separation between the position of the first
maxima of the diffraction pattern obtained in the two cases.
[All India 2013C, Delhi 2013]
46. An 𝛼-particle and a proton are accelerated from rest by the same potential. Find the ratio
of their de-Broglie wavelengths.
[All India 2010]
47. The ratio between the de-Broglie wavelengths associated with protons, accelerated
through a potential of 512 V and 𝛼-particles, accelerated through a potential of x volt, is
found to be one. Find the value of x.
[Delhi 2010C]

48. Find the ratio of the de-Broglie wavelength, associated with

(i) Protons, accelerated through a potential of 128 V and
(ii) 𝛼-particles, accelerated through a potential of 64 V.
[Delhi 2010C]

49. A particle is moving three times as far as an electron. The ratio of the de-Broglie
wavelength of the particle to that of the electron is 1.813 × 10 . Calculate the particle’s
mass and identify the particle.
[All India 2011C]

50 An electron and a photon each have a wavelength 1.00. Find

(i) their momenta,
(ii) the energy of the photon and
(iii) the kinetic energy of electron
[All India 2011C]

51. An electron microscope uses electrons accelerated by a voltage of 50 kV. Determine the
de-Broglie wavelength associated with the electrons. Taking other factors, such as
numerical aperture etc. to be same, how does the resolving power of an electron
microscope compare with that of an optical microscope which used yellow light?
[All India 2014]

52. Monochromatic light of frequency 6.0 × 10 Hz is produced by a laser. The power

emitted is 2.0 × 10 W. Estimate the number of photons emitted per second on an
average by the source.
[Delhi 2014]

53. The equivalent wavelength of a moving electron has the same value as that of a photon of
energy 6 × 10 J. Calculate the momentum of the electron.
[All India 2015]

54. A ray of light passes through an equilateral glass prism such that the angle of incidence is
equal to the angle of emergence and each of these angles is equal to ¾ of angle of prism.
Find the angle of deviation.
[All India 2015]
55. A concave lens of refractive index 1.5 is immersed in a medium of refractive index 1.65.
What is the nature of the lens?
[Delhi 2015]
56. Answer the following questions:
(a) In a double slit experiment using light of wavelength 600 nm, the angular width of
the fringe formed on a distant screen is 0.1°. Find the spacing between the two slits.
(b) Light of wavelength 5000Å propagating in air gets partly reflected from the surface of
water. How will the wavelengths and frequencies of the reflected and refracted light
be affected?
[Delhi 2015]
57. (i) A giant refracting telescope has an objective lens of focal length 15 m. If an eye piece
of focal length 1.0 cm is used, what is the angular magnification of the telescope?
(ii) If this telescope is used to view the moon, what is the diameter of the image of the
moon formed by the objective lens? The diameter of the moon is 3.48 × 10 m and the
radius of lunar orbit is 3.8 × 10 m.
[Delhi 2015]

58. What is the value of refractive index of a medium of polarizing angle 60°?
[All India 2016]

59. Light from a point source in air falls on a convex spherical glass surface of refractive
index 1.5 and radius of curvature 20 cm. The distance of light source from the glass
surface is 100 cm. At what position is the image formed?
[All India 2016]

60. Calculate the distance of an object of height h form a concave mirror of radius of
curvature 20, so as to obtain real image of magnification 2. Find the location of image
also.
[Delhi 2016]

61. (a) Monochromatic light of wavelength 589 nm is incident from air on a water surface.
If 𝜇 for water is 1.33, find the wavelength, frequency and speed of the refracted light.
(b) A double convex lens is made of a glass of refractive index 1.55 with both faces of the
same radius of curvature. Find the radius of curvature required, if the focal length is
20 cm.
[All India 2017]

62. A ray of light passing from air through an equilateral glass prism undergoes minimum
deviation when the angle of incidence is 3/4th of the angle of prism. Calculate the speed of
light in the prism.
[All India 2017]
63. The intensity of the polarized light becomes 1/20th of its initial intensity after passing
through the analyser. What is the angle between the axis of the analyser and the initial
amplitude of the light beam? [Delhi 2008C]

64. Two polaroids P and P are placed with their pass axes perpendicular to each other. An
unpolarized light of intensity 𝐼 is incident on P . A third polaroid P is kept in between P
and P such that its pass axis makes an angle of 60° with that of P . Determine the
intensity of light transmitted through P , P and P .
[All India 2014]

65. Find the Brewster angle for air-glass interface, when the refractive index of glass = 1.5.
[All India 2017]

SOLUTIONS

1. According to question, angle of prism, A = 60°, and i = A

In the minimum deviation position
3
i=e= A
4
3 3 1
As, δ = i + e − A = A + A − A = A = 30°
4 4 2
δ
As δ = (μ − 1)A or, = (μ − 1)
A
30° 1
or = (μ − 1 ) or =μ−1
60° 2
3
or μ=
2
c(speed of light in vaccum)
As, μ=
v(speed of light in prism)
c 3 × 10
∴ speed of light in prism, v = = = 2 × 10 m/s.
μ

2. Given: μ =μ = 1.5
By Lens-maker’s formula,
1 1 1 μ 1 1
= (μ − 1) − = −1 −
f R R μ R R
μ 1 1
= −1 −
μ R R
1
= 0 ie, Focal length, f = ∞ (in inity)
f

3. Given, f = −10 cm, m = 2, u =?

v
For a real image, m = or v = +2u.
u
1 1 1
Also, + =
v u f
 1 1 1 3 1
⇒ + = ⇒ =
+2u u f +2u f
3 3 −30
∴ u = f = × −10 = = −15 cm.
2 2 2

4. As, 𝑓 = = 0.1 m = 10 cm
1
𝑓 = = 1 m = 100 cm
1
Magnifying power in normal adjustment
𝑓 100
𝑀=− =−
𝑓 10
∴ 𝑀 = −10

5. Length of object (O) = +3 cm

u = −60 cm f = +30 cm
1 1 1
∵ = + [Mirror Formula]
𝑓 𝑣 𝑢
1 1 1
or = +
30 𝑣 (−60)
1 1 1 2+1
or = + =
𝑣 30 60 60
⇒ 𝑣 = 20 cm
𝐼 𝑣 𝐼 (+20)
=− 𝑜𝑟, =−
𝑂 𝑢 (+3) (−60)
𝐼 = 1 cm
So, the virtual, erect and diminished image will be formed on the other side of the mirror.

6. Real and inverted image of an object can be taken on the screen.

Given, v = +10 cm:
Magnification, m = −19: f =?
𝐼 𝑣 𝑣
Magnification, 𝑚 = = ⇒ −19 =
𝑂 𝑢 𝑢
𝑣
𝑣 = −19𝑢 ⇒ 𝑢 = −
19
1 1 1
Using lens formula, = −
𝑓 𝑣 𝑢
1 1 1 1 19
= − = +
𝑓 𝑣 − 𝑣 𝑣
1 20
=
𝑓 𝑣
1
∵ 𝑣 = 10 cm ∴ 𝑓 = cm
2

7. Resultant power of the combination

𝑃 = 𝑃 + 𝑃 = 6 − 2 = 4𝐷
∴ =4 ⇒ 𝑓 = 𝑚 = 25 cm
8. When a lens immersed in a liquid, disappears then,
𝜇 =𝜇 = 1.45

9. For a plano-convex lens, 𝑅 = ∞

𝑅 = −𝑅
𝑓 = 0.3 m = 30 cm
𝜇 = 1.5
Using lens maker’s formula,
1 1 1
= (𝜇 − 1) −
𝑓 𝑅 𝑅
1 1 1 1 (1.5 − 1)
= (𝜇 − 1 ) − ⇒ =
30 ∞ −𝑅 30 𝑅
∴ 𝑅 = 15 cm

10. Given, 𝑓 = 𝑅, 𝑅 = +𝑅, 𝑅 = −𝑅

∵ Using lens maker’s formula,
1 1 1
= (𝜇 − 1) −
𝑓 𝑅 𝑅
1 1 1 3 2
= (𝜇 − 1) + ⇒ = (𝜇 − 1)
𝑅 𝑅 2𝑅 𝑅
3 3
⇒ 𝜇−1 = ⇒ 𝜇=1+
4 4
7
∴ 𝜇=
4

11. Refractive index, 𝜇 = =

⇒ 𝑣 = 𝑐 sin 𝑖 = 3 × 10 × sin 30°
= 3 × 10 × = 1.5 × 10 m/s

12. Given, 𝑅 = +10 cm, 𝑅 = −15 cm, 𝑓 = +12 cm,

𝜇 =?
From lens maker’s formula,
1 1 1
= (𝜇 − 1) −
𝑓 𝑅 𝑅
1 1 1 5
= (𝜇 − 1) + = (𝜇 − 1)
12 10 15 30
1 3
or, 𝜇 − 1 = ∴ 𝜇=
2 2

13. Given: 𝑓 = 20 cm; 𝑎𝜇 = 1.5, 𝑎𝜇 = 1.33

Using lens maker’s formula,
1 1 1 𝑓 𝑎𝜇 − 1
= (𝜇 − 1) − ∴ =
𝑓 𝑅 𝑅 𝑓 𝑤𝜇 − 1
 𝑓 1.5 − 1
or, = .
20 −1
.
0.5 × 1.33
∴ 𝑓 = = 78.2 cm
0.17

14. Given, 𝑓 = +20 cm

𝑎𝜇 = 1.6, 𝑎𝜇 = 1.3
𝑎𝜇 1.6
⇒ 𝑤𝜇 = =
𝑎𝜇 1.3
Using lens maker’s formula (in water) for converging lens.
1 1 1
= 𝑤𝜇 − 1 + … (i)
𝑓 𝑅 𝑅
1 1 1
In air, = 𝑎𝜇 − 1 + … (ii)
𝑓 𝑅 𝑅
Dividing eq. (ii) by eq. (i), we get
𝑓 𝑎𝜇 − 1 (1.6 − 1) 0.6 × 1.3
= = . =
𝑓 𝑤𝜇 − 1 −1 0.3
.
𝑓
⇒ = 2.6
𝑓
Therefore, new focal length,
𝑓 = 2.6 × 𝑓 = 2.6 × 20 = 52 cm

15. Here,
𝑓 = 4 cm, 𝑓 = 10 cm
𝑢 = −6 cm, 𝑣 = −𝐷 = −25 cm
For objective lens,
1 1 1
= −
𝑓 𝑣 𝑢
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + ⇒ = − =
4 𝑣 6 𝑣 4 6 12
𝑣 = 12 cm
∴ Magnifying power of compound microscope,
𝑣 𝐷
M=− 1+
𝑢 𝑓
12 25 7
=− 1+ = −2 = −7
6 10 2
Length of microscope L = |𝑣 | + |𝑢 |
Where, 𝑣 = 12 cm
For eye lens,
𝑣 = −25 cm, 𝑓 = 10 cm
1 1 1
= −
𝑓 𝑣 𝑢
1 1 1 1 1
⇒ = − = −
𝑢 𝑣 𝑓 −25 10
1 −2 − 5 7
or, = =
𝑢 50 50
50
∴ 𝑢 = − cm = −7.14 cm
7
 ∴ Length of microscope
L = |v | + |𝑢 | = 12 + 7.14
= 19.14 cm

16. For astronomical telescope,

𝑓 = 15m = 1500 cm
𝑓 = 1 cm
𝑓 15 × 100 cm
Angular magnification(𝑚) = − =− = −1500
𝑓 1 cm
The angle subtended by moon at objective
𝐷
𝛼=
Radius of lunar orbit
3.42 × 10 m
𝛼= … (𝑖)
3.8 × 10 m
Also, then angle subtended by image formed by objective on itself
𝑑
𝛼= … (𝑖𝑖)
𝑓
Where, 𝑑 = diameter of image
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
3.42 × 10 𝑑
= [∵ 𝑓 = 15 m = 1500 cm]
3.8 × 10 1500
1500 × 3.42 × 10
𝑑= = 13.5 cm
3.8 × 10
The diameter of the image formed is 13.5 cm

17. Given, 𝑓 = 20 cm, 𝑓 = 1 cm, 𝑣 = −25 cm

For objective
𝑢 = −100 cm, 𝑓 = 20 cm
1 1 1
= −
𝑓 𝑣 𝑢
1 1 1
= −
20 𝑣 (−100)
1 1 1 5−1 4
⇒ = − = = 𝑣 = 25 cm
𝑣 20 100 100 100
For eye lens
𝑓 = 1 cm, 𝑣 = −25, 𝑢 =?
1 1 1 1 1 1
= − ⇒ = −
𝑓 𝑣 𝑢 1 −25 𝑢
1 1 26 1
or, 1+ =− ⇒ =−
25 𝑢 25 𝑢
25
𝑢 =− = 0.96 cm
26
Magnification (m)
𝑣 𝐷 25 25
𝑚=− 1+ =− 1+
𝑢 𝑓 100 1
1
𝑚 = − × 26 = −6.5
4
Length of telescope 𝐿 = (𝑣 ) + (𝑢 )
𝐿 = 25 + 0.96 = 25.96 cm
18. The diameter of objective of the telescope
= 150 × 10 m
𝑓 =4m
𝑓 = 25 × 10 m and 𝐷 = 0.25 m
Magnifying power,
𝑓 𝐷 4 0.25
𝑀=− 1+ =− 1+
𝑓 𝑓 25 × 10 25 × 10
4000 4000 × 11
𝑀=− (1 + 10) = −
25 25
𝑀 = −176
1
Resolving power =
𝑑𝜃
1.22𝜆 1.22 × 6 × 10
𝑑𝜃 = = = 2.9 × 10 rad
𝐷 0.25
1
∴ Resolving power = = 0.34 × 10
2.9 × 10

19. For lens of focal length 10 cm.

𝑓 = +10 cm,
𝑢 = −30 cm
Using lens formula,
1 1 1 1 1 1
= − ⇒ = −
𝑓 𝑣 𝑢 10 𝑣 (−30)
⇒ 𝑣 = 15 cm
The image formed by first lens acts as a virtual object for plano-concave lens.
For plano-concave lens,
𝑢 = +10 cm, 𝑓 = −10 cm, 𝑣 =?
Using lens formula,
1 1 1 1 1 1
= − ⇒ − = −
𝑓 𝑣 𝑢 10 𝑣 10
1
⇒ =0 ∴ 𝑣=∞
𝑣
The refractive ray becomes parallel to principal axis for convex lens of focal length 30 cm.
𝑢 = −∞, 𝑣 =? , 𝑓 = 30 cm
1 1 1
= −
𝑓 𝑣 𝑢
1 1 1
⇒ = −
30 𝑣 (−∞)
⇒ 𝑣 = 30 cm
So, final image is formed at a distance of 30 cm from second convex lens on the other side
of it.

20. For lens 𝐿

1 1 1
= −
𝑓 𝑣 𝑢
𝑢 = −15 cm, 𝑣 =? , 𝑓 = +10 cm
1 1 1
= +
10 𝑣 15
 Distance of image from lens 𝐿
𝑣 = 30 cm
1 1 1
For lens 𝐿 , = −
𝑓" 𝑣" 𝑢"
Distance of image form lens 𝐿 ,
𝑣" = 10 cm
1 1 1
= + ⇒ 𝑢" = ∞
10 10 𝑢"
The refracted rays from lens 𝐿 becomes parallel to principal axis. It is possible only when
image formed by 𝐿 lies at first focus of 𝐿 i.e., at a distance of 10 cm from 𝐿 .
∴ Separation between 𝐿 and 𝐿
= 30 + 10 = 40 cm
The distance between 𝐿 and 𝐿 may take any value.

21. From Snell’s law

sin 𝑖 𝑐
𝑛= =
sin 𝑟 𝑣
⇒ V ∝ sin 𝑟 for given value of i
⇒ Smaller angle of refraction, smaller the velocity of light in medium.
Velocity of light is minimum in mediu
medium, A as angle of refraction is minimum i.e., 15°.

22. Here,
𝑓 = 1.25 cm, 𝑓 = 5 cm
When final image forms at infinity then magnification produced by eye lens is given by
𝐿 𝐷 𝐿 25
𝑚 = − . or, − 30 = − ×
𝑓 𝑓 1.25 5
30 × 1.25
∴ 𝐿= =77.50 cm
5
For objective lens
𝑣 = 𝐿 = 7.5 cm
𝑓 = 1.25 cm
𝑢 =?
Applying lens formula
1 1 1 1 1 1
= − ⇒ = −
𝑓 𝑣 𝑢 1.25 7.5 𝑢
1 1 1 1.25
25 − 7.5
⇒ = − =
𝑢 7.5 1.25 7.5 5 × 1.25
7.5 × 1.25
∴ 𝑢 =− = −1.5 cm
6.25
The object must be a distance of 1.5 cm from objective lens.

23. Let us consider an object O lying at a distance u from a combination of two lenses of focal
length 𝑓 and 𝑓 . The image of O is formed at I due to two lenses at a distance v from the
combination.
 The image may be thought of as being formed in two stages. The convex lens forms the
image of O at I at a distance 𝑣 from the lens. The image I , then serves as a virtual object
for the concave lens and its image is formed at I.
For refraction at the first lens, which is a convex lens,
1 1 1
= − … (𝑖)
𝑓 𝑣 𝑢
For refraction at the second lens which is a concave lens
1 1 1
− = − … (𝑖𝑖)
𝑓 𝑣 𝑣
(𝑢 = 𝑣 , 𝑣 = 𝑣)
Adding eqs. (i) and (ii)
1 1 1 1
− = − … (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
𝑓 𝑓 𝑣 𝑢
If F is the focal length of the combination, then
1 1 1
= − … (𝑖𝑣)
𝐹 𝑣 𝑢
From eqs. (iii) and (iv)
1 1 1
= −
𝐹 𝑓 𝑓
𝑓𝑓
or, 𝐹=
𝑓 −𝑓

24. (a) Given: 𝑓 = 140 cm, 𝑓 = 5.0 cm

(i) Magnifying power M = f /f in normal adjustment
140
= = 28
5
𝑓 𝑓
(ii)M = 1+ when image is formed at least distance of distinct vision.
𝑓 𝐷
140 5
= 1+ = 28 × 1.2 = 33.6
5 25
(b) Separation between the objective and the eye piece
𝐿 = 𝑓 + 𝑓 = 140 + 5 = 145 cm

25.
1 1 1
As = (μ − 1) − f = 15 cm
f R R
1 1 1
= (μ − 1) + R = R
15 R R
R = −R
1 2 μ−1 1
= (μ − 1) ⇒ =
15 R R 30
When the lens is cut into two equal halves
𝑅 = 𝑅, 𝑅 = ∞
1 1 1 1 1 1
∴ = (μ − 1) − ⇒ = (μ − 1) × ⇒ =
f R ∞ R f 30
∴ f = 30 cm
26. (i) Given: i = e = 3A/4 4, A = 60°
From formula,
i+e=A+δ
or, 3A/4 + 3A/4 = A + δ
𝐴 60°
⇒ = 𝛿 or =𝛿
2 2
⇒ 𝛿 = 30°
(ii) Since i = e, the prism is in the minimum deviation position, therefore, the refractive
index of the prism
sin(𝐴 + 𝛿 ) /2 sin(60° + 30°)/2
𝜇= =
sin 𝐴 /2 sin(60° /2)
0707
= = 1.414
0.5

27. Given: Focal length of convex lens

f = 25 cm
Focal length of concave lens
f = −20 cm
Let 𝑃 and 𝑃 be the powers of the two lenses, then
100 −100 1
𝑃 = = 4D and 𝑃 = = 5D ∵ 𝑃 =
25 20 𝑓(in metre)
∴ Power of the combination
𝑃 = 𝑃 + 𝑃 = 4D − 5D D = −1D
−𝑣𝑒 sign shows that the combination is diverging in nature.

28. Given: Focal length of convex lens, 𝑓 = 30 cm

Focal length of concave lens, 𝑓 = −40 cm
As we know power of the lens
1
𝑃=
𝑓(in metre))
Power of the convex lens
100 100 10
𝑃 = = = = 3.33 D
𝑓 30 3
Power of the concave lens
−100
𝑃 = = −2.55D
40
∴ Power of the combination
𝑃 = 𝑃 + 𝑃 = 3.33 33D − 2.5D = 0.83 D
Since the power of combination is +ve, hence system, is converging in nature.

29. Given: h = 60 cm, μ = 4

4/3 = 1.33, A = πr =?,
sin 𝜃 1 1
= ∴ sin 𝜃 =
sin 90° 𝜇 𝜇
h 1
or =
√r + h μ
r +h n
⇒ =
r 1
 h
⇒ 1+ = μ −1
r
h h
⇒ r = or, r =
μ −1 μ −1
60
∴ r= = 70.3 cm
(1.33) − 1
Therefore, area of the surface of water through which light comes out
A = πr = 3.14 × (70.3)) = 1.55 m

30. The biconvex lens will behave as a converging lens, in water because refractive index of
water (1.33) is more than the refractive index of the material of the lens (1.25).
On the other hand, it acts as a diverging lens in air because the refractive index of air is
less than that of the material of the lens.

31. Critical angle of ray 1:

1 1
sin(𝑐 ) = =
𝜇 1.35
1
⇒ 𝑐 = sin −1 = 47.73°
1.35
Similarly, critical angle of ray 2:
1 1
sin(𝑐 ) = =
𝜇 1.45
⇒ 𝑐 = sin −1 .
= 43
43.6°
Both the rays will fall on the side AC with angle of incidence ((i)) equal to 45°.

Critical angle of ray 1 is greater than that of i.. Hence, it will emerge from the prism, as
shown in the figure. Critical angle of ray 2 is less than that of i.. Hence, it will be internally
reflected.

32. 𝜇 =
1 1
∴ sin 𝑐 = = = sin 60
60°
𝜇 √3
∴ 𝑐 = 60°

33. For the position of image of a point object S formed by the convex lens,
𝑢 = −60
60 cm
And 𝑓 = 20 cm
 From the lens formula, we have
1 1 1 1 1 1
− = ⇒ = +
𝑣 𝑢 𝑓 𝑣 𝑓 𝑢
1 1 1
⇒ = +
𝑣 20 (−60)
1 (3 − 1) 2
⇒ = = ⇒ 𝑣 = 30 cm
𝑣 60 60
The positive sign shows that the image is formed to the right of the lens.

The image I is formed behind the mirror and acts as a virtual source for the mirror. The
convex mirror forms the image I , whose distance from the mirror can be calculated as,
1 1 1
+ =
𝑣 𝑢 𝑓
Here: 𝑢 = 15 cm
𝑅 1 1 1
and, 𝑓 = = 10 cm ⇒ = −
2 v f u
1 1 1 1 (3 − 2) 1
⇒ = − ⇒ = =
𝑣 10 15 𝑣 30 30
⇒ 𝑣 = 30 cm
Hence, the final virtual image is formed at a distance of 30 cm from the convex mirror, as
shown in the figure.

34. The convex lens is in contact with a plane mirror. The image distance is equal to the
object distance. Thus, it is clear that the point object is placed at the centre of the
curvature of the lens.
𝑅
From relation 𝑓 =
2
We use the relation, whe
where,
re, R is the distance between the centre of the curvature
And the pole and 𝑓 = focal length.
Here, R = 20 cm
20
∴ Focal length of the lens = = 10 cm
2

35. For the least distance of clear vision, the total magnification is given by:
−𝐷 𝑑
𝑚= 1+ =𝑚 𝑚 … (𝑖)
𝑓 𝑓
Where, D is the separation between the eyepiece and the objective
𝑓 is the focal length of the objective
𝑓 is the focal length of the eyepiece
D is the least distance for clear vision
 Also, the given magnification for the eyepiece:
𝑑 20
𝑚 =5=1+ ⇒5= 1+
𝑓 𝑓
⇒ 𝑓 = 5 cm
Substituting the value of m and me in equation (1), we get;
20
𝑚 = =4
5
𝐷 14
Now, we have; 𝑚 = ⇒𝑓 = = 3.5 cm
|𝑓 | 4

36. As, 𝜃 = 45° ∴ cos 𝜃 = cos 45° =

√
∵ 𝐼 = 𝐼 cos 𝜃
1
∴ 𝐼=𝐼
√2
𝐼 1
= ⇒ 𝐼: 𝐼 = 1: 2
𝐼 2

37. Distance between the two sources

𝑑 = 0.15 mm = 1.5 × 10 m
Wavelength, 𝜆 = 450 nm = 4.5 × 10 m
Distance of screen from source, 𝐷 = 1 m
(a) The distance of nth order bright fringe from central fringe is given by
𝐷𝑛𝜆
𝑦 =
𝑑
For second bright fringe,
2𝐷𝜆 2 × 1 × 4.5 × 10
𝑦 = =
𝑑 1.5 × 10
= 6 × 10
𝑦 = 6 × 10 m
The distance of the second bright fringe
𝑦 = 6 mm

(b) The distance of nth order dark fringe from central fringe is given by
𝐷𝜆
𝑦 = (2𝑛 − 1)
2𝑑
For second dark fringe 𝑛 = 2
𝐷𝜆 3𝐷𝜆
𝑦 = (2 × 2 − 1) =
2𝑑 2𝑑
3 1 × 4.5 × 10
𝑦 = ×
2 1.5 × 10
The distance of the second dark fringe,
𝑦 = 4.5 mm

38. Given, D = 1m, 𝑑 = 4 × 10 m, λ = 560 nm,

And 𝜆 = 420 nm
Let nth order bright fringe of 𝜆 coincides with (n + 1)th order bright fringe of 𝜆
𝐷𝑛𝜆 𝐷(𝑛 + 1)𝜆
⇒ = (𝜆 > 𝜆 )
𝑑 𝑑
 ⇒ 𝑛𝜆 = (𝑛 + 1)𝜆
𝑛+1 𝜆
⇒ =
𝑛 𝜆
1 560 × 10 1 4
1+ = ⇒ 1+ =
𝑛 420 × 10 𝑛 3
1 1
⇒ = ⇒𝑛=3
𝑛 3
∴ Least distance from the central fringe where bright fringes of two wavelength coincides
= distance of 3rd order bright fringe of 𝜆
3𝐷𝜆
⇒𝑦 =
𝑑
3 × 1 × 560 × 10
=
4 × 10
𝑦 = 420 × 10 𝑚
= 0.42 × 10
∴ 𝑦 = 0.42 𝑚𝑚
Thus, 3rd bright fringe of 𝜆 and 4th bright fringe of 𝜆 coincide at 0.42 mm from central
fringe.

39. Given, 𝜆 = 6000Å = 6 × 10 m

And 𝑑 = 1 × 10 m
Separation between slit and scree, 𝐷 = 1.5 m, the separation between two dark lines on
either side of the central maxima
2𝐷𝜆
= fringe width of central maxima =
𝑑
2 × 1.5 × 6 × 10
=
1 × 10
= 18 × 10 m = 18 mm

40. The intensity of transmitted light from P

𝐼 1
I= ∵ Average of cos 𝜃 =
2 2
The intensity of transmitted light from 𝑃 ,
𝐼 𝐼 √3 3𝐼
= (cos 30°) = × =
2 2 2 8
∴ The intensity of transmitted light from 𝑃 , (third polaroid)
3𝐼
= [cos(90° − 30°)]
8
3𝐼 3𝐼 1
= (cos 60°) = ×
8 8 2
3𝐼 1 3𝐼
= × =
8 4 32

41. Using formula, intensity of emergent light from P , I = I cos 2𝜃,

Where 𝜃 is the angle between 𝑃 and 𝑃 .
When 𝜃 = 90° ⇒ I = I × 0 (∴ cos 𝜃 = 0)
Intensity of emergent light,
I=0
42. Given, 𝑂𝑃 = 𝑦
The distance OP equals one-third of fringe width of the pattern,
𝛽 1 𝐷𝜆 𝐷𝜆
i. e. , 𝑦 = = =
3 3 𝑑 3𝑑
𝑑𝑦 𝜆
⇒ =
𝐷 3
𝑑𝑦 𝜆
Path difference,𝑆 𝑃 − 𝑆 𝑃 = =
𝐷 3
Now for phase difference corresponding to path difference.
2𝜋 2𝜋 𝜆
Phase difference = × Path difference = ×
𝜆 𝜆 3
2𝜋
∴ Phase difference =
3
If intensity at central fringe is 𝐼 , then intensity at a point, P where phase difference is 𝜙,
is given by
𝐼 = 𝐼 cos 𝜙
2𝜋 𝜋
⇒ 𝐼 = 𝐼 cos = 𝐼 − cos
3 3
1 𝐼
=𝐼 − =
2 4
Hence, the intensity at point P would be

43. Let, 𝜃 be the angle between the pass axis A and C.

𝐼
Intensity of light passing through 𝐴 =
2
𝐼
Intensity of light passing through 𝐶 = cos 𝜃
2
Intensity of light passing through B
𝐼 𝐼
= cos 𝜃 . cos (90° − 𝜃) = (sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃)
2 2
𝐼 𝐼
But, (sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃) =
2 8
1
As,(sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃) =
4
sin 2𝜃 1 sin 2𝜃 1
∴ = or =
2 4 4 4
or sin 2𝜃 = 1 ⇒ 2𝜃 = 90°
∴ 𝜃 = 45°

44. Given: 𝜆 = 450 nm = 450 × 10 m

D = 1.5m
y = 3 mm = 3 × 10 m, d =?
we know that the first minima lies at a distance y given by the relation
𝑦 Dλ
𝑑 = 𝜆 or, d =
𝐷 y
1.5 × 450 × 10
= = 2.25 × 10 m
3 × 10
45. Given: a = 1 × 10 m, D = 1.8m, λ = 590 nm = 590 × 10 m,
λ = 596 nm = 596 × 10 m
To obtain first maxima, phase difference,
𝜆
𝑎 sin 𝜃 = (2𝑛 + 1)
2
For𝑛 = 1
𝜆 y 𝜆
𝑎 sin 𝜃 = 3 or a =3
2 D 2
3 𝐷
⇒ 𝑦= 𝜆
2 𝑎
Separation between the positions of the first maxima
3𝐷 3𝐷 3𝐷
=𝑦 −𝑦 = 𝜆 − 𝜆 = (𝜆 − 𝜆 )
2𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑎
3 1.8
= × × (596 − 596) × 10
2 1 × 10
= 16.2 × 10 m

46. ∵ de-Broglie wavelength,

ℎ ℎ
𝜆= = (∵ 𝐾 = 𝑞𝑉)
√2𝑚𝐾 2𝑚𝑞𝑉
Here potential is kept constant.
𝜆 𝑚 𝑞
⇒ =
𝜆 𝑚 𝑞

𝑚 𝑞 1 1
= =
𝑚 𝑞 4 2
𝜆 1
= ⇒ 𝜆 : 𝜆 = 1: 2√2
𝜆 2√2

47. De-Broglie wavelength of accelerated charge particle,

ℎ 1
𝜆= ⇒ 𝜆∝
2𝑚𝑞𝑉 𝑚𝑞𝑉

Ration of wavelength of proton and 𝛼-particle

𝜆 𝑚 𝑞 𝑣
=
𝜆 𝑚 𝑞 𝑉
𝑚 𝑞
Here, = 4, = 2,
𝑚 𝑞
𝑣 𝑋 𝜆
= , =1
𝑉 512 𝜆

𝑋 𝑋
1= 4×2× ⇒ 1=
512 64
∴ x = 64V
48. De-Broglie wavelength is given by
ℎ ℎ
𝜆= = (∵ 𝐾 = 𝑞𝑉)
√2𝑚𝐾 2𝑚𝑞𝑉
1
⇒𝜆∝
𝑚𝑞𝑉
∴ Ratio of de-Broglie wavelengths of proton and 𝛼-particle
𝜆 𝑚 𝑞 𝑉 𝑚 𝑞 𝑣
= =
𝜆 𝑚 𝑞 𝑉 𝑚 𝑞 𝑉
𝑚 𝑞 𝑣 64 1
Here, = 4, = 2, = =
𝑚 𝑞 𝑉 128 2

𝜆 1
∴ = 4×2× =2
𝜆 2
or, λ : 𝜆 = 2: 1

49. Given
v = 3v
And λ = 1.813 × 10 λ
(i) As 𝜆 = (de-Broglie equation)
m λ ×v
⇒ =
m λ ×v
∴ m = 1839 m
m = 1839 × 9.1 × 10
= 1.673 × 10 kg
Particle is either a proton or a neutron.

50. (i) For electron or photon, momentum

ℎ 6.63 × 10
𝑝= = = 6.63 × 10 m
𝜆 10
ℎ𝑐 (6.63 × 10 ) × (3 × 10 )
(ii) Energy of photon, 𝐸 = =
𝜆 10 × (1.6 × 10 )
= 1243 eV
𝑝
(iii) Energy of electron, 𝐸 =
2𝑚
= 2.9 × 10 × (1.6 × 10 )
= 1.52 eV

51. The de-Broglie wavelength of the electrons is given by:

ℎ
𝜆=
√2𝑚𝑒𝑉
Here:
𝑚 = mass of electron = 9.1 × 10 kg
𝑒 = Charge on electron = 1.6 × 10 C
𝑉 = accelerating potential = 50 kV
ℎ = Planck’s constant = 6.626 × 10 Js
 6.626 × 10
⇒𝜆 =
2(9.1 × 10 )(1.6 × 10 )(50 × 10 )
⇒ 𝜆 = 0.0549 Å
Resolving power of a microscope, R = 2μ sin 𝜃/𝜆
For an electron microscope, the electrons are accelerated through a 60,000 V potential
difference. Thus, the wavelength of electrons is found to be,
12.27 12.27
𝜆= = = 0.05Å
√𝑉 √60000
As, 𝜆 is very small (approximately 10 times smaller) for electron microscope than an
optical microscope which uses yellow light of wavelength (5700 Å to 5900 Å). Hence, the
resolving power of an electron microscope is much greater than that of optical
microscope.

52. Energy of a photon is given by, v

E = h𝑣
Number of photons emitted per second,
P
n = where,P = power emitted
E
On putting the values, we get,
2.0 × 10
n= = 5.03 × 10
6.63 × 10 × 6.0 × 10

53. According to the de Broglie hypothesis, the momentum (p) of an electron is given by
ℎ
𝑝= … (𝑖)
𝜆
ℎ𝑐
Energy of photon, 𝐸 = = 6 × 10 𝐽 (Given)
𝜆
(6.625 × 10 )(3 × 10 )
⇒ 𝜆=
6 × 10
⇒ 𝜆 = 3.31 × 10 m
From eqn (i), we have
6.626 × 10
𝑝= = 2 × 10 kg m s
3.31 × 10

54. The angle of deviation 𝛿 for a ray of light in a prism is given by

𝛿 =𝑖+𝑒−𝐴
Where 𝑖 = Angle of incidence of ray
𝑒 = Angle of emergence and
𝐴 = Angle of prism
⇒ 𝛿 = 2𝑖 − 𝐴 (∵ 𝑒 = 𝑖)
3
Given:𝑖 = 𝑒 = 𝐴
4
3 1
∴𝛿 =2× 𝐴−𝐴 = 𝐴
4 2
As the prism is equilateral, ∠𝐴 = 60°
1
∴ 𝛿 = × 60° = 30°
2
55. When a concave lens made up of certain material is placed in a medium of refractive
index less than the refractive index of the material of lens it behaves as a diverging lens
and when it is placed in a medium of refractive index greater than the refractive index of
the material of lens it behaves as a converging lens. So, if a concave lens of refractive
index 1.5 is immersed in a medium of refractive index 1.65 it will behave as a converging
lens.

/
56. (a) Angular width, ∆θ = = =
𝜆 6000 × 10 (𝑚)
∴𝑑= =
∆𝜃 1° × 𝜋/180(𝑟𝑎𝑑)
= 3.44 × 10 m = 0.0344 mm
(b) The frequency and wavelength f reflected wave will not change.
The refracted wave will have same frequency.
The velocity of light in water is given by,
𝑣 = 𝜆𝑓
Where, 𝑣 = velocity of light
𝜆 = wavelength of light
𝑓 = frequency of light
If velocity will decrease, wavelength (𝜆) will also decrease.

57. Given, focal length of objective lens, f = 15 m

Focal length of eyepiece, f = 1 cm = 0.01 m
(i) Angular magnification by the telescope
𝑓 15
𝑚=− =− = −1500
𝑓 0.01
Let d be the diameter of the image of the moon formed by the objective lens.
𝑑 𝑑
∴ Angle subtended by the image = =
𝑓 15
(ii) Diameter of object, d = 3.48 × 10 m
Radius of orbit, r = 3.8 × 10 m
The angle subtended by the diameter of the moon
Diameter of moon
=
Radius of lunar orbit
The angle subtended by the image is equal to the angle subtended by the object.
𝑑 3.48 × 10
∴ =
15 3.8 × 10
3.48 × 15 × 10
or 𝑑 = = 13.73 × 10 m
3.8
or 𝑑 = 13.73 cm
Thus, the diameter of the image of moon is 13.73 cm.

58. According to the Brewster law

Refractive index 𝜇 = tan 𝑖 where 𝑖 is the polarizing angle
𝜇 = tan 60° = √3
The refractive index of the material is 1.73
59. Using the relation,
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 −𝑛
− =
𝑣 𝑢 𝑅
1.5 1 1.5 − 1 1
⇒ − = =
𝑉 (−100) 20 40
1.5 1 1 5−2 3
⇒ − − = =
𝑉 40 100 200 200
1.5 × 200
⇒𝑣= = 100 cm
3
Hence, the image is formed at 100 cm in the denser medium.

60. (a) Given: Radius of curvature of mirror R = 20 cm

∴ Focal length of mirror, f = −10 cm
We know that magnification of mirror (Read images) are formed by concave mirrors,
Magnification of image, m = −2
We know that magnification
v I v
m=− =− ⇒ − −2 = − ⇒ v = 2u
u 0 u
Using mirror formula
1 1 1 1 1 3
= + = + =
𝑓 𝑣 𝑢 2𝑢 𝑢 2𝑢
3 3
⇒ 𝑢 = 𝑓 = × (− (−10) = −15 cm
2 2
∴ 𝑣 = 2𝑢 = −30 cm
Therefore, the distance of the object is 15 cm in front of the mirror and the position of
the image is 30 cm in fron
front of the mirror.

61. (a) Given: wavelength of incident light

𝜆 = 589𝑛𝑚 = 589 × 10 𝑚
Refractive index of water, 𝑎𝜇 = 1.33
Frequency of the refractive light
𝐶 3 × 10
𝑓= =
𝜆 589 × 10
Speed of light in air, C = 3 × 10 m/s
or, 𝑓 = 5.09 × 10 Hz
𝜆
Wavelength of refracted light
light𝜆 =
𝑎𝜇
589 × 10
= = 4.42 × 10 m
1.33
𝑐
Speed of refractive light
light, 𝑉 =
𝑎𝜇
3 × 10
= = 2..2 × 10 𝑚𝑠
1.33
(b) Given: focal length of lens, f = 20 cm and refractive index of lens, 𝜇 = 1.55
Let the radius of thee curvature of each of the two surfaces of the lens be R.
If 𝑅 = 𝑅 then 𝑅 = −𝑅
 Using lens maker’s formula,
1 1 1
= (𝜇 − 1) −
𝑓 𝑅 𝑅
1 1 1 1.1
or, = (1.55 − 1) + =
20 R R 𝑅
∴ 𝑅 = 20 × 1.1 = 22 cm

62. According to the question, angle of prism A = 60°

(∴ prism is an equilateral)
3
Here, i = A = 45°
4
As the ray undergoes minimum deviation
∴i=e
𝐴
andr = 𝑟 = = 30°
2
Using Snell’s law
sin 𝑖 sin 45° √ 2
𝜇= = = − = √2 = 1.414
sin 𝑟 sin 30° √2
∴ Speed of light in the prism

𝐶 3 × 10
𝑣= = = 2.12 × 10 m/s
𝜇 1.414

63. Here I= 𝐼 = 0.05𝐼

Using I = I cos θ ,we get 0.05 I = I cos θ
⇒ cos θ = 0.05 or cos θ = √0.05 = 0.2236
∴ θ = cos (0.2236) = 76°9

64. According to law of Malus, I = I cos 𝜃

I I 1 I
I = cos (60°) = =
2 2 2 8
Therefore, a light of intensity will pass through P and the angle between P and P will
be 30° because of the condition given in the questions.
Intensity of light after falling on P
I = I cos (θ)
I I
= cos (30°) =
8 32

65. Brewster angle: It is related to refractive index as 𝜇 = tan 𝑖

∴ 𝑖 = tan 𝜇 = tan 1.5 = 56.3°