Form Three

Chemistry
 Objectives

• Definition of the term acid

• Identify properties of acids
• List common laboratory acids
• Write the chemical formula of acids
• Identify acids in Everyday Use
• Identify gases CO2 and H2
 Definition of an acid
• Acids are proton donors. Protons
liberate H+ ions when placed in
water.
 Properties Of Acids

Acids can be characterized by:

1. Acids have a sour taste

2. Acids turn blue litmus paper

red
3. They have a pH <7
 Properties Of Acids
4. Acids are corrosive

5. Acids react with

metal to produce
salt and hydrogen
 Properties Of Acids

6. Acids react with alkalis to produce

salt and water (neutralization
reaction)

7.Acids react with carbonates

to produce salt, water and
carbon dioxide
 Properties Of Acids

8. All acids conduct electricity when

placed in aqueous solution.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=PQ6IsCbNZAQ
 Question
• Define the term “acid”.

• What is meant by proton?

• Identify five properties of acids.

 Question
• Define the term “acid”.
-liberates protons of H+ ions when
placed in water
• What is meant by proton?
• -H atom that has lost an electron ie H+
ion
• Identify five properties of acids.
 Word Equations
• Acid +Metal → Salt + Hydrogen gas

• Acid + Alkali → Salt + Water

(neutralisation)

• Acid + carbonate → Salt

+ Water +
Carbon dioxide gas
 Question
• Determine a simple acronym to
recall the word equations of acids.
Example:
• Acid + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen
• Apples Make Sweet Honey

• Metal + Acid → Salt + Hydrogen

• MASH
• A Monkey Said Hello
Acid + Alkali → Salt + Water
(neutralisation)

• An Alligator Swims Well

• Ants are Attracted by Sweet

Water
• Acid+carbonate→ Salt+Water+Carbon dioxide

• All Caimans Swim Well in Canals

• Anybody Can See the Waves Clearly
• A Car Starts With Cables
 Simple Chemical Equations
• Acid + Alkali → Salt + Water
(neutralisation)

HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O

 Common Laboratory acids
• Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

• Nitric acid (HNO3)

• Sulphuric acid
(H2SO4)

• Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH)

 Question
• Which of the following is the
correct chemical formula for
sulphuric acid?
• A. HCl
• B. HNO3
• C. H2SO4
• D. CH3COOH
Examples of Acids In Everyday Life
• Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)-found inside the
stomach in gastric juice

• Acetic Acid CH3COOH (ethanoic

acid)- vinegar
Examples of Acids In Everyday Life
• Ascorbic (Vit C) & Citric Acid
-fruits like oranges, lemon, citrus
fruits

• Carbonic acid-carbonated
drinks
• Examples of Acids In Everyday Life

• Sulphuric acid H2SO4-car batteries

• Formic acid (methanoic acid)-bee

and ant stings
Examples of Acids In Everyday Life

•Lactic acid- milk, tired muscles

•Acid Rain -sulphuric, sulphurous,

carbonic, nitric, nitrous acid
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=QR6GsydYUSI

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=0J4HpjwKwsg
 Test for Hydrogen gas
• Add a metal to an acid

• Test the gas evolved with a lighting splint

• A pop sound is heard.

• This indicates that H2 gas is present

Test for Hydrogen gas
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=IfO0lPhcBFQ

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=0VonvhSzhR4
 Home Work

• Read the labels of material found

in and around the home.

• 5 substances and the acid that is

present
 Objectives

• Define what is a base

• Define what is an alkali
• Identify properties of a base
• Identify examples of soluble
and insoluble bases
• State uses of bases
 Bases

A Base is a substance that accepts

H+ ions in an aqueous solution.

Bases produce OH-

(hydroxyl or hydroxide ions)
ions when dissolved in
water.
 Bases
• A base is the chemical
opposite of an acid. Bases are
generally metal oxides and hydroxides

• An alkali is a
soluble base.
 Properties of Bases
A base is characterized by:

1. Bases have a bitter taste

2. They feel slippery or soapy to the

touch

3. They turn red litmus paper blue

 Properties of Bases

•Alkalis react with acids to produce

salt and water ( neutralisation).

•Alkalis react with ammonium salts

to produce salt, water
and ammonia gas.
 Word equations
• Alkali + Acid → Salt + Water
(neutralisation)

• Alkali + Ammonium salt → Salt +

Water + ammonia gas
Alkali+Ammonium salt → Salt+Water+ammonia

• Aunty Ali’s Son Wants A Soda

 Examples of Bases-
Metal (generally) oxides &
hydroxides
• Copper oxide
• Magnesium hydroxide
• Sodium oxide
• Sodium hydroxide
• Potassium oxide
• Potassium hydroxide
• *Ammonium hydroxide
 Examples of Bases
• Iron (III) oxide

• Sodium carbonate

• Calcium carbonate

• Sodium hydrogen
carbonate
 Examples of Alkalis-
Na, K and ammonium
oxides, carbonates &
hydroxides
• Sodium oxide
• Sodium hydroxide
• Potassium oxide
• Potassium hydroxide
• *Ammonium hydroxide
(ammonia)
 Examples of Bases in
Everyday Life
• Blood
• Milk of magnesia
• Antacids
• Baking soda
• Ammonia
• Lye
• Bleach
 Examples of Bases in
Everyday Life
• Egg whites

• Most shampoos

• Most soaps

• Toothpaste

• Window cleaner
Bases in Everyday Life
NaOH- lye, caustic soda
 Neutral Substances
• A neutral substance is one
that is neither acidic nor basic.

• Neutral substances have no

effect on red or blue litmus
Examples of Neutral Substances

• Distilled water

• Sodium chloride
(table salt) solution
Examples of Neutral Substances

• Sucrose solution (sugar solution)

• Carbon monoxide (CO)

• Nitrogen monoxide (NO)

How to determine if a
substance is Acidic, Basic
or Neutral?
 Indicators
• Indicators are dyes that are used to
show whether a substance is acidic,
alkaline or neutral.

• They have one colour in

acidic solutions and
another colour in alkaline
solutions.
Indicator Colour in Colour in
Acid Base
Red litmus red blue

Blue litmus red blue

Methyl orange red yellow

Screened methyl light red green

orange (green)

Phenolphthalein colourless pink

(colourless)
 Litmus
Acid Base
Methyl Orange

Acid Base
Screened methyl orange
Acid Base
Phenolphthalein
Acid Base
 Question
• Complete the following table
SUBSTANCE COLOUR IN RED COLOUR IN
LITMUS BLUE LITMUS
aqueous sodium
hydroxide

ammonium
hydroxide
distilled water

dilute ethanoic
acid (vinegar)

dilute
hydrochloric
acid
SUBSTANCE COLOUR IN RED COLOUR IN BLUE
LITMUS LITMUS
aq sodium red to blue remains blue
hydroxide (basic)

ammonium red to blue remains blue

hydroxide (basic)

distilled water remains red remains blue

(neutral)

dilute ethanoic acid remains red blue to red

(vinegar) (acidic)

dilute hydrochloric remains red blue to red

acid (acidic)
QUESTIONS

•Red litmus turns ______ in a/an __.

•Blue litmus turns _________ in a/an __________.
•A ____________ substance shows no change with
litmus paper.
•The chemical formula for sodium hydroxide is ___.
•The chemical formula for hydrochloric acid is ____.
•What would be the effect on litmus paper if the
following substances were used with litmus;
•Sulphuric acid ______________
•Baking soda________________
•Sodium chloride solution (table salt) ____________
QUESTIONS

•Red litmus turns blue in an acid.

•Blue litmus turns red in a base.
•A neutral substance shows no change with litmus
paper.
•The chemical formula for sodium hydroxide is NaOH.
•The chemical formula for hydrochloric acid is HCl.
•What would be the effect on litmus paper if the
following substances were used with litmus;
•Sulphuric acid - red
•Baking soda - blue
•Sodium chloride solution (table salt) – no change
 Question
INDICATOR COLOUR IN COLOUR IN COLOUR IN
ACID NEUTRAL ALKALI

Methyl orange

Screened
methyl orange

Phenolphthale
in

Bromothymol
Blue
 Question
INDICATOR COLOUR IN COLOUR IN COLOUR IN
ACID NEUTRAL ALKALI

Methyl orange red yellow-oran yellow orange

ge
Screened red-orange green green
methyl orange

Phenolphthale colourless colourless pink

in

Bromothymol yellow green blue

Blue
 The pH scale
• The pH scale extends from 0-14

• It shows the degree of acidity or alkalinity

present in a substance

• The lower the pH the greater the acidity

• The higher the pH the greater the alkalinity

 Identifying Acids and Bases
• Acids have a pH 0 to <7

• Lower pH value indicates a

stronger acid.
 Identifying Neutral Substnces

• Neutral Substances have a

pH = 7
 Measuring pH

pH can be measured using:

1.Universal Indicator or

2.pH meter
Universal Indicator
Universal Indicator
 Universal Indicator
• Universal indicator can be used in paper or
liquid form.

• The paper or liquid is placed into the test

solution. The colour obtained on the paper
or in the solution is then matched against
the colour chart.

• The colour chart has pH value assigned to

each colour.
 Universal Indicator -
Drawbacks
• Not suitable for colour blind experimenters

• Colours are subjective to different

experimenters therefore different pH would be
obtained

• Gives pH in multiples of 1 and no fractional pH

values
pH meter
pH meter
 pH meter
The probe of the pH meter is placed into the
test solution. The pH is read off form the
digital display.

Can be used to obtain fractional pH values

Instrument must be calibrated to obtain

accurate results

Does not rely on colour observations and

judgements
pH of Common
Substances
 Questions
SUBSTANCE pH
sugar solution
baking soda
cola drinks
bleach
saliva
milk
vinegar
 Questions
SUBSTANCE pH
sugar solution 7
baking soda 9
cola drinks 3
bleach 13
saliva 7.3
milk 6
vinegar 3
•What is meant by the term “pH”?

•What does a higher pH indicate about a

substance?

•What does a lower pH indicate about a

substance?

•A substance has a pH of 2. What can be done

to increase the pH?
•What is meant by the term “pH”?
pH is a measure of the degree of acidity or alkalinity
of a substance

•What does a higher pH indicate about a substance?

Substance is more basic, less acidic

•What does a lower pH indicate about a substance?

Substance is more acidic, less basic

•A substance has a pH of 2. What can be done to

increase the pH?
Add an alkali eg NaOH, baking soda, ammonia
Strong or Concentrated
Acids?

Weak or Diluted Acids?

 Concentrated and Dilute
Acids
• The concentration of an acid
indicates how much of the original
acid is dissolved in a given volume of
water.
 Concentrated and Dilute
Acids
• A concentrated acid is one in which a
large quantity (mass/volume) of acid
molecules is dissolved in a given volume
of water.

• A dilute acid is one in which a small

quantity (mass/volume) of acid molecules
is dissolved in a given volume of water.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=zTLiJE-j1-I

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=PQ6IsCbNZAQ

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=i2x4foEuRcI
Strong and Weak Acids
 Strong and Weak Acids
• strong acids dissociate completely in
aqueous solutions to produce
maximum H+ ions.

• weak acids partially dissociate in

aqueous solutions to produce only few
H+ ions.
 Strong and Weak Acids

STRONG WEAK
Nitric Sulphurous
Sulphuric Phosphoric
Hydrochloric Nitrous
Benzoic
Carbonic
Ethanoic
Methanoic
(all organic acids)
 STRONG ACIDS WEAK ACIDS

Molecules completely Molecules partially

dissociate into their ions dissociate into their ions
when dissolved in water when dissolved in water

pH of solution is very low, pH of solution is about 3 to

<3 <7

Release all H+ ions to the Release very few H+ ions to

solution the solution
 Strong and Weak Bases
STRONG WEAK
Sodium hydroxide Ammonium hydroxide
(aq. Ammonia)
Sodium oxide
Calcium hydroxide
Potassium hydroxide
Sodium carbonate
Potassium oxide
Sodium hydrogen
carbonate
END