Passive Solar Heating

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Passive Solar Heating


Passive solar heating is one of several design approaches collectively called passive solar design. It refers to the use of the sun s energy for the heating and cooling of living spaces. In this approach, the building itself or some element of it takes advantage of natural energy characteristics in materials and air created by exposure to the sun. When combined properly, these strategies can contribute to the heating, cooling, and daylighting of nearly any building. The types of buildings that benefit from the application of passive solar heating range from barracks to large maintenance facilities. Passive design is practiced throughout the world and has been shown to produce buildings with low energy costs, reduced maintenance, and superior comfort. By providing a delightful place to live and work, these buildings can contribute to increased satisfaction and user productivity. In addition, passive solar design does not generate greenhouse gases and slows fossil fuel depletion. Passive solar buildings are designed to let the heat into the building during the winter months, and block out the sun during hot summer days. The system is made up of the following key components, all of which must work together for the design to be successful: aperture, absorber, thermal mass, distribution and control. The most important characteristic of passive solar design is that it is holistic, and relies on the integration of a building's architecture, materials selection, and mechanical systems to reduce heating and cooling loads. There are two main uses for passive solar heating: skin-load dominated buildings in cold and temperate climates, and internal-load dominated buildings in warm climates. In a skin-load dominated structure, energy consumption is primarily dictated by the influence of the exterior climate on a building's envelope. There are four generic passive solar heating approaches for skinload dominated buildings: sun-tempered, direct gain, indirect gain, and isolated gain. Internal-load dominated buildings often consume the majority of their energy to provide interior lighting and to provide cooling to counteract the heat given off by people, plug-loads, fixtures, and other internal sources. Passive solar heating strategies should only be used when appropriate. They work better in smaller buildings where the envelope design controls the energy demand. In addition, it is recommended to use the help of experienced passive solar desinger architects and builders to follow some general recommendations in the application of passive solar heating technology. In climates with clear skies during the winter heating season and where alternative heating sources are relatively expensive, passive solar heating will tend to work the best and be the most economical option.

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