Reasons Against Rizal as National Hero

1. Advocacy of Limited Reforms

- Rizal primarily sought reforms within the framework of Spanish colonial rule rather than
advocating for outright independence. His primary aim was to gain equality and better
treatment for Filipinos under Spanish governance.
- This stance can be seen in his writings and his calls for representation in the Spanish Cortes,
particularly in Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, where he criticizes the Spanish
authorities but does not explicitly call for independence
- Some critics argue that this limited vision did not fully align with the aspirations of many
Filipinos who desired complete liberation from colonial rule

2. Non-support for Armed Revolution

- Rizal was notably critical of the Katipunan, the revolutionary society that sought
independence through armed struggle. Rizal explicitly distanced himself from the
revolutionary activities of the Katipunan. In a manifesto addressed to his fellow Filipinos,
written shortly before his execution, he condemned the revolution as premature and
ill-prepared, calling for reforms instead of rebellion
- This stance might be viewed as lacking the resolve necessary to achieve true independence,
which was ultimately won through armed struggle

3. Elitist Background
- Rizal came from a relatively affluent family, which provided him access to higher education
and opportunities that were not available to the majority of Filipinos. This privileged
background may have distanced him from the day-to-day struggles of the common people,
potentially limiting his empathy and understanding of their plight. Critics argue that his social
and economic status could have influenced his preference for non-violent reform over more
radical solutions
- Rizal’s emphasis on education and reform was shaped by his elite background and European
experiences, which may not have fully addressed the socio-economic realities faced by the
majority of Filipinos. His reforms were often seen as more suited to the educated elite rather
than the broader population struggling under colonial rule.

4. Martyrdom Versus Active Leadership

- While Rizal’s execution galvanized the Filipino nationalist movement, his approach was
largely intellectual and passive. Hence, active leadership, such as that demonstrated by
leaders who directly participated in the revolutionary struggle, might be a more fitting criterion
for national hero status. Rizal’s role was more about inspiring through his writings rather than
leading an active resistance.
- Rizal’s martyrdom, while symbolic, did not directly contribute to the immediate success of the
revolutionary movement. His execution was a consequence of his stance against armed
rebellion, and his death did not directly alter the course of the revolution. Critics argue that
other figures who actively participated in the armed struggle had a more direct impact on the
fight for independence.
- Timing of Execution: Rizal’s execution occurred in 1896, which was after the revolution had
already begun. This timing suggests that while his martyrdom had symbolic significance, it
was not the catalyst for the revolutionary movement.

5. Bias in Terms of Exile and Government Dealings

- Rizal's relatively lenient treatment by the Spanish authorities, including his exile to Dapitan,
has led some to argue that he was seen as less of a threat compared to other revolutionary
leaders such as Mabini. His relatively comfortable life in exile, where he engaged in
 community projects and correspondence, contrasts with the harsher treatments faced by
other revolutionaries

6. Did Not Experience the War

- Rizal did not actively participate in the Philippine Revolution. His execution occurred before
the revolution reached its full momentum, and he did not experience the hardships and battles
that other revolutionaries endured. This lack of direct involvement in the armed struggle is
seen by some as a limitation in his claim to national hero status.

7. Passive Resistance
- While Rizal’s writings inspired many, his approach was largely passive. He emphasized
education and moral reform over direct action. Leaders who participated actively in the
revolution, demonstrated a willingness to take the necessary risks and actions to achieve
independence, which might be considered a more compelling form of heroism
- Rizal’s writings, such as Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, were critical in exposing the
abuses of the Spanish colonial regime but were part of a broader intellectual movement. The
actual revolutionary action was driven by other leaders and factions who took these ideas and
translated them into direct action (they werent as deep as what most filipinos were
experiencing during that time either)

Apolinario Mabini as an Alternative

1. Champion of Independence
- Apolinario Mabini was unwavering in his demand for complete independence from colonial
rule. Unlike Rizal, who sought reforms within the Spanish system, Mabini’s vision was for a
sovereign Philippine nation free from any colonial domination. His writings and actions
consistently reflected this commitment to full independence

2. Intellectual Leadership
- Mabini’s strategic mind earned him the title of "Brains of the Revolution." He was a key
advisor to President Emilio Aguinaldo and played a crucial role in formulating the strategies
and policies of the revolutionary government. His intellectual contributions were vital in
steering the direction of the Philippine struggle for independence .

3. Commitment Despite Disability

- Despite being paralyzed from polio, Mabini remained actively involved in the revolutionary
movement. His physical condition did not deter him from serving as a key advisor and thinker
for the revolutionaries. Mabini’s dedication, despite his disability, exemplifies extraordinary
patriotism and personal sacrifice, making his contributions even more remarkable.

4. Founding Principles
- Mabini was instrumental in drafting the constitution of the First Philippine Republic, the first
republican constitution in Asia. His political ideas and writings, such as El Verdadero
Decalogo (The True Decalogue), laid down the ethical and moral foundations for the new
nation. His vision and principles continue to influence Philippine political thought .

5. Moral Integrity
- Mabini’s steadfast principles were evident when he refused to swear allegiance to the United
States after the Philippine-American War. His unwavering commitment to Philippine
sovereignty, even in the face of personal and political pressure, showcases his deep-seated
patriotism and moral integrity. This steadfastness in his principles further underscores his
suitability as a national hero.
6. Broader Social Appeal
- Coming from a humble background, Mabini’s life and struggles were more closely aligned
with those of the common Filipino. His advocacy for social justice, equality, and the rights of
the poor resonated deeply with the masses. This connection to the broader populace made
him a relatable and inspiring figure, enhancing his appeal as a national hero who truly
represented the Filipino people
- Unlike Rizal’s focus on reforms within the colonial system, Mabini’s writings addressed
broader social and economic issues, advocating for changes that would benefit all Filipinos,
not just the educated elite. His focus on social reform aligns more closely with the aspirations
of the majority of Filipinos.

7. Direct Impact on Revolutionary Governance

- Mabini’s writings, such as El Verdadero Decalogo (The True Decalogue) and his various
political essays, provided a clear framework for the governance of the nascent Philippine
Republic. His works addressed practical aspects of governance, including ethics, political
strategy, and constitutional principles. These writings were instrumental in shaping the
policies and structure of the revolutionary government led by Emilio Aguinaldo.
- Mabini’s role as the chief advisor to President Aguinaldo allowed him to directly influence the
direction of the revolution. His strategic and intellectual contributions were essential in
formulating the revolutionary government's policies and maintaining its cohesion during a
critical period.

8. Literature Focus
- Mabini’s writings focused heavily on ethical leadership and moral integrity in governance. His
El Verdadero Decalogooutlined a code of conduct for leaders and citizens, emphasizing
virtues such as honesty, responsibility, and patriotism. This focus on ethical governance
provided practical guidance for the new republic and remains relevant in discussions about
leadership and ethics.
- Mabini’s role in drafting the constitution of the First Philippine Republic laid the groundwork for
the country’s legal and political systems. His contributions provided a foundation for the
principles of democracy and governance that are still relevant today.

COUNTERS
1. Kaya bang tapatan ni Apolinario ang impluensya at impact ng mga akda at mga maganang
naidulot nito para sa Philippine Revolutiono at sa ating modernong bansa.
- Yes. Apolinario Mabini's writings and political ideas had a profound influence on the Philippine
Revolution and the formation of the Philippine Republic.
- His work, El Verdadero Decalogo (The True Decalogue), laid down the moral and ethical
foundations for the new nation, emphasizing principles such as love of country, personal
integrity, and social justice.
- Mabini's intellectual contributions provided clarity and direction to the revolutionary
government, helping to unify and strengthen the resolve of Filipino revolutionaries.
- His writings continue to inspire modern Philippine society, emphasizing the importance of
independence, civic responsibility, and ethical governance.

2. Kung si Apolinario Mabini ang naging pambansang bayani, magkakaroon ba ito ng mas
magandang pangyayari para sa ating mahal bansa.
- If Apolinario Mabini were recognized as the national hero, it could provide a powerful symbol
of intellectual integrity, moral steadfastness, and resilience.
 - Mabini's life story, marked by his perseverance despite his disability and his unwavering
commitment to Philippine independence, offers a compelling narrative of dedication and
patriotism.
- His recognition could inspire future generations to value education, ethical leadership, and the
pursuit of justice.
- This shift in national hero recognition might also highlight the importance of inclusive
governance and the need to address social inequalities, reflecting Mabini's advocacy for
social justice and equality.

3. Kung si Apolinario ay may abilidad bilang isang maalam kung saan nagbibigay siya ng linaw
sa bawat desisyon ng Revolutionary Government. Sa tingin nyo ba mayroom siyang sapat na
kakayahan upang maisakatuparan ang kanyang mgahangarin.
- Apolinario Mabini possessed the skills necessary to accomplish his goals as a scholar and
advisor.
- Known as the "Brains of the Revolution," Mabini's strategic thinking and deep understanding
of political theory and law were crucial in guiding the revolutionary government.
- His contributions to drafting the constitution of the First Philippine Republic and his advisory
role to President Emilio Aguinaldo demonstrated his ability to provide clear, pragmatic, and
effective guidance.
- Mabini's intellectual prowess, combined with his unwavering principles, equipped him with the
skills needed to navigate complex political landscapes and work toward his vision of an
independent and just Philippines.

4. American Occupation of the Philippines, ano nag magagandang puntos upang mas maging
karapat dapat na piliin ng mga Amerikano o philippine government under ng Amerika si
apolinario.
- During the American occupation of the Philippines, Apolinario Mabini's steadfast commitment
to Philippine independence and his moral integrity made him a notable figure. Despite being
offered leniency, Mabini refused to swear allegiance to the United States, demonstrating his
unwavering dedication to Philippine sovereignty. This principled stand, while initially leading to
his exile, ultimately highlighted his unwavering commitment to his country's independence
and his refusal to compromise his beliefs.

5. Rizal had a bigger scope of influence

- While José Rizal's works had a significant impact on raising awareness about colonial
abuses, his influence was largely confined to intellectual circles and reformist elements of
society. In contrast, Apolinario Mabini’s contributions were directly involved in the practical
aspects of governance and revolutionary strategy, which were crucial in the actual fight for
independence.
- Mabini’s role in drafting the constitution and managing the revolutionary government had a
direct impact on the country's path to independence. His practical contributions to governance
and policy were essential in shaping the early structure of the Filipino Republic.

6. Educational and Intellectual Contributions

- Rizal’s focus on intellectual reform and education, while significant, was often viewed as elitist
and disconnected from the broader struggles of the common people. Mabini’s work, on the
other hand, addressed practical issues faced by the revolutionary government and had a
more immediate impact on governance and policy.
- Mabini’s role in drafting the Malolos Constitution and his contributions to the functioning of the
revolutionary government provided tangible benefits that were crucial in shaping the early
political framework of the nation.
7. Rizal’s Martyrdom
- While Rizal’s martyrdom was symbolically powerful, it was Mabini’s direct leadership and
contributions during the revolutionary government that addressed the practical challenges of
establishing an independent nation. His contributions were essential in the formation and
functioning of the early republic.
- There was also delayed Revolutionary Action in which Rizal's imprisonment and execution
came after the revolution had already started. The armed struggle was already underway by
the time of his martyrdom, which means his direct influence on the immediate onset of the
revolution was limited compared to those actively leading the movement

Points and Counters Regarding the Choosing of the National Hero

1. Historical Context and American Influence
- The selection of José Rizal as the national hero was significantly influenced by American
colonial authorities such as William Howard Taft. During the American occupation, there was
a need for a unifying figure who could symbolize resistance to Spanish colonialism without
encouraging armed resistance against American rule. Rizal, with his advocacy for peaceful
reform, fit this narrative perfectly.

2. Criteria of Heroism
- The criteria for heroism often emphasize peaceful reform over revolutionary action. While
Rizal's martyrdom is celebrated, his approach was more aligned with intellectual and
non-violent resistance. In contrast, other leaders were actually involved (such as being the
brains behind it all) in the armed struggle for independence, which might have been perceived
as a threat by American colonial authorities as even the criteria for choosing the national hero
was created by american anthropologist Otley Beyer.

3. Posthumous Recognition and Propaganda

- The American colonial government promoted Rizal’s heroism as a means to foster a sense of
unity and nationalism that was non-threatening to their rule. By emphasizing Rizal’s peaceful
methods and downplaying the more radical aspects of the independence movement, the
Americans sought to mold Filipino nationalism in a way that suited their colonial objectives.
- The American colonial administration’s endorsement of Rizal as a national hero was strategic,
aiming to promote a form of nationalism that would not challenge their rule. This choice could
be seen as reflecting more about the Americans’ desire to manage Filipino nationalism in a
controlled manner rather than an objective evaluation of Rizal’s values in the context of the
independence struggle. The American influence in his selection may have overshadowed the
broader and potentially more radical values represented by other figures in the revolution

Counters regarding Mabini himself

1.Health Issues and Limitations
- Despite his physical impairments, Mabini’s ability to contribute significantly to the
revolutionary cause showcases his remarkable adaptability and resilience. His paralysis did
not hinder his intellectual contributions and strategic planning, which were vital for the early
governance of the Philippine Republic.
- Mabini utilized his intellect and skills effectively within the constraints of his condition. His
written work and strategic advice were crucial, and his condition should be seen as a
testament to his dedication rather than a limitation of his effectiveness.

2. Political and Strategic Challenges

 - The political and strategic conflicts between Mabini and Aguinaldo must be understood in the
context of the revolutionary chaos. Disagreements were not uncommon among revolutionary
leaders, and Mabini’s principled stances were often in line with his vision for a just and
effective government (accdg. to a study entitled A Past Revisited the Philippines 1975)
- Mabini’s adherence to his principles should be seen as a strength rather than a weakness.
His commitment to his ideals ensured that the revolutionary government maintained a focus
on important issues, even if it led to political challenges.

3. Administrative and Governance issues

- While Mabini’s administrative role was brief, his contributions to the drafting of the Malolos
Constitution and the establishment of the revolutionary government had a lasting impact on
Philippine governance. His influence extended beyond his immediate tenure and laid
foundational principles for future governance.
- The difficulties in implementing reforms during a period of conflict were significant, and
Mabini’s challenges should be viewed in the context of the revolutionary environment. His
efforts were hindered by external pressures and internal instability, not by any shortcomings in
his vision or leadership.

4. Controversies
- Allegations of authoritarianism must be weighed against the chaotic conditions of the
revolutionary period. Mabini’s centralized approach was aimed at ensuring effective
governance and unity during a time of crisis, and his leadership style was consistent with the
need for strong, decisive action.
- Mabini’s legacy, though complex, reflects the multifaceted nature of leadership during the
revolution. His contributions should be viewed holistically, considering both his strategic
impact and the context in which he operated. Misunderstandings or controversies are part of
the broader historical narrative and do not diminish his overall contributions.

Background of Mabini
- Apolinario Mabini, was a revolutionary leader, lawyer, and political philosopher. He was known
as the "Sublime Paralytic" because he was paralyzed from the waist down due to polio.
- Mabini served as the first Prime Minister of the Philippines under the short-lived First
Philippine Republic.
- Mabini played a crucial role in drafting decrees, constitutions, and other important documents
during the revolutionary period
- Despite his poverty, Mabini was able to study in Manila. He began his studies at the Colegio
de San Juan de Letran in 1881 and received his law degree in 1894 from the University of
Santo Tomas.
- Apolinario Mabini was a Filipino revolutionary leader, political theorist, and constitutional
adviser who fought against Spanish colonial rule. He was also a lawyer, teacher, and
statesman who was known as the “Brains of the Revolution”.
- Rizal is better known for his literary works while Mabini is better known for his political
activism and contributions to the Philippine Revolution.
- Mabini’s words, to “understand that reason and your conscience constitute the only solid and
true basis of your moral education, in the same way that honest work is the real basis for your
material education,”

True definition of heroism

- The qualities if a hero or heroine; exceptional or heroic courage when facing danger (specially
in the battlefield)

REFERENCES (for greater impact)

Illiteracy
- It is estimated that around 90% of the Filipino population was illiterate during Rizal’s time.
This figure reflects the broader challenge of limited access to education and the influence of
colonial rule, which did not prioritize widespread educational reforms.
- Educational opportunities were scarce and largely confined to urban areas and the elite. The
majority of Filipinos, especially in rural areas, had minimal access to formal education,
contributing to widespread illiteracy.
Source: Schumacher, John N. The Propaganda Movement, 1880-1895: The Creation of a Filipino
Consciousness, the Making of the Revolution. Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1997.

Educational Context
- Rizal’s writings were primarily aimed at educated Filipinos and reformists who were literate
and politically active. His works were published in Spanish, further limiting their reach to those
who were fluent in the language. The impact of his writings was therefore more significant
among the educated class rather than the broader illiterate population.
- The distribution of Rizal’s works was limited by the prevailing conditions. Although his writings
did reach some segments of society, the overall illiteracy rate and limited access to printing
and distribution meant that the majority of Filipinos could not engage directly with his ideas.
- Rizal’s works had a limited print run. For example, Noli Me Tangere had an initial print run of
only 2,000 copies. Given the high illiteracy rates and the size of the population, this small
number significantly limited the dissemination of his ideas.
Source: Guerrero, León Ma. The First Filipino: A Biography of José Rizal. National Historical Institute,
1998.

Influence of Rizal
- Rizal’s influence on the Philippine revolutionary government was limited and short-lived. His
role as an advisor was curtailed by political events and his eventual execution, reducing his
long-term impact on governance.
Source: Guerrero, León Ma. The First Filipino: A Biography of José Rizal. National Historical Institute,
1998.
Mabini’s Influence on the Constituion
- Mabini was a key figure in drafting the Malolos Constitution, which was one of the earliest
attempts at establishing a democratic government in the Philippines. The Constitution laid out
a framework for governance and was a significant milestone in Philippine history.
- Recent historical reassessments have highlighted Mabini’s crucial role in shaping the
Philippine Revolution and governance. His contributions are increasingly acknowledged for
their strategic importance and influence on the formation of the Philippine Republic.
Source: La Revolución Filipina. National Historical Commission of the Philippines, 1969.

Malolos Constitution
- The Malolos Constitution remains a symbol of Filipino nationalism and the desire for
self-determination. It represents the Filipino people’s early efforts to govern themselves
independently and serves as a historical milestone in the fight against colonialism.
Source: Schumacher, John N. The Propaganda Movement, 1880-1895: The Creation of a Filipino
Consciousness, the Making of the Revolution. Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1997.
- The principles and ideas enshrined in the Malolos Constitution influenced subsequent
Philippine constitutions, including those adopted during American and post-independence
periods. Its emphasis on democratic principles and rule of law had a lasting impact on
Philippine constitutional development.
Source: Ocampo, Ambeth R. Rizal Without the Overcoat. Anvil Publishing, 1990.