2019, 36th NATIONAL RADIO SCIENCE CONFERENCE

(NRSC 2019), April 16-18, 2019, Port Said, Egypt

Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport

DESIGN OF DUAL-BAND COUPLED RESONATORS USING COMPLEMENTARY SPLIT

RING RESONATORS DEFECTED GROUND STRUCTURE (CSRRS-DGS) FOR
WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER APPLICATIONS

Mahmoud M. A. El-Negm1, Hany A. Atallah1, and Adel B. Abdel-Rahman 1,2

1
Electronics and Communications, Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, South Valley
University, Qena, Egypt
2
Egypt-Japan university of Science and Technology, Alexandria 21943, Egypt
[email protected]

ABSTRACT
This study proposes a compact model for dual-band short-range wireless power transfer (WPT) systems. The
structure attains tight coupling employing two coupled complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs) defected
ground structure (DGS) and loaded with four lumped capacitors, two capacitors for each portion. These quasi-
lumped element resonators can successfully transfer power over electromagnetic (EM) resonant coupling. A total
size of 25 mm × 25 mm is fabricated and measured, when CSRRs-DGS are coupled, it transmutes into a dual-BPF
with efficient coupling and causing the transmission of power wirelessly. The prototype achieves a WPT at
transmission distance of 12 mm and working at 0.570 GHz and 2.44 GHz. The new design has been tested and
verified through fabrication and measurements. Good agreements among the simulation, theoretical studies, and the
measurements have been attained.

Keywords: Dual-band (WPT), complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs)-defected ground structure (DGS),
Electromagnetic coupling (EMC).

I. INTRODUCTION
The technology of short-range wireless power transfer (WPT) has been attracted an excessive devotion in the
last years for its importance in several potential applications for example wireless power supply system for buried
sensors, implantable biomedical applications, manageable electronic devices, RFIDs and so on [1],[2]. The
implementation methods of the WPT systems can be categorized through three main techniques:
1- Electromagnetic (EM) induction that can be established in magnetic coupling [3] and capacitive coupling
[4]. This way is suitable for short-range WPT. Furthermore, the near-field WPT is harmless for health and
non-radiative.
2- EM resonant coupling that depends on the resonance of TX and RX to transfer power at the resonance
frequency to accomplish high efficiency. This technique is more appropriate for the mid-range uses [5].
3- EM transmission which is useful for long-range power transmission (up to tens of kilometres) by using
laser beams or microwave transmissions [6],[7].

Several of the short-range WPT techniques have designed using quasi-lumped elements like capacitors and
inductors. These lumped elements have some snags in implementation: occupy the great area, bulky, and losses.
Though, they are favoured in low-frequency usages. Other suggestions have employed printed spirals with series or
shunt capacitors to attain small size WPT designs. Though, the transmission efficiency is somehow low Quasi-
lumped LC components hold on (DGSs) have been planned for RF/Microwave purposes to perform the filtering
characteristics through small shapes [8]. These fabrications have decent benefits such as little volumes, low losses,
and low prices. A relative study between dissimilar shapes of DGSs acting as band refusal at the similar cut-off
frequency has been studied in [9],[10].

Most of the newly issued letters in the field WPT employ DGSs [8]-[11]. Two dissimilar models of DGS-
WPT are studied. An H model structure has a dimension of 2 cm× 2 cm and minor efficiency of 68 % at 13 mm
total size. Though, the semi H structure attains a better efficiency of 73 % at 2.5 cm transmission distance and the
dimension of the resonator is 2.1 cm × 2.1 cm [10].

978-1-7281-0753-0/19/$31.00 ©2019 IEEE

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 2019, 36th NATIONAL RADIO SCIENCE CONFERENCE
(NRSC 2019), April 16-18, 2019, Port Said, Egypt
Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport

The aim of this effort is to present a different design that can be suitable to the dual-band near field WPTs for
electronic portable devices and board-to-board requests. In the following sections, Comparison between the results
of the EM simulation of the proposed design and equivalent circuit are executed and discussed. For confirmation,
the proposed WPT structure has been analysed, fabricated and measured in the last section. Simulation and
experimental consequences have shown satisfactory agreement.

II. DESIGN MODELLING AND SIMULATIONS

A. Single Complementary Split Ring Resonator (CSRR)
The uses and advantages of quasi-lumped LC circuits established on DGS have been reported in [8]-[10]. In
Fig. 1(a), the 50 Ω transmission line has a breadth of Wf which is linked to the port (P1) at the top level of the
substrate. Figure 1(b) displays the CSRRs are inserted together as DGS. Figure 1(c) indicates the equivalent
circuit prototype of the suggested CSRR. This structure will be improved to work as a BPFs for coupling the
power for WPT classifications. When two CSRR-DGSs are coupled, it transmits to a dual-BPF at short range
which can be used for biomedical implants and powering electronic techniques as will be detailed in the next
sections.

(a) (b)

(c)
Fig. 1: Schematic of the proposed CSRRs. (a) highest view. (b) Lowest view. (c) Equivalent circuit prototype.

By employing the parameters in Table 1, the response of the two CSRRs performs similar two poles band-
stop filter with f = 630 MHz and f = 2440 MHz .The lengths of this design founded in Table 1 are simulated by
the CST program. Where FR4 substrate is used and it has εr equals 4.3 and a thickness of 0.8 mm. Lumped
element capacitors of 5 pF are attached to inside the two rings to raise its equivalent capacitance without
increasing the physical dimensions of the construction leading to a compact resonator and high-quality factor.
Figure 2 shows the implementation of the suggested single CSRR-DGS using CST programme and the enhanced
S-parameters of the structure.

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 2019, 36th NATIONAL RADIO SCIENCE CONFERENCE
(NRSC 2019), April 16-18, 2019, Port Said, Egypt
Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport

Table 1: dimensions of CSRR and their values

Parameter value Parameter value
Lsub 25 mm T2 1.5 mm
Wsub 25 mm G 2 mm
Wf 1.8 mm Substrate FR4
Lf 19 mm Dielectric constant (εr) 4.3
R1 6.5 mm SMD Cap 5 pF
R2 10.8 mm Substrate thickness 0.8 mm
T1 1 mm Metal thickness 35 μm

Fig. 2: The proposed single CSRRs-DGS using CST. (a) Top view. (b) Bottom view.

It is desired to compute the equivalent circuit values (Cp and Lp) from the simulation consequences, to check the
agreement among the CSRR and equivalent circuit prototype. Following the work in [8] we can excerpt the factors
of Cp and Lp employing the equations of element transformation and frequency as follows

pF (1)
0

nH (2)

By replacing with the parameters of fc = 590 MHz and f0 = 630 MHz in equations (2) and (1), we become Cp1 =
1.9 pF and Lp1 = 6.6 nH. And by replacing with the parameters of fc = 2400 MHz and f0 = 2440 MHz in equations
(2) and (1), we become Cp2 = 1.9 pF and Lp2 = 17 nH. The circuit prototype with computed factors of Cp and Lp will
be simulated as displayed in Fig. 3. Decent matching among the equivalent circuit and the EM is
realized.

Fig. 3: S-parameter for single CSRRs design.

B. Two Coupled Complementary Split Ring Resonator (CSRRs).

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 2019, 36th NATIONAL RADIO SCIENCE CONFERENCE
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Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport

The coupled CSRRs geometry is shown in Fig. 4 with similar lengths of the suggested CSRRs structure in the
table 1. The feed line Lf is acting like a series capacitor CS and used for regulating the impedance matching by
adjusting its length which Lf equals 19 mm. As illustrated in Fig. 4, the upper view is a 50 Ω microstrip line (MSL)
with a breadth of Wf and length of Lf. The lower view is the CSRRs-DGS while the space between the two coupled
resonators h (mm) is chosen to be foam with εr = 1.04 as it will be in the experimental measurements.

Fig. 4: 3-D view of proposed two CSRRs coupled resonators.

The coupling is tested by shifting the spacing among the resonators. By varying the transmission space (h) mm
among TX and RX, the coupling is robust at diminutive distances while it is feeble at extended distances as displayed
in Fig. 5. At minor expanses, the splitting is appearing as the two peak point's appearance about the central frequency
fc. The peak points are named magnetic and electric walls frequencies and designated with fm and fe, respectively.
The coupling factor (K) can be calculated from the following equation.
/ (3)

.
Where Lm is the mutual inductance.

(a)

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 2019, 36th NATIONAL RADIO SCIENCE CONFERENCE
(NRSC 2019), April 16-18, 2019, Port Said, Egypt
Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport

(b)
Fig. 5: Separation distance studies of the CSRR-DGS Coupled resonators at different values. (a) |S11| (b) |S21|

III. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND CONSEQUENCES

The suggested structure is fabricated, tested and examined for confirmations with the same design parameters
in Table1. The manufacture of the CSRRs prototypes of the proposed model are displayed in Fig. 6(a). The distance
between the two resonators is occupied with a part of foam as a column for keeping the resonators to accomplish
perfect measurements at a vertical distance h of 12 mm. The simulation and the measurement consequences of the
invented structure are presented in Fig. 6(b). The measured consequences of the coupled resonator are in perfect
Concurrence with the simulations. The measured |S11| equals -36 dB and the value |S21| equals -0.9 dB at the centre
frequency of 570 MHz, The measured |S11| equals -18 dB and the value |S21| equal -1.6dB at the centre frequency of
2440 MHz and the distance of 12 mm among RX and TX.

(a)

(b)
Fig. 6: Photographs of the fabricated design, and the consequences. (a) The highest and lowest views. (b) Comparisons
between EM simulated and measured S11and S21

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 2019, 36th NATIONAL RADIO SCIENCE CONFERENCE
(NRSC 2019), April 16-18, 2019, Port Said, Egypt
Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport

IV. CONCLUSION
A new dual-band WPT strongly coupled magnetic resonator system composed of CSRRs-DGS loaded with
lumped capacitors for short range applications is suggested, deliberated, fabricated, tested and examined. This
structure is capable of transferring power with efficiency of 81% at operating frequency of 570 MHz and efficiency
of 69 % at operating frequency of 2440 MHz through the separation space h of 12 mm employing an electromagnetic
resonant coupling. An FR4 substrate with εr = 4.3 and a depth of 0.8 mm are employed for simulated and measured.
Each ring in CSRRs-DGS is laden by a capacitor of 5 pF to raise its equivalent capacitance with similar dimensions
of the design with an enhanced quality factor. This construction is appropriate for minor size usages like charging
portable apparatuses. The measured presentation of the fabricated structure is in respectable Concurrence with the
simulations.

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