Solutions One Shot - Mritunjay Sir GC

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Introduction

● Solutions : Homogeneous mixtures of two or more than two


components
● Solvent : Component that is present in the largest quantity
● Solutes : Components present in the solution other than solvent
NEW
SYLLABUS
Types of solution on basis of physical state

Type of solution Solute Solvent Common examples

Gaseous solutions Gas Gas Mixture of oxygen and nitrogen gases


Liquid Gas Chloroform mixed with nitrogen gas
Solid Gas Camphor in nitrogen gas

Liquid solutions Gas Liquid Oxygen dissolved in water


Liquid Liquid Ethanol dissolved in water
Solid Liquid Glucose dissolved in water

Solid solutions Gas Solid Solution of hydrogen in palladium


Liquid Solid Amalgam of mercury with sodium
Solid Solid Copper dissolved in gold
Concentration terms
Concentration terms
Concentration terms
NEW
Henry’s Law
SYLLABUS
P = KH’x
Henry constant
NEW
SYLLABUS Henry’s Law
● Unit of KH = (torr or bar)
● Different gas have different value of KH
● KH values of a gas increases with the increase in
temperature
● Higher the value of KH of a gas lower will be its solubility
NEW Vapour Pressure
SYLLABUS

● At equilibrium conditions the pressure exerted by the vapours of the


At theover
liquid Equilibrium
the liquid phase is called vapour pressure
Rate of Evaporation =
Rate of Condensation

● Vapour pressure depends only on nature of liquid and temperature


of given liquid
NEW
SYLLABUS
Raoult’s Law
The partial pressure of any volatile constituents of a solution at
a constant temperature is equal to the vapour pressure of pure
constituents multiplied by the mole fraction of that constituent
in the solution.
For liquid-liquid solution(Both volatile)
Raoult’s Law
Ideal & Non-Ideal solution

Ideal solution Non-ideal solution


● Solutions which obey Raoult's
● Solutions which do not obey
law over the entire range of
Raoult's Law over the entire
concentration
range of concentration
● A-B interactions in solution are
● Forces of attraction between A
same as original A-A and B-B
- A, B - B is different from A - B
interactions
● ∆Hmix ≠ 0
● ∆Hmix = 0
● ∆Vmix ≠ 0
● ∆Vmix = 0
● Example -
● Example
Solution of Water and Ethanol
n-Hexane and n-Heptane
Benzene and Toluene
Types of Non Ideal Solution
Positive deviation Negative deviation

● Partial pressure of each ● Partial pressure of each


component A and B is higher component A and B is lower than
than that calculated from Raoult's that calculated from Raoult's law
law

● Boiling point is lower than boiling ● Boiling point is higher than


points of both A & B boiling points of both A & B
Types of Non Ideal Solution
Positive deviation Negative deviation
● ∆Hmix > 0
● ∆Hmix < 0
● ∆Vmix > 0
● ∆Vmix < 0
● ∆Smix > 0
● ∆Smix > 0
● ∆Gmix < 0
● ∆Gmix < 0
Examples
Examples
1. Chloroform and water
1. Chloroform and methyl acetate
2. Ethanol and CCI4
2. H2O and HCI
3. methanol and chloroform
3. H2O and HNO3
4. Benzene and methanol
4. Acetic acid and pyridine
5. acetic acid and toluene
5. Phenol and Aniline.
6. acetone and ethanol
7. methanol and H2O
8. C2H5OH + cyclohexane.
Azeotropic Mixture
❖ Binary mixture having same composition in liquid and vapour phase
and boil at a constant temperature.
❖ It cannot be separated by fractional distillation.

Minimum ● Mixture of two liquids whose boiling point is less than


boiling either of the two pure components.
azeotrope ● Formed by non-ideal solutions showing positive
deviation.
Types of
● For example (95.5%) + water (4.5%) + water boils at
azeotropic
351.15 K.
mixture
Azeotropic Mixture

Types of
● Mixture of two liquids whose boiling point are more
azeotropic
than either of the two pure components.
mixture ● Formed by non-ideal solutions showing negative.
Maximum ● For example HNO3 (68%) + water (32%) mixture boils
boiling at 393.5 K.
azeotrope
Colligative properties
● Properties of the solution which do not depend upon the nature of
The four important colligative properties are :
the solute but depend only on the number of solute particles

Relative lowering in vapour pressure

Elevation in boiling point

Depression in freezing point

Osmotic pressure
Colligative properties
When a non-volatile solute is dissolved in a pure solvent, it is difficult to
vapourise the solution(so RLVP occur) ,it is difficult to boil (so elevation in
BP occur) & it is difficult to freeze (so depression in FP occur)
Colligative properties
When a non-volatile solute is dissolved in a pure solvent, it is difficult to
vapourise the solution(so RLVP occur) ,it is difficult to boil (so elevation in
BP occur) & it is difficult to freeze (so depression in FP occur)
Colligative properties
When a non-volatile solute is dissolved in a pure solvent, it is difficult to
vapourise the solution(so RLVP occur) ,it is difficult to boil (so elevation in
BP occur) & it is difficult to freeze (so depression in FP occur)
Osmotic pressure
Types of solution on the basis of osmotic pressure

Isotonic solution Hypertonic solution Hypotonic solution


Two or more solutions Solution which has less Solution which has higher
having equal osmotic osmotic pressure than the osmotic pressure than
pressure other solution some other solution
𝜋 1 = 𝜋2
Van’t Hoff factor (i)
In order to know about the extent of association or dissociation of
solutes in solution van’t Hoff introduced a factor(i).
Van’t Hoff factor (i)
Association Dissociation

𝞪 = Degree of association/ dissociation


Van’t Hoff factor (i)
Van’t Hoff factor (i)
Van’t Hoff factor (i)

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