10 Most Asked LLM Interview Questions

10 LLM
INTERVIEW
QUESTIONS
Bhavishya Pandit
Q1. What are different types of Foundation Models?
-Foundation models are large-scale AI models trained on vast
amounts of unlabeled data using unsupervised methods. They are
designed to learn general-purpose knowledge that can be applied to
various tasks across domains. Common Types of Foundation Models-
1.Language Models -
Tasks: Machine translation, text summarization, question answering
Examples: BERT, GPT-3
2.Computer Vision Models -

Tasks: Image classification, object detection, image segmentation
Examples: ResNet, VGGNet
3.Generative Models -
Tasks: Creative writing, image generation, music composition
Examples: DALL-E, Imagen
4.Multimodal Models -
Tasks: Image captioning, visual question answering
Examples: PaLM, LaMDA
Bhavishya Pandit
Q2. In what ways does Gemini’s architecture optimize training
efficiency and stability compared to other multimodal LLMs like
GPT-4?
-Gemini’s architecture optimizes training efficiency and stability
compared to multimodal models like GPT-4 in several ways:
1.Unified Multimodal Design: Gemini integrates text and image

processing in a single model, improving parameter sharing and
reducing complexity.
2.Cross-Modality Attention: Enhanced interactions between text and

images lead to better learning and stability during training.
3.Data-Efficient Pretraining: Self-supervised and contrastive

learning allow Gemini to train with less labeled data, boosting
efficiency.
4.Balanced Objectives: Better synchronization of text and image

losses ensures stable training and smoother convergence.
Bhavishya Pandit
Q3. How does Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) prevent
catastrophic forgetting in LLMs?
-
Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) helps prevent catastrophic

forgetting in LLMs by updating only a small set of task-specific
parameters, while keeping most of the model's original parameters
frozen. This approach allows the model to adapt to new tasks without
overwriting previously learned knowledge, ensuring it retains core
capabilities while learning new information efficiently.
Bhavishya Pandit
Q4. What are the key steps involved in the Retrieval-Augmented
Generation (RAG) pipeline?
Key steps in the Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) pipeline are:
1.Retrieval: The query is encoded and compared with precomputed

document embeddings to retrieve relevant documents.
2. Ranking: The retrieved documents are ranked based on their

relevance to the query.
3. Generation: The top-ranked documents are used as context by the

LLM to generate more informed and accurate responses.
This hybrid approach enhances the model’s ability to produce

context-aware outputs by incorporating external knowledge during
generation.
Bhavishya Pandit
Q5. How does the Mixture of Experts (MoE) technique improve LLM
scalability?
Mixture of Experts (MoE) improves LLM scalability by using a gating

function to activate only a subset of expert models (sub-networks)
for each input, rather than the entire model.
This selective activation:
Reduces computational load: Only a few experts are active per

query, minimizing resource usage.
Maintains high performance: The model dynamically selects the

most relevant experts for each input, ensuring task complexity is
handled effectively.
MoE enables efficient scaling of LLMs, allowing larger models with

billions of parameters while controlling computational costs.
Bhavishya Pandit
Q6. What is Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting, and how does it
improve complex reasoning in LLMs?
-Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting helps LLMs handle complex

reasoning by encouraging them to break down tasks into smaller,
sequential steps. This improves their performance by:
Simulating human-like reasoning: CoT prompts the model to

approach problems step-by-step, similar to how humans solve
complex issues.
Enhancing multi-step task performance: It's particularly effective

for tasks involving logical reasoning or multi-step calculations.
Increasing accuracy: By guiding the model through a structured

thought process, CoT reduces errors and improves performance
on intricate queries.
CoT improves LLMs' interpretability and reliability in tasks that

require deeper reasoning and decision-making.
Bhavishya Pandit
Q7. What is the difference between discriminative AI and
Generative AI?
-Predictive/Discriminative AI:
Focuses on predicting or classifying data based on existing data.

It models the conditional probability P(y|x)P(y|x)P(y|x), where y
is the target variable and x represents the input features.
Examples include tasks like classification (e.g., image

recognition), regression (e.g., predicting stock prices), and
applications such as spam detection and disease diagnosis.
Generative AI:
Focuses on generating new data samples that resemble the

training data. It models the joint probability P(x,y)P(x, y)P(x,y),
allowing it to create new instances of data
Examples include generating text, images, music, and other

content. Techniques used are Generative Adversarial Networks
(GANs), Variational Autoencoders (VAEs), and large language
models like GPT.
Bhavishya Pandit
Q8. How does knowledge graph integration enhance LLMs?
Integrating knowledge graphs with LLMs enhances performance by

adding structured, factual knowledge. Key benefits include:
Factual accuracy: The model can cross-check information against

the knowledge graph, reducing hallucinations and improving
correctness
Enhanced reasoning: Knowledge graphs support logical

reasoning by leveraging relationships between entities, enabling
better handling of complex queries.
Contextual understanding: Structured data helps the model

understand context and relationships, improving response
quality.
This integration is particularly valuable in tasks like question

answering, entity recognition, and recommendation systems, where
structured knowledge plays a critical role.
Bhavishya Pandit
Q9. What is zero-shot learning, and how does it apply to LLMs?
Zero-shot learning enables LLMs to perform tasks they haven't been

explicitly trained for by leveraging their broad understanding of
language and general concepts. Instead of needing task-specific fine-
tuning, the model can generate relevant outputs based on the
instructions provided in the prompt.
For example:
Text classification: The model can categorize text without

specific training, simply by understanding the prompt's context.
Translation or summarization: LLMs can translate or summarize

text using provided instructions, even without task-specific fine-
tuning.
This shows the LLMs' ability to generalize across tasks, making them
versatile for various applications.
Bhavishya Pandit
Q10. How does Adaptive Softmax speed up large language models?
Adaptive Softmax accelerates LLMs by categorizing words into

frequency groups, allowing for fewer computations for infrequent
words. This approach lowers overall computational costs while
preserving accuracy, making it effective for efficiently managing
large vocabularies.
Bhavishya Pandit
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10 LLM

2.Computer Vision Models -

1.Unified Multimodal Design: Gemini integrates text and image

2.Cross-Modality Attention: Enhanced interactions between text and

3.Data-Efficient Pretraining: Self-supervised and contrastive

4.Balanced Objectives: Better synchronization of text and image

Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) helps prevent catastrophic

Key steps in the Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) pipeline are:

1.Retrieval: The query is encoded and compared with precomputed

2. Ranking: The retrieved documents are ranked based on their

3. Generation: The top-ranked documents are used as context by the

This hybrid approach enhances the model’s ability to produce

Mixture of Experts (MoE) improves LLM scalability by using a gating

This selective activation:

Reduces computational load: Only a few experts are active per

Maintains high performance: The model dynamically selects the

MoE enables efficient scaling of LLMs, allowing larger models with

-Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting helps LLMs handle complex

Simulating human-like reasoning: CoT prompts the model to

Enhancing multi-step task performance: It's particularly effective

Increasing accuracy: By guiding the model through a structured

CoT improves LLMs' interpretability and reliability in tasks that

Focuses on predicting or classifying data based on existing data.

Examples include tasks like classification (e.g., image

Focuses on generating new data samples that resemble the

Examples include generating text, images, music, and other

Integrating knowledge graphs with LLMs enhances performance by

Factual accuracy: The model can cross-check information against

Enhanced reasoning: Knowledge graphs support logical

Contextual understanding: Structured data helps the model

This integration is particularly valuable in tasks like question

Zero-shot learning enables LLMs to perform tasks they haven't been

Text classification: The model can categorize text without

Translation or summarization: LLMs can translate or summarize

Adaptive Softmax accelerates LLMs by categorizing words into

SAVE LIKE SHARE

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