SCIENCE

SECOND QUARTER
MODULE 6 9

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Most Essential Learning Competency:

Recognize the general classes and uses of organic compounds. S9MT-IIh-18

To the Learners
In this module, you will learn about the main types of chemical formula, as well
as the general uses and properties of common organic compounds particularly the
hydrocarbons and functional groups. As you go through this module you will be able
to answer the following guide questions:
1. What are organic compounds? Hydrocarbons? Functional groups?

2. How do alkanes, alkenes and alkynes differ with each other based on the presence of their
bonds and their physical properties?

3. How are you going to name different structures of hydrocarbons (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes,
alcohol, aldehydes, ester, carboxylic acid, ether, amines, amides, etc.)?

4. How to identify different functional groups and their uses in organic compounds?
 Expectations
At the end of this module you are expected to:

1. differentiate molecular, empirical, and structural (expanded and condensed) formulas;

2. differentiate alkanes, alkenes and alkynes based on the presence of bonds and their physical
properties;

3. name different structures of hydrocarbons (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alcohol, aldehydes,

ester, carboxylic acid, ether, amines, amides, etc., and

4. identify different functional groups and their uses in organic compounds.

Pre Test
Directions: Read each item carefully and write the letter of your answer on your answer sheet.

1. What is the functional group of this molecule C2H5OH?

A. Alcohol C. Halogen
B. Aldehyde D. Carboxylic Acid

2. Why is NO SMOKING signage can be found in all gasoline stations?

A. Gasoline is volatile C. Gasoline is flammable
B. Gasoline is viscous D. All of the above

3. How many hydrogen atoms will an alkane with ten carbon atoms have?
A. 20 B. 22 C. 24 D. 26

4. Which of the following pair of organic compounds is highly flammable?

A. Formalin, Acetone C. Water, Ethyl alcohol
B. Lubricating oil, isopropyl alcohol D. Liquefied Petroleum Gas, Kerosene

5. The stove ran out of fuel to cook the food bought by a mother. She asked her son to buy
so she can start cooking, which organic compound do you think will her son will buy?
A. Kerosene B. Gasoline C. Lubricating oil D. Isopropyl alcohol

Looking Back
In the previous module, you learned the properties and uses of some common
organic compounds. Let us see if you still remember them by answering the following
activity in your answer sheets.

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 Brief Introduction
During the 18th and early 19th centuries, scientists studied compounds and classified
them into organic and inorganic. Organic compounds are those that are extracted from living
organisms such as plants and animals because they were obtained from an organized living
system. On the other hand, inorganic compounds are extracted from nonliving things such as
rocks, sands and minerals (Baguio, et al.2014). Today, organic chemistry is the study of carbon
compounds. However, not all compounds with carbon are organic, such as the carbon monoxide
(CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbonic acid (H2CO3), which are considered as inorganic
compounds because of their properties.
Carbon is distinct from other element because it can form a covalent bond with each
other to become stable and with another element in different variations. In the periodic table of
elements, carbon belongs to group 4A, period 2, and has an atomic number of six. It has four
valence electrons and can make four stable covalent bonds. Carbon atoms form covalent bonds
(sharing of electrons) to attain outer shell stability. Carbon is such a unique element as it can
form a large variety of organic compounds when it is combined with another carbon atoms and
with other elements.
There are three main types of chemical formulas: molecular, empirical and structural
(expanded and condensed).
Molecular Formula Empirical Formula
- shows the total number - shows the simplest ratio of
of atoms in a molecule. different atoms in a compound.
For example: For example:
C2H6 CH3
C4H10 C2H5
C6H14 C3H7
Take note that if the ratio of the atoms in the molecular
formula cannot be simplified anymore, the molecular
formula is the same as the empirical formula
CH4 CH4
C3H8 C3H8
C5H12 C5H12
In addition, there are also different compounds that are
having the same empirical formula
C2H4
C3H6
C4H8 CH2
C5H10
C6H12
Figure 1: Comparison of Empirical and Molecular Formula
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 Structural formula (expanded and condensed) shows the atoms present and the bonding
sequence of the atoms.
Expanded Structural Formula Condensed Structural Formula
- the vertical and horizontal lines are included - all atoms are included however some or all
to show how atoms bond with each other. of the vertical and horizontal lines are being
For example: omitted to make writing of formula easier.
CH4
methane

CH3CH3
ethane or
CH3 – CH3
Figure 2: Comparison of Expanded and Condensed Structural Formula

Activity 1: What’s the Formula?

Part I: Identify the empirical formula of the following:
1.) C7H16 2.) C8H18 3.) C9H20 4.) C10H22

Part 2: Supply the expanded and condensed structural formula of the following respectively:
Expanded Condensed
propane 1.

Butane CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3
2. or
CH3CH2CH2CH3

The Hydrocarbons

Figure 3: Classification of Hydrocarbons

 Hydrocarbons are the simplest organic compounds that contain only the elements carbon and
hydrogen.
 They are classified either as aliphatic or aromatic.
 In aliphatic hydrocarbons, carbon atoms are linked with each other in open chains, either
straight or branched.
 Aliphatic hydrocarbons are classified into 4 groups:
alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes and alkynes. (cycloalkanes will be discussed in the next grade
level)
 Aromatic compounds are compounds that contain benzene rings as part of their structure. The
term aromatic was originally used because many benzene-related compounds are pleasing to
smell.

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 Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with single carbon-to-carbon covalent bonds.
The remaining carbon valence is filled up by bonding with hydrogen atoms.
 The simplest alkane is methane (CH4).
 Properties: nonpolar, insoluble in water, less dense than water, flammable, less reactive.
 Uses/examples: propane is an alkane commonly used in cooking, heating, and used as a fuel.
LPG or Liquefied Petroleum Gas is normally contained propane and butane.

Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least one double carbon-to-carbon covalent bonds.
 The simplest alkene is ethene or ethylene (C2H4).
 Properties: non-polar, insoluble in water but soluble in oil, less dense than water, more reactive
than alkanes.
 Uses/examples: Alkenes are the starting material in producing alcohols, plastics, detergents,
lacquers, and fuels. Ethene which is an alkene is one of the most important organic compounds
used in producing chemical products such as polyethylene, vinyl chloride and many more.

Alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least one triple carbon-to-carbon covalent bonds.
 The simplest alkyne is ethyne (C2H2). Ethyne is commonly called as Acetylene.
 Properties: non-polar, insoluble in water, less dense than water, compare to alkanes and
alkenes, alkynes have slightly high boiling point.
 Uses/examples: Acetylene is used to blow torches to generate temperature of around 3,000 oC
in welding; use as a starting material in the synthesis of polymers; also include in some
antitumor agents.

Nomenclature of Carbon Compounds

In naming the carbon compounds, count first the number of carbon in the longest carbon chain.
This gives you the root word/prefix to be used (see table 1).

Table 1: Number of Carbon Atoms and Root Words

# of Carbon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Prefix meth- eth- prop- but- pent- hex- hep- oct- non- dec-

ALKANES: Single Bond (C-C )

 general formula: CnH2n+2 where n=number of C atoms.
 The name of an alkane is made by adding “-ane” to
prefix that indicates the number of carbon atoms.

Table 2: First 10 of Alkane Series

Name Molecular formula Condensed structural Formula
Methane CH4 CH4
Ethane C 2 H6 CH3CH3
Propane C 3 H8 CH3CH2CH3
Butane C4H10 CH3CH2CH2CH3
Pentane C5H12 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3
Hexane C6H14 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
Heptane C7H16 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
Octane C8H18 CH3(CH2)6CH3
Nonane C9H20 CH3(CH2)7CH3
Decane C10H22 CH3(CH2)8CH3

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ALKENES: Double Bond (C=C)
 general formula: CnH2n where n=number of C atoms.
 The name of an alkene is made by adding “-ene” to prefix that indicates the number of carbon
atoms.

Table 3: Examples of Alkenes

Name Molecular Structural Formula Condensed Structural Formula
Formula
Ethene C2H4

Propene C3H6

1-Butene C4H8

2-Butene C4H8

ALKYNES: Triple Bond

 general formula: CnH2n-2 where n=number of C atoms.
 The name of an alkyne is made by adding “-yne” to prefix that indicates the number of carbon
atoms.

Table 4: Examples of Alkynes

Name Molecular Structural Formula Condensed Structural Formula
Formula
Ethyne C2H2

Propyne C3H4

1-Butyne C4H6

2-Butyne C4H6

Since carbon compounds exists in multitude of variations, it is helpful to identify their functional
group. Functional group is defined as an atom or group of atoms within a molecule that has similar
chemical properties and largely responsible for the behavior of the parent molecule.

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 Table 5: Functional Group

Class of compound/ Description Functional General Examples and uses

Group Formula
CH3CH2OH- ethanol or ethyl alcohol
Alcohol – contains the hydroxyl -OH R-OH used to produce dyes, synthetic
function group
drugs, cosmetics, explosives and etc.
Ethers- contain the R-O-R linkage CH3OCH3 –dimethyl ether used in
where R is any hydrocarbon -O- R-O-R chemical industry, an aerosol
propellant; considered as clean fuel.
Aldehyde – contains the carbonyl H2CO- formaldehyde, formalin which
group C=O. In an aldehyde at least contains 35 to 40 % formaldehyde is
one hydrogen atom is attached to -C=O-H R-CHO used as preservative and embalming
the carbonyl group. fluids.
Ketone – contains the carbonyl CH3COCH3 – Acetone the simplest
group C=O. In an ketone the -C=O- R-CO-R ketone which is less reactive than
carbonyl group is attached to two aldehyde is used as an organic solvent
hydrocarbons and nail polish remover.
Carboxylic Acid- contains CH3COOH –Acetic acid, the vinegar
carbonyl group that is attached to -C=O-O-H R-COOH that we used in the kitchen contains
second oxygen by single bond and 5% acetic acid.
the second oxygen also bonds to a
hydrogen atom
Esters – contain carbonyl group CH3CH2COOCH3 – methyl propanoate
that is attached to second oxygen -C=O-O- R-COO-R is an ester, used for the
by single bond and the second manufacturing of perfume and
oxygen also bonds to carbon atom flavoring agents because of its sweet
smell.
Amines –are molecules that CH3NH2 - methylamine used as
contain carbon- nitrogen bonds intermediate in production of
agricultural chemicals.
Amides – are molecules that CH3CONH2 – acetamide, molten
contain nitrogen atom that is HN-CO R-CONH-R acetamide is frequently used as
connected to a carbon atom of the solvent in chemical synthesis.
carbonyl group
Halides – a molecule that contains F (fluoro) R- X CH3CHClCH3 – 2 chloropropane is a
carbon and halogen Cl (chloro) (X halide used as solvent in making
Br (bromo) represents other chemicals
Io (iodo) any halogen)

FUN FACTS ABOUT HYDROCARBONS

Look at the pictures on the left side. All of them have something in
common, do you know what? They are all made up of the simplest organic
compounds which contain only the elements hydrogen and carbon, hence
the name hydrocarbons.

 Gasoline, natural gas, diesel, motor oil, coal, kerosene and propane are
the common hydrocarbon fuels.
 Acetone used as nail polish remover is a ketone.
 Asphalt is made of hydrocarbons found in petroleum.
 Paraffin wax found in candles is a mixture of hydrocarbons.
 Lighter contains butane.
 Polymers are hydrocarbons found in plastics and synthetic fabrics.

Review:
1. What are hydrocarbons?
2. List common uses of hydrocarbons.

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 Activity 2: Cross my word

A. Directions: Answer the crossword puzzle.

Across:
1. If all bonds are single-bonded, that is called?
2. A chemical formula that shows the total number of atoms in a molecule.
3. This is the simplest alkane.
4. A hydrocarbon used in welding.
5. A hydrocarbon that is solid at room temperature.

Down:
1. Carbon-Carbon triple bond is called?
2. A chemical formula that shows the simplest ratio of different atoms in a compound.
3. A structural formula wherein the vertical and horizontal lines are being shown.
4. Abbreviation of Liquefied Petroleum Gas
5. How many carbons are present in nonane?

B. Name the functional group of the following molecules.

Remember
Carbon, a Unique Element!
 Organic chemistry deals with the study of compounds containing carbon.
 Carbon belongs to group 4A, period 2, and the atomic number is 6.
 It has four valence electrons and can make four stable covalent bonds.
 Carbon atoms form covalent bonds to satisfy octet rule.
 It can form a large variety of organic compounds when it is combined
with another carbon atoms and other elements.
Hydrocarbon is the simplest organic compound. It has the elements hydrogen and carbon.

TABLE 6: THREE GROUPS OF HYDROCARBONS

ALKANE ALKENE ALKYNE
 saturated  unsaturated  unsaturated
 single bond (C-C )  double bond ( C=C )  triple bond
 suffix: -ane  suffix: -ene  suffix: -yne
 simplest form: methane  simplest form: ethene /  simplest form: ethyne /
 general formula: CnH2n+2 ethylene acetylene
 general formula: CnH2n  general formula: CnH2n-2
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 There are different ways to represent the structures of the organic compounds:

C4H10 C2H5 or
CH3CH2CH2CH3
molecular empirical expanded structural formula condensed structural formula
formula formula

Figure 4 shows the molecular, empirical, and structural formulas of butane.

Functional Group – is the responsible for the reactivity of the organic compound, these
group of atoms affect the behavior of the parent organic molecule. It is classified as alcohol,
ethers, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, esters, amine, amide and halide (Chang).
Alcohol – Due the presence of OH group, it can form hydrogen bond that will results to
higher boiling pt. compare to its parent molecule
Ether - have low boiling point compare to alcohol due to its inability to form hydrogen bond,
but it is more reactive than alkanes.
Aldehyde and Ketone - both of them contained carbonyl group which is carbon double
bonded to an oxygen, the difference between the two is, in aldehyde the carbonyl group is at the
end of the organic compound while in ketone the carbonyl group is inside the organic compound.
Carboxylic Acid – is an organic acid that contains both hydroxyl group and carbonyl group
on the same carbon.
Ester – the name of ester is derived from its parent molecule which is carboxylic acid and
alcohol. Ester is known for its fragrant smell.
Amine- is characterized by the presence of nitrogen atom a lone pair of electrons and three
substituents. The neurotransmitters are amine-based molecule (Functional Groups, Name,
Properties and Reactions, n.d.)
Amide – is derived from carboxylic acid and amine, the simplest amides are derivatives of
ammonia, amides are very weak bases (Helmenstine, 2019)
Halide – is a binary compound wherein one part is a halogen, halides are used as solder
paste (Halides, n.d.)

Check Your Understanding

DIRECTIONS: Do the following activities on your answer sheets.

I. Fill in the concept map.

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II. Provide the different formulas of this hydrocarbon.
a. molecular formula b. empirical formula
c. condensed structural formula d. compound name

III. Encircle and write the name of the functional group in each given molecule

Post Test
Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer on your answer sheets.
1. Which of the following statements is incorrect about the element carbon?
A. Carbon belongs to group 4A, period 2 B. Carbon atoms form ionic bonds
C. Carbon has an atomic number of 6. D. Carbon has four valence electrons
2. The two carbon atoms of ethene are joined by what kind of bond?
A. single bond B. double bond C. triple bond D. ionic bond
3. The functional group COOH is found in what organic compound?
A. Ester B. Ether C. Alcohol D. Carboxylic Acid
For numbers 4 and 5. Identify the functional group presents on the following organic compounds

6. How many carbons are present in Heptane?

A. Six B. Five C. Seven D. Eight
7. Which of the following organic compounds possesses fragrant smell?
A. Ester B. Amide C. Halide D. Carboxylic Acid
8. Which of the following compound is ketone?
A. Ethyne B. Acetone C. Propane D. Methanol
9. The student is working with her preserved frog specimen for her Zoology class.
Which of the following compounds she must use in order to preserve the frog’s body?
A. Water B. Ethanol C. Formaldehyde D. Ethanoic Acid
10. What is the structural formula of ethyne?
A. B. C. D.

Reflection
Directions: Write your own reflection based on the guided questions.
Write your answer on your answer sheet.

1. What is your definition of hydrocarbons?

2. How can you distinguish alkane, alkene and alkyne from each other?
3. What are the different functional groups that you have learned?
4. Do you think hydrocarbons are important in your daily life? Explain your answer.
5. How can you share your learnings from others?
6. How do find this module?

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 SCIENCE: 9 ANSWER SHEET
Quarter: 2 Module: 6
Name: ____________________________ Grade and Section: __________ Teacher: _____________

Learning Competency: Recognize the general classes and uses of organic compounds. S9MT-IIh-18

Pretest:
1. __________ 2. __________ 3. __________ 4. __________ 5. __________
Looking back:
I. Properties of organic compounds
1. _______________ 2. _________________ 3. ________________ 4. ______________ 5. ___________
II. Uses of common organic compounds
6. _______ 7. ________ 8. ________ 9. ________ 10. __________
Activity 1: What’s the formula?
Part 1.
1. __________ 2. __________ 3. __________ 4. ____________
Part 2. Directions: Supply the expanded and condensed structural formula of the following.

1. 2.
Review
1. ___________________________________________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________________________________________
Activity 2: A. Cross my word
Across: 1. ___________ 2. ______________ 3. ______________ 4. ____________ 5. ___________
Down: 1. ___________ 2. ______________ 3. ______________ 4. ____________ 5. ___________
B 1. ________________ 2. _________________ 3. __________________
Check your understanding:
I. 1. _______________ 2. ________________ 3. _______________ 4. ____________ 5. ____________
6. _______________ 7. ________________ 8. _______________ 9. ____________ 10. ___________

II. A. ________________ B. _______________ C. _______________ D. _____________

Posttest:
1. ______ 2. ______3. ______ 4. ________5. ______ 6. _______7. _____ 8. _______ 9. _____ 10. ______

Reflection: Essay
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Note: You may use the back of your answer sheet for additional space.
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