Chapter-1: Electric Charges and Fields

l. Coulomb's force Fbetween two point charges kept in a medium of dielectric constant (K),
1 q192
F=
4E, K 2
For air between the charges, dielectric constant K= 1.
q192
Fair =
4TE0 2
q192
In vector form, F21 4TE0 2
Where F,is the force on charge q, due to q1 and fo1 is the unit vector in the direction from
91to 42
2. Electricfield strength E at any point in the field where F is the force experienced by
F
charge qo kept at that point, E = lim

) Electric field strength due to a point charge at a distance r

where ?r is unit vectorralong
along ; =
1
E 4E0 2
4nEo 3
(ü) Due to sphere charge
1
(a) Inside point (r s R) E= r; Ear E
4E, R
11 9 1 Eoc1/2
(b) Outside point (r R) E= 4nE, :Ea
2ia
1
R
(c) On the surface (r = R) E=
4E, R'
(üi) Due to hollow sphere of charge
(a) Inside point (r sR), E = 0 ol& Ex1//2

(b) Outside, E= 1 olE=0

1
(c) On the surface, E=
4TE, R
 density (
(iv) Elecric ficld strength due to infinite line charge having linear charge
coulomb/metre.
22
4 TE,
()Electric ficld strength ncar an infinite thin sheet of charge.
E=

(v) Electric field strength near aconductor E = Eo n, where n is a unit vector normal to the
surface in the outer direction. Electric field strength inside a conductor E = 0.
3. Electric Dipole:
() Dipole moment p= q.20 (2/ being the separation from -q to +q)
(i) Torque on a dipole in uniform electric field t = px E
(ji) Potential energy of dipole, U=-p. E =-pE cos0
where is the angle between pand E
to 0, is
(iv) Work done in rotating the dipole in uniform electric field from orientation 9,
W= U-U,= pE(cos 0 -cos 0;)
orientation 0 is
Work done in rotating the dipole from equilibrium position 0 = 0 to
W=pE (1 - cos )
(v) Electric field due to a short dipole:
(a) at axial point Egs
1 2p

(6) at an equitorial point E =

4. Total electric flux, =|E.dS =X net charge enclosed by the closed surface.

Chapter-2: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance

1. Electric Potential: Vkq/R
Dueto a charged conducting sphere or charged spherical shell of radius R. Voc1/r

(i)Inside, Vinside 4TEn R#rSR) (ii) Outside,Vou = (r> R)

4E0
2. Relation between electric field and potential,
dV
E=
dr
-(numerically)
3. Work done in taking a charge q from one point to another in electric field.
W= q(V2- V) joule
where V, = potential at initial point, V, = potential at final point.
4. Work done incarrying a charge on equipotential surface is always zero.
5. Electric potential due to dipole,
(i) at axialpoint =

(ii) at anequatorial point =0

6. Capacitance for isolated conductor, C=
7. Dielectric constant K= Gmedium
Coir
8. Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor
()Co4
(in air)
d

(o) C= Ke,4 when medium of dielectric constant K fills the space between plates.

(i) When the space between the plates is partly filled with a dielectric of thickness t, then
capacitance C= EA

d-1
9. Combination of Capacitors:
(i) Capacitors in series:
(a) Net capacitance C is given by

C G Gg
(b) In series chargeis the same on allcapacitors

(c) Net potential difference V= V+ V, + V;

(ä) Capacitors in Parallel:
(a) Net capacitance, C= G + C + Gg
(b) Potential difference is same across all
capacitors
VË= V= V= V(same for all)
(c)Charge, q= q1 t 42 t q3
10. Energy stored in a
capacitor,
2 20
11.
Electrostatic energy density,
U,=eE (in air) and geE' (in medium)
 EMectof Introducing adielectric between plates of a charged parallel plate capacitor
S. Physical When battery When battery is removed
No. Quantity remains connected before introduction of dielectric
1 Capacitance () increases K-times increases K-times
2. Charge (Q) increases K-times remains constant
3 ElectricField remains constant decreases times
K
1
4 Electric Potential () remains constant decreases K times

$. Electrostatic Energy Stored increases K-times decreases

K
times

Chapter-3: Current Electricity

eE
1. Drift velocity, V, =
m

where Eis electric field strength, t is relation time, e is the charge on electron and mis the
mass of electron.
-2. Relation between Current and Drift Velocity:
I=neAv
where n =number of free electrons per m°,A = crosS-sectional area
3. Ohmn's law V=RI Or J=oE (alternative forms of Ohm's law)
4. Resistance
A
RA
5. Specificresistance p=
net
6. Current density

7. Electrical conductivity
8. Temperature dependence of resistance
R, = RÍ (1+ ast)
where a is the temperature coefficient of resistance
or
R = R, [1+ a (ly-)]
9. Internal E
resistance of a cell:
where E is emf of cell, V= terminal p.d.
10. across external resistance R.
Combination of Cells
(i) When n-identical cells are
E connected
in series
Current, i= nel

R t Kint
nE
R+ nr
For useful series
combination, the condition is Rext >>Rint
 (i) When m-identical cells are connetecd in parallel
'net
R,,t Kin R+r/m

Condition of useful parallel ombination is R <r/m.

on) When N mn. cells are onneted in mixed grouping (m-rows in parallel, each row
ontaining n cellsin series) mnE
nE
Current, i=
mR + nr
R+

Condition for useful mixed grouping is Rex = Rint

i... R=

( )When two cells of different emfs E,and E, and different internal resistances r and r, are
connected in parallelas shown in fig. then netemf of combinationis
E, 4
E

E=
E, + Eg
+
E
Net internal resistance rint
1_1, 1
"int
"imt
Il. Joule's Law of heating effect of current
W =J'Ri= -t= VIt joule.
R
12. ElectricPower
P=VIl'R= watt.
R

Value of External Current Terminal Power Consumed in

Resistance from the Cell Potential Difference External Resistance

E
R V=E- Ir P=FR
R+r
R=0 E
V=E-r P=0
(Short circuit) (Maximum) ’V=0
R=r E
2r
V=E 2r P=
4r
(Maximum)
2
Open circuit, I=) V=E-0 P=0
R= V= E
Chapter-4: Moving Charges and Magnetism
current element
1. Biot-Savart Law: Magnetic field due to a
Idlxr
dB =
4T

2. Magnetic field due to a straight current carrying wire,

B= 4nR (sin 0, + sin ,)
M 900
conductor at
where q and q, are the angles substended by ends of the
the reference point with the normal. For infinitely long wire B= 2TR
d
3. Magnetic field due to a current carrying circular coil
() At centre B.
2R

(2) At a point on the axis Bait (where a = radius of coil) and x is the distan
2(a* +*²)9
of the point)
4. Ampere's circuital law:|B.dl =ul
5. Magneticfield strength within solenoid
B = o2l wheren = number of turns per metre length.
6. Magnetic field due to toroid
(i) Within the coils R- o NI
2Ttr
(iü)Outside the toroid B = 0.
7. Magnetic force on a moving charge in amagnetic field

8. Magnetic force on a current carrying conductor

E =Il xB
9. Force per unit length between parallel currents:

2Ttr
10. Torque experienced by a current carrying loop in a uniform
magnetic field
T= NIAx B= MxB
11. Magnetic moment of a current loop

M = NIA
12. Deflection in moving coil galvanometer
=NAB
Current sensitivity of a galvanometer SS== NAB
C
 ammeter,
13. For conversion of galvanometer into
shunt resistance required S=-L
14. For conversion of galvanomter into
voltmeter,
Series resistance required R=-G

Chapter-5: Magnetism and Matter

i. Magnetic dipole moment, m = qm X 2/
2. Magneticdipole moment of acurrent loop, m = NIA
3. Magneticfield due to a short magnetic dipole
Mo 2M
(i) At axis Ba =

Ho M
(ü)At equatorial, B
egt. 4n

4. Elements of earth's magnetic field

Horizontal component H= B, cos where = angle of dip.
Vertical component V= B, sin 0
tan =V and B, = VH +y²
5. Magnetic moment of an orbital electron
eUr

2 2m
6. Orbital magnetic dipole moment of an electron in nth orbital,
eUr eh
e

M
2 2m, 4Tm,
7. Magnetic susceptibility xm= H
1
8. Curie Law: x a X = , where C is Curie constant.
Distinction between Dia-, Para- and Ferromagnetics
Property Diamagnetic Paramagnetic Ferromagnetic Remark

() Magnetic induction B B< Bo B> Bo B>> B Bo is magnetic

induction in free
space
(ii) | Intensity of magnetisationsmall and small and very high and m is magnetic
positive moment
M= negative positive

(iif) Magnetic susceptibility small and small and very high and
M
negative positive positive
H
(iv) | Relative permeability H, >> l (of
the order the
thousands)
Chapter-6: Electromagnetic Induction
1. Magnetic flux =B. A =BA cos 0
where is the angle between A and B
2. Induced emf in a coil 6=-N
3. EMF induced in a moving conductor, [ = Bul
where B, l are nmutually perpendicular
4. Magnetic flux =LI
where L is the coefficient of self-induction.

5. If L is self inductance, emf induced E=-L

At
6. Self inductance of a solenoid

AI
7. Mutual Inductance E, =-M.
At

Po121
8. Mutual inductance of solenoid coilsvstem M=

where N, = number of turns/metre in solenoid, N, = number of turns in coil.

1
9. Energy stored in inductance Um= I=¢/
Direction of Current Induced in Some Cases
System Primary Current Induced Current
1. Straight wire-coil system (i) Current increasing Clockwise current
Anticlockwise current
(2) Current decreasing

2. Self inductive circuit () Key is pressed Opposite to direction of

main currents
000000O
(ü) Key is released Inthe direction of main
current

H
 3. Magnetic-coilsystem (i) North pole approaching Anticlockwise current
coil

(ii) North pole receding coil Clockwise current

(i)

Man observing
direction of current

Chapter-7: Alternating Current

1. For an alternating current circuit
V= V,sin ol; I= l,sin (ot + )
2. RMS value of an alternating current

3. Impedance of series LCR circuit

2
Z= -/R+(XX, = / + - )
4. Phase angle between I and V,
R
tan cos =
R
5. Resonance: (If Xç = X, and Z = R),then
1 1
and f=
27/LC
6. Q-Factor:
0,
Q- Factor = =
R
7. Average power dissipated in LCR-circuit,
P, =VmcOs =V, cos 0
8. Peak emf in a rotating coil of generator
E, = NBAo
9. For LCoscillations
1
andf=
2r/LC
10. For a Transformer:_ N, =r (transformation ratio)
V, N,
For a step up transformer r= N,
Np
For a step down
transformer, r=
Nl
 IndividualComponents (R or L or C)
C
TERM

R -0000
L
Cinuit

V= V, sin ot V= Vosin ot
Supply Vnltage V=V, sin ot

Current 1=l, sin ot I= l, sino I=h sinot +

I/0C
= VooC
Peak Current wL
R

Impedance (2) V =X
=R = wL=X
lo
lo R= Resistance X, = Inductive reactance X=Capacitive reactance

Phase difference zero (in same phase) tVleads I) -5(Vleads I)

Phasor Diagram

Variation of R4
Z with v

R does not depend on v

Combination of Components (RL or RC or LC)

TERM RL RC LC
Circuit Tis samne in R & L Iis same in R & C Iis same in L & C

R
R

Phasor diagram
R

V V
V2=V+V V² =V+ V
V= Ve-V (Ve> VD
 V= V,sin of V= V, sin ot V= Vo sin ot
Supply Voltage
= , sin (ot- ) I= , sin (ot +¢) I= I, sin ot +
Current
Vlags I
Phase diference in
rleads /(4 -0to V
"lhgs /(-0to )
between l and / --N >X)
Vleads /

(=+5 X, >X«)
Z=VR+ N Z=/R'+(X? z=|X,- Kel
Impedance
As v increases, As vincreases, Z first
Variation of Z As v increases,
Zdecreases decreases then increases
with v Z increases

R R R

Chapter-8: Electromagnetic Waves

1. Maxwell's equations
(i) Gauss's law for electrostatics, E.dA =

(ü) Gauss's law for magnetism, fB.d¦= 0

dog
(ü) Faraday's law, fE.dl =- dt

(w) Ampere-Maxwell law, ýB.dl= oi,t0dg

2. For a wave frequency v, wavelength d, propagating along z-direction, the equations for
electric field and magnetic fields are:
E, =E,sin (kz - wt)
B, = B, sin (kz - o)
where k= 2T
3. Wave velocity, v = v.
4. The speed of electromagnetic wave in vacuum, c =
 1
=
speed of electromnagneticwave in a material medium, v
5. The
amplitude ratio of electric and magneticfields is Bo
6. The
magnitude of the totalmomentum delivered by an electromagnetic wave, D=U
7. The
to a surface in time t.
where, U= totalenergy transferred
wave:
8. Average energy of an electromagnetic

Chapter--9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

1. Reflection
R
(i) For any spherical mirror, f=
1 2
() Mirror formula, +=
h
(üi) Magnification, m= f-u f
h,
images.
Magnification m is -ve for real images and +ve for virtual
mirror and +ve for a convex mirro.
f and Rare -ve fora concave
and +ve for virtual image.
For areal object u is -ve, vis -ve for real image
2. Refraction
sin i
(i) Snell's law,
Sin r

-| C speedof light in vacuum air

(2i) Refractive index, n = speed of lightin a medium medium
n.
(iv) If object is in medium of refractive index
Real depth
Apparent depth
Apparent shift, x=t -4-1-)
2. Criticalangle for total internal reflection
1
sini, =

Total internal reflection occurs when i > i,.

3. A fish or diver in water at depth h sees the outside world in a
horizontal circle of radius r given by
h
Vn'-1
X
 4. () Thin Lens formula:

(ü) Linear magnification: m= ut f

(m) For refraction from rarer to denser medium

R
(iv) For refraction from denser to rarer medium

R
(v) Power of a surface
=l-1
P=
R R
(For air)
(i) Lens maker's formula
1
Rg
(vü) Power of a lens: P = diopter f is in metres)
f
(vu) Lens immersed in a liquid of refractive index, n,

and f Liquid
-1
Glass
where f, is focal length of lens in air. Liquid
(ix) Lenses in contact
1_1,1 Or P=P+P,.

5. Refraction through a Prism:

P
7t,=A A = angle of prism

8= angle of deviation N1 (i-) *Ng

n= sin; Sin , i
Sinr, Sin , H
For minimum deviation i = i9 =i and r F =r
. Angle of minimum deviation R

sin
A+8,
sini 2
sin r A
sin

For a thin prism: 8= (n - 1) A

 6. Simple Microscope:
D
Magnifying power: M=l+ (For final image at D)
D
(For final image at infinity)

7. Compound Microscope:
() Magnification: M= m, Xm,
(m) Magnification: M=-o (For final image at D)

(i) Magnification: M=- D

(for final image at oo)
LD

8. Astronomical Telescope:
() Magnification: M= Jo (for final image at infinity),
L=fo t fe
(i) Magnification: M=-1+ J. (For final image at distinct vision)

L=fo t u,

Chapter-10: Wave Optics

1. () Condition of Maxima for Young's Double Slit Experiment on Interference of light:
Phase difference, =2nT n= 1,2, 3, ...
Path difference, A=nà
(ii) Condition of Minima:
Phase difference, = (2n -1) n|
n=1,2, 3,...
Pathdifference, A=(2n-1)
(ii) Relation between Path difference (4), Phase difference () and Time difference )
2T = where wavelength (2) and time period (T)
2. If sources of amplitude a, and az are coherent, intensity I at a point in the regiou
superposition where phase difference between waves is
+a' +2a,4, cos Q= I + I, +2/,!) cos
(1) Maximum Intensity, max C (a t a,)"
 (ii) Minimum Intensity, Imin (a, -a,)'
(a, t a,)?
(a, -a,)
In interferenceenergv is conserved. It is simply transferred from minima to maxima.
(i) Intensity of light Width of slits
(i) Ratio of slit widths,
W
w, 1, a
3. Young's double slit experiment:
nD)
() Position of maxima, n= 1, 2, 3.....
d
(i) Position of minima, y, =n 1)DA n = 1,2, 3...

DÀ
(iiü) Fringe width, B=yn+1- )n = d
where D = distance between sources and screen,
d= distance between slits
(iv) Angular fringe width, B d'
4. Diffraction at a single slit of width 'a':
(i) Directions of minimaare, a sin = nà, n=1, 2, 3, ...

(iü) Directions of maxima are, a sin =t(2n -1), n=1,2, 3,

(iüü) Angular half-width of central maximum, 0= sin
(iv) Total angular width, 20 = 2 sin
)
For small 0, linear half-width at a screen at distance D
from slit, Ay
(v) Total linear width = 22D a