Synopsis on

“THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITION OF SLUM WOMEN

IN NANDED CITY: A CRITICAL STUDY”

Synopsis Submitted to

Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University,

Nanded

For the Registration of Ph.D. degree in Economics

Under the faculty of Humanities

By

Shamal Madhavrao Bhalerao

Under the Guidance of

Dr. Pramod P. Lonarkar

Assistant professor of Economics

School of Social Science, SRTMU Nanded.

Research Center

School of Social Science, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada Universi-

ty, Nanded
 “THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITION OF SLUM WOMEN

IN NANDED CITY: A CRITICAL STUDY.”

INTRODUCTION
Economists divide the history of India’s economic growth into two phases first 45
years after independence and the two decades of the free market economy .India has been experiencing
fastest growing economy in the world from last two decades, there is a more progress than earlier in
different economic indicators like Gross Domestic Product(GDP), Balance of Payment, Service Sector
growth, Inflation, Human Development Index (HDI), Significant accumulation of foreign exchange,
resilience to external shocks, stock market, information technology and improvement in
telecommunication etc. So now it is considered as a major emerging economic power but this is one
side of our economy. If we look at another side, we will notice that still there are number of problems
and challenges in front of our economy like: poverty, unemployment, lack of infrastructure, corruption,
poor tax collection, increasing number of slums, gender inequality etc. There is still large number of
disadvantaged population in India.
According to the report of Indian government stated in 2012, there are about 22% or 276 million
population of the total population in India living in below poverty limit and along with this population
there is one more large percentage of disadvantaged population in India who are still living very
miserable life, even they couldn’t fulfill their basic necessities and always been neglected by the
society as well as government that is the slum population. According to the census of 2011 near about
65 millions population of India is living in slums of the different parts of the country. it’s a really
remarkable disadvantaged population of India. Hence the present study focuses on slums specially
women in the slum areas of Nanded city with their Socio-Economic condition.
 MEANING OF SLUM
The term slum is generally used for the informal urban settlements usually in cities with
characteristics of densely populated, overcrowded area with dilapidated populated and sub standard
housing as well as with the problems of lack of infrastructural facilities like clean water, sanitation,
faulty arrangements of streets, drainage, health care, street light, clean air, internal road networks, toilet
etc. although the concepts of slum differs from one society to another conducted in the same society but
there are some common factors which identifies an area as a slum. With the help of some following
authentic definitions we can easily identify the slum area.

DEFINATIONS OF SLUM
(a) United Nation (1952) defines the concept of slum in the report of Urban policies ‘ A building a
group of building or area characterized by overcrowding, deterioration, unsanitary condition or
any one of them endangering the health, safety or morals of its inhabitants or the community’.
(b) According to the census 2011 under section 3 of the slum Area improvement and clearance Act
1956, slums have been defined as mainly those areas where dwellings are in any respect unfit
for human habitation by reasons of dilapidation, overcrowding, faulty arrangements and designs
of such buildings, narrowness or faulty arrangements of streets, lack of ventilation, light,
sanitation facilities or any combination of these factors which are detrimental to safety, health
and morals.

TYPES OF SLUM
For the first time in the history of India the census 2001 prepared the detailed information about slum
and also classifieds the slums into three major types with the respect of town, size and population that
are follows.
i. Notified slum : As per slum Act, state government Union territory, local government have been
notified areas in town or city as a slum.
ii. Recognized slum: As per any state government Act, Union territory, local government, Housing
and slum Boards or any recognized body has be recognizing areas in town or city as a slum.
iii. Identified slum: charge officer or Inspector (nominated by Directorate of census operators)
identifies the compact area of 60-70 households or at least 3000 populations with lack of
 infrastructural facility, unhygienic environment, safe of drinking water; sanitation etc. has the
slum area.

CAUSES OF SLUM
Most of the disadvantaged rural population migrates towards the affluent cities in search of
job and livelihood. The following are the some important causes of increasing slum area.
(1) Urbanization.
(2) Industrialization..
(3) Rural-Urban migration.
(4) Poverty.
(5) Poor housing planning.
(6) Natural disasters.
(7) Colonialism and Segregation.
(8) Politics.
(9) Social and ethical conflict.
THE SLUM POPULATION
A Report published by UN-HABITAT (2003) reported that one billion people approximately one
third of the world’s urban population and a sixth of all humanity live in slums. India alone constitute
one third of the word wide slum population.
According to the United Nations world cities report 2016 the population of slum dwellers in
developing countries increased from 689 million in 1990 to 880 million in 2014. The 2011 census of
India counted 65 million slum dwellers in India and around 13.8 million households it means that 17.4
percent of India’s population living in slums, in which around 33,968,203 are male and 31,526,401 are
female. The total number of towns and cities reported as slum in 2001 is 1743 and in 2011 is 2613 it
means the growth rate of slum is 50% in the decade. As per 2001 census the six states Sikkim,
Himachal Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Mizoram and Manipur and three Union Territories
Daman & Div, Dadra Nagar Haveli and Lakshadweep have not reported any types of slums. On the
other hand in 2011 census only Manipur and three Union Territories Daman & Div, Dadra Nagar
Haveli and Lakshadweep have not reported any types of slums. The highest number of slum population
has been observed in the high urban populated states and Union Territories. The Highest work
participation rate among slum observed in the Sikkim (41%) and Lowest in Bihar (29%). The following
table shows the sex ratio among slum of India.
 Sex Ratio Number and States

2001 887

2011 928

Highest Kerala(1074)

Lowest Gujrat(841)

According to the census 2001 & 2011 Maharashtra is the top most state in the population and
household of slum. Near about 22.9% in 2001 and 18.1% in 2011 population of slum observed in
Maharashtra, it means 11,848,425 million people of Maharashtra lives in slum, in which
6,326,217 are male and 5,520,206 are female. According to the census 2011 Maharashtra is also
called as slum capital of India.

OVERVIEW OF NANDED CITY AND ITS SLUM POPULATION

Nanded is the second largest urban city in Marathwada region of Maharashtra.
According to the census 2011 the total population of Nanded city is 5,50,493 lakh of which 2,85,433 are
male and 2,65,006 are female. The literacy rate is 85.95% of which 90.58% are male and 80.95% female.
It has a sex ratio of 928 females for every 1000 males. Nanded is a multi religious city, Hinduism is
major religion in Nanded city, then Muslims, Buddhist, Sikh, Jain, Christian respectively.
According to the census 2011, 279024 population of the total population of Nanded city
is living in the 246 slums, in which 25 are Notified or declared slums and 221 are Non-notified or
Undeclared slums. There are 80 largest slums in the different sectors of the city out of 246 slums. It
means, near about half of the population of Nanded city living in slum area. The growth rate of
population is more than three times of total population; most of the slums are on private land. The
numbers of households of slums are 38,452. Ambedkar Nagar and Jay Bhim Nagar are two largest slums
in the Nanded city.
 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Following are some important reviews of literature.
✔ SRIBAS GOSWAMI (2014)‘A STUDY ON HEALTHCARE PRACTICE IN URBAN
SLUMS; INDIAN SCENARIO’. The study focuses on the health related issues of slum women: for that
purpose the researcher collected the data from 300 families across four slums in Raipur city. He found
that women in slum areas often neglect the minor sickness and do not consult a doctor for a remedial
cure unless they fall ill. Mainly they suffer from joint pains, mental stress, white discharge, acute
tiredness etc. Most of the slum women do not use the modern contraceptive measure; they prefer the
traditional measures only. Practices of breastfeeding after the birth of child also studied here. In Raipur
the numbers of good hospitals are limited. Studies show that 77% of women depend on government
hospitals, therefore the women in slum areas are far away from good medical facilities. The researcher
suggests education may play a vital role in influencing women's knowledge about health, nutrition and
hygiene.

✔ ANJU SIGAL (2008) ‘COMMUNITY CARETAKING AND WOMEN VOLUNTEER TEACHERS IN MUMBAI
SLUMS’.
This paper explains the role of slum women as a community caretaker as well as the volunteer
teachers in their respective slum areas. The self help group Pratham targeted to fulfill the educational
needs of slum children in the age group of 3-12 years. These programs were implemented through local
women in slum areas. The teachers were mainly Muslims, unmarried and below 23 years. Many of
teachers attracted the children towards school as they love children like their elder sisters. The
researcher examines women's community based teaching-caretaking role articulated through
interpersonal relationship and relational discourses as well as desire for social upliftment of
disadvantaged.

✔ NANDITA KAPADI – KUNDU, TARA KANITAR (2002) ‘PRIMARY HEALTHCARE IN URBAN

SLUMS’. This paper addresses the under
development of the urban health policy in Maharashtra. The paper describes the health status of
slum dwellers in Maharashtra and also highlights the existing urban delivery system. The health
status in urban slums is presented in three sections- Women health, Child health and emerging
issues like HIV/ AIDS and TB. The researcher suggest that the government need to implement
the recommendations give by the Krishnan committee in 1982.Health policy formulation and
 implementation for the state must take into consideration urban condition and needs. The new
health policy should not advocate a change in the established norm of one health post from
50,000 To 1, 00000 lakh populations. There needs to be integration of all vertical programs
(such as TB, malaria, HIV/AIDS) with primary the primary healthcare system.
✔ SHAHANA SHEIKH , SUBHADRA BARDA (2015)‘SURVEYING SLUMS : PROCESS OF SURVEY AND USE
OF DATA’.

The present paper focuses on the process of slum of survey and use of data. In India slum
survey conduct by the different agencies in some cities the urban local body conduct it and in others
slum improvement boards established by state government. This paper discusses slum surveying in
some of India’s largest cities .The researcher conclude that apart from concerns over the transparency
of slum survey data, the process of collecting it and its use and possible abuse need to be carefully
understood especially in the light of a growing policy, emphasize on slum and their rehabilitation. slum
survey process have to be accurate and participate.

✔ BIRAJA KABI SATAPATHY (2014) ‘SAFE DRINKING WATER IN SLUMS: FROM WATER COVERAGE
TO WATER QUALITY’.

In this article the researcher analysis the water, sanitation and hygiene situation in slum
household and compares it with the non-slum urban household using the data from the 2011 census. He
suggests that government should emphasis on quality water distribution rather than the more water
supply coverage. Intermittent water supply coupled with poor sanitation which contributes to higher
health risks. This article advocates for a shift from availability of infrastructure to delivery of service
level outcome.

✔ DR.CHANDAN ROY, DR. SUSMITA CHATTERJEE, DR. SANGITA DUTTA GUPTA (2018) ‘WOMEN
EMPOWERMENT INDEX: CONSTRUCTION OF A TOOL TO MEASURE RURAL WOMEN

EMPOWERMENT LEVEL IN INDIA’.

The present article focuses on to construct the women Empowerment Index as a tool to
measure rural women Empowerment level in India. According to the researcher there is
bidirectional relationship between economic development and empowerment of women. Women
empowerment is complex sociological and economic issues therefore need to be measured in term
of some specific parameters like access to resources decision making capability, ability to take a
 stand, financial liberty, ability to take decision, health condition of the women and ability to stand
up again they evils of the society. The present study constructed Individual Empowerment Index
and group empowerment indices to measure the rural women empowerment in India. The index
was applied on 300SHG group members of rural west Bengal.

Navin Bhatia, Aranav Chatterjee (2010) ‘Financial Inclusion in the Slum of Mumbai’.
This paper examines the financial inclusion in the slum of Mumbai. Financial inclusion
usually refers to the delivery of banking services at an affordable cost to the vast section of the
disadvantaged and ow income groups. The researcher concluded that financial inclusion has become the
buzzard in present day financial circles but still it is for away from the areas like slum.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1. To analyze the caste structure of slum women.

2. To analyze critically the employment condition of slum women.
3. To analyze critically the link between education and Socio-Economic condition of slum women.
4. To discuss the family structure and health issues of slum women.
5. To know the awareness and access of government schemes available to slum women.
6. To study the impact of lack of civic amenities on the slum women.
7. To present the crucial cases of slum women.
8. To construct the Women Empowerment Index and to make it’s cross comparison based on Caste
and Religion.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The present study is an analytical in nature so the main source of data for this study is the
primary data. The primary data will be collected through interview schedules. The other sources of
secondary sources data will also be used in this study like Books, Census, Journals, Government report,
Economic survey, M Phil and PhD Thesis of earlier studies.

SAMPLE SELECTION
There are 246 slums in Nanded city, they are spread in all directions of the city. Out of 246
there are 80 largest slums in the city. So, the sample will be selected from these 80 largest slums. For
sample selection, Nanded city will be divided into four zones, namely East, West, South and North.
From each zone 200 women will be selected randomly from the age group of 18 years and above. In
this way, total 800 samples will be selected for this study. The selection of slum area for the survey will
be arranged on the basis of population. The slums will be ranked as per descending order of the
population and every odd number rank of the slum will be chosen for survey. This will cover the
Notified and Non-notified slums.

CASE STUDIES: To present the crucial cases, some case studies will also be done by using the
method of in-depth interview.

TECHNIQUE OF ANALYSIS
For the analysis of collected data from Interview Schedule, Quantitative and
Qualitative techniques will be used. For the Quantitative data analysis, statistical tools like correlation,
frequency, distribution, percentages and other tools of statistical testing will be used. The data will be
analyzed using modern statistical software like SPSS. The use of figures will be made for better visual
analyze.
For the analysis of case studies Qualitative Method of analysis will be used.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

We know that Indian society is the only society in the world which has a number of social
sections. Dr B.R Ambedkar said that the Indian society is not only division of labor but also the laborer.
The society divides its people on the basis of Religion, Caste, Sub-caste, Sex, Gender etc. As it has
different strata, the Indian women come under the lower strata of the society. Women considered as the
most dependent, deprived and disadvantaged population of the society who had denied all the
fundamental rights. But now a days the condition of women is quite better than the earlier especially
due to the efforts of different social reformers, social workers, thinkers and somewhat government
participation.
As women are half of the population, socially and economically backward and much of lack
behind as compare to men in respect of education, job opportunity, work participation and also the
number of health-related issues. For the development of any strata of the society, women must be
uplifted because they are core part of the society. So, our present study focuses on the women specially
slum women who are considered as the most disadvantaged population and still far away from the
development. This study also tries to understand the different perspectives and dimensions for the
upliftment of slum women. Definitely, this study will beneficial for the slum women to improve their
condition in the society.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

➢ This research belongs to the vulnerable elements of the society therefore through the way of this
research it will be very helpful to focus on reality of the slum area.
➢ This research emphasizes on the empowerment of women of Nanded slum areas.
➢ Through the way of this research we can find out the root level problems and its causes of slum
women.
➢ Through the way of this research we can think about the solution of slum women problems.
➢ Through the way of this research we can make fundamentally strong structured program of
slum women empowerment.
➢ It will be helpful to some NGOS, social agencies and government to arrange a better welfare
program for slum women empowerment.
➢ This research basically focuses on the gender discrimination of slum area as well as it covers
the overall problems of slum women.
➢ Truly slum people bear the numerous problems and day by day the problems of slum area
increasing rapidly. Therefore, it’s most necessary to find out its causes and problems as well as
to make a blueprint of solution to the problems.

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

➢ As the study is about slum women, the area is of Nanded city. Hence general conclusion about
the Socio-Economical-Educational Status of slum women is not possible.
 CHAPTER SCHEMES

CHAPTER – 1
INTRODUCTION
In this chapter there will be Meaning of slum, Concept of slum, Definition, Types, Causes of slum
and its population will be studied. In short, overview of slum will be discussed.

CHAPTER -2
REVIEWS OF LITERATURE AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter highlights the earlier studies of the research topic which are done by the various
research scholars of India. The help of different reputed Research Papers, Journals, Books, Articles and
Authentic websites will be taken. On the other hand, research methodology will be on the basis of
proper methods of collecting and analyzing the data.

CHAPTER – 3
BRIEF PROFILE OF NANDED CITY
This chapter includes the Geographic and Demographic characteristics of Nanded city. It means
that the different aspects will be explained.

CHAPTER – 4
BRIEF PROFILE OF SLUMS IN NANDED CITY
This chapter focuses on slum areas in Nanded city specially their population, sex ratio, causes,
characteristics, employment conditions and also health status.

CHAPTER – 5
THE ANALYSIS OF SOCIO- ECONOMIC CONDITION OF SLUM WOMEN
In this chapter, the detailed study of slum women will be analyzed and discussed thoroughly.
Means, different aspects of slum women will be taken into consideration like: social, economic,
educational, and health conditions. With this, the study will verify the different schemes available to
slum women. Apart from this, the analysis and the discussion will aim to construct Women
Empowerment Index.

CHAPTER – 6
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
Conclusion and suggestions will be drawn after the detailed study of the socio-economic
condition of slum women in Nanded city which will be based on the empirical data.

REFERENCES:

1. Sribas Goswami (2014) – A Study on Women’s Healthcare Practice in Urban Slums: Indian Scenario,
Women’s Health Journal 13 oct 2014, P. 201 -206.
2. Navin Bhatia, Aranav Chatterjee (2010) – Financial Inclusion in the Slum of Mumbai, Economics &
Political Weekly october 16,2014,VOL.XLV NO.42,P.23-26.
3.Nandita Kapadi – Kundu , Tara Kanitar (2002) – Primary Healthcare in Urban Slum, economics &
Politicals Weekly December 21, 2002, P.5086-5089.
4. Biraja Kabi Satapathy (2014) – Safe Drinking Water in Slums: From Water Coverage to Water
Quality, Economics and Political Weekly June 14,2014 VOL.XLIX NO.24, P. 50-55.
5. Dr.Chandan Roy, Dr. Susmita Chatterjee , Dr. Sangita Dutta Gupta (2018) – Women Empowerment
Index: Construction of Tool to Measure Rural Women Empowerment Level in India, ANVESHAK
International Journal of Management (AIJM), January 2018, VOL.7, NO. 1, P. 199-212.
6. Anju Sigal (2008) – Community Caretaking and Women Volunteer Teacher in Mumbai Slum,
Economics & Political Weekly October 18, 2008, P. 69-75.
7. Shahana Sheikh, Subhadra Barda (2015) – Surrveying Slums: Process of Survey is Use of Data,
Economic are Political Weekly May 30, 2015 VOL.NO. 22, p.73 -78.
8. Shodganga :- CHAPTER VII Slum of Nanded City,p.-195-231, http://shodganga.inflibnet.ac.in.
9. Census of India, Censusindia.gov.in.
10. Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index, USAID: www.usaid.gov
11. Internal food Policy Research Institute,IFPRI www.ifpri.org
12. The Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI), www.ophi.org.in
 Research Guide Researcher
Dr. Pramod P Lonarkar Ms.: Shamal M Bhalerao