Lecture 6

Application of ICT
Wijesh Kumar
Lecture 06
Computer-Based Information System
(CBIS)
 A Computer-Based Information System (CBIS) is a system that uses computer
technology to collect, process, store, and distribute information.
 CBIS helps organizations to manage data efficiently, support decision-making,

and streamline operations.
 It includes hardware, software, data, procedures, and people involved in the

system
Key Components of CBIS
 Hardware: Physical devices like computers, servers, printers, and networking

equipment.
 Software: Programs and applications that process data, like databases,
spreadsheets, and business applications.
 Data: Information that is processed and stored, such as customer details,
sales figures, or inventory levels.
 Procedures: Guidelines or rules on how to use the system, including data
entry, processing, and output.
 People: Users who interact with the system, such as IT staff, managers, and
end-users.
Example of CBIS:
 Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) System: An ERP system integrates

different business processes (like finance, HR, inventory, and sales) into one
unified system. For instance, when a customer places an order, the ERP
system automatically updates inventory, generates invoices, and alerts the
production team. This integration ensures that all departments have access to
the same real-time data, improving efficiency and decision-making.
 Another example is a Hospital Management System that manages patient

records, appointment schedules, billing, and inventory of medical supplies, all
using a single system to improve patient care and streamline hospital
operations.
Methods of Input and Processing in CBIS
 In a Computer-Based Information System (CBIS), the methods of input and

processing are crucial for the effective management of data. Let's explore
these methods:
 Methods of Input
 Methods of Processing
Methods of Input
 Input methods are the ways in which data is entered into the system.
Accurate and efficient input is essential for processing data correctly. Some
common methods include:
• Keyboard Entry: Typing data using keyboards, often used for text input like
entering names, addresses, or product descriptions.
• Point-of-Sale (POS) Systems: Scanning barcodes or QR codes at checkout
counters to input product information and prices.
• Touchscreens: Touch-sensitive screens used in devices like tablets, kiosks,
and ATMs for input.
• Voice Input: Using voice commands to input data, especially useful in devices
with virtual assistants (e.g., Siri, Alexa).
2. Methods of Processing
 Processing methods involve how data is transformed, analyzed, and stored

within the system. Different types of processing include:
• Batch Processing: Accumulating data over a period and then processing it all
at once. Common in scenarios like payroll or end-of-day financial
transactions.
• Real-Time Processing: Processing data immediately as it is entered, allowing
for instant updates and responses. Used in online transactions, reservation
systems, or live monitoring systems.
• Online Processing: Continuous processing of transactions as they happen over
the internet, such as online banking or e-commerce.
Basic operations of a computer
 The basic operations of a computer are the fundamental processes that allow
it to function and perform tasks. These operations include Input, Process,
Storage, and Output. Each operation plays a critical role in how a computer
handles and manipulates data.
 1) Input
 Input is the process of entering data and instructions into the computer. It is the
starting point for any task, where the computer receives information from various
input devices.
 Examples: Keyboard, mouse, scanner, microphone, touchscreen, and barcode
reader.
 2) Process:
 Processing is the operation where the computer interprets and manipulates the
input data to perform calculations, run programs, or execute commands.
 The central processing unit (CPU) is responsible for carrying out this task.
 It follows a set of instructions (software) to transform the raw input into
meaningful information.
 Examples: Calculating totals in a spreadsheet, running a software program, or
converting user commands into actions.
 3) Storage:
 Storage involves saving data and information in the computer's memory for
immediate or future use.
 Computers have two main types of storage: Primary Storage (RAM), which is
temporary and volatile, and Secondary Storage (Hard Drive, SSD, USB drives),
which is permanent and non-volatile.
 Examples: Storing documents, images, and software applications on a hard drive or
cloud storage.
 4) Output:
 Output is the operation where processed data is delivered to the user in a readable
or usable form. Output devices display, print, or communicate the results of the
processing.
 Examples: Monitor displays, printed documents, audio from speakers, and data
sent to other systems over the internet.
Computer Elements
 Computer elements refer to the essential components that make up a

computer system, enabling it to function properly.
 These elements can be broadly categorized into hardware (the physical parts
of the computer), software (the programs and instructions), data (the
information processed by the computer), and users (people who interact with
the computer).
 Example: A desktop computer setup includes hardware (CPU, monitor,
keyboard), software (Windows OS, Microsoft Office), and data (documents,
spreadsheets), operated by users.
Processor (CPU - Central Processing
Unit)
 The processor, also known as the CPU (Central Processing Unit), is the "brain"
of the computer.
 It executes instructions and processes data, performing arithmetic and logical

operations. The speed and efficiency of the processor determine how quickly
a computer can execute tasks.
 Example: Intel Core i7, AMD

Memory
 Memory is the component that stores data and instructions temporarily or

permanently.
 There are two main types: Primary Memory (RAM - Random Access Memory):
Stores data and programs currently in use. It is fast but volatile, meaning data
is lost when the computer is turned off.
 Secondary Memory (Storage): Stores data and programs even when the
computer is turned off. This includes hard drives, SSDs, and external storage
devices.
 Example: 8GB DDR4 RAM (Primary Memory), 1TB SSD (Secondary Memory).4.
Hardware
Hardware
 Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system.

 These are the tangible parts you can see and touch.
 It includes internal parts (like the processor, RAM, motherboard) and external
parts (like a keyboard, mouse, and printer).
 Example: Monitor, keyboard, printer, hard disk drive.
Software
 Software is a set of instructions, programs, or code that tells the hardware

what to do. It enables the user to perform tasks on the computer.
 Software can be divided into two main categories:
 System Software: Includes the operating system (OS) and utility programs
that manage the computer's resources.
 Example: Windows 10, macOS, Linux.
 Application Software: Programs that help users perform specific tasks.
 Example: Microsoft Word, Adobe Photoshop, web browsers.
Possible Questions From the Lecture
 Define Computer-Based Information System (CBIS) with Example, enlist any 3 input
and Processing Method.
 Define Basic Operations of a computer (Input, Process, Storage, Output) with

Example.
 Define following terms with Example

 Computer Elements,
 Processor
 Memory
 Hardware
 Software

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Application of ICT

 CBIS helps organizations to manage data efficiently, support decision-making,

 It includes hardware, software, data, procedures, and people involved in the

 Hardware: Physical devices like computers, servers, printers, and networking

 Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) System: An ERP system integrates

 Another example is a Hospital Management System that manages patient

 In a Computer-Based Information System (CBIS), the methods of input and

 Processing methods involve how data is transformed, analyzed, and stored

 Computer elements refer to the essential components that make up a

 It executes instructions and processes data, performing arithmetic and logical

 Example: Intel Core i7, AMD

 Memory is the component that stores data and instructions temporarily or

 Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system.

 Software is a set of instructions, programs, or code that tells the hardware

 Define Basic Operations of a computer (Input, Process, Storage, Output) with

 Define following terms with Example

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