Second Year Definitions

Noman Rasheed ( M.Phil Statistics, M.
Ed ), Lecturer in Statistics Superior College Rawalpindi
MOST IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS OF STATISTICS (Second year)
1. Define Normal distribution

2. Differentiate between Sampling and Non-Sampling error
3. What is meant by point estimation
4. Differentiate between simple and composite hypothesis
5. What is meant by left-tailed test?
6. If population mean is 5 and σ 2 is known, then find x̄ when n = 25, s = 10 and t = 2
Ans : we know that
x̄ − µ x̄ − 5
t= √ ⇒2= ⇒ 4 = x̄ − 5 ⇒ x̄ = 9
s/ n 10/5
7. For a set of data bxy = −1 and byx = 0.5 What is wrong with the values of b0 s?
Ans : We know that both byx and bxy have same algebraic signs therefore it is not possible one is
positive and other is negative.
8. What do you know about association?
9. Define correlation coefficient and correlation
10. Write the methods of measuring secular trend in a time series?
Ans : There are four methods
(a) Free hand curve method
(b) Semi-Averages methods
(c) Method of moving averages
(d) Method of Least Squares
11. Differentiate between hardware and software?
Ans:
Hardware
The parts of computer, which can be seen and touched are called computer hardware. For example
Motherboard, Hard disk, Mouse, Keyboard and CPU
Software
A set of instructions and commands used to solve a problem or to control the operations of the computer
is called software. There are two types of software 1) Application software 2) System software
12. Discuss the Importance of Normal distribution?
13. What is sampling distribution?
14. Define point and interval estimation
15. What is scatter diagram?
16. What is type-I error and type-II error?
17. Differentiate between Association and correlation.
18. Define Time series.
19. What are components of time series
20. What are computer languages?
21. What is standard normal variate?
22. Write down two properties of normal distribution
1
Noman Rasheed ( M.Phil Statistics, M.Ed ), Lecturer in Statistics Superior College Rawalpindi
23. Normal frequency distribution

24. Write basic properties of Standard normal curve
25. Sampling with and sampling without replacement
26. Population and sample

27. Define the term Bias
28. Sampling distribution and Standard error
29. Two advantages of sampling
30. Statistical inference

31. Explain the term confidence interval
32. Distinguish between Null and Alternative hypothesis
33. What is meant by test-statistic
34. define the term power of test and power curve

Power Curve
The power curve shows the probabilities of rejecting the null hypothesis H0 for various values of the
parameter.
35. Define the term critical region
36. Discuss the method of least square for fitting regression line
37. Differentiate between perfect positive and perfect negative correlation
38. If byx = 1.6 and bxy = 0.4. Find the value of r.
Ans : p p √
We know that r = bxy × bxy , therefore r = (1.6)(0.4) = 0.64 = 0.8
39. If two regression coefficients are 1.49 and 0.51 respectively then find r
40. What are independent and dependent variables
41. State two properties of regression line

42. How will you describe the simple linear regression model
43. Attribute and Variable
44. What is meant by order of classes
45. Define the term Positive and Negative association

46. Explain the term positive and negative attributes
47. Explain the term secular trend with example
48. What type of models are assumed in time series

49. What is analog computer
Ans :
The computer, which receives input in the form of physical quantities and gives output in the form of
analog (similar) signals on reading scale or graph is called Analog computer . For example, Dial clock
and scale thermometer etc
2
50. RAM and ROM.

Ans :
RAM stands for random excess memory, it is also called Main memory. it is temporary storage of data,
which is lost when the computer is turned off. Bigger size of RAM increases the processing speed of a
computer.
ROM
ROM stand for read only memory. The instructions into ROM chips are permanently written at the
time manufacturing. It is not possible to remove or write new instructions. When the computer in
turned on the instructions in the ROM are automatically loaded.
51. In a normal distribution Q1 = 10 and Q3 = 22
Ans : We know that Q1 = µ − 0.6745σ and Q3 = µ + 0.6745σ setting two equations as
22 = µ + 0.6745σ (1)
10 = µ − 0.6745σ (2)
subtracting (1) from (2)
12
12 = 1.349σ ⇒ σ = = 8.89 (3)
1.349
Now putting (4) in equation (1) and we get
22 = µ + 5.9963 ⇒ µ = 22 − 5.9963 = 16 (4)
52. What is a standardized normal variable?

53. Define sampling design
54. Explain briefly Non-Probability sampling
55. Distinguish between parameter and statistic
56. Define the term unbiasedness
57. Write short notes on interval estimation
58. What is level of confidence
59. Define estimate and estimation
60. Define statistical hypothesis
61. Explain one tailed and two tailed test
62. What do you know about test of significance?
63. What is simple regression
64. What are ultimate class frequency?
65. Write two properties of correlation coefficient
66. Define the term seasonal variations
67. Differentiate between Signal and Noise
68. Components of time series
69. Define central processing unit
Ans:
Central processing unit (CPU) is called the brain of computer. It controls all devices of the computer
system and performs operations on data according to instructions one by one. The two major parts of
CPU are 1) Control Unit 2) Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
3
70. What is a shape of normal curve?

71. Write the theoretical equation of normal curve distribution for µ = 16 and σ 2 = 64
Ans
2
x−µ
−1
e
2 σ
f (x) = √
σ 2π
Here we have µ = 16 and σ 2 = 64 ⇒ σ = 8, Putting these result in equation and we

2
1 x − 16
e−
2 8
f (x) = √
8 2π
72. Define standard error of estimate

73. σ = 4, N = 6, n = 2 then find σx̄ for the sampling distribution without replacement.
Ans
r
σ N −n
σx̄ = √
n N −1
Putting values and we have

r
4 4
σx̄ = √ ⇒ (2.8284)(1.1547) ⇒ 3.266
2 3
74. What is the effect of increasing ”n” on the non-sampling errors?

Ans
Non-sampling error increase as the sample size increase because it does not depend upon the sample
size while sampling error decrease as sample size increase.
75. If σx̄ = 5, population variance σ 2 = 100 then find ”n” for sampling with replacement.
Ans
σ2
σx̄2 =
n
Putting values we get
100 100
5= ⇒n= = 20
n 5
76. Describe two advantages of sampling
77. Define the term rejection region

78. What is a relation between correlation and regression coefficient?
79. If U = x − A, V = y − B then write down the formula of ruv
Ans P P P
n uv − ( u)( v)
r= p P P P P
[n u2 − ( u)2 ] [n v 2 − ( v)2 ]
80. When do the attributes A and B posses independent ?
81. Write short note on cyclical variation
4
82. Give the examples of irregular variation

83. What are the main frame computers ?
Ans
The mainframe computers are very large with high processing speed. it can execute more than 16 × 108
instructions per second. Insurance companies and weather forecasting bureaus use these computers.
Its example is IBM S/390.
84. Write down types of computers
Ans
(a) Digital Computer
(b) Analog Computer
(c) Hybrid Computer
85. What are the parameter of normal distribution
86. Which parameter controls the relative flatness of the normal curve?
87. Mean deviation of normal distribution is 16 Find the approximate value of its standard deviation.
Ans
16
We know that M.D = 0.7979σ ⇒ 16 = 0.7979σ ⇒ = σ = 20.052
0.7979
88. Mean of normal distribution is 14. What will be the value of its mode?
89. Define contingency table
90. Define sampling frame
91. What is computer
Ans
Computer is an electric device, which accepts our commands and solves various by dividing it into
simple steps according to instructions given to it.
92. What is a level of significance?
93. Define analysis of time series
94. Define historigram?
95. What do you understand by deternding?
Ans
Removing the trend component from observed time series is called deternding.
96. For the regression lines 1)Ŷ = 15 − 1.96x 2)X̂ = 9 − 0.5y Calculate the values of byx and bxy .
Ans
The value of byx = −1.96 and bxy = −0.5
97. Write down the normal equations for the line Y = a + bx
98. Find the ordinate at Z = 0 of standard normal curve.
99. What is relationship between binomial distribution and normal distribution.
100. In a normal distribution if µ = 163 and Q3 = 171.094, Find the standard deviation
Ans
Q3 = µ + 0.6745σ
Putting values and we get
171.094 − 163
171.094 = 163 + 0.6745σ ⇒ = σ = 12
0.6745
5
101. If Z is N (0, 1), Find P (µ < Z < σ)

Ans
We know that µ = 0, σ = 1 then P (0 ≤ Z ≤ 1) and its diagram is
P (0 ≤ Z ≤ 1) = 0.3413
102. Show that P (µ − 1.5σ < x < µ + 1.5σ)
Ans
µ − 1.5σ − µ µ + 1.5σ − µ
Here x1 = µ − 1.5σ and x2 = µ + 1.5σ then Z1 = = −1.5 similarly Z2 = =
σ σ
1.5 Then diagram is
P (−1.5 ≤ Z ≤ 1.5) = P (−1.5 ≤ Z ≤ 0) + P (0 ≤ Z ≤ 1.5) = 0.4332 + 0.4332 = 0.8664

103. Define confidence interval
104. Critical value
105. Differentiate between acceptance and rejection region
106. Describe general procedure for testing null hypothesis
107. Assembler and Compiler
Ans
Assembler
A program which translates the source programs written in assembly languages (symbolic languages)
into machine codes is called assembly language.
Compiler
A program that translates the High level language into machine codes is called compiler. At first it
coverts the High-level language into assembly language and then to machine language.
108. Explain the term sampling design
109. Given µ = 6, n = 2, σ 2 = 10.8. Find E(s2 ) where s2 = (x − x̄)2 /n − 1
P
Ans We know that s2 is an unbiased estimator of σ 2 therefore E(s2 ) = σ 2 ⇒ E(s2 ) = 10.8
110. Explain the simple random sampling
111. What is the value of finite population correction factor when n = 18 and N = 125?
Ans
N −n 125 − 18 107
We know that ⇒ = = 0.863
N −1 125 − 1 124
112. Write a complete 2 × 2 contingency table for two attributes A and B.
6
113. Given A = 20, B = 80 and N = 100, Find expected frequency of AB if A and B are independent.
Ans
(A)(B) 20 × 80
(AB) = ⇒ = 16
N 100
114. What are the minimum and maximum values of coefficient of association?
115. Draw standard normal curve properly indicating Z-values −∞, −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, +∞
116. Find three quartiles of the normal distribution having mean 100 and variance 25
Ans
Here µ = 100 and σ 2 = 25 ⇒ σ = 5 then
Q1 = µ − 0.6745σ ⇒ Q1 = 100 − (0.6745)(5) = 96.627 similarly Q2 = Median = µ = 100 and
Q3 = µ + 0.6745σ ⇒ Q3 = 100 + 0.6745(5) = 103.37
117. Given (x − x̄)2 = 175, (y − y)2 = 142, (x − x̄)(y − ȳ) = 96 Find bxy and byx
P P P
Ans P
(x − x̄)(y − ȳ) 96
byx = P 2
= = 0.54
P (x − x̄) 175
(x − x̄)(y − ȳ) 96
bxy = P = = 0.676
(y − y)2 142
x = 0, y = 84, xy = 210, x2 = 70 and n = 7 Find the intercept and slope.
P P P P
118. Given
Ans P P
xy 210 y 84
b= P 2 = = 3 and x̄ = 0, ȳ = = = 12 then a = ȳ − bx̄ ⇒ a = 12
x 70 n 7
P
119. Given ŷ = 250 − 10x and x = −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3 Find ŷ = 1750
Ans
x ŷ = 250 − 10x
−3 ŷ = 250 − 10(−3) = 280
−2 ŷ = 250 − 10(−2) = 270
−1 ŷ = 250 − 10(−1) = 260
0 ŷ = 250 − 10(0) = 250
1 ŷ = 250 − 10(1) = 240
2 ŷ = 250 − 10(2) = 230
3 P − 10(3) = 220
ŷ = 250
ŷ = 1750
120. y = 2, 5, 6, 8, 9 x = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and ŷ = 0.9 + 1.7x Compute the sum of squares of residuals
121. Input and out put devices
Ans
Input devices
The devices that are used to enter data into the computer memory are called input devices. These
devices convert the letters and numbers into machine readable form.
Output devices
The devices that are used to return data to the user are called output devices. These devices receive
data from the CPU and convert it into user’s readable form.
7
122. Stratified random sampling

Ans
In stratified random sampling, the population is divided into homogeneous groups called strata and
then from each stratum (singular of strata) sampling units are selected and over-all sample is obtained
by combing the units selected from different strata.
123. Given Sxy = 20, Sy = 8, Sx = 6 Compute rxy

Ans
Sxy 20
We know that rxy = ⇒ rxy = = 0.41
Sx Sy (6)(8)
Thanks for reading my notes for connection see my videos on my youtube channel ”Something About
Statistics”, your truly Noman Rasheed

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Noman Rasheed ( M.Phil Statistics, M.

Ed ), Lecturer in Statistics Superior College Rawalpindi

MOST IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS OF STATISTICS (Second year)

1. Define Normal distribution

23. Normal frequency distribution

26. Population and sample

30. Statistical inference

34. define the term power of test and power curve

41. State two properties of regression line

45. Define the term Positive and Negative association

48. What type of models are assumed in time series

50. RAM and ROM.

subtracting (1) from (2)

22 = µ + 5.9963 ⇒ µ = 22 − 5.9963 = 16 (4)

52. What is a standardized normal variable?

70. What is a shape of normal curve?

Here we have µ = 16 and σ 2 = 64 ⇒ σ = 8, Putting these result in equation and we

72. Define standard error of estimate

Putting values and we have

74. What is the effect of increasing ”n” on the non-sampling errors?

Putting values we get

76. Describe two advantages of sampling

77. Define the term rejection region

82. Give the examples of irregular variation

Putting values and we get

101. If Z is N (0, 1), Find P (µ < Z < σ)

P (−1.5 ≤ Z ≤ 1.5) = P (−1.5 ≤ Z ≤ 0) + P (0 ≤ Z ≤ 1.5) = 0.4332 + 0.4332 = 0.8664

122. Stratified random sampling

123. Given Sxy = 20, Sy = 8, Sx = 6 Compute rxy

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