John B.

Goodenough
John Bannister Goodenough (/ˈɡʊdɪnʌf/ GUUD-in-
uf; July 25, 1922 – June 25, 2023) was an American John B. Goodenough
materials scientist, a solid-state physicist, and a Nobel
laureate in chemistry. From 1986 he was a professor of
Materials Science, Electrical Engineering and
Mechanical Engineering,[3] at the University of Texas
at Austin. He is credited with identifying the
Goodenough–Kanamori rules of the sign of the
magnetic superexchange in materials, with developing
materials for computer random-access memory and
with inventing cathode materials for lithium-ion
batteries.

Goodenough was born in Jena, Germany, to American

parents. During and after graduating from Yale
University, Goodenough served as a U.S. military
meteorologist in World War II. He went on to obtain Goodenough in 2019
his Ph.D. in physics at the University of Chicago, Born John Bannister Goodenough
became a researcher at MIT Lincoln Laboratory, and July 25, 1922
later the head of the Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory at Jena, Thuringia, German Reich
the University of Oxford.
Died June 25, 2023 (aged 100)
Goodenough was awarded the National Medal of Austin, Texas, U.S.

Science, the Copley Medal, the Fermi Award, the Nationality American
Draper Prize, and the Japan Prize. The John B. Education Yale University (BS)
Goodenough Award in materials science is named for
University of Chicago (MS, PhD)
him. In 2019, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in
Chemistry alongside M. Stanley Whittingham and Known for Li-ion rechargeable battery
Akira Yoshino; at 97 years old, he became the oldest Li-ion manganese oxide battery
Nobel laureate in history.[4] From August 27, 2021, Li-ion iron phosphate battery
until his death, he was the oldest living Nobel Prize Glass battery
laureate.
Goodenough–Kanamori rules
Random-access memory

Personal life and education Spouse Irene Wiseman

​
​(m. 1951; died 2016)​
John Goodenough was born in Jena, Germany, on July Father Erwin Ramsdell Goodenough
25, 1922,[5] to American parents, Erwin Ramsdell
Awards Japan Prize (2001)
Goodenough (1893–1965) and Helen Miriam (Lewis)
Enrico Fermi Award (2009)
Goodenough.[6] He came from an academic family.
His father, a graduate student at Oxford when John was National Medal of Science (2011)
born, eventually became a professor of religious IEEE Medal for Environmental
history at Yale.[7][8] His brother Ward became an and Safety Technologies (2012)
anthropology professor at the University of Charles Stark Draper Prize
Pennsylvania.[9] John also had two half-siblings from (2014)
his father's second marriage: Ursula Goodenough, Welch Award (2017)
emeritus professor of biology at Washington
Copley Medal (2019)
University in St. Louis; and Daniel Goodenough,
emeritus professor of biology at Harvard Medical Nobel Prize in Chemistry (2019)
School.[10] Scientific career
Fields Physics
In his school years Goodenough suffered from
dyslexia. At the time, dyslexia was poorly understood Institutions Massachusetts Institute of
by the medical community, and Goodenough's Technology
condition went undiagnosed and untreated.[10] University of Oxford
Although his primary schools considered him "a University of Texas at Austin
backward student," he taught himself to write so that
Thesis A theory of the deviation from
he could take the entrance exam for Groton School, the
close packing in hexagonal metal
boarding school where his older brother was studying
crystals (https://search.proquest.
at the time.[10][11] He was awarded a full
com/docview/302038451/) (1952)
scholarship.[7] At Groton, his grades improved and he
Doctoral Clarence Zener
eventually graduated at the top of his class in
advisor
1940.[10][12] He also developed an interest in exploring
nature, plants, and animals.[13] Although he was raised Notable Bill David (postdoc)[1]
an atheist, he converted to Protestant Christianity in students Arumugam Manthiram
high school.[11][14][15] (postdoc)[2]

After Groton, Goodenough graduated summa cum

laude from Yale, where he was a member of Skull and Bones.[16] He completed his coursework in early
1943 (after just two and a half years) and received his degree in 1944,[17] covering his expenses by
tutoring and grading exams.[16] He had initially sought to enlist in the military following the Japanese
attack on Pearl Harbor, but his mathematics professor convinced him to stay at Yale for another year so
that he could finish his coursework, which qualified him to join the U.S. Army Air Corps' meteorology
department.[11][16]

After World War II ended, Goodenough obtained a master's degree and a Ph.D. in physics from the
University of Chicago, the latter in 1952.[11][18] His doctoral supervisor was Clarence Zener, a theorist in
electrical breakdown; he also worked and studied with physicists, including Enrico Fermi and John A.
Simpson. While at Chicago, he met Canadian history graduate student Irene Wiseman.[19][20] They
married in 1951.[10][7] The couple had no children.[10] Irene died in 2016.[20]

Goodenough turned 100 on July 25, 2022.[21] He died at an assisted living facility in Austin, Texas, on
June 25, 2023, one month shy of what would have been his 101st birthday.[22][23][10]

Career and research

Over his career, Goodenough authored more than 550 articles, 85
book chapters and reviews, and five books, including two seminal
works, Magnetism and the Chemical Bond (1963)[24] and Les
oxydes des metaux de transition (1973).[25]

MIT Lincoln Laboratory

Goodenough discusses his research
After his studies, Goodenough was a research scientist and team and career.
leader at the MIT Lincoln Laboratory for 24 years. At MIT, he was
part of an interdisciplinary team responsible for developing
random access magnetic memory.[26] His research focused on magnetism and on the metal–insulator
transition behavior in transition-metal oxides. His research efforts on RAM led him to develop the
concepts of cooperative orbital ordering, also known as a cooperative Jahn–Teller distortion, in oxide
materials.[27] They subsequently led him to develop (with Junjiro Kanamori) the Goodenough–Kanamori
rules, a set of semi-empirical rules to predict the sign of the magnetic superexchange in materials;
superexchange is a core property for high-temperature superconductivity.[28][29][30]

University of Oxford
The U.S. government eventually terminated Goodenough's
research funding, so during the late 1970s and early 1980s, he left
the United States and continued his career as head of the Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory at the University of Oxford.[27] Among the
highlights of his work at Oxford, Goodenough is credited with
significant research essential to the development of commercial
lithium-ion rechargeable batteries.[27] Goodenough was able to
expand upon previous work from M. Stanley Whittingham on
battery materials, and found in 1980 that by using LixCoO2 as a
lightweight, high energy density cathode material, he could double Blue plaque erected by the Royal
the capacity of lithium-ion batteries. Society of Chemistry
commemorating work towards the
Although Goodenough saw a commercial potential of batteries rechargeable lithium-ion battery at
with his LiCoO2 and LiNiO2 cathodes and approached Oxford Oxford
University with a request to patent this invention, Oxford refused.
Unable to afford the patenting expenses with his academic salary,
Goodenough turned to UK's Atomic Energy Research Establishment in Harwell, which accepted his offer,
but under the terms, which provided zero royalty payment to the inventors John B. Goodenough and
Koichi Mizushima. In 1990, the AERE licensed Goodenough's patents to Sony Corporation, which was
followed by other battery manufacturers. It was estimated, that the AERE made over 10 mln. British
pounds from this licensing.
The work at Sony on further improvements to Goodenough's invention was led by Akira Yoshino, who
had developed a scaled up design of the battery and manufacturing process.[31] Goodenough received the
Japan Prize in 2001 for his discoveries of the materials critical to the development of lightweight high
energy density rechargeable lithium batteries,[32] and he, Whittingham, and Yoshino shared the 2019
Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their research in lithium-ion batteries.[31]

University of Texas
From 1986, Goodenough was a professor at The University of Texas at Austin in the Cockrell School of
Engineering departments of Mechanical Engineering and Electrical Engineering.[33] During his tenure
there, he continued his research on ionic conducting solids and electrochemical devices; he continued to
study improved materials for batteries, aiming to promote the development of electric vehicles and to
help reduce human dependency on fossil fuels.[34] Arumugam Manthiram and Goodenough discovered
the polyanion class of cathodes.[35][36][37] They showed that positive electrodes containing polyanions,
e.g., sulfates, produce higher voltages than oxides due to the inductive effect of the polyanion. The
polyanion class includes materials such as lithium-iron phosphates that are used for smaller devices like
power tools.[38] His group also identified various promising electrode and electrolyte materials for solid
oxide fuel cells.[25] He held the Virginia H. Cockrell Centennial Chair in Engineering.[39]

Goodenough still worked at the university at age 98 as of 2021,[40] hoping to find another breakthrough
in battery technology.[41][42]

On February 28, 2017, Goodenough and his team at the University of Texas published a paper in the
journal Energy and Environmental Science on their demonstration of a glass battery, a low-cost all-solid-
state battery that is noncombustible and has a long cycle life with a high volumetric energy density, and
fast rates of charge and discharge. Instead of liquid electrolytes, the battery uses glass electrolytes that
enable the use of an alkali-metal anode without the formation of dendrites.[43][42][44] However, this paper
was met with widespread skepticism by the battery research community and remains controversial after
several follow-up works. The work was criticized for a lack of comprehensive data,[45] spurious
interpretations of the data obtained,[45] and that the proposed mechanism of battery operation would
violate the first law of thermodynamics.[46]

In April 2020, a patent was filed for the glass battery on behalf of Portugal's National Laboratory of
Energy and Geology (LNEG), the University of Porto, Portugal, and the University of Texas.[47]

Advisory work
In 2010, Goodenough joined the technical advisory board of Enevate, a silicon-dominant Li-ion battery
technology startup based in Irvine, California.[48] Goodenough also served as an adviser to the Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), a collaboration led by Argonne National Laboratory and
funded by the Department of Energy.[49] From 2016, Goodenough also worked as an adviser for
Battery500, a national consortium led by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) and partially
funded by the U.S. Department of Energy.[50][51]

Distinctions and awards

Goodenough was elected a member of the National Academy of
Engineering in 1976 for his work designing materials for
electronic components and clarifying the relationships between the
properties, structures, and chemistry of substances. He was also a
member of the American National Academy of Sciences and its
French, Spanish, and Indian counterparts.[52] In 2010, he was
elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society.[53] The Royal
Society of Chemistry grants a John B. Goodenough Award in his
honor.[27]
Goodenough receiving the 2009
Goodenough received the following awards: Enrico Fermi Award from U.S.
Energy Secretary Steven Chu.
Fermi Award (2009), alongside metallurgist Siegfried
Hecker[54]
National Medal of Science (2013), presented by U.S. President Barack Obama[55]
Draper Prize in engineering (2014).[56]
Welch Award in Chemistry (2017)[57]
C.K. Prahalad Award (2017)[58]
Copley Medal of the Royal Society (2019)[59]
Nobel Prize in Chemistry (2019), alongside M. Stanley Whittingham and Akira Yoshino[4]
Goodenough was 97 when he received the Nobel Prize. He remains the oldest person ever to have been
awarded the prize.

Works

Selected articles
John B. Goodenough (1955). "Theory of the role of covalence in the Perovskite-type
Manganites [La, M(II)]MnO3" (http://doklady.belnauka.by/jour/article/view/403). Phys. Rev.
100 (2): 564–573. Bibcode:1955PhRv..100..564G (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1955P
hRv..100..564G). doi:10.1103/physrev.100.564 (https://doi.org/10.1103%2Fphysrev.100.56
4).
K. Mizushima; P.C. Jones; P.J. Wiseman; J.B. Goodenough (1980). "LixCoO2 (0<x<-1): A
new cathode material for batteries of high energy density". Mater. Res. Bull. 15 (6): 783–
799. doi:10.1016/0025-5408(80)90012-4 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0025-5408%2880%29
90012-4). S2CID 97799722 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:97799722).
John B. Goodenough (1985). B. Schuman, Jr.; et al. (eds.). "Manganese Oxides as Battery
Cathodes" (https://www.gbv.de/dms/tib-ub-hannover/017727561.pdf#page=2&zoom=auto,-1
11,380) (PDF). Proceedings Symposium on Manganese Dioxide Electrode: Theory and
Practice for Electrochemical Applications. 85–4. Re Electrochem. Soc. Inc, N.J.: 77–96.
Lightfoot, P.; Pei, S. Y.; Jorgensen, J. D.; Manthiram, A.; Tang, X. X. & J. B. Goodenough.
"Excess Oxygen Defects in Layered Cuprates" (https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/6614880),
Argonne National Laboratory, The University of Texas-Austin, Materials Science Laboratory
United States Department of Energy, National Science Foundation, (September 1990).
Argyriou, D. N.; Mitchell, J. F.; Chmaissem, O.; Short, S.; Jorgensen, J. D. & J. B.
Goodenough. "Sign Reversal of the Mn-O Bond Compressibility in La1.2Sr1.8Mn2O7 Below
 TC: Exchange Striction in the Ferromagnetic State" (https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/52166
0), Argonne National Laboratory, The University of Texas-Austin, Center for Material Science
and Engineering United States Department of Energy, National Science Foundation, Welch
Foundation, (March 1997).
A.K. Padhi; K.S. Nanjundaswamy; J.B. Goodenough (1997). "Phospho-Olivines as Positive
Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180
723081816/http://jes.ecsdl.org/content/144/4/1188.full.pdf) (PDF). J. Electrochem. Soc. 144
(4): 1188–1194. Bibcode:1997JElS..144.1188P (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997JEl
S..144.1188P). doi:10.1149/1.1837571 (https://doi.org/10.1149%2F1.1837571).
S2CID 97625881 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:97625881). Archived from the
original (http://jes.ecsdl.org/content/144/4/1188.full.pdf) (PDF) on July 23, 2018.
John B. Goodenough (2004). "Electronic and ionic transport properties and other physical
aspects of perovskites". Rep. Prog. Phys. 67 (11): 1915–1973.
Bibcode:2004RPPh...67.1915G (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004RPPh...67.1915G).
doi:10.1088/0034-4885/67/11/R01 (https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0034-4885%2F67%2F11%2
FR01). S2CID 250915186 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250915186).
Goodenough, J. B.; Abruna, H. D. & M. V. Buchanan. "Basic Research Needs for Electrical
Energy Storage. Report of the Basic Energy Sciences Workshop on Electrical Energy
Storage, April 2–4, 2007" (https://www.osti.gov/biblio/935429-basic-research-needs-electrica
l-energy-storage-report-basic-energy-sciences-workshop-electrical-energy-storage-april),
United States Department of Energy, (April 4, 2007).
"John B. Goodenough" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110928051409/http://www.engr.utex
as.edu/directory/detail/329). Faculty. The University of Texas at Austin Mechanical
Engineering Department. May 3, 2005. Archived from the original (http://www.engr.utexas.ed
u/directory/detail/329) on September 28, 2011. Retrieved August 23, 2011.

Selected books
Goodenough, John B. (1963). Magnetism and the Chemical Bond (https://archive.org/detail
s/magnetismandthec031326mbp/page/n7). Interscience-Wiley, New York. ISBN 0-88275-
384-3.
Goodenough, John B. (1973). Les oxydes des métaux de transition. Paris: Gauthier-Villars.
Madelung, Otfried; Goodenough, John B. (1984). Physics of non-tetrahedrally bonded
binary compounds 3 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/80307018). Berlin: Springer. ISBN 3-
540-12744-5. OCLC 80307018 (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/80307018).
Goodenough, John B., ed. (1985). Cation ordering and electron transfer (https://www.worldc
at.org/oclc/12656638). Berlin: Springer. ISBN 3-540-15446-9. OCLC 12656638 (https://sear
ch.worldcat.org/oclc/12656638).
Goodenough, John B., ed. (2001). Localized to Itinerant Electronic Transition in Perovskite
Oxides (Structure & Bonding, V. 98) (https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bfm%3A978-3-540
-45503-5%2F1.pdf) (PDF).
Huang, Kevin; Goodenough, John B. (2009). Solid oxide fuel cell technology : principles,
performance and operations (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/864716522). Cambridge, UK.
ISBN 978-1-84569-651-1. OCLC 864716522 (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/864716522).
Goodenough, John B. (2008). Witness to Grace. PublishAmerica. ISBN 978-1-60474-767-6.
OCLC 1058153653 (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1058153653).

See also
Junjiro Kanamori
 Koichi Mizushima (scientist)
Rachid Yazami

References
1. Thackeray, M. M.; David, W. I. F.; Bruce, P. G.; Goodenough, J. B. (1983). "Lithium insertion
into manganese spinels" (https://www.academia.edu/28457799). Materials Research
Bulletin. 18 (4): 461–472. doi:10.1016/0025-5408(83)90138-1 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0
025-5408%2883%2990138-1).
2. "John B. Goodenough Nobel Lecture" (https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2019/go
odenough/lecture/). Nobel Prize.
3. "Welcome to the Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering" (https://www.me.utexas.ed
u/). Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering.
4. Specia, Megan (October 9, 2019). "Nobel Prize in Chemistry Honors Work on Lithium-Ion
Batteries – John B. Goodenough, M. Stanley Whittingham, and Akira Yoshino were
recognized for research that "laid the foundation of a wireless, fossil-fuel-free society." " (http
s://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/09/science/nobel-prize-chemistry.html). The New York Times.
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21. Manthiram, Arumugam (July 8, 2022). "John Goodenough's 100th Birthday Celebration: His
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28. J. B. Goodenough (1955). "Theory of the Role of Covalence in the Perovskite-Type
Manganites [La, M(II)]MnO3" (http://doklady.belnauka.by/jour/article/view/403). Physical
Review. 100 (2): 564. Bibcode:1955PhRv..100..564G (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/19
55PhRv..100..564G). doi:10.1103/PhysRev.100.564 (https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.1
00.564).
29. John B. Goodenough (1958). "An interpretation of the magnetic properties of the perovskite-
type mixed crystals La1−xSrxCoO3−λ". Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids. 6 (2–3):
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30. J. Kanamori (1959). "Superexchange interaction and symmetry properties of electron
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1-7).
31. Kim, Allen (October 9, 2019). "John B. Goodenough just became the oldest person, at 97, to
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ndex.html). CNN. Retrieved October 10, 2019.
32. "The 2001 (17th) Japan Prize" (https://www.japanprize.jp/en/prize_past_2001_prize01.html).
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33. Henderson, Jim (June 5, 2004). "UT professor, 81, is mired in patent lawsuit" (http://www.chr
on.com/default/article/UT-professor-81-is-mired-in-patent-lawsuit-1662323.php). Houston
Chronicle. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
34. MacFarlene, Sarah (August 9, 2018). "The Battery Pioneer Who, at Age 96, Keeps Going
and Going" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-battery-pioneer-who-at-age-96-keeps-going-an
d-going-1533807001). The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 10, 2019.
35. Masquelier, Christian; Croguennec, Laurence (2013). "Polyanionic (Phosphates, Silicates,
Sulfates) Frameworks as Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Li (or Na) Batteries".
Chemical Reviews. 113 (8): 6552–6591. doi:10.1021/cr3001862 (https://doi.org/10.1021%2
Fcr3001862). PMID 23742145 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23742145).
36. Manthiram, A.; Goodenough, J. B. (1989). "Lithium insertion into Fe2(SO4)3 frameworks".
Journal of Power Sources. 26 (3–4): 403–408. Bibcode:1989JPS....26..403M (https://ui.adsa
bs.harvard.edu/abs/1989JPS....26..403M). doi:10.1016/0378-7753(89)80153-3 (https://doi.o
rg/10.1016%2F0378-7753%2889%2980153-3).
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Further reading
John N. Lalena; David A. Cleary (2005). Principles of Inorganic Materials Design (https://do
wnload.e-bookshelf.de/download/0000/5846/54/L-G-0000584654-0002384497.pdf#page=1
 6&zoom=auto,-160,546) (PDF). Wiley-Interscience. pp. xi–xiv, 233–269. ISBN 0-471-43418-
3.

External links
Faculty Directory at University of Texas at Austin (http://www.me.utexas.edu/faculty/faculty-d
irectory/goodenough)
Array of Contemporary American Physicists (https://web.archive.org/web/20121006075429/
http://www.aip.org/history/acap/biographies/bio.jsp?goodenoughj)
History of the lithium-ion battery, Physics Today, Sept. 2016 (http://scitation.aip.org/content/a
ip/magazine/physicstoday/article/69/9/10.1063/PT.3.3296)
1 hour interview with John Goodenough (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ylhy-utbXY)
on YouTube by The Electrochemical Society, October 5, 2016
Are Solid State Batteries about to change the world? (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g0
nA8CfxBqA&t=218), Joe Scott, November 2018, Goodenough and team research on more
energy dense solid state Li-ion chemistry featured 3:35–12:45.
Pr John Goodenough's interview GOODENOUGH John B., 2001–05 – Sciences : histoire
orale (https://www.sho.espci.fr/spip.php?article28) on École supérieure de physique et de
chimie industrielles de la ville de Paris history of science website
John B. Goodenough (https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/976) on Nobelprize.org including
the Nobel Lecture, "Designing Lithium-ion Battery Cathodes" (December 8, 2019)

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