PART A 1. Prepare hardware and software specification for basic computer system and networking, ‘The hardware and software needed to set up computer networks at homes and businesses are referred to as computer network components. The server, client, peer, transmission media, and connecting devices make up the hardware components. The operating system and protocols are examples of software components. ‘The following figure shows a network along with its components ~ eo ea & B oe a 2 <63G&S& & Hardware Components Servers: High-spec machines that oversee the network's resources are called servers. Users can access network resources since the network operating system is usually installed on the server. Difierent types of servers exist, such as file servers, database servers, print servers, and so forth, Clients: In order to access and utilize network resources, clients are computers that send requests to servers for service. Peers: In a workgroup network, peers are computers that both send and receive services from one another. Transmission Media: In a network, transmission media are the channels that allow data to be sent from one device to another. ‘Transmission media can be unguided, such as microwaves and infrared radiation, or guided, such as coaxial cables and fiber optic cables.Connecting Devices - Connecting devices act as middleware between networks or computers, by binding the network media together. Some of the common connecting devices are: . Routers * Bridges * Hubs * Repeaters * Gateways . Switches Software Components Networking Operating System - Network Operating Systems is typically installed in the server and facilitate workstations in a network to share files, database, applications, printers etc. Protocol Suite - A protocol is a rule or guideline followed by each computer for data communication. Protocol suite is a set of related protocols that are laid down for computer networks. The two popular protocol suites are — OSI Model ( Open System Interconnections} TCP / IP Model.2. Study of different types of Network cables and practically implement the cross wired cable and straight through cable using clamping tool. Study of Network Cables ‘The study of different types of network cables involves understanding the various cable types used for data transmission and networking. Here's an overview of some commonly used network cables: Ethernet Cable (CatSe, Cat6, Cat6a, Cat7, and Cat8): These cables are widely used for wired networking, They come in different categories, with higher numbers indicating better performance. CatSe is suitable for most home and small office networks, while Cat6 and above offer higher bandwidth and faster data transmission. Coaxial Cable: Coaxial cables are often used for cable television and older Ethernet installations. They have a copper core surrounded by insulation, a metallic shield, and an outer insulating layer. Fiber Optic Cable (Single-mode and Multi-mode): Fiber optic cables use light to transmit data and offer high bandwidth and fast data transfer rates. Single-mode fibers are used for long-distance, high- speed connections, while multi-mode fibers are suitable for shorter distances. Twisted Pair Cable (Unshielded Twisted Pair - UTP and Shielded Twisted Pair - STP): Twisted pair cables are commonly used in Ethernet networks. UTP cables have twisted pairs of copper wires and are widely used in home and office networks. STP cables have an additional metal shield for added protection against interference. USB Cables: Universal Serial Bus (USB) cables are used to connect various devices, including computers, printers, and peripherals. USB is commonly used for both data transfer and device charging. HDMI Cable: High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) cables are used to transmit audio and video signals, often between devices like computers, TVs, and projectors.Power over Ethernet (PoE) Cable: These cables can carry both data and electrical power, making them useful for devices like IP cameras and VoIP phones. Serial Cables (RS-232): Serial cables are used for connecting devices like older modems, printers, and industrial equipment Console Cables: These are used to configure and manage networking equipment such as routers and switches, typically via a serial or USB connection. Patch Cables: These short Ethernet cables are used to connect devices within a network, often within the same rack or patch panel. Crossover Cables: Crossover cables were used to connect similar devices directly, but with modern networking equipment, they are less commonly required as many devices have auto-sensing ports. Implement the cross wired cable and straight through cable using clamping tool Materials needed: RJ-45 connector, twisted pair cable, and a crimping tool. Steps: 1. To start, carefully remove about 2 inches of the plastic jacket off the end of the cable. It is important to take care not to cut or nick the internal wires of the cable because this can damage it or make it useless. Look for any cuts or nicks in the wires; if you find any, cut off the damaged area and begin again. 2. With your other hand, firmly grasp the base of the jacket as you gently separate the wires. It's critical to keep the wires from coming out from the jacket's interior. To ensure compliance with requirements, only the final half-inch of Category 5 cables should be left untwisted. You might have far more untwisted wire at this point than the suggested half-inch. 3. Two end jacks must be installed on your wire. Installation of the cross-over end will be the only task left to complete if the pre-madecable has one end ready to go. Two diagrams showing the cable layout for each kind of cable end are shown below. Choose the end you are building, then use the matching diagram as a reference." A straight-through cable has identical ends. The ends of a crossover cable are distinct. Straight-through cables are frequently utilized in Ethernet connections as patch cords. Crossover cables are used to link two hubs together or to directly connect two Ethernet devices without the requirement for a hub. Crossover cables have the Orange and Green sets of wires switched on one end. Pins with odd numbers are consistently striped, whereas those with even numbers are consistently solid in color. With the clip facing away from you, Brown is always on the right and pin 1 is on the left when examining the RJ-45 connector. Make sure that just half of the Ethernet wire is untwisted; otherwise, crosstalk problems may arise. Refrain from running Ethernet wires parallel to power lines, bending, stretching, stapling, or deforming them.3.Identifying network device on the internet. Using your computer's command-line interface (CLI) is a quick and easy method to identify a "unknown device on a network". For basic scanning and troubleshooting, operating systems like Windows, Linux, and macOS each have their own set of networking commands, like "ipconfig" and "ping." Network device mapping also necessitates a grasp of IP address assignment. Every device in a network needs its own IP address in order to communicate with other nodes or computers. Either a DHCP server assigns the address dynamically, or it is manually assigned and static. Outlined below are steps to help you identify network devices, including unknown equipment: + Search all the network settings, such as default gateway and IP address, through the command prompt. © For Windows:Type "ipconfig" and hit enter. It will display the subnet mask, the default gateway, and the [Pv4 address of your computer. © For Linux and macOS: Enter the "ifconfig" command to view all the network settings. + ‘Type the command "arp -a" to view the list of all IP addresses connected to your network. This will also display the MAC address and the allocation type (static and dynamic) of all your network devices. + Type "nslookup" followed by any IP address obtained through the "arp" command in the previous step. This will show the hostname of entered IP address or any unknown device on network4.Configure the IP address of the computer Step-1: open the control panel Step-2: Go to network connections Go to Network and internet > network and sharing center Select change adapter settings on the left Step-3: find the IP address Right click the Ethernet icon and select status from the context menu.Then click Details...to view all detailed information of internet connection 7 Step-4: set the IP address Right click local ‘Area "ug = Connection and =i select properties‘Then double click internet protocol version 4(TCP/IPv4) and select use the following IP address: and type in the IP address, subnet mask and default gateway. Click ok to apply the settings. m= i5. Create a basic network and share a file and folder. + To share files on Windows 10, open the folder with the files in “Pile Explorer,” right-click the folder and access The “Properties,” navigate to the “Sharing” tab, click “Share,” choose the user or group, click “Add,” choose the access permissions, click on “Share.” + To share files through Nearby Sharing, open the folder with the files in“File Explorer,’ right-click the item and choose “Share,” select the computer to send the file, and the destination must confirm the download. + To share files using OneDrive, open the OneDrive folder with the files in “File Explorer,” right-clicking the item — and choose “Share,” confirm the email address of the person, and click on “Send.” ‘There are two ways to share files using File Explorer. You can use the basic settings, which allow you to share files on the network with minimal configuration quickly, or you can use the advanced settings to set custom permissions and other advanced options. 1. File sharing using basic settings To share files on a local network using the express settings, use these steps: Open File Explorer on Windows 10. Navigate to the folder you want to share. Right-click the item, and select the Properties option.+ Click on the Sharing tab. + Click the Share button. To change thie setting. use the Networs and Sharina Genter oK | [cence | pone + Use the drop-down menu to select the user or group to share a file or folder. (For this guide, select the Everyone group.) + Click the Add button. Choose people to share with Shere Caneel + Under the “Permission Level” section, select the sharing permissions you want the folder to have. For instance, you can choose Read (default) if you only want users to view and open files. If you select Read/Write, users can view, open, modify, and delete the content on the shared folder. + Click the Share button.2 Choose people to share with \aaeverona! B Meuro Mucé ina woubleshering . Confirm the folder’s network path that other users need to access the network’s content and click the Done button. + Click the Close button. Your folder is shared. ‘You can kz someone links to these chared items, oF cons a te the links into another program. RGR NroeRo6s-C\Ucers\admin\ Desktop MySharefilesB 6. Study of basic Network Commands and Network configuration commands. ‘The below mentioned commands are some of the most useful commands required to troubleshoot network problems and configure network settings. 1. IPCONFIG The IPCONFIG network command provides a comprehensive view of information regarding the IP address configuration of the device we are currently working on. ‘The IPConfig command also provides us with some variation in the primary command that targets specific system settings or data, which are: + IPConfig/all - Provides primary output with additional information about network adapters. + IPConfig/renew - Used to renew the system’s IP addres + IPConfig/release - Removes the system’s current IP address. Command to enter in Prompt - ipconfig 2. NSLOOKUP ‘The NSLOOKUP command is used to troubleshoot network connectivity issues in the system. Using the nslookup command, we can access the information related to our system’s DNS server, i., domain name and IP address. Command to enter in Prompt - nslookup 3. HOSTNAME The HOSTNAME command displays the hostname of the system. The hostname command is much easier to use than going into the system settings to search for it. Command to enter in Prompt - hostname 4. PING The Ping command is one of the most widely used commands in the prompt tool, as it allows the user to check the connectivity of our system to another host. ‘This command sends four experimental packets to the destination host to check whether it receives them successfully, if so, then, we can4 communicate with the destination host. But in case the packets have not been received, that means, no communication can be established with the destination host. Command to enter in Prompt - ping www.destination_host_name.com 5. TRACERT The TRACERT command is used to trace the route during the transmission of the data packet over to the destination host and also provides us with the “hop” count during transmission. Using the number of hops and the hop IP address, we can troubleshoot network issues and identify the point of the problem during the transmission of the data packet. Command to enter in Prompt- tracert IP-address OR tracert www.destination_host_name.com. 6. NETSTAT ‘The Netstat command as the name suggests displays an overview of all the network connections in the device. The table shows detail about the connection protocol, address, and the current state of the network. Command to enter in Prompt - netstat 7. ARP(Address Resolution Protocol) ‘The ARP command is used to access the mapping structure of IP addresses to the MAC address. This provides us with a better understanding of the transmission of packets in the network channel. Command to enter in Prompt - arp 8. SYSTEMINFO Using the SYSTEMINFO command, we can access the system’s hardware and software details, such as processor data, booting data, Windows version, etc. Command to enter in Prompt - systeminfo7. Installation process of any open source network simulation software. (Cisco Packet Tracer) To install packet tracer on Windows, take the following actions: Step 1: Visit the official Netacad website in any web browser, click on the login button, and click on the login option. Step 2: Once you've signed up, the next screen will ask you for some basic info like your email and password. Fill them out and click the Register button. The login screen will pop up again, so fill in your email id and password. Step 3: Then, type in your password and click the Login button. The dashboard will start up, so click Resources and select Download Packet Tracer. Step 4: Then, select the operating system you want to download the software from, and it'll start downloading automatically. Once it's done, you'll find an icon on your desktop and you can run it. Step 5: Interface is initialized and the software is ready to use.PART B 1. Implement connecting two nodes using network simulator. * Open the Cisco Packet Tracer. * On opening Cisco packet tracer, click on End devices from bottom left icon menus, Add two PCs into the screen of the simulator. « Establish a copper cross-over cable connection between the PCs by choosing the cables option from the simulator's bottom left menu. They are prepared to communicate when there is a green signal in the wire. ppeewes 4svssasr7Z As | 1... Ses * Now, we've to give unique IP address to cach PC. Click on each PC, go to Desktop section and then click on IP configuration to give IP address.IP Address Subnet Mask 10.10.10.1 255.0.0.0 10.10.10.2 255.0.0.0 Click on a PC, go to Desktop and then click on Command prompt. After that test the ping command in command prompt to check the connectivity between these PCs. For eg : ping 10.10.10.22. Implement Connecting three nodes considering one node as a central node using network simulator. Open the Cisco Packet Tracer. « On opening Cisco packet tracer, click on End devices from bottom left icon menus, Add four PCs and a hub into the screen of the simulator. GamsooReS aokiage, * Connect all PCs and hub with copper straight cable by sclecting it through the cables menu from the bottom left menus in the simulator. Green signal in the wire shows they're ready to communicate. pamgZeces* C45 sas 44 ge+ Now, we've to give unique IP address to each PC. Click on each PC, go to Desktop section and then click on IP configuration to give IP address. IP Address Subnet Mask 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.3 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.4 255.255.255.0 * Click on a PC, go to Desktop and then click on Command prompt. * After that test the ping command in command prompt to check the connectivity between these PCs. For e.g.: ping 192.168.1.3 * If ping command works successfully, then it means all these PCs are able to communicate and share data between them and we've build our network of four PCs and a Hub successfully.20 3. Implement Bus topology using network simulator. Step]: first, open the cisco packet desktop and select the devices given below: S.NO | Device Model name Quantity 1 PC PC 4 2. Switch PT-Switch 4 * Then, create a network topology as shown below image: . Use an Automatic connecting cable to connect devices with others Step 2: Configure the PCs (hostsOwith IPv4 address and subnet Mask according to the IP addressing table given below. IP Addressing Table S.NO Device IPv4 Address Subnet Mask 1 PcO 10.10.10.1 255.0.0.0 2 Pel 10.10.10.2 255.0.0.0 3 Ped 10.10.10.3 255.0.0.0 4 Pc3 10.10.10.4 255.0.0.0 * Using a command prompt and the ipconfig command, we can also assign an IP address. Go to the command terminal of the PC. ‘Then, type ipconfig — Then create a network topology as shown below the image. > Use an automatic connecting cable to connect devices with others. Slno Devices Model name Quantity 1 PC PC 4 2 Switch PT-Switch 4 Bs. : witch PP es Sar , ror ‘Senne = Step 2: - Configure the PCs (host) IPv4 address and subnet Mask according to the IP addressing table given below. IP Addressing Table: - Sl.no Devices IPv4 address Subnet Mask 1 PcO 192.168.0.1 255.255.255.0. 2 Pel 192.168.0.2 255.255.255.0 3 Pe2 192.168.0.3 255.255.255.0 4 Pe3 192.168.0.4 255.255.255.0 Step 3:- Verify the connection by pinging the IP address of any host in PCO.24 * Use the ping command to verify the connection. 6. Demonstrate the use of WLAN using network simulator. Step1: we need these devices to set up the network topology as shown in the table below: SL.No Device ModelName quantity 1. Router WRT300N 1 2. Laptop laptop 3 By using these devices we'll have to create a network like shown in the representation: Step 2: Configuring laptops to make them wireless. First, click on the laptop0 and turn off its power to change the ports basically we are going to replace the wired port with the wireless port which is WPC300N.25 Wee ON Feige ns ae rruwronan ire ‘to remeve this rapronan ort we will drag Fiebre sat Saree in priarronae ‘modules section Place WPC300N here and turn on the laptop + Replace with WPC30ON and make sure to turn it ON. + Repeat the same procedure with Laptop1 and Laptop 2. + after that, we will assign IP addresses and a default gateway to the laptops. Step 3: Configure the Router with an IP address and Generate a Security key. + First, click on Router and Go to GUI. + Then click on a setup where you will find the IP address assigned to 192.168.0.1 and subnet mask [255.255.255.0]. + Then disable the DHCP server because we have to configure statically. + Then Save the settings. Thippeswamy PJ H.P.P.C Govt. First Grade College, Challakere-57752226 Then move to the wireless option. + set Network Name(SSID) is HomeNetwork. + __ Save the settings. + Then we set the security key. + Click on wireless security and select security mode as WEP. + Then we'll generate KEY by entering 10 digit Hexa-numeric value. eg: 0123456789. + save the settings.27 Step 4: Now we will configure the laptops using the IP addressing table given below: S.NO Device IPv4 Address Subnet Mask Default Gateway 1, laptopO 192.168.0.3 255.255.255.0 192.168.0.1 2. laptop1 192.168.0.4 255.255.255.0 192.168.0.1 3. laptop2 192.168.0.2 255.255.255.0 192.168.0.1 Configure Laptop0: To configure the laptop first set the IP configuration as static then add the IPv4 address and default gateway. __ cc esse Poganmieg _Ateune28 Note: Repeat the same process with Laptop1, laptop2 and configure both devices by adding IP configuration. Step 5: Connect the laptop to the router by entering the security key in the laptop. + Click on laptop0 and go to desktop. + Click on connect and refresh the network. . After a few seconds, it will show the name of the network we have assigned. + Click on HomeNetwork. Prt Corkg Seip Pegunming Aare ‘Then enter the security key in WEP key 1 and hit on connect. + laptop0 will connect with the router. ) Prva cots Loup. Popurmne Abuse + Repeat the same process Thippeswamy P J H.P.P.C Govt. First Grade College, Challakere-57752229 with Laptop1 and laptop2 so that they can connect with the router. . After all of this, all of the hosts will connect with the router 2 ems &%. Step 6: Then we'll verify the wireless connection by pinging the IP address of any laptop or by sending and receiving data packets. For example: Go to the command prompt of Laptop0 and type the following command: command: ping 192.168.0.3 BR Loptop0 o x Physical Colin Destep Progamming Abies ‘Thippeswamy P J H.P.P.C Govt. First Grade College, Challakere-57752230 7.Implement FTP and TCP bulk transfer using network simulator. Configure the network device Step-1: Configuration of Router0: 1. Select a Router from Network devices and drag and drop the workspace. 2. Select Router and Go to Configure. 3. Configure the GigabitEthernet0/0 by assigning IP address as 192.168.0.1 and subnet mask as 255.255.255.0 and turn on the port status aoe aa © Rowe Preis! conte) CL tints Ore31 4. Configure the GigabitEthernet0/1 by assigning IP address as 10.10.10.1 and subnet mask as 255.0.0.0 and turn on the port status Step-2(Configuring PCs) 1, Select two PC-PT type PCs from End devices and drag and drop to the workspace 2. Select PCO and go to FastEthernetO in configure and assign IP address and subnet mask for the PCO as 192.168.0.2, 255.255.255.0 and assign default gateway as 192.168.01 3. Select PC1 and go to FastEthernet0 in Configure and assign IP address and subnet mask for the PCl as 192.168.0.3, 255.255.255.0 and assign default gateway as 192.168.0.1 Step-3: (Configuring Server0) 1, Select a server from End device and drag and drop to the workspace. 2. Go to the global settings in configure and assign default gateway as 10.0.0.1.32 3.Go to FastEthernet0 and assign IP address and subnet mask As 10.0.0.2, 255.0.0.0. 4. Go to service and open FTP Service. » served - ax Physical _ cong Services Deskiop Programming Atrbutes "GLOBAL Fastéthernet0 ‘Settings Port Status Hon ‘Algorthm Setings | | panewitn topmoes © 10 mops Eo INTERFACE, Half Duplex ©) Full Duplex KA Auto [-restthernetn —) | hac acess eco soe e603 contauabon ° © same Paaiese foaas Stet ase Ean Line Localderess|FEBD-20SSEFFFEOEEDCD 5. Go to user setup and create a username and password . 6. Select all the permissions (Write, Read, Delete, Rename , and List) and add the user. User setup: We Servero aoa33 Step-4(Configuring Switch and making connections): . Select a 2950-24 Switch from the network device and drag and drop to the workspace. . Connect FastEthernet0 port of PCO to the Fastethernet0/1 port of switchO using copper straight- through cable. . Connect Fastethernet0 port of PC1 to the FastEthernet0/2 port of switchO using Copper Straight- through cable. Connect fastethernet0/3 port switchO to the GigabitEthernet0/0 of Router 0 using copper straight_ Through cable. s. Connect GigabitEthernet0/1 port of RouterO to the FastEthernet0 of server0 using Copper Straight- Through cable. N @ * Router Configuration Table: Device | IP Address | Subnet mask | IP Address | Subnet mask Name | Gigabit Gigabit Ethernet Ethernet 0/0 o/1 PCO 192.168.1.1 | 255.255.255.0 | 10.10.10.1 | 255.0.0.0 PC Configuration Table: Device | Device | IP Address | Subnet mask | Default Name ‘Type Gateway PCO PC-PT | 192.168.1.2 | 255.255.255.0 | 192.168.1.1 PCL PC-PT__ | 192.168.1.3 | 255.255.255.0 | 192.168.1.1 * Check the connections from PCO to PC1 using ping command in command prompt. On PCO, create a text file named “filel.txt" using the text editor in the desktop menu. Save the file by pressing Ctrl+S. * Now in command prompt type dir to view the created file. + To upload "filel.txt" to the server, follow these steps in the command prompt: a. Type "ftp" followed by the server's IP address, which is "10.0.0.2," to establish a connection with the server. b. Enter your username and password. Note that the password you type will not be visible on the screen. Make sure to enter the correct password and proceed34 c. To upload the file “filel.txt" from PCO to the FTP server, use the "put filel.txt” command. Verify the file transfer by using the "dir" command to check the server's directory. To download the same file ('filel.txt") from the FTP server to PC2, use the "get filel.txt" command. After downloading the file, verify the file transfer by using the lir" command in the FTP server. Before doing so, exit from the FTP server using the "quit" command. You will now see filel.txt in PCI Similarly, you can send multiple files from PC to server and download the same from another PC.35, 8.Implement Hybrid topology using network simulator. Stepl: First open the cisco packet tracer desktop and select the devices given below: SL.NO | Device [Model Name Quantity | i. PC PC 9 2. | Switch |PT-Switch(‘You can utilize a|& router to establish a connection between two distinct network; in such a scenario, it is essential to configure the default gateway.”) IP Addressing Table: ‘S.NO | Device [IPv4 Address [Subnet Marks 1. [PcO___| 192.168.0.1 255.255.255.0 2. Pel 192.168.0.2 255.255.255.0 3. [Pc2__ | 192.168.0.3 255.255.255.0 4.__|Pc3___| 192.168.0.4 255.255.255.0 5.__|Pc4__| 192.168.0.5 255.255.255.0 6. Pcs. 192.168.0.6 255.255.255.0 7.__[Pc6___[192.168.0.7 255.255.255.0 8. [Pc7__[192.168.0.8 255.255.255.0 9._[Pc8___|[192.168.0.9 255.255.255.0 * Then, create a network topology as shown below the image (Bus, ring, and star topology). * Use an automatic connecting cable to connect the devices with others. Step 2: Configure the PCs(hosts)with IPv4 address and Subnet Mask according to the IP addressing table given below. Step 3: Verify the connection by sending of PDU from one host to another. A simulation of the experiment is given below we have sent two PDU packets one targeted from PCO to PC4 and another targeted from PC3 to PC8.