EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LOCALLY AVAILABLE

EPOXY ADHESIVE BRAND ON THE REPAIR OF SHEAR

CRACKS IN RC BEAM

A Proposed Project Study Presented to

the Faculty of the College of Engineering and Architecture
University of the Cordilleras

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

by:
BAYON, YOSHIRO GUILLAME D.
NAHAUL, ALESSANDRA L.
PADICA, REDEN A.
QUI-QUI, JEAN L.
RAMIREZ, ZALDY JR. L.
RAMOS, KHYLA MAE B.

APRIL 2024
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University of the Cordilleras

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
Department of Civil Engineering

APPROVAL SHEET

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING, this research proposal entitled
EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LOCALLY AVAILABLE EPOXY ADHESIVE ON
THE REPAIR OF SHEAR CRACKS IN RC BEAM has been prepared and submitted
by YOSHIRO GUILLAME B. BAYON, ALESSANDRA L. NAHAUL, REDEN A. PADICA,
JEAN L. QUI-QUI, ZALDY L. RAMIREZ JR., and KHYLA MAE B. RAMOS whom are
hereby recommended for acceptance and approval for oral examination.

ENGR. JOSHUA T. RICABLANCA

Adviser
Date Signed: ______________

Approved by the technical panel on oral examination on APRIL 6,

2024 with a rating of _______ percent.

ENGR.MARLOWE L. LABUSNOG ENGR. MARK GIBSON M. PUSOD

Member, Technical Panel Member, Technical Panel
Date Signed: _______________ Date Signed: ____________

_ENGR. BRIAN JHAY P. GUZMAN_

Chairperson, Technical Panel
Date Signed: _______________

ACCEPTED and APPROVED in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the degree of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING.

ENGR. DEXTER HANSEL C. APNOYAN, MSCE

Dean, CEA
Date Signed: _______________________
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ABSTRACT

The governing principle of sustainability in engineering design

and applications underscores the need to explore options for preserving
existing structures. In line with this, an existing repair technique for
concrete structures is the injection of epoxy adhesives into structural
cracks to restore performance. In this study, the effectiveness of the
brands Pioneer, Procrete, and Sikadur – 752 in restoring structural
performance against shear cracks in beams was evaluated. The availability
of these brands locally is hereby highlighted, given the criticality of
timely repairs. Three sample beams were prepared for the evaluation of
each brand, and an additional three were prepared for control. To
simulate cracks due to shear overload, the reinforcements of the samples
were designed to induce shear before bending failure when subjected to
the standard third-point loading procedure. To ensure repairability,
samples for repair were subjected to 80% of their full collapse capacity.
Samples with cracks with openings not within 0.02 mm to 0.05 mm in width
will not have been considered as per the limitations of the epoxy
injection technique. After repair, samples were resubjected to the
standard third-loading procedure. Effectiveness was then evaluated in
terms of shear strength, stiffness, and ductility, all fundamental
measures of structural performance. Results indicate an average increase
of 1.33%, 8.35%, and 7.92% in the shear strength level for Pioneer,
Procrete, and Sikadur, respectively. An average increase of 13.40% and
an average decrease of 3.94% for stiffness and ductility, respectively,
across all brands were observed. These results are indicative of the
effectiveness of the three brand studies in restoring structural
performance.

Keywords: Cracks, Epoxy Injection, RC Beam, Epoxy Adhesive, Third-point

Loading
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, the researchers would like to give the highest

gratitude to Almighty God, who gave them wisdom and guidance throughout

the completion of the study.

The researchers would also like to thank the following individuals

for sharing their expertise, inspiring guidance, and substantive

comments and suggestions to make our study come up with the institutional

standard. Sincerest appreciation and gratitude are due to the following;

Engr. Dexter Hansel C. Apnoyan, for his technical expertise,

professional guidance, and support to accomplish the study. Without this,

the researcher's work would not have been completed;

Engr. Brian Jhay P. Guzman, for his guidance, suggestions, and

support in the preparation and conceptualization of the study;

The panelist during the defense, for sharing their thoughts and

giving significant suggestions and recommendations for the improvement

of the study;

DPWH – CAR (Regional Material Testing Laboratory), for assisting

with their technical expertise in testing and analysis. Furthermore, for

allowing the use of facilities and testing laboratories as well as aid

in covering the laboratory needs with the testing of samples needed for

the study;

Lastly, the respective families of the researchers for their

unending encouragement, moral and financial support, and understanding.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ...................................................... i

APPROVAL SHEET .................................................. ii

ABSTRACT ........................................................ iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................. iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................... v

LIST OF TABLES .................................................. viii

LIST OF FIGURES ................................................. ix

LIST OF EQUATIONS ............................................... xi

CHAPTER

1 THE PROBLEM

Background of the Study ................................... 1

Conceptual Framework ...................................... 5

Theoretical Framework ..................................... 6

Research Paradigm ......................................... 13

Statement of the Problem and Hypothesis ................... 14

Significance of the Study ................................. 15

Scope, Limitation and Delimitation ........................ 17

Operational Definition of Terms ........................... 19

Review of Related Literatures ............................. 20

2 DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

Research Design and Methodology ........................... 26

Population and Locale of the Study ........................ 27

Data Gathering Tools ...................................... 30

Data Gathering Procedure .................................. 35

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Treatment of Data ......................................... 44

3 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Material Test ............................................. 46

Material Strength ......................................... 46

Crack Observation ......................................... 46

Shear Strength Level ...................................... 47

Load – Time Relationship .................................. 49

Load – Displacement Relationship .......................... 55

4 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Conclusion ................................................ 60

Recommendation ............................................ 62

APPENDICES

A. Concrete Proportioning ................................. 63

B. Computation of Max. P for Shear and Flexural Strength .. 68

C. Mechanical Properties of Aggregates .................... 69

D. Compressive Test of Concrete Cylinder .................. 75

E. Pre-loading of RC Beams ................................ 76

F. Loading of Repaired RC Beams ........................... 78

G. Material Safety Data Sheet/Technical Data Sheet ........ 79

H. Barrower’s Slip ........................................ 117

I. Compressive Strength Data of Concrete Cylinder ......... 120

J. Compressive Strength Data and Result of RC Beam ........ 121

K. Data Results ........................................... 123

L. Documentation .......................................... 129

M. Project Cost ........................................... 135

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N. Schedule of Activities ................................. 136

REFERENCES ...................................................... 137

CURRICULUM VITAE ................................................ 144

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LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TABLE TITLE PAGE

2.1 Sample Specimen ....................................... 43

A.1 Summary of Materials Needed ........................... 67

B.1 Fineness Modulus of Coarse Aggregates ................. 70

B.2 Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse Aggregates .. 71

B.3 Fineness Modulus of Fine Aggregates ................... 72

B.4 Specific Gravity and Absorption of Fine Aggregates .... 73

M.1 Project Cost .......................................... 135

N.1 Schedule of Activities ................................ 136

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. FIGURE TITLE PAGE

1.1 Conceptual Framework .................................. 5

1.2 Theoretical Framework ................................. 6

1.3 Research Paradigm ..................................... 13

2.1 Data Gathering Procedure .............................. 35

2.2 Design of Beam Specimen ............................... 37

2.3 Measurement of Beam Design ............................ 37

2.4 Formworks and Cylinder Molds .......................... 37

2.5 Placement of Reinforcement ............................ 38

2.6 Concrete Mixture ...................................... 39

2.7 Slump Test ............................................ 40

2.8 Freshly Cast Beam & Concrete Test Cylinder ............ 40

2.9 Removal of formworks of cylinders and beams ........... 40

2.10 Compressive strength of Concrete Cylinder ............ 41

2.11 Pre-loading of RC Beams .............................. 42

2.12 Sealing of Cracks .................................... 42

2.13 Set up of Flexural Testing Machine for Third-point

Loading Method ....................................... 44

3.1 Shear Strength Level .................................. 47

3.1.A Load-Time Relationship of Pioneer Epoxy ............. 49

3.1.B Load-Time Relationship of Procrete Epoxy ............ 50

3.1.C Load-Time Relationship of Sikadur-752 Epoxy ......... 51

3.1.D Load-Time Relationship of Three Epoxy Brands ........ 52

3.2.A Load-Displacement Relationship of Epoxy

Brand Pioneer ....................................... 55

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3.2.B Load-Displacement Relationship of Epoxy

Brand Procrete ....................................... 56

3.2.C Load-Displacement Relationship of Epoxy

Brand Sikadur-752 .................................... 57

3.2.D Load-Displacement Relationship of Epoxy Brands ...... 58

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LIST OF EQUATIONS

EQUATION NO. EQUATION TITLE PAGE

1 Sample Size Determination .......................... 9

2 Shear Strength ..................................... 9

3 First Peak Strength ................................ 10

4 Net Deflection ..................................... 10

5 Loading Rate ....................................... 11

6 Modulus of Rapture ................................. 11

7 Bernoulli-Euler Beam Equation ...................... 11