LESSON 1 CREATIVE WRITING

Here is a table to highlight the differences between academic writing, technical writing, professional writing,
and creative writing:

Aspects Academic Writing Technical Writing Professional Writing Creative Writing

To explain, instruct, To communicate
To inform, argue, or To entertain, inspire,
or inform about business-related
1. Purpose contribute to or provoke an
technical processes or information or
scholarly knowledge emotional response
products decisions
Clear, concise, and Clear, concise, and
Formal, precise, and Imaginative and
often jargon-heavy; business-like; avoids
2. Language often technical; figurative; flexible
focuses on precision jargon and is
avoids ambiguity and expressive
and clarity straightforward
Structured with clear Structured with
Structured with Flexible structure;
sections (abstract, headings, bullet
3. Structure headings, bullet may not follow a
introduction, points, and diagrams
points, and sections specific format
methodology, etc.) for clarity
Business
Specific audience General readers
Scholars, researchers, professionals,
4. Audience with technical seeking entertainment
and academic peers stakeholders, and
background or need or inspiration
clients
Provides detailed Communicates Focuses on
Presents research,
information, business strategies, storytelling, character
5. Content arguments, and
instructions, and plans, reports, and development, and
analysis
explanations memos vivid descriptions
Professional and Subjective and
6. Tone Objective and formal Neutral and objective
polite emotional
Limited to the Uses creativity to Creative in problem- Central to the
7. Creativity presentation of ideas simplify complex solving and writing; focuses on
and clarity information presentation of ideas artistic expression
Research papers,
Manuals, user guides, Business reports, Novels, short stories,
8. Examples journal articles,
technical reports emails, proposals poems, screenplays
dissertations

Summary of Key Differences:

1. Academic Writing: Aims to inform and contribute to scholarly knowledge, using a formal and precise
language with a clear structure designed for academic audiences.

Example Passage: "In recent years, the impact of climate change on global agricultural productivity has
become a significant area of concern. According to Johnson et al. (2020), increasing temperatures and changing
precipitation patterns are projected to reduce crop yields in many regions. The study utilized a combination of
climate models and agricultural data to forecast potential changes in productivity. These findings underscore the
need for adaptive strategies in farming practices to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change on food
security."

Analysis: This passage uses a formal tone, references a specific study, and presents research findings in a clear
and precise manner. It is aimed at an academic audience, such as scholars and researchers.

2. Technical Writing: Focuses on explaining complex technical information clearly and concisely for a
specific audience, often using structured formats with headings and diagrams.
Example Passage: To install the XYZ-5000 printer driver, start by downloading the driver from the official website at
www.xyzprinters.com/drivers. Select the XYZ-5000 model from the dropdown menu and click 'Download' to obtain the
latest driver version. Once downloaded, open the file and follow the on-screen instructions, accepting the terms and
conditions, and clicking 'Next'. Choose the installation location and click 'Install' to complete the process. After
installation, connect the printer to your computer using a USB cable and turn it on, waiting for your computer to detect
it. Then, open the printer settings on your computer, select 'Add a new printer', and follow the prompts to complete the
setup.

Analysis: This passage provides step-by-step instructions in a clear and concise manner, using simple language and a
logical structure. It is designed to help users install a printer driver efficiently.

3. Professional Writing: Communicates business-related information in a clear, concise, and professional

manner, often to colleagues, stakeholders, or clients.

Example Passage: Subject: Project Update and Next Steps

Dear Team,

I hope this email finds you well. I am writing to provide an update on the XYZ Project. As of today, we have
completed the initial research phase and are ready to move into the development stage. Key findings from our
research include:

 Identification of target demographics

 Analysis of competitor strategies
 Recommendations for feature prioritization

Next Steps:

1. Development Kick-off: Scheduled for June 21st, 2024.

2. Team Assignments: Each team member will receive their specific assignments by the end of this week.
3. Progress Meetings: Bi-weekly meetings will be held every Tuesday at 10 AM to track progress and
address any issues.

Please let me know if you have any questions or concerns.

Best regards, [Your Name] Project Manager

Analysis: This passage uses a professional and polite tone, provides clear updates and next steps, and is
organized to ensure that the recipient can easily understand the information. It is intended for a business
audience, such as team members and stakeholders.

4. Creative Writing: Emphasizes storytelling and artistic expression, using imaginative and figurative
language with flexible structures to entertain or inspire general readers.

Example Passage: "As the sun dipped below the horizon, casting a golden glow across the tranquil lake, Sarah
felt a wave of serenity wash over her. She stood at the water's edge, barefoot, the cool sand between her toes.
The gentle lapping of the waves against the shore created a soothing melody, harmonizing with the distant call
of a loon. For the first time in months, she allowed herself to breathe deeply, inhaling the crisp, pine-scented air.
This was her sanctuary, a place where time seemed to stand still, and the chaos of the world melted away."

Analysis: This passage uses descriptive and evocative language to create a vivid and immersive scene. It
focuses on sensory details and emotional expression, aiming to engage the reader’s imagination and emotions.
LESSON 2 FORMAL AND INFORMAL WORDS OF CREATIVE
WRITING
1. IMAGERY- There are five major types of sensory imagery, each corresponding to a sense, feeling, action, or
reaction:
 Visual imagery pertains to graphics, visual scenes, pictures, or the sense of sight.
 Auditory imagery pertains to sounds, noises, music, or the sense of hearing. (This kind of imagery may come
in the form of onomatopoeia).
 Olfactory imagery pertains to odors, aromas, scents, or the sense of smell.
 Gustatory imagery pertains to flavors or the sense of taste.
 Tactile imagery pertains to physical textures or the sense of touch.

2. DICTION- refers to the writer's choice and use of words and phrases. It encompasses the style of language,
the specificity or vagueness of vocabulary, and the overall tone and voice conveyed through word selection.
Diction plays a crucial role in shaping the mood, atmosphere, and meaning of a piece of writing.

Types Definition Examples

Informal language typically used within a specific

Examples: "lit" (exciting), "bae"
Slang group or subculture, often characterized by its novelty
(significant other), "bruh" (brother)
and cultural relevance.
Language that is crude, offensive, or socially
Examples: Explicit swear words and
Vulgarity unacceptable, used to express strong emotion or
derogatory terms.
provoke a reaction.
Informal language or conversational style used in
Examples: "gonna" (going to), "wanna"
Colloquial everyday communication within a particular region or
(want to), "y'all" (you all)
group.
Specialized terminology or technical language used Examples: "CPU" (Central Processing
Jargon by people in a particular profession or field, often Unit) in computing, "STI" (Sexually
unfamiliar to those outside of that group. Transmitted Infection) in healthcare
Regional or social variation of a language
Examples: "y'all" (Southern US dialect),
Dialect distinguished by its pronunciation, grammar, and
"ain't" (non-standard English dialects)
vocabulary.
Overused expression or phrase that has lost its Examples: "at the end of the day", "easy
Cliché
originality or effectiveness due to frequent repetition. as pie", "time heals all wounds"

Literal or dictionary definition of a word, Example: The denotation of "house" is a

Denotation
representing its explicit meaning. building where people live.
Emotional or cultural associations and implications Example: "Home" connotes warmth,
Connotation surrounding a word, often subjective and influenced comfort, and security beyond its literal
by personal experience and context. meaning of a place to live.

4. 3. FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE
Literary Device Definition Examples
A figure of speech that compares two unlike things using "like" or Example: "He is as brave
Simile
"as," highlighting similarities between them. as a lion."
A figure of speech that directly equates two unlike things by
Example: "Time is a
Metaphor asserting that one thing is another thing, suggesting a comparison
thief."
without using "like" or "as."
Example: "The wind
A figure of speech in which human qualities are attributed to non-
Personification whispered through the
human or abstract entities.
trees."
The repetition of consonant sounds, typically at the end of words Example: "He struck a
Consonance
or within a line of poetry, to create a harmonious effect. streak of bad luck."
The repetition of vowel sounds within nearby words in a line of Example: "The cat sat on
Assonance
poetry or prose, creating a melodic or rhythmic effect. the mat."
The repetition of initial consonant sounds in neighboring words or Example: "Peter Piper
Alliteration stressed syllables within a line of poetry or prose, often used for picked a peck of pickled
emphasis or to create a musical effect. peppers."
A figure of speech in which a speaker addresses an absent person,
Example: "O Death, where
Apostrophe an abstract idea, or a non-human entity as if it were present and
is thy sting?"
able to respond.
A figure of speech that involves deliberate exaggeration or Example: "I'm so hungry I
Hyperbole
overstatement for emphasis or dramatic effect. could eat a horse."
Example: "Buzz", "Bang",
Onomatopoeia The use of words that imitate the sound they describe.
"Moo"
A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or absurd, but
Paradox Example: "Less is more."
upon closer inspection, reveals a deeper truth or meaning.

LESSON 3 POETRY
A. TYPES:

1. Lyric Poetry:
o Definition: Lyric poetry is a type of poetry that expresses personal emotions or feelings,
typically spoken in the first person. It is often short and musical in nature, focusing on the
speaker's thoughts and emotions rather than telling a story.
o Characteristics: Uses expressive language, often has a musical quality, explores personal
emotions, thoughts, or reflections.
o Example: A sonnet expressing love and longing for someone, such as Shakespeare's Sonnet 18
("Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?").

2. Narrative Poetry:
o Definition: Narrative poetry is a form of poetry that tells a story, often through the use of a
narrator and characters. It follows a plot structure similar to that of prose narratives.
o Characteristics: Contains elements of storytelling, including plot, characters, setting, and often
a conflict or resolution.
 Example: Epic poems like Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, or ballads such as "The Rime of the
o
Ancient Mariner" by Samuel Taylor Coleridge.
3. Dramatic Poetry:
o Definition: Dramatic poetry is poetry that is written in verse and meant to be spoken or
performed. It often includes elements of dialogue and monologue, resembling a play in poetic
form.
o Characteristics: Emphasizes dramatic conflict, uses dialogue and monologue, may feature
characters and a dramatic situation.
o Example: Dramatic monologues like Robert Browning's "My Last Duchess," where a character
speaks to an audience, revealing their thoughts, feelings, and motivations.

B. STRUCTURE

1. Line, Line Break

Line: In poetry, a line is a single row of words, which may or may not form a complete sentence. It is a
fundamental unit of a poem's structure.

Line Break: A line break is the point at which one line ends and another begins. It can affect the poem's
rhythm, pace, and meaning.

2. Meter

Meter: Meter is the structured rhythm of a poem, determined by the pattern of stressed (accented) and
unstressed (unaccented) syllables. Common types of meter include iambic pentameter, trochaic tetrameter, etc.

Example: Iambic pentameter: "Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?" (Shakespeare)

 This line has five feet, each consisting of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable.

3. Rhyme

Rhyme: Rhyme is the repetition of similar sounding words, typically at the end of lines in poems or songs.

4. Rhyme Scheme

Rhyme Scheme: A rhyme scheme is the pattern of rhymes at the end of each line of a poem. It is usually
referred to by using letters to indicate which lines rhyme.

Roses are red, (A)

Violets are blue, (B)
Sugar is sweet, (C) A
And so are you. (B)

5. Verse

Verse: In poetry, a verse refers to a single line of poetry. However, it can also mean a stanza or a section of a
poem, especially in song lyrics.

Example: In the poem "The Road Not Taken" by Robert Frost, each stanza can be considered a verse
 POEMS NUMBER OF LINES RHYME SCHEME SYLLABLES
1.HAIKU
2. TANKA
3.BALLAD
4.COUPLET
5.QUATRAIN
6.CINQUAIN
7.DIAMANTE
8.SONNET
9.TANAGA
10.DIONA
11.LIMERICK
12.FREE VERSE
13.ACROSTIC
14.VIGNETTE
15.NARRATIVE

C.INNOVATIVE KINDS OF POETRY

1. Found Poetry (Blackout Poetry, Erasure Poetry):

o Blackout Poetry: Created by blacking out words in a text to create a poem from the remaining
words. The redacted portions form a visual component.
o Erasure Poetry: Similar to blackout poetry, but instead of blacking out, specific words are
erased or highlighted to create a poem from the remaining text.
2. Micropoetry (Slam Poetry, Spoken Poetry):
o Slam Poetry: A competitive form where poets perform original pieces judged by audience
response. It often features emotional or socially charged content.
o Spoken Poetry: Poetry intended to be performed aloud, emphasizing rhythm, rhyme, and
delivery.
3. Fib:
o A Fibonacci sequence-inspired form where each line contains the syllabic count following the
Fibonacci sequence (1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8...).
4. Bop:
o A modern poetic form with a refrain, three stanzas, and a concluding stanza that repeats the
refrain.
5. Blitz:
o A form characterized by rapid, stream-of-consciousness lines with repetitions and variations.
6. Lune:
o A short form of poetry similar to haiku but with a 5-3-5 syllable structure.
7. Hay(na)ku:
o A minimalist form originating from the Philippines, structured as a three-line stanza with one,
two, and three words in each line, respectively.
8. Triversen:
o A stanzaic form created by William Carlos Williams, consisting of six tercets with a loose
syllabic pattern.
9. Monotetra:
o A form with quatrains where the third and fourth lines of each stanza are refrains, and each line
is tetrameter (four metrical feet).
10. Sevenling:
o A modern form consisting of seven lines with two tercets and a concluding line that links them.

LESSON 4 FICTION
FICTION- an imaginative text, any creative work of art from an author’s imagination
A. NARRATIVE MODES OF FICTION
1. EXPOSITION- This informs readers about the story’s characters, setting, and mood.
In the small town of Eldridge, nestled between rolling hills and ancient woods, there stood an old
mansion, weathered by time and surrounded by an air of mystery. The townsfolk whispered
about the mansion's dark history and the family that once called it home. The air was thick with
a sense of foreboding as the sun dipped below the horizon, casting long shadows over the
abandoned estate.
2. ACTION- This allows the characters to move or act in the story
One stormy night, a group of adventurous teenagers decided to explore the forgotten mansion.
Armed with flashlights and fueled by curiosity, they cautiously entered through the creaking
front door. As they stepped inside, the floorboards groaned beneath their weight, and the echoes
of their footsteps reverberated through the empty halls.
3. DESCRIPTION- This illustrates the story’s characters, setting, and objects.
The mansion's grand foyer greeted them with faded wallpaper peeling off the walls, revealing
glimpses of a bygone era. Dust-covered chandeliers hung from the ceiling, casting eerie shadows
across the marble floor. Cobwebs adorned the ornate furniture, and moth-eaten curtains billowed
in the drafts that swept through the once opulent rooms.
4. MONOLOGUE- This is the narrative mode that uses self-talk.
As Sarah cautiously ascended the grand staircase, her mind raced with thoughts of the family
that had once lived in this decaying mansion. "What secrets are hidden within these walls?" she
wondered aloud, her voice echoing through the empty corridors. The monologue allowed her to
vocalize her fears and reflections as she ventured deeper into the heart of the mysterious
mansion.
5. DIALOGUE- This is the narrative mode of talking to other characters in the story.
In a dimly lit room, the friends stumbled upon an old study, its shelves lined with dusty books
and forgotten manuscripts. As they sifted through the relics of the past, Alex discovered a hidden
compartment behind a bookcase. "Guys, you won't believe what I found!" he exclaimed,
prompting excited dialogue among the group. Their hushed voices echoed through the room as
they uncovered a series of letters revealing the tragic tale of the mansion's last inhabitants.
B. ELEMENTS OF FICTION
1. CHARACTERS

 Protagonist: The main character of the story, often the hero or central figure. The narrative typically
revolves around their experiences and growth.

 Antagonist: The character or force that opposes the protagonist. They create conflict and obstacles that the
protagonist must overcome.

 Deuteragonist: The secondary or second most important character in the story. They may have a significant
role and impact on the plot, often supporting the protagonist.

 Confidante: A character who is a close friend or companion to the main character. They provide emotional
support, advice, or companionship.

 Foil: A character who contrasts with the protagonist, highlighting certain traits by their differences. They are
not necessarily antagonistic but serve to emphasize the protagonist's qualities.

 Love Interest: The character toward whom the protagonist has romantic feelings. This relationship often
plays a crucial role in the protagonist's development or the story's plot.

 Tertiary or Background Characters: Characters who are peripheral to the main storyline. They may
appear briefly or intermittently and have minimal impact on the central plot.

 Dynamic Character: A character who undergoes significant internal change or growth throughout the story.
Their beliefs, attitudes, or values evolve in response to the events or conflicts they experience.
 Static Character: A character who remains the same throughout the story. They do not undergo significant
internal change or growth.

 Round Character: A complex character with varied traits, including strengths, weaknesses, and
contradictions. They are more fully developed and realistic.

 Flat Character: A character with a limited set of traits and who does not undergo significant change
throughout the story. They often serve a specific role or function in the plot.

1. Protagonist:
 Harry Potter (Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling): An orphaned wizard who
discovers he is famous in the wizarding world for surviving an attack by Lord Voldemort.
Harry is known for his bravery, loyalty, and sense of justice.
 Katniss Everdeen (The Hunger Games series by Suzanne Collins): A skilled archer
and survivor in a dystopian world. Katniss becomes the symbol of rebellion against the
oppressive Capitol, known for her resourcefulness and determination.
 Frodo Baggins (The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien): A hobbit entrusted with the
task of destroying the One Ring. Frodo is characterized by his humility, resilience, and the
burden he carries on his journey.
2. Antagonist:
 Lord Voldemort (Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling): The dark wizard who seeks to
conquer the wizarding world and conquer death. Voldemort is the embodiment of evil,
fear, and power-hunger.
 President Snow (The Hunger Games series by Suzanne Collins): The ruthless
leader of the Capitol who maintains control through the annual Hunger Games. Snow is
manipulative and represents the oppressive government.
 Sauron (The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien): The Dark Lord who created the One
Ring to dominate Middle-earth. Sauron is a powerful, malevolent force seeking to regain
his lost power.
3. Deuteragonist:
 Hermione Granger (Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling): Harry's intelligent and
resourceful friend. Hermione is known for her academic prowess, loyalty, and dedication to
justice.
 Peeta Mellark (The Hunger Games series by Suzanne Collins): A fellow tribute in
the Hunger Games and Katniss's strategic ally. Peeta is characterized by his kindness,
selflessness, and love for Katniss.
 Samwise Gamgee (The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien): Frodo's loyal and
courageous friend. Sam is known for his unwavering loyalty, humility, and the strength of
his friendship.
4. Confidante:
 Ron Weasley (Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling): Another close friend of Harry and
Hermione. Ron is known for his loyalty, humor, and bravery, providing emotional support
to Harry.
 Gale Hawthorne (The Hunger Games series by Suzanne Collins): Katniss's
childhood friend and hunting partner. Gale is characterized by his strong sense of justice
and love for Katniss.
 Aragorn (The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien): A ranger and heir to the throne of
Gondor. Aragorn is a wise and honorable character who becomes a crucial ally to Frodo
and his friends.
5. Foil:
 Draco Malfoy (Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling): A student at Hogwarts who
contrasts with Harry's bravery and loyalty. Draco is often portrayed as arrogant and
prejudiced.
 Effie Trinket (The Hunger Games series by Suzanne Collins): The Capitol's escort
for the tributes. Effie's superficiality and adherence to Capitol customs contrast with
Katniss's grit and authenticity.
 Gollum (The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien): A former ring-bearer corrupted by
the One Ring. Gollum's deceptive and obsessive nature contrasts with Frodo's moral
compass.

6. Love Interest:
 Ginny Weasley (Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling): Ron's younger sister and
Harry's love interest. She is a skilled witch and possesses a strong, independent
personality.
 Peeta Mellark (The Hunger Games series by Suzanne Collins): A fellow tribute in
the Hunger Games and Katniss's love interest. Peeta's love for Katniss plays a crucial role
in the story.
 Arwen (The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien): An Elvish princess and Aragorn's
love interest. Arwen's love for Aragorn is a significant element in the tale.
7. Tertiary or Background:
 Neville Longbottom (Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling): Initially a background
character, Neville grows into a brave and determined wizard.
 Cinna (The Hunger Games series by Suzanne Collins): Katniss's stylist and ally.
Cinna plays a supportive role in the rebellion against the Capitol.
 Legolas (The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien): An elf and member of the
Fellowship of the Ring. Legolas contributes to the quest with his archery skills and agility.
8. Dynamic:
 Ebenezer Scrooge (A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens): A miserly character who
undergoes a profound transformation on Christmas Eve, learning the true meaning of
generosity and compassion.
 Walter White (Breaking Bad - TV series): A high school chemistry teacher turned
methamphetamine producer who experiences a drastic transformation from a mild-
mannered man to a ruthless criminal.
 Elizabeth Bennet (Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen): The protagonist who
undergoes personal growth, challenging societal norms, and her own prejudices.
9. Static:
 Sherlock Holmes (Sherlock Holmes stories by Arthur Conan Doyle): The brilliant
detective whose analytical and logical mind remains consistent throughout the stories.
 Atticus Finch (To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee): A principled lawyer in the
racially charged American South. Atticus's values and demeanor remain steady in the face
of adversity.
 James Bond (James Bond series by Ian Fleming): The iconic spy with a consistent
persona of sophistication, confidence, and charm.
10.Round:
 Severus Snape (Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling): A complex character with a
mysterious past, Snape's motivations and loyalties are revealed over time, making him
multi-dimensional and unpredictable.
 Katniss Everdeen (The Hunger Games series by Suzanne Collins): Initially seen as
a survivor, Katniss's character develops as she becomes a symbol of rebellion, facing
moral dilemmas and personal challenges.
 Tyrion Lannister (A Song of Ice and Fire series by George R.R. Martin): A witty
and intelligent character in a politically complex world, Tyrion's multifaceted personality
and experiences contribute to the story.
11.Flat:
 Captain Beatty (Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury): The chief of the firemen in a
dystopian society, Captain Beatty represents the oppressive government and censorship.
He remains unchanging in his commitment to maintaining control.
 Nurse Ratched (One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest by Ken Kesey): The oppressive
and authoritarian nurse in a mental institution, Nurse Ratched symbolizes control and
conformity, with a consistent and unyielding demeanor.
 The White Rabbit (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll): A
character in Wonderland

2. SETTING- this is the time, place, and conditions in which the story takes place.
Geographical location. This includes the topography, scenery, and physical
arrangements, such as the location of the windows and doors in a room.
Occupations. This includes the work and the daily manner of living of the characters.
Time or period. This sets when the action takes place.
General environment. This includes religious, mental, moral, social, and emotional
conditions of the characters.
 3. POINT OF VIEW- this refers to the angle of narration or the narrator.

A. First person. This is the main character (or one of the characters) who narrates the story;
there are instances where multiple characters act as first-person narrators; thus, the
concept of multiple-person point of view emerges.
First Person Point of View:

1. The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald: "In my younger and more vulnerable years, my father gave
me some advice that I've been turning over in my mind ever since."
2. To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee: "When he was nearly thirteen, my brother Jem got his arm
badly broken at the elbow."
3. The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger: "If you really want to hear about it, the first thing you'll
probably want to know is where I was born, and what my lousy childhood was like."
4. The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins: "When I wake up, the other side of the bed is cold."
5. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain: "You don’t know about me without you have
read a book by the name of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer."

B. Second person. The reader is the focal point of the narrator’s story.

6. Bright Lights, Big City by Jay McInerney: "You are not the kind of guy who would be at a place like
this at this time of the morning."
7. If on a Winter's Night a Traveler by Italo Calvino: "You are about to begin reading Italo Calvino's
new novel, If on a Winter's Night a Traveler."
8. Your Own Adventure series by various authors: "You are walking through a forest when you come
across a fork in the road

C. Third person. The narrator is an outside observer, not a character, in the story he or she
presents.
Third Person Limited Point of View:

9. Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling: "Mr. and Mrs. Dursley, of number four, Privet Drive, were proud
to say that they were perfectly normal, thank you very much."
10. The Lord of the Rings series by J.R.R. Tolkien: "When Mr. Bilbo Baggins of Bag End announced that
he would shortly be celebrating his eleventy-first birthday with a party of special magnificence, there
was much talk and excitement in Hobbiton."
11. 1984 by George Orwell: "It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were striking thirteen

D. Limited. The narrator tells the actions and the speech of the characters.

Third Person Limited Point of View:

12. Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling: "Mr. and Mrs. Dursley, of number four, Privet Drive, were proud
to say that they were perfectly normal, thank you very much."
13. The Lord of the Rings series by J.R.R. Tolkien: "When Mr. Bilbo Baggins of Bag End announced that
he would shortly be celebrating his eleventy-first birthday with a party of special magnificence, there
was much talk and excitement in Hobbiton."
14. 1984 by George Orwell: "It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were striking thirteen."

E. Omniscient. The narrator shares everything about the characters in the story, including
their thoughts and feelings.

Third Person Omniscient Point of View:

15. Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen: "It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in
possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife."

16. War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy: "Well, Prince, so Genoa and Lucca are now just family estates of the
Buonapartes."

17.Middlemarch by George Eliot: "Who that cares much to know the history of man, and how the
mysterious mixture behaves under the varying experiments of Time, has not dwelt, at least briefly, on the
life of Saint Theresa, has not smiled with some gentleness at the thought of the little girl walking forth one
morning hand-in-hand with her still smaller brother, to go and seek martyrdom in the country of the
Moors?"

18The Chronicles of Narnia series by C.S. Lewis: "Once there were four children whose names were
Peter, Susan, Edmund, and Lucy."

4. PLOT- this is the arrangement of incidents and actions in a story. A plot does not always
have to be chronological.

TYPES OF PLOT
Linear. This shows the chronological order of events that happen in the story.
Episodic. This is a set of connected incidents that form a bigger plot.
Parallel. This is a combination of two or more linear plots that happen simultaneously.
Circular. This starts and ends in a similar fashion.
In Medias Res. This starts at the middle of the story.
In Extrema Res. This starts at the end of the story.

ELEMENTS OF PLOT
Exposition. The initial part of a plot that introduces the story’s characters, setting, and
mood
Rising Action. The incident or the set of incidents that leads to the complication
Climax. This is the highest point of tension in the story where the conflict is shown or
settled.
Falling Action. This is the section where the story’s tension decreases and the other
unsettled issues are solved.
Resolution. The denouement or a part of the story where the main problem is resolved
and the end of a plot is told.

5. CONFLICT- this is the struggle that exists in the story.

Man versus self is the struggle between the protagonist and his or her self.
Man versus man is the struggle between the protagonist and another person.
 Man versus nature is the struggle between the protagonist and natural forces.
Man versus the supernatural is the struggle between the protagonist and someone
who has an ability beyond human nature.
Man versus technology is the struggle between the protagonist and technology or
product of technology.
Man versus society is the struggle between the protagonist and a group of people who
belongs to a social institution.

6. THEME- This describes or represents the unifying idea or statement of a

literary work.
KINDS

 Love and Friendship: Themes exploring different facets of love, romantic relationships, familial
bonds, and friendships. Examples include love conquers all, the power of friendship, or the complexities
of family dynamics.
 Identity and Self-Discovery: Themes related to personal growth, self-awareness, and the journey to
find one's identity. This may include themes of coming-of-age, self-acceptance, or the search for
meaning in life.
 Conflict and Struggle: Themes revolving around various types of conflicts, such as inner conflict
(man versus self), interpersonal conflicts (man versus man), conflicts with society or nature, and the
implications of these struggles.
 Power and Oppression: Themes examining power dynamics, authority, inequality, and resistance
against oppression. This could encompass themes of injustice, abuse of power, rebellion, or societal
structures that oppress individuals or groups.
 Justice and Morality: Themes exploring ethical dilemmas, moral choices, consequences of actions,
and the pursuit of justice. This might include themes of revenge versus forgiveness, the nature of good
and evil, or the price of justice.
 Isolation and Alienation: Themes centered on loneliness, isolation, marginalization, and the quest
for connection. Examples include themes of alienation in modern society, the search for community, or
the impact of solitude on individuals.
 Hope and Resilience: Themes celebrating human resilience, perseverance in adversity, and the
triumph of the human spirit. This could involve themes of hope in the face of despair, overcoming
obstacles, or finding strength in difficult circumstances.
 Freedom and Confinement: Themes exploring the concepts of freedom, captivity, confinement, and
liberation. This might include themes of personal freedom, political freedom, imprisonment, or the
desire for autonomy.
 Nature and Humanity: Themes examining the relationship between humans and the natural world,
environmental concerns, and the impact of nature on individuals and societies. This could encompass
themes of harmony with nature, ecological balance, or the consequences of environmental degradation.
 Death and Mortality: Themes dealing with the inevitability of death, the fear of mortality, grief, and
the search for meaning in life and death. This might include themes of acceptance of mortality, the
afterlife, or the legacy one leaves behind.

C. LITERARY DEVICES IN WRITING FICTION

1. ALLUSION- a literary device that utilizes mythological, literary, historical, biblical, scientific, or
political figures, events, places, or objects to represent someone or something
2. ALLITERATION- a literary device in which the writer repeats the initial sound or letter in a
string of words in a statement or phrase
 3. ALLEGORY- a literary device in which a story, or an element of a story, is created to deliver a
message about the issues and occurrences of the real world; also known as extended metaphor
4. EUPHEMISM- a literary device in which a writer uses a word or a phrase that acts as an alternative
to another word or phrase that is considered harsh, blunt, or taboo
5. FLASHBACK- a literary device in which the writer interrupts the chronological events of a story by
narrating some events that happened prior to it
6. FORESHADOWING- a literary device in which a hint about something that will happen in the future
is provided at an earlier point in the narrative
7. IMAGERY- a literary device that enables the writer to paint a picture using words; involves using a
catalyst to affect the readers’ senses, emotions and feelings
8. PERSONIFICATION- a literary device that “endows animals, ideas, abstractions, and inanimate
objects with human form
9. JUXTAPOSITION- a literary device in which the writer creates two elements that have obvious
differences and puts them side-by-side in a story
10. SIMILE AND METAPHOR- the former is a figure of comparison that directly expresses the
similarity between two objects, while the latter is a figure of comparison that declares that two
objects are identical.
11. ONOMATOPOEIA- a literary device in which the writer makes use of words that are formed from
the sounds they represent in a text
12. TONE- a literary device inherent in a story; creates the emotional climate that readers might feel
as they indulge themselves in the text
13. SYMBOLISM- a literary device in which the writer uses someone or something to suggest an
emblematic or abstract meaning
TYPES: 1. PHYSICAL OBJECTS tangible and visible entities
often used to symbolize the overarching theme of a text (bamboo tree
as a symbol for resilience)
2. CHARACTERS persons, animals, creatures, or things in the text
may represent good or evil traits, ideologies, and universal values
(Judas as a symbol of selfishness)
3, EVENTS- occurrences or something that happens(cutting one’s hair
as a symbol of change or breakthrough)

EXAMPLES
 Allusion:

 Example 1: In George Orwell's Animal Farm, the character Napoleon alludes to the historical figure
Joseph Stalin, representing totalitarianism and abuse of power.
 Example 2: In The Waste Land by T.S. Eliot, the poem alludes to various mythological and literary
figures, such as Tiresias and the Fisher King, to explore themes of spiritual desolation.

 Alliteration:

 Example 1: "Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers."

 Example 2: "She sells sea shells by the sea shore."

 Allegory:

 Example 1: The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe by C.S. Lewis is an allegory for Christianity, with
Aslan representing Christ.
 Example 2: Animal Farm by George Orwell is an allegory for the Russian Revolution and the rise of
Stalinism, with animals representing different societal classes and political figures.

 Euphemism:

 Example 1: "He passed away" instead of "He died."

 Example 2: "Letting someone go" instead of "Firing someone.
 Flashback:

 Example 1: In The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, Nick Carraway recalls events from his past to
provide insight into Gatsby's character.
 Example 2: In Atonement by Ian McEwan, the novel uses flashbacks to reveal crucial moments and
misunderstandings that shape the story.

 Foreshadowing:

 Example 1: In Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare, Romeo's premonitions of impending doom
before attending the Capulet's party foreshadow the tragic events to come.
 Example 2: In Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone by J.K. Rowling, the appearance of the
ominous hooded figure at the start of the book foreshadows the return of Lord Voldemort.

 Imagery:

 Example 1: In The Road by Cormac McCarthy, the author uses vivid descriptions of the barren
landscape to evoke a sense of desolation and hopelessness.
 Example 2: In The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway, the author uses imagery of the sea and
its creatures to symbolize struggle, perseverance, and the cycle of life.

 Personification:

 Example 1: "The wind whispered through the trees."

 Example 2: "The stars danced playfully in the moonlit sky."

 Juxtaposition:

 Example 1: In Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen, the contrast between the refined, wealthy Mr. Darcy
and the lively, middle-class Elizabeth Bennet creates tension and humor.
 Example 2: In Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson, the juxtaposition of Dr. Jekyll's
respectable persona and Mr. Hyde's monstrous nature highlights the duality of human nature.

 Simile and Metaphor:

 Example of Simile: "Her eyes sparkled like diamonds."

 Example of Metaphor: "Time is a thief."

 Onomatopoeia:

 Example 1: "The bees buzzed around the flowers."

 Example 2: "The door creaked open slowly."

 Tone:

 Example 1: The tone of The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger is cynical and disillusioned, reflecting
the protagonist's alienation from society.
 Example 2: The tone of Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen is witty and ironic, as the author critiques
the manners and morals of the upper class.

 Symbolism:

 Example 1 (Physical Objects): In The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, the green light at the end of
Daisy's dock symbolizes Gatsby's hopes and dreams for the future.
  Example 2 (Characters): In Lord of the Flies by William Golding, the character Piggy symbolizes
reason and civilization amidst the boys' descent into savagery.

D. LITERARY TECHNIQUES IN WRITING FICTION

-specific methods writers employ in their works to convey messages.
A. ANAPHORA- repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of a sentence to create an

artistic effect

1. TOM NEVER READS BOOKS. TOM NEVER WATCHES MOVIES. TOM NEVER TALKS TO HIS FRIENDS.
2. It rained on his lousy tombstone, and it rained on the grass on his stomach. It rained all over the
place.
3. The apartment was on the top floor—a small living-room, a small dining-room, a small bedroom,
and a bath.
B. ANTIHERO- A CHARACTER WHO DOES NOT POSSESS THE TRAITS OF A HERO SUCH AS
BRAVERY, PRIDE AND VALOR.
1. CAPTAIN JACK SPARROW FROM “PIRATES OF THE CARIBBEAN”
2. GREGORY HOUSE FROM “HOUSE”
3. Robin Hood. Batman, The Grinch, Edmund Pevensie from The Chronicles of Narnia
C. JUXTAPOSITION- USED TO COMPARE TWO DIFFERENT THINGS OR TWO CONTRASTING
IDEAS TO BE ABLE TO EMPHASIZE THEIR DIFFERENCES( GOOD & EVIL; LIFE & DEATH; TRUTH &
LIES )

1. Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities In A Tale of Two Cities, Charles Dickens wrote “It was the best
of times, it was the worst of times.”

2. Ernest Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea In The Old Man and the Sea, Ernest Hemingway
wrote “Everything about him was old except his eyes and they were the same color as the sea.
Here, Hemingway cleverly juxtaposes the old man’s physical age with his youthful spirit,
emphasizing his resilience despite seemingly insurmountable odds.

D.FORESHADOWING- LINES OR DIALOGUES IN A STORY WHICH GIVE THE READER AN IDEA OF

WHAT IS ABOUT TO HAPPEN WITHOUT SPOILING THE PLOT’S THEME; A HINT ON WHAT IS TO COME
LATER ON

 Dialogue, such as “I have a bad feeling about this”

 Symbols, such as blood, certain colors, types of birds, weapons
 Weather motifs, such as storm clouds, wind, rain, clearing skies
 Omens, such as prophecies or broken mirror
 Character reactions, such as apprehension, curiosity, secrecy
 Time and/or season, such as midnight, dawn, spring, winter
 Settings, such as graveyard, battlefield, isolated path, river

E. CATHARSIS- THE CHARACTER’S EMOTIONAL RELEASE OR CLEANSING ; USUALLY BROUGHT BY

LEARNING OF THE TRUTH OR WHEN CONFRONTED WITH DIFFICULT SITUATIONS.
1. AFTER A LONG SCENE OF INTENSE DRAMA, THE LOVERS FINALLY EMBRACE
2. RAIN AFTER A CONFESSION.
3.SUN AFTER A DARK PERIOD.
4,When a relationship ends, one or both parties might choose to “purge” the other out of
his/her lives by throwing away mementos and getting ride of shared objects.
5.When a loved one dies the family might wish to scatter the ashes together in a significant
place to feel a renewal of spirit.
6.When a significant life stage is over, such as college, there is a ceremony that encourages
strong emotions so that they may be released.

F. HAMARTIA- REFERS TO THE TRAGIC HERO’S ERROR IN JUDGMENT WHICH LEADS TO HIS/HER
DOWNFALL

1. Jay Gatsby in “The Great Gatsby” by F. Scott Fitzgerald: Gatsby’s unwillingness

and inability to accept reality lead to his ultimate demise
2. Mr. Darcy in “Pride and Prejudice”: His pride and arrogant behavior prevent potential
relationships with Elizabeth Bennet and others
3. Romeo and Juliet: Their inability to act rationally based on arguments leads to their tragic
deaths
 4. Macbeth: His murder of King Duncan sets off a chain reaction that leads to his own
downfall
5. Victor Frankenstein in “Frankenstein”: His arrogant conviction that he can usurp the roles of
God and nature in creating life directly leads to ruinous consequences
6. A HERO IS BLINDED BY HIS LOYALTY TO HIS BEST FRIEND, EVEN THOUGH HIS FRIEND IS WORKING
TO BETRAY HIM
7. A HEROINE IS SO CONSUMED WITH PRIDE IN HER OWN BEAUTY THAT SHE FALLS WILLINGLY INTO
THE TRAP SET BY THE EVIL WITCH
G. CLIFFHANGER- USED BY THE AUTHOR TO AROUSE CURIOSITY AMONG READERS BY
ENDING A CHAPTER A STORY ABRUPTLY; an ending to an episode of a serial drama that
leaves the audience in suspense: it is ‘a dramatic and exciting ending to an episode of a
serial, leaving the audience in suspense and anxious not to miss the next episode
1. An Unanswered Question This is the most common cliffhanger. Ask a provocative question or make
sure that the one that started the scene is still unanswered.

2. A Loss The loss can be physical or emotional. It can be a tangible thing or a relationship, but try to
make it something that the protagonist thinks he or she can’t do without.

3. A Glimmer Of Hope A pronouncement is made that something something that is needed, new,
different, or exciting will happen soon.

4. A Physical Threat Put the character, or somebody that he or she loves (love interest) in immediate
danger. If you have created empathy between your readers and your character, they have to carry on
reading.

5. A Ticking Clock End with a sense of urgency. A deadline has to be met.

6. An Accident This can be a physical accident or a slip of the tongue. Set off an alarm. Reveal a secret.
Break a leg.

7. Unexpected News This includes any important information, or even a person, that shows up
unexpectedly. End a scene with the protagonist receiving devastating news

8. An Unmade Decision A character has a decision that needs to be made.

D. GENRES OF FICTION
GENRE- a style that involves a particular set of characteristics

1. Mystery Fiction

Mystery Fiction revolves around the investigation of a crime or a series of puzzling events. The protagonist,
often a detective or amateur sleuth, seeks to solve the mystery through clues, logical reasoning, and deduction.
Key elements include suspense, red herrings, and a resolution that reveals the truth behind the mystery.

2. Science Fiction

Science Fiction (Sci-Fi) explores speculative concepts based on science and technology. It often involves
futuristic settings, advanced technology, space exploration, time travel, parallel universes, and extraterrestrial
life. Sci-Fi examines the impact of scientific advancements on individuals and society, posing questions about
what might be possible in the future.

3. Realistic Fiction
Realistic Fiction features stories that could happen in real life. The characters, settings, and events are plausible
and reflect real-world issues and experiences. This genre aims to portray life accurately, often addressing social,
emotional, and moral themes that readers can relate to.

4. Historical Fiction

Historical Fiction is set in a specific historical period, aiming to accurately represent the customs, social
conditions, and events of that time. While the characters and plot may be fictional, the backdrop is historically
accurate. This genre provides insight into the past, blending fact with fiction to bring history to life.

5. Adventure

Adventure focuses on exciting and often dangerous journeys or quests. The protagonist typically faces physical
challenges, unknown territories, and unexpected obstacles. Adventure fiction emphasizes action, exploration,
and the thrill of overcoming adversity, often with a sense of high stakes and suspense.

6. Fantasy

Fantasy involves magical or supernatural elements that do not exist in the real world. This genre features
imaginary worlds, mythical creatures, magical powers, and epic quests. Fantasy often explores themes of good
versus evil, heroism, and the struggle between different magical or mythical forces.

LESSON 5 DRAMA
Drama, as a genre of literature, is a mode of storytelling that presents a sequence of events and characters
primarily through dialogue and performance. It is designed to be performed by actors on a stage before an
audience, and it is characterized by its focus on the emotional and relational development of its characters. Here
are the key elements that define drama as a literary genre:

1. Dialogue and Monologue: Drama relies heavily on spoken language. The story is conveyed through
dialogues between characters and monologues, where a character speaks at length, revealing inner
thoughts and emotions.
2. Conflict: Central to drama is conflict, which can be internal (within a character) or external (between
characters or between characters and their environment). This conflict drives the plot and engages the
audience.
3. Characters: Well-developed characters are essential in drama. The audience learns about their
personalities, motivations, and transformations through their actions and interactions.
4. Plot: The plot in drama is the sequence of events that unfolds in the story. It typically follows a structure
that includes exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution.
5. Setting: The setting in drama refers to the time and place where the story occurs. It can be as detailed as
a specific historical period and location or as minimal as a symbolic stage setup.
6. Stage Directions: These are instructions in the script for actors and directors that indicate movements,
actions, and emotional states. They also describe the setting, lighting, and sound effects.
7. Themes: Drama explores various themes such as love, power, jealousy, betrayal, and moral dilemmas.
These themes often reflect human experiences and societal issues.
8. Tragedy and Comedy: Drama can be categorized into sub-genres like tragedy and comedy. Tragedy
involves serious and often somber themes, leading to a catastrophic ending, while comedy usually has a
lighter tone, focusing on humorous situations and typically ending happily.
9. Performance Elements: Unlike other literary genres, drama is intended to be performed. This means
that elements like acting, direction, staging, and audience interaction play crucial roles in how the story
is experienced.

TYPES OF PRODUCTION
1. Tragedy

Definition: Tragedy is a type of drama that presents a serious subject matter about human suffering and
corresponding terrible events in a dignified manner. It often involves the downfall of the main character, who is
typically a person of importance.

Example:

 "Hamlet" by William Shakespeare: This play tells the story of Prince Hamlet's quest for revenge
against his uncle, who has murdered Hamlet's father. The play explores themes of betrayal, revenge, and
madness, leading to a tragic ending where almost all the main characters die.

2. Comedy

Definition: Comedy is a type of drama that is light-hearted and often humorous, aiming to entertain and amuse
the audience. It typically involves misunderstandings, mistaken identities, and a happy resolution.

Example:

 "A Midsummer Night's Dream" by William Shakespeare: This play involves multiple comedic
plotlines, including the romantic entanglements of four young lovers and the humorous mishaps of a
group of amateur actors.

3. Tragicomedy

Definition: Tragicomedy blends elements of both tragedy and comedy. It contains serious, tragic themes but is
interspersed with moments of humor, and it often ends on a hopeful or ambiguous note.

Example:

 "The Merchant of Venice" by William Shakespeare: This play has serious themes, such as the quest
for justice and the consequences of vengeful actions, but it also includes comedic elements and a
resolution that mixes both tragic and hopeful outcomes.

4. Slapstick Humor

Definition: Slapstick humor is a type of physical comedy characterized by exaggerated, sometimes violent
actions, where the humor arises from the physicality and timing of the performances.

Example:

 "The Three Stooges": This classic comedy trio is known for their slapstick humor, involving
exaggerated physical antics like hitting each other with various objects, pratfalls, and other physical
gags.

5. History
Definition: Historical drama focuses on historical events and figures, presenting them with some degree of
accuracy but often dramatized for effect. It aims to bring history to life on stage.

Example:

 "Henry V" by William Shakespeare: This play dramatizes the life of King Henry V of England,
focusing on his military campaigns, particularly the Battle of Agincourt during the Hundred Years' War.

6. Musical Drama

Definition: Musical drama combines songs, spoken dialogue, acting, and dance to tell a story. The music and
lyrics are integral to the narrative, often enhancing the emotional and dramatic impact of the story.

Example:

 "Les Misérables" by Claude-Michel Schönberg and Alain Boublil: This musical adaptation of Victor
Hugo's novel tells the story of ex-convict Jean Valjean, his quest for redemption, and the various
characters whose lives he intersects, all set against the backdrop of revolutionary France.

7. Melodrama

Definition: Melodrama is characterized by exaggerated plot and characters, often with clear distinctions
between good and evil. It aims to appeal to the emotions of the audience, usually involving sensational and
thrilling narratives.

Example:

 "The Perils of Pauline": This silent film serial is an example of melodrama, featuring a damsel in
distress, over-the-top villains, and dramatic rescues that heighten the emotional stakes for the audience.

TYPES OF STAGE

1. Proscenium Stage

Definition: A proscenium stage is a traditional theater layout where the audience faces one side of the stage
directly. The stage is framed by a large arch (the proscenium arch), which acts as a "window" through which the
audience views the performance.

Example:
  Broadway Theatres: Most Broadway theatres in New York City use a proscenium stage layout, which
helps create a clear separation between the audience and the performers, enhancing the visual focus on
the action on stage.

2. In-the-Round Stage (Arena Stage)

Definition: An in-the-round stage is a central stage surrounded by the audience on all sides. This setup allows
for a more intimate and immersive experience, as the action can be viewed from multiple angles.

Example:

 Circle in the Square Theatre in New York City: This theatre is known for its in-the-round stage,
providing a unique and engaging viewing experience where the audience feels closer to the
performance.

3. Traverse Stage (Alley Stage)

Definition: A traverse stage, or alley stage, is a long, narrow stage with the audience seated on two opposite
sides, similar to a catwalk. This setup emphasizes the linear progression of the action and creates an intimate
viewing experience.
Example:

 Fashion Runway Shows: Many fashion shows use a traverse stage to allow the audience to view the
models and designs from both sides, creating a dynamic and engaging presentation.

4. Raked Stage

Definition: A raked stage is a stage that is slanted, with the back (upstage) higher than the front (downstage).
This design improves sightlines for the audience, making it easier to see the performance from different seats.

Example:

 The Globe Theatre in London: Historically, the Globe Theatre used a raked stage to enhance visibility
for the audience. Modern theatres sometimes use this design to create a sense of depth and perspective.

Summary

 Proscenium Stage: Traditional stage with the audience on one side, framed by a proscenium arch.
Example: Broadway theatres.
 In-the-Round Stage: Central stage surrounded by the audience on all sides. Example: Circle in the
Square Theatre.
 Traverse Stage: Long, narrow stage with the audience on two opposite sides. Example: Fashion runway
shows.
 Raked Stage: Slanted stage with the back higher than the front, improving sightlines. Example: The
Globe Theatre.

Prepared by:

MICHELLE B. MAGCALAS

Teacher
ACTIVITY 1 FORMS OF WRITING
____________ 1 A document summarizing the performance and other technical characteristics of a product

____________ 2. An in-depth study presenting original research, findings, and analysis on a specific topic

____________ 3. A summary of the discussions and decisions made during a meeting.

____________ 4. An online article or entry that expresses personal viewpoints, experiences, or creative stories.

____________ 5. A detailed plan outlining the strategy, goals, and financial forecasts for a new or existing business.

____________ 6. A comprehensive document outlining a company’s marketing strategy and tactics.

____________ 7. A resource to help diagnose and solve problems with a product or system.

____________ 8. A critical analysis and evaluation of a published book.

____________ 9. A piece of writing in which the expression of feelings and ideas is given intensity by the use of distinctive style and rhythm.

__________ 10. A script for a film or television show, including dialogue and descriptions of characters and settings.

___________ 11. A document outlining a service or solution offered to a potential client.

__________ 12. Step-by-step instructions to help workers carry out complex routine operations.

__________ 13. A comprehensive synthesis of research on a specific topic, summarizing key findings and
trends.

__________ 14. A document detailing sales activities and performance over a specific period.

__________ 15. The words of a song, often expressing emotions, telling a story, or presenting a thematic idea.
ACTIVITY 2 IMAGERY
_______ 1. The coarse sand slipped through my fingers, warm from the sun and gritty to the touch.

_______ 2. The spicy curry ignited my taste buds, a burst of heat followed by complex, savory flavors.

_______ 3. The pungent smell of wet earth rose from the ground after the first rain of the season.

_______ 4. The rich, creamy chocolate melted on my tongue, leaving a lingering sweetness.

_______ 5. The rough texture of the tree bark scraped against my skin as I climbed higher

_______ 6. The crackling of the campfire was accompanied by the distant howl of a lone wolf.

_______ 7. The sunset painted the sky in hues of pink and orange, casting a golden glow over the tranquil sea.

_______ 8. The ancient forest was a tapestry of emerald leaves and twisted branches, creating a mystical scene

_______ 9. The symphony swelled, each note resonating through the concert hall with perfect clarity.

_______ 10. The silk sheets were cool and smooth against my skin, a luxurious comfort
ACTIVITY 3 DICTION
Quiz

1. Identify the term: Informal language typically used within a specific group or subculture, often
characterized by its novelty and cultural relevance.
2. Identify the slang term in the following sentence: "The new movie is so exciting, it's lit!"
3. Identify the connotation of the word "home" in the sentence: "After a long trip, there's nothing like
coming back to the warmth and comfort of home."
4. Identify the colloquial term in this sentence: "I'm gonna head to the store later."
5. Identify the type of language used in this sentence: "The comedian's routine was filled with offensive
vulgarities."
6. Identify the slang term for a significant other in the sentence: "I'm going out to dinner with my bae
tonight."
7. Identify the type of language represented by "CPU" in the sentence: "The CPU is the brain of the
computer, handling all instructions."
8. Identify the cliché in this sentence: "Time heals all wounds."
9. Identify the dialect term for "you all" in the sentence: "Y'all coming to the barbecue this weekend?"
10. Identify the sentence that uses a term with a negative connotation: "The house is huge and empty."
11. Identify the denotation of the word "house."
12. Identify the type of imagery demonstrated in this sentence: "The symphony swelled, each note
resonating through the concert hall."
13. Identify the slang term in this list: "Computer, Bruh, Doctor, Literature."
14. Identify the jargon term used in healthcare to represent "Sexually Transmitted Infection."
15. Identify the cliché in this sentence: "At the end of the day, it's all about what makes you happy."

Answers

1. Slang
2. Lit
3. Security, warmth, and comfort
4. Gonna
5. Vulgarity
6. Bae
7. Jargon
8. Time heals all wounds
9. Y'all
10. The house is huge and empty.
11. A building where people live
12. Auditory imagery
13. Bruh
14. STI
15. At the end of the day, it's all about what makes you happy
ACTIVITY 4 FIGURES OF SPEECH
DIRECTION:

The classroom was a zoo during the free period, filled with the constant chatter that buzzed like a hive of bees (1)
(metaphor, onomatopoeia). The clock on the wall, staring back at me with its silent countdown (2) (personification),
seemed to mock our attempts to focus. "O Time, why do you move so slowly?" I wondered aloud (3) (apostrophe).
Suddenly, a loud crash interrupted my thoughts, and the room fell silent as everyone turned to see the source of the noise.
"I'm so hungry I could eat a horse!" shouted Jake from the back of the room, clutching his stomach dramatically (4)
(hyperbole). The lumpy, bumpy desk he had tripped over (5) (consonance) lay sprawled on the floor, and we all burst into
laughter.

The teacher, as patient as a saint (6) (simile), merely sighed and said, "Alright, everyone, settle down. Less is more (7)
(paradox) when it comes to noise." Her voice was a melody of calm in the chaotic storm (8) (assonance, metaphor). "She
sells sea shells by the sea shore," I whispered to myself, trying to bring some rhythm to my thoughts (9) (alliteration).
Outside, the rain in Spain falls mainly on the plain (10) (assonance) as the wind whispered secrets through the trees (11)
(personification). It was as if nature herself was telling us to find our inner peace amidst the turmoil.

"At the end of the day, it's all about what makes you happy," said the teacher, her wisdom flowing like a river of gold (12)
(cliché, simile). "Remember, time is a thief that steals our moments, so make the most of it" (13) (metaphor). Her words,
though as old as time (14) (cliché), struck a chord in us all. "Twinkle, twinkle, little star, how I wonder what you are," I
thought, feeling a connection to the cosmos (15) (apostrophe).

The bacon sizzled in the pan from the home economics room next door, and its aroma wafted through the hallways (16)
(onomatopoeia). It was a reminder of the simple pleasures in life, the taste of comfort and warmth (17) (consonance,
alliteration). Finally, the bell rang, signaling the end of the period, and we all packed our bags. "Gonna head home now," I
said to my friend, feeling a sense of relief wash over me (18) (colloquial). As I stepped outside, the light of the fire is a
sight to admire (19) (assonance) in the distance, guiding me home. "Home" – a word that connotes warmth, security, and
love beyond its literal meaning (20) (connotation).
ACTIVITY 5 POETRY
Quiz: Lesson 3 - Poetry

Part A: Types of Poetry

Identify the type of poetry described or exemplified in each question:

1. This type of poetry expresses personal emotions and is typically spoken in the first person. It often has a
musical quality and explores the speaker's thoughts and feelings.
Answer:
2. "Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?" is an example of this type of poetry.
Answer:
3. This type of poetry tells a story with a plot, characters, and setting, similar to prose narratives.
Answer:
4. Homer's Iliad and Odyssey are classic examples of this type of poetry.
Answer:
5. This type of poetry is meant to be performed and often includes dialogue and monologue, resembling a
play.
Answer:
6. Robert Browning's "My Last Duchess" is an example of this type of poetry, where a character reveals
their thoughts and feelings in a monologue.
Answer:
7. This type of poetry often focuses on personal emotions and uses expressive language to convey deep
feelings.
Answer:
8. "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" by Samuel Taylor Coleridge falls under this category of poetry.
Answer:
9. This type of poetry emphasizes dramatic conflict and often features characters in a dramatic situation.
Answer:
10. A sonnet expressing love and longing typically belongs to this type of poetry.
Answer:

Part B: Structure of Poetry

Match the term with its definition or example:

11. The basic unit of a poem, which may or may not be a complete sentence.
a) Meter
b) Line
c) Rhyme Scheme
d) Verse
Answer:
12. A deliberate pause or break at the end of a line of poetry.
a) Line
b) Line Break
c) Meter
d) Rhyme
Answer:
 13. The rhythmic pattern of a poem, often described by the number and type of feet per line.
a) Rhyme Scheme
b) Meter
c) Line Break
d) Verse
Answer:
14. The pattern of sounds at the end of lines in poetry, often described using letters to denote which lines
rhyme.
a) Meter
b) Line
c) Rhyme Scheme
d) Verse
Answer:
15. The repetition of similar sounds, usually at the end of lines.
a) Line Break
b) Meter
c) Rhyme Scheme
d) Rhyme
Answer:
16. A single line of poetry, typically following a specific metrical pattern.
a) Rhyme
b) Verse
c) Meter
d) Line Break
Answer:
17. Identify the structure element: "The cat sat on the mat / With a hat that was flat."
a) Line
b) Line Break
c) Meter
d) Rhyme Scheme
Answer:
18. Identify the structure element: "I wandered lonely as a cloud / That floats on high o'er vales and hills,"
a) Rhyme
b) Line Break
c) Verse
d) Meter
Answer:
19. The arrangement of lines into a repeated pattern, often used to denote stanzas.
a) Verse
b) Rhyme Scheme
c) Meter
d) Line
Answer:
20. The term for the repetition of consonant sounds, typically at the end of words or within a line of poetry.
a) Consonance
b) Assonance
c) Alliteration
d) Rhyme
Answer:

Answers:

Part A: Types of Poetry

1. Lyric Poetry
2. Lyric Poetry
3. Narrative Poetry
4. Narrative Poetry
5. Dramatic Poetry
6. Dramatic Poetry
 7. Lyric Poetry
8. Narrative Poetry
9. Dramatic Poetry
10. Lyric Poetry

Part B: Structure of Poetry

11. b) Line
12. b) Line Break
13. b) Meter
14. c) Rhyme Scheme
15. d) Rhyme
16. b) Verse
17. d) Rhyme Scheme
18. b) Line Break
19. a) Verse
20. a) Consonance
ACTIVITY 6 MODES OF FICTION
7. In the heart of Mechanopolis, a group of curious children approached the inventor.
"Professor Grey, can Cogsworth play with us?" one brave youngster asked. The professor
chuckled, adjusting his goggles. "Of course, my young friends! Cogsworth, join the
playtime festivities," he exclaimed, initiating a lively dialogue between the children and
the mechanical companion. Laughter echoed through the city streets as gears turned and
friendships formed.
8. Cogsworth, with its polished brass exterior and intricate clockwork gears visible through
transparent panels, stood as a testament to Professor Grey's craftsmanship. The sunlit
workshop, filled with the scent of oil and metal, was a symphony of clinks and clatters as
gears meshed seamlessly. The cityscape outside, adorned with towering clock towers and
steam-belching factories, provided the backdrop for the marvel that unfolded within.
9. As Professor Grey observed Cogsworth's graceful movements, he couldn't help but marvel
at the culmination of years of tireless work. "Finally, my creation breathes life into the
metallic world of Mechanopolis," he mused silently, his mind racing with thoughts of the
possibilities that lay ahead. The internal monologue revealed the inventor's pride and
passion for his mechanical masterpiece.
10.One fateful morning, as the city awoke to the rhythmic clanking of automatons, Professor
Grey rolled out his latest creation—a clockwork companion named Cogsworth. The
mechanical marvel whirred to life, its brass limbs moving with precision. The townspeople
gathered in awe as Cogsworth performed a mesmerizing dance, showcasing the
professor's ingenuity.
11.In the bustling city of Mechanopolis, where steam-powered contraptions ruled the streets,
lived a brilliant inventor named Professor Ignatius Grey. His workshop, filled with intricate
gears and whirring machinery, was the talk of the town. As the sun set behind the
towering skyscrapers, the city's gears hummed with the anticipation of the grand
invention Professor Grey was rumored to unveil.
ACTIVITY 7 CHARACTERIZATION
Character Analysis and Classification Activity

Objective: To identify and classify characters from a story or text based on their roles and characteristics.

Materials Needed:

 Short story, novel excerpt, or play (could be provided by the instructor or selected by students)
 Paper and pens/pencils

Instructions:

1. Select a Text: Choose a short story, novel excerpt, or play that includes a variety of characters. Ensure
there are enough characters to analyze different types (protagonist, antagonist, etc.).
2. Read the Text: Students should read the text individually or in small groups, paying attention to the
roles and characteristics of each character.
3. Identify Characters: List down the characters mentioned in the text. Identify the main character
(protagonist) and any other significant characters that play important roles in the story.
4. Character Classification:
o For each character identified, classify them into one or more of the following categories:
 Protagonist, Antagonist, Deuteragonist
 Confidante, Foil, Love Interest
 Tertiary or Background Character
 Dynamic or Static Character
 Round or Flat Character
5. Justification:
o Write a brief justification for each classification based on the character's actions, relationships,
and development (if applicable) in the text.
6. Discussion:
o Discuss findings as a class or in small groups. Compare classifications and justifications to see if
there are different interpretations or perspectives on certain characters.
7. Extension Activity (Optional):
o Create character profiles or sketches for each major character, including their key traits,
motivations, and relationships with other characters.
o Rewrite a scene from the story from the perspective of a different character, emphasizing their
point of view and motivations.

Benefits:

 Enhances understanding of character types and their roles in literature.

 Encourages critical thinking and analysis of character motivations and relationships.
 Promotes discussion and collaboration among students.
ACTIVITY 8 SETTING
Setting Analysis and Exploration Activity

Objective: To analyze and explore the setting of a story, including its time, place, and conditions, and
understand how these elements contribute to the narrative.

Materials Needed:

 Short story, novel excerpt, or play (selected by the instructor)

 Paper and pens/pencils
 Optional: Access to the internet or reference materials for historical or geographical research

Instructions:

1. Select a Text: Choose a short story, novel excerpt, or play that features a distinct and descriptive setting.
Ensure the setting plays a significant role in the story.
2. Identify Setting Elements: Introduce the concept of setting to students, explaining its components:
o Geographical Location: Describe the physical environment, including topography, scenery, and
specific details like the arrangement of rooms or landscape features.
o Time or Period: Determine when the story takes place, considering historical context or specific
era.
o Occupations and Daily Life: Explore how characters' occupations and daily routines influence
their interactions and decisions.
o General Environment: Discuss broader cultural, social, and emotional conditions that affect the
characters' lives.
3. Reading and Analysis:
o Read the selected text as a class or in small groups, focusing on descriptive passages that
highlight setting details.
o Encourage students to take notes on specific elements of the setting and how they are portrayed
in the text.
4. Mapping the Setting:
o Create a visual representation of the setting. This can be done individually or as a group activity.
o Use paper or a whiteboard to sketch a map or diagram that illustrates key locations and their
relationships within the story.
5. Research and Contextualization (Optional):
o If the setting is based on a real historical or geographical location, encourage students to research
and provide additional context.
o Discuss how accurate historical or cultural details enhance the authenticity of the setting.
6. Discussion and Reflection:
o Facilitate a discussion on how the setting influences the plot, characters, and overall atmosphere
of the story.
o Encourage students to share their interpretations of why the author chose a particular setting and
its significance to the narrative.
7. Creative Extension (Optional):
o Ask students to write a short scene or passage that explores a different aspect of the setting not
fully developed in the original text.
o Alternatively, students can create a multimedia presentation highlighting key setting elements
and their impact on the story.

Benefits:

 Enhances understanding of setting as a crucial element in storytelling.

 Promotes critical thinking about how setting influences characters and plot development.

Encourages creativity through visual and written expression related to the story's setting
ACTIVITY 9 PLOT
Plot Analysis and Creative Writing Activity

Objective: To understand the elements of plot (exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, resolution) and
apply them in creating a narrative.

Materials Needed:

 Paper and pens/pencils

 Story outlines or templates (optional)
 Access to books, short stories, or examples of plots (for reference)

Instructions:

1. Introduction to Plot Elements:

o Explain each element of plot to the students: Exposition, Rising Action, Climax, Falling Action,
and Resolution.
o Discuss how these elements work together to create a cohesive narrative structure.
2. Example Analysis:
o Provide examples from well-known stories or literature that clearly illustrate each plot element.
o Analyze together as a class or in small groups how the plot unfolds in each example and identify
key moments for each plot element.
3. Plot Diagramming:
o Introduce the concept of a plot diagram (or story arc). Show students how to visually represent a
plot using a diagram that includes exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution.
o Students can create their own plot diagrams based on examples discussed or stories they are
familiar with.
4. Creative Writing Exercise:
o Assign students to write a short story or narrative that incorporates all elements of plot.
o Provide prompts or guidelines to help students structure their stories, ensuring they include:
 Exposition: Introduce characters, setting, and mood.
 Rising Action: Develop a series of incidents that lead to the main conflict or
complication.
 Climax: Identify the highest point of tension or turning point in the story.
 Falling Action: Resolve secondary conflicts and start to wind down the tension.
 Resolution: Conclude the story by resolving the main conflict and providing closure.
5. Peer Review and Discussion:
o After completing their stories, students can exchange their work with peers for feedback.
o Discuss how effectively each story adheres to the elements of plot and how the plot structure
contributes to the overall narrative.
6. Reflection and Analysis:
o Lead a class discussion on the challenges and successes students experienced in crafting their
plots.
o Reflect on how understanding plot elements enhances their ability to create compelling
narratives and engage readers.

Benefits:

 Develops understanding and application of plot structure in storytelling.

 Encourages creativity and narrative development through writing exercises.

Fosters critical thinking and analysis of narrative techniques in literature

ACTIVITY 10 CONFLICT

 Identify the conflict type:

 Example: Hamlet struggles with his own indecision and internal conflict over avenging his father's
death.
 Answer: Man versus Self

 Identify the conflict type:

 Example: Achilles battles Hector in a struggle fueled by personal honor and revenge.
 Answer: Man versus Man

 Identify the conflict type:

 Example: Santiago battles against the marlin and the forces of the sea.
 Answer: Man versus Nature

 Identify the conflict type:

 Example: Count Dracula poses a supernatural threat that the protagonists must overcome.
 Answer: Man versus the Supernatural

 Identify the conflict type:

 Example: The crew of Discovery One battles against HAL 9000, the malfunctioning AI computer.
 Answer: Man versus Technology

 Identify the conflict type:

 Example: Winston Smith rebels against the oppressive regime of Big Brother and the Party.
 Answer: Man versus Society

 Identify the conflict type:

 Example: Holden Caulfield battles with his own identity, morality, and feelings of alienation.
 Answer: Man versus Self

 Identify the conflict type:

 Example: Sherlock Holmes matches wits with his nemesis, Professor Moriarty, in various stories.
 Answer: Man versus Man

 Identify the conflict type:

 Example: Pi Patel struggles to survive on a lifeboat in the Pacific Ocean, facing the elements and a
Bengal tiger.
 Answer: Man versus Nature
 Identify the conflict type:

 Example: Harry Potter confronts Voldemort and various magical creatures throughout the series.
 Answer: Man versus the Supernatural

 Identify the conflict type:

 Example: The crew of Discovery One battles against HAL 9000, the malfunctioning AI computer.
 Answer: Man versus Technology

 Identify the conflict type:

 Example: Winston Smith rebels against the oppressive regime of Big Brother and the Party.
 Answer: Man versus Society

 Identify the conflict type:

 Example: Santiago battles against the marlin and the forces of the sea.
 Answer: Man versus Nature

 Identify the conflict type:

 Example: The crew of Discovery One battles against HAL 9000, the malfunctioning AI computer.
 Answer: Man versus Technology

 Identify the conflict type:

 Example: Winston Smith rebels against the oppressive regime of Big Brother and the Party.
 Answer: Man versus Society

ACTIVITY 11 THEME
Writing Activity: Exploring Themes in Literature
Objective: Choose a theme from the list below and write a short narrative or essay that incorporates this theme.
Consider how the theme shapes the characters, plot, and overall message of your piece.

Themes to Choose From:

1. Love and Friendship

2. Identity and Self-Discovery
3. Conflict and Struggle
4. Power and Oppression
5. Justice and Morality
6. Isolation and Alienation
7. Hope and Resilience
8. Freedom and Confinement
9. Nature and Humanity
10. Death and Mortality

Instructions:

1. Choose a Theme: Select one of the themes from the list above that resonates with you or sparks your
creativity.
2. Plan Your Narrative or Essay:
o For a Narrative: Outline the plot, main characters, and setting. Think about how the chosen
theme will influence the events and character development in your story.
o For an Essay: Develop a thesis statement that clearly presents your interpretation of the theme.
Outline the main points you will discuss and provide examples from literature, personal
experiences, or hypothetical scenarios.
3. Write Your Narrative or Essay:
o Introduction: Introduce the theme and provide some context. If writing a narrative, set the scene
and introduce the main character(s). If writing an essay, present your thesis statement.
o Body: Develop the plot or main points. Show how the theme affects the characters and their
actions, or analyze its implications and significance.
 For a Narrative: Describe key events that highlight the theme. Use dialogue and
descriptive details to bring your story to life.
 For an Essay: Support your thesis with well-structured paragraphs. Use examples,
quotes, and logical arguments to strengthen your analysis.
o Conclusion: Wrap up your narrative or essay by reflecting on the theme's overall impact.
Consider what readers should take away from your piece.

Example Narratives and Essays:

Narrative Example: Love and Friendship

Title: "The Unbreakable Bond"

In a small village nestled between rolling hills, lived two inseparable friends, Emma and Lucas. From
childhood, they shared everything: dreams, secrets, and even their fears. When Emma's family faced financial
ruin, it was Lucas who stood by her side, offering support and devising ways to help. Their friendship
blossomed into a deep, abiding love that weathered every storm. One winter, a terrible illness swept through the
village, and Lucas fell gravely ill. Emma, refusing to leave his side, nursed him back to health with unwavering
dedication. Their story became a testament to the power of love and friendship, proving that together, they
could overcome anything.

Essay Example: Identity and Self-Discovery

Title: "The Journey to Self-Acceptance"

Identity and self-discovery are central themes in many coming-of-age stories, highlighting the universal struggle
of finding one's place in the world. In J.D. Salinger's "The Catcher in the Rye," Holden Caulfield's journey is
marked by his search for authenticity in a world he perceives as phony. His interactions with various characters,
such as his sister Phoebe, reveal his deep-seated desire for genuine connections and his fear of growing up.
Similarly, in modern young adult literature, characters often navigate the complexities of identity, grappling
with issues of race, gender, and sexuality. These stories resonate because they reflect our own quests for self-
understanding and acceptance, reminding us that the path to self-discovery is both challenging and deeply
rewarding.

Tips for Success:

 Be Creative: Use vivid descriptions and strong character development to convey your theme effectively.
 Stay Focused: Ensure every part of your narrative or essay ties back to the chosen theme.
 Proofread: Review your work for clarity, coherence, and grammatical accuracy.