ST.

MARY’S COLLEGE (Autonomous), THOOTHUKUDI-628001

QUESTION BANK
I B.Sc. Mathematics
Core I Classical Algebra Sub. Code: 24UMAC11
Semester I
____________________________________________________________________________
SECTION – A (1 Mark)

UNIT- I

1. A polynomial 𝑓(𝑥) divided by ------------ gives the remainder 𝑓(𝑎).

(a) 𝑥 (b) 𝒙 − 𝒂 (c) 𝑥 2 (d) 𝑥 2 − 𝑎
2. If 𝑓(𝑥) is a polynomial, 𝑎 , 𝑏 are real numbers and 𝑓(𝑎) & 𝑓(𝑏) are of different signs then ----
----- root of the equation 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 lie between 𝑎 and 𝑏.
(a) atleast one (b) exactly one (c) no (d) atleast two
3. If 𝑓(𝑥) is a polynomial, 𝑎 , 𝑏 are real numbers and 𝑓(𝑎) & 𝑓(𝑏) are of same signs then --------
root of the equation 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 lie between 𝑎 and 𝑏.
(a) atleast one (b) exactly one (c) no (d) atleast two
4. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 is an equation of odd degree, it has ------------root.
(a) exactly one real (b) atleast one real (c) no real (d) two real
5. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 is an equation of even degree and the absolute term is negative, then it has --------.
(a) atleast two positive roots (b) no positive root
(c) atleast two negative roots (d) atleast one positive and atleast one negative root
6. Every equation of degree ‘n’ has ----------
(a) exactly n roots (b) atleast n roots
(c) atmost n roots (d) no real root
7. Which of the following root may not occur in pairs in an equation with rational coefficients?
(a) irrational (b) real
(c) imaginary (d) both rational & irrational
8. If 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 & 𝛿 are the roots of the biquadratic equation 𝑥 4 + 𝑝𝑥 3 + 𝑞𝑥 2 + 𝑟𝑥 + 𝑠 = 0, then
the value of ∑ 𝛼 2 is ----------.
(a) 𝑝 − 𝑞 (b) 𝑝 − 2𝑞 (c) 𝒑𝟐 − 𝟐𝒒 (d) 𝑝2 − 𝑞
9. The equation with minimum degree whose one root is 1 − √5 is ----------.
(a) 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 4 (b) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟒 (c) 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4 (d) 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4
10. Find the equation whose one of the roots is −1 − √−1.
(a) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐 (b) 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 2 (c) 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 2 (d) 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2
 UNIT- II
1 1
11. The transformed equation of 𝑥 3 − 4 𝑥 2 + 3 𝑥 − 1 = 0 obtained by removing the fractional
coefficients is ------------
(a) 3𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 48 = 0 (b) 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝟖𝒙 − 𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟖 = 𝟎
(c) 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 48𝑥 − 1728 = 0 (d) 3𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 48 = 0
𝑡ℎ
12. The sum of 𝑟 powers of the roots of the equation 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 is the coefficient of -------- in
𝑥𝑓′(𝑥)
the expansion of 𝑓(𝑥) .
𝟏 𝟏
(a) 𝑥 𝑟 (b) 𝒙𝒓 (c) 𝑥 𝑟+1 (d) 𝒙𝒓+𝟏
13. The sum of 𝑟 𝑡ℎ powers of the roots of the equation 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 is the coefficient of 𝑥 𝑟 in the
expansion of ------------.
𝑥 2 𝑓′(𝑥) 𝑓′(𝑥) 𝒙𝒇′(𝒙) 𝑓′(𝑥)
(a) (b) (c) (d) 𝑥𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥) 𝒇(𝒙)
𝜙(𝛼 𝑟)
14. If the degree of 𝜙(𝑥) does not exceed 𝑛 − 2, then ∑𝑛1 =------------.
𝑓′(𝛼𝑟 )
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) ∞
4 3 2
15. The transformed equation of 2𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 𝑥 + 2 = 0 into which the coefficient of
highest term is unity is -----------.
(a) 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟑𝒙𝟑 + 𝟔𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟎 (b) 𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2 = 0
(c) 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2 = 0 (d) 𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 16 = 0
16. The equation whose roots are the roots of the equation
𝑥 5 + 6𝑥 4 + 6𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1 = 0 with signs changed is ------------.
(a) 𝑥 5 − 6𝑥 4 − 6𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 = 0 (b) 𝑥 5 + 6𝑥 4 + 6𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 = 0
(c) 𝒙𝟓 − 𝟔𝒙𝟒 + 𝟔𝒙𝟑 + 𝟕𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 (d) 𝑥 5 − 6𝑥 4 − 6𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 1 = 0
17. The quotient polynomial when 3𝑥 3 + 8𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 12 is divided by 𝑥 − 4 is ------------.
(a) 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝟎𝒙 + 𝟖𝟖 (b) 6𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 80
(c) 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 80 (d) 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 88
18. The remainder when 2𝑥 6 + 3𝑥 5 − 15𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 4 is divided by 𝑥 + 5 is -------------.
(a) 21468 (b) 31486 (c) 21486 (d) 31468
3 5 1
19. Removing the fractional coefficients from the equation 𝑥 3 + 2 𝑥 2 + 18 𝑥 + 108 = 0 the
equation obtained is -------------.
(a) 𝑥 3 + 8𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 + 2 = 0 (b) 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏𝟖𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝒙 + 𝟐 = 𝟎
(c) 𝑥 3 − 18𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 + 2 = 0 (d) 𝑥 3 + 8𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 − 2 = 0
20. Which one of the followinsg is not a reciprocal equation?
(a) 𝑥 4 − 10𝑥 3 + 26𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 1 = 0
(b) 𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 − 1 = 0
(c) 4𝑥 4 − 20𝑥 3 + 33𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 + 4 = 0
(d) 𝟐𝒙𝟒 − 𝟑𝒙𝟑 + 𝟕𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐 = 𝟎
 UNIT – III
21. The condition that the equation 𝑥 4 + 𝑝𝑥 3 + 𝑞𝑥 2 + 𝑟𝑥 + 𝑠 = 0 is transformed into an
equation with both 𝑥 3 and 𝑥 coefficients are removed in the same transformation is -----------.
(a) 𝑝3 − 4𝑝𝑞 = 0 (b) 𝑝3 − 4𝑞 + 8𝑟 = 0
(c) 𝒑𝟑 − 𝟒𝒑𝒒 + 𝟖𝒓 = 𝟎 (d) 𝑝3 − 4𝑞 + 8𝑟 = 0
22. The value of ℎ, so that by diminishing the roots of the equation
𝑥 4 + 20𝑥 3 − 143𝑥 2 + 430𝑥 + 462 by ‘ℎ’, the second term is removed.
(a) -1 (b) 5 (c) 1 (d) -5
23. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 is an equation of degree three with roots 𝛼, 𝛽 & 𝛾, then which of the following
conditions imply that the second and third term can be removed simultaneously?
(a) 2(𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 + 𝛾 2 ) = (𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾)2
(b) (𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 + 𝛾 2 ) = (𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾)2
(c) 𝟑(𝜶𝟐 + 𝜷𝟐 + 𝜸𝟐 ) = (𝜶 + 𝜷 + 𝜸)𝟐
(d) (𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾)2 = 0
24. If 𝜔 is the cubic root of unity, then the value of 𝜔2 + 𝜔3 is ------------.
(a) 1 (b) −𝝎 (c) 0 (d) 𝜔
25. The equation whose roots are the squares of the roots equation 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 = 0
4 3

is -------------.
(a) 𝒙𝟒 + 𝟑𝒙𝟑 + 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎
(b) 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 = 0
(c) 2𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1 = 0
(d) 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 1 = 0

26. If the number of sign changes of the equation 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 is 𝑛, then the number of positive
roots of 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 is -------------.
(a) equal to 𝑛 (b) greater than or equal to 𝑛
(c) less than or equal to 𝒏 (d) greater than 𝑛
27. If the number of sign changes of the equation 𝑓(−𝑥) = 0 is 𝑛, then the number of negative
roots of 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 is -------------.
(a) equal to 𝑛 (b) greater than or equal to 𝑛
(c) less than or equal to 𝒏 (d) greater than 𝑛
7 4 3
28. The equation 𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 1 = 0 has ------------- imaginary roots.
(a) no (b)either 4 or 6 (c) 4 (d) 6

29. If 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 has ‘𝑟’ real roots, then 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 has --------- real roots.
(a) exactly 𝑟 (b) atleast 𝑟 + 1 (c) atmost 𝒓 + 𝟏 (d) exactly 𝑟 + 1

30. The equation 3𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 24𝑥 − 7 = 0 has -------------- roots.

(a) 1 positive, 1 negative & 2 imaginary
(b) 4 imaginary
(c) 2 positive & 2 negative
(d) 4 real roots
UNIT IV

31. The multiple root of the equation 𝑥 4 − 9𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 12 = 0 is --------------.

(a) 1 (b) -1 (c) 2 (d) -3
32. If an equation 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 has ‘m’ equal roots, then 𝑓′(𝑥) = 0 has -------------- equal roots
(a) m (b) m - 1 (c) m + 1 (d) no

33. If a factor of the H.C.F of 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑓′(𝑥) occur ‘n’ times , then it will occur --------------
times in 𝑓(𝑥).
(a) n + 1 (b) n (c) n - 1 (d) 0
34. The successive derived functions of 𝑓(𝑥) are called --------------.
(a) Derivative functions (b) Strum’s functions
(c) Rolle’s functions (d) Newton’s functions
35. Substituting 0 and ∞ in the series of strum’s functions, the difference between the number of
changes of sign will give the number of ------------- roots.
(a) negative real (b) positive real (c) real (d) imaginary
36. Substituting −∞ and 0 in the series of strum’s functions, the difference between the number
of changes of sign will give the number of ------------- roots.
(a) negative real (b) positive real (c) real (d) imaginary

37. The number of the imaginary roots of the equation 𝑥 4 − 14𝑥 2 + 16𝑥 + 9 = 0 is -------------.
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 4

38. The difference between the number of changes of sign if −∞ and ∞ are substituted in the
series of strum’s functions will give the number of ------------ roots.
(a) negative real (b) positive real (c) real (d) imaginary

39. The negative real root of the equation 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 6 = 0 lies between ------------.
(a) -2 and -1 (b) -1 and 0 (c) -4 and -3 (d) -2 and -3
40. If the coefficient of 𝑥 𝑛 is ------------ then a rational fraction cannot be a root of an equation
of degree n.
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) 3

UNIT V

41. If an equation has a root between 1 and 2 , then by diminishing the root by 1, the resulting
equation must have a root between ------------
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 0 and 1 (c) 1 and -1 (d) -1 and 0
42. Horner’s method is used to find ______
(a) approximate values of the rational roots (b) the exact values of the roots
(c) approximate values of the irrational roots (d) the exact values the negative roots
43. The main principle used in Horner’s method is ------------.
(a) diminishing the roots (b) synthetic division
(c) transformation (d) long division
44. In which method to find the positive roots, the roots are diminished by integral part of the
root?
(a) Cardon’s method (b) Horner’s method
(c) Descarte’s rule (d) Strum’s method
45. Cardon’s method is used for solving ------------ equations.
(a) linear (b) quadratic (c) cubic (d) biquadratic
46. If all the roots are ------------ then cardon’s method is not applicable.
 (a) real (b) positive (c) negative (d) imaginary
3
47. The condition that all the roots of the equation 𝑥 + 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 are real is ------------.
(a) 4𝑝3 − 27𝑞 2 is positive (b) 4𝑝3 − 27𝑞 2 is negative
(c) 4𝑝3 + 27𝑞 2 is positive (d) 𝟒𝒑𝟑 + 𝟐𝟕𝒒𝟐 is negative
3
48. The equation 𝑥 + 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 = 0 has two imaginary roots and one real root if _______ .
(a) 4𝒑𝟑 + 𝟐𝟕𝒒𝟐 > 0 (b) 4𝑝3 + 27𝑞 2 < 0 (c) 4𝑝3 + 27𝑞2 = 0 (d) 4𝑝3 + 27𝑞 2 ≠ 0
49. Two of the real roots of 𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 = 0 are equal if _______.
(a) 4𝑝3 + 27𝑞2 > 0 (b) 4𝑝3 + 27𝑞 2 < 0 (c) 4𝒑𝟑 + 𝟐𝟕𝒒𝟐 = 𝟎 (d) 4𝑝3 + 27𝑞 2 ≠ 0
50. A root of 𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 − 13 = 0 lies between________.
(a) 0 and 1 (b) 1 and 2 (c) 3 and 4 (d) -1 and 0

SECTION – B (2 marks)

UNIT - I
1.State the remainder theorem.
2.Frame an equation with rational coefficients, one of whose roots is √5 + 2.
3.State the fundamental theorem of algebra.
4.Frame an equation with rational coefficients, one of whose roots is 1 − √5.
5.If 𝛼 is a real root of the cubic equation 𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0 with real coefficients, then
show that the other two roots are real if 𝑝2 ≥ 4𝑞 + 2𝑝𝛼 + 3𝛼 2
6.Find the roots of the equation 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1 = 0.
7.Form a quadratic rational equation which has a root 3 − √−2.
8.Solve the equation 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 4 = 0.
9.Find the roots of the equation 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 = 0.
10.If 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 are the roots of the equation 𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0, give the relation between the
roots and the coefficients of the given equation.
11.If 2 − 𝑖, 2,2 + 𝑖 are the roots of the equation 𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0, then find the values of
𝑝, 𝑞 and 𝑟.
12.Express symmetric functions of roots 𝛼1 , 𝛼2 , … . , 𝛼𝑛 in terms of the coefficients of the
equation 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑝1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑝2 𝑥 𝑛−2 + ⋯ . . +𝑝𝑛 = 0.
13.If α, β, γ are the roots of 𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0, find Σ 𝛼 2 𝛽.
14.If α, β, γ are the roots of 𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0, find Σ 𝛼 3 .

UNIT –II

15.If 𝛼,𝛽,𝛾 are the roots of the equation 𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0 then find 𝛼 3 + 𝛽 3 + 𝛾 3 .

16.Change the sign of the roots of the equation 𝑥 7 + 4𝑥 5 + 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 3 = 0.
3 5 1
17.Remove the fractional coefficients from the equation 𝑥 3 + 2 𝑥 2 + 18 𝑥 + 108 = 0.
18.Find the sum of the cubes of the roots of the equation 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 + 3 = 0.
19.Compute the sum of the cubes of the roots of the equation 𝑥 5 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1.
20.Change the equation 2𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2 = 0 into another the coefficient of whose
highest term will be unity.
3 5 1
21.Remove the fractional coefficients from the equation 𝑥 3 + 2 𝑥 2 + 18 𝑥 + 108 = 0.
 1 1 1
22.Remove the fractional coefficients from the equation 𝑥 3 + 4 𝑥 2 − 16 𝑥 + 72 = 0.
23.Write the standard form of reciprocal equations and give an example of reciprocal equation.
24.Find the equation by removing the fractional coefficients from the equation
1 1
𝑥 3 − 4 𝑥 2 + 3 𝑥 − 1 = 0.
25.Find the quotient and remainder when 3𝑥 3 + 8𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 12 is divided by 𝑥 − 4.
26.Find the quotient and reminder when 2𝑥 6 + 3𝑥 5 − 15𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 4 is divided by 𝑥 + 5.
27.Diminish by 3 the roots of the equation 𝑥 5 − 4𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 + 6 = 0.

UNIT-III

28.Show that there cannot be more than one negative root for the equation
𝑥 5 − 6𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5 = 0.
29.State the Rolles’ theorem.
30.Show that all the roots of the equation 𝑥 3 − 18𝑥 + 25 = 0 are real.
31.Find the nature of the roots of the equation 4𝑥 3 − 21𝑥 2 + 18𝑥 + 20 = 0.
32.Define Descarte’s rule of signs.
33.Show that 𝑥 6 + 3𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 1 = 0 has at least four imaginary roots.
34.Find the number of imaginary roots of the equation 𝑥 5 + 5𝑥 − 7 = 0.
35.Find the nature of the roots of the equation 𝑥 4 + 15𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 11 = 0.
36.Determine the nature of the roots of the equation 𝑥 7 − 𝑥 5 − 𝑥 4 − 6𝑥 2 + 7 = 0.
37.Find the nature of the roots of the equation 𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 − 20𝑥 2 + 10 = 0.

UNIT-IV

38.State the rule to find multiple roots.

39.Find the multiple roots of the equation 𝑥 4 − 9𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 12 = 0.
40.State Strum’s theorem.
41.List the Strum’s rules to find negative, positive and real roots.
42.Obtain the number of real roots of the equation 𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 − 13 = 0.
43.How to find the lower limits of the real roots of an equation?
44.Give the condition that an equation with integral co-efficients cannot have a rational root.
45.Compute the upper limit of the real root of the equation 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 − 13𝑥 2 + 38𝑥 − 24 = 0.
46.Find the upper limit of the real root of the equation
3𝑥 4 − 40𝑥 3 + 130𝑥 2 − 120𝑥 + 27 = 0
47.Determine the upper limit of the real root of the equation 4𝑥 3 + 20𝑥 2 − 23𝑥 + 6 = 0.

UNIT – V

48.Multiply the roots of the equation 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 1 = 0 by 10.

49.Diminish the roots of the equation 𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 − 13 by 3.
50.Compute the number of positive roots and range of the equation 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 4 = 0.
51.Discuss about Horner’s method.
52.Give the conditions to find the nature of the roots of the equation of the form
𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 = 0.
53.Write brief notes on Cardon’s method.
54.Discuss about Trignometrical method.
55.Obtain the solution of the equation 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 − 9 = 0 using cardon’s method.
56.Which method is applicable to find the roots of the equation 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 + 4 = 0?
57.Give the rule to solve the biquadratic equations.

SECTION – C (5 marks)

UNIT – I
1. List the properties of roots of equations with real coefficients.
2. Find the equation with rational coefficients whose roots are √−1 − √5.
3. If 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 are the roots of the equation 𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0 compute ∑ 𝛼 2 𝛽 and Σ 𝛼 3 .
1 1 1 3
4. Show that if 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are real, the roots of + 𝑥+𝑏 + 𝑥+𝑐 = 𝑥 are real.
𝑥+𝑎
5. Solve the equation 𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 2 = 0 whose root is −1 + √−1.
6. Solve the equation 3𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 88 = 0 whose root is 2 − √−7.
7. Solve the equation 𝑥 4 − 6𝑥 3 + 11𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 − 2 = 0 whose root is 2 + √3.
8. If 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 are the roots of the equation 𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 compute the equation
whose roots are 𝛼𝛽, 𝛽𝛾 and 𝛼𝛾.
9. If 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 are the roots of the equation 𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0, find the value of 𝛼 3 +
𝛽3 + 𝛾 3.
10. Suppose 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 are the roots of the equation 𝑥 3 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0, find the value of (𝛼 +
𝛽)(𝛾 + 𝛼)(𝛽 + 𝛾).
UNIT-II
11. Show that the sum of the eleventh powers of the roots of 𝑥 7 + 5𝑥 4 + 1 = 0 is zero.
12. Show that the sum of the ninth powers of the roots of 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 + 9 = 0 is zero.
𝑎5 +𝑏5 +𝑐 5 +𝑑5 𝑎3 +𝑏3 +𝑐 3 +𝑑3 𝑎2 +𝑏 2 +𝑐 2 +𝑑2
13. If 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑 = 0, show that = . .
5 3 2
3 1 1 1
14. If 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 be the roots of the equation 𝑥 − 7𝑥 + 7 = 0 find + 𝛽4 + 𝛾4.
𝛼4

15. Increase by 7 the roots of the equation 3𝑥 4 + 7𝑥 3 − 15𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2 = 0

16. Increase by 2 the roots of the equation 4𝑥 5 − 2𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 − 3 = 0.
17. Show that the sum of the mth powers, where 𝑚 ≤ 𝑛, of the roots of the equation
𝑥 𝑛 − 2𝑥 𝑛−1 − 2𝑥 𝑛−2 − … … − 2𝑥 − 2 = 0 is 3𝑚 − 1.
18. Find the equation whose roots are the roots of 4𝑥 5 −2𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 − 3 = 0 each increased by 2.
19. Show that sum of the fourth powers of the roots of the equation
𝑥 5 + 𝑝𝑥 3 + 𝑞𝑥 2 + 𝑠 = 0 is 2𝑝2 .
20. Find the roots of the equation 𝑥 5 + 4𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 1 = 0.
 UNIT-III

21. Solve the equation 𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 − 19 = 0 by removing its second term.

22. Transform the equation 𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 68𝑥 + 60 = 0 into one in which the second
term is missing.
23. Transform the equation 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3 − 18𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 = 0 into one in which the third term
is missing.
24. Find the equation whose roots are the squares of the roots of
𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 = 0.
25. If 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 are the roots of the equation 𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 1 = 0, find the value of
(𝛼 2 + 1)(𝛽 2 + 1)(𝛾 2 + 1).
26. If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 be the roots of the equation 𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0. Find the equation whose
roots are 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎2 , 𝑐𝑎 − 𝑏 2 , 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑐 2 .
27. If 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 be the roots of the equation 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 + 7 = 0, form an equation whose roots are
𝛼 2 + 2𝛼 + 3, 𝛽 2 + 2𝛽 + 3, 𝛾 2 + 2𝛾 + 3.
28. Discuss the reality of the roots 𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 𝑎 = 0 for all real values of 𝑎.
29. Discuss the nature of the roots 3𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 24𝑥 − 7 = 0.
30. Find the range of values of k for the equation 𝑥 4 − 14𝑥 2 + 24𝑥 − 𝑘 = 0 have real roots
31. Find the range of k for which 3𝑥 4 + 8𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 − 24𝑥 + 𝑘 = 0 has all real and distinct
roots.

UNIT-IV

32. Find the condition that the cubic equation 𝑎𝑥 3 + 3𝑏𝑥 2 + 3𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 = 0 has two equal
roots and when the condition is satisfied, find the equal roots.
33. Compute the multiple roots of the equation 4𝑥 4 + 24𝑥 3 + 49𝑥 2 + 45𝑥 + 25 = 0.
34. Find the value of k for which 𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 2 + 𝑘 = 0 has equal roots. Also find the
roots.
35. Find the number and position of the roots of the equation 𝑥 5 − 5𝑥 + 1 = 0
36. Determine the number and position of the roots of the equation 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 6 = 0.
37. Find the number of real roots of the equation 𝑥 4 − 14𝑥 2 + 16𝑥 + 9 = 0.
38. Derive the condition that all the roots of the equation 𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 = 0 are be real.
39. Find the rational root of 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 3 = 0 and hence complete the solution of the
equation.
40. Show that all the roots of 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4 = 0 are imaginary.
41. Compute the number of distinct real roots of the equation 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 1 = 0 and locate
them.

UNIT-V

42. Show that the equation 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 − 13 = 0 has one real root between 3 and 4 and find it to
two places of decimals.
43. Find the positive root of the equation 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 4 = 0 correct to three places of
decimals.
44. Compute the root between 0 and 1 correct to three places of decimals of the equation
𝑥 3 + 18𝑥 − 6 = 0.
45. Determine the root of the equation 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 − 11 = 0 which lies between 2 and 3 correct
to two places of decimals.
46. Explain Horner’s method.
47. Explain Cardon’s method.
48. Solve using Cardon’s method the equation 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 − 9 = 0.
49. Solve the equation 𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 108 = 0.
50. Solve the equation 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 1 = 0.
51. Solve the equation 𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 + 65 = 0.

SECTION – D (10 marks)

UNIT –I
1. Show that the roots of the equation 𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0 are in arithmetical
progression if 2𝑝3 − 9𝑝𝑞 + 27𝑟 = 0.
2. Solve if the roots of the equation 𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 2 + 39𝑥 − 28 = 0 are in arithmetical
progression.
3. Solve the equation 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 21 = 0 in which two of its roots are equal in
magnitude and opposite in sign.
4. Find the condition that the roots of the equation ax3  3bx 2  3cx  d  0 may be in
geometric progression. Also solve the equation 27𝑥 3 + 42𝑥 2 − 28𝑥 − 8 = 0 whose roots
are in geometric progression.
5. Solve the equation 81𝑥 3 − 18𝑥 2 − 36𝑥 + 8 = 0 whose roots are in harmonic
progression.
6. If the sum of two roots of the equation 𝑥 4 + 𝑝𝑥 3 + 𝑞𝑥 2 + 𝑟𝑥 + 𝑠 = 0 equals the sum of the
other two, then prove that 𝑝3 + 8𝑟 = 4𝑝𝑞.
7. Derive the condition that the roots of the equation 𝑎𝑥 4 + 4𝑏𝑥 3 + 6𝑐𝑥 2 + 4𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 = 0 may
have two pairs of equal roots.
8. If α ,β ,γ ,δ are the roots of the equation 𝑥 4 + 𝑝𝑥 3 + 𝑞𝑥 2 + 𝑟𝑥 + 𝑠 = 0, find
(i) ∑ α2 (ii) ∑ α2βγ (iii) ∑ α2β2 (iv) ∑ α3β (v) ∑ α4.
3 2
9. Suppose 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 are the roots of the equation 𝑥 + 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0 form the equation
whose roots are 𝛽 + 𝛾 − 2𝛼, 𝛾 + 𝛼 − 2𝛽, 𝛼 + 𝛽 − 2𝛾.
10. If 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 are the roots of the equation 𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0 form the equation whose
roots are 𝛼(𝛽 + 𝛾), 𝛽( 𝛾 + 𝛼), 𝛾( 𝛼 + 𝛽).
UNIT-II

11. State and prove Newton’s theorem connecting the powers of the roots and the
coefficients of the equation.
12. Show that the sum of the eleventh powers of the roots of x7 + 5x4 + 1 = 0 is zero.
13. Find the sum of the 20th powers of the roots of x4 + ax + b = 0.
𝜑(𝛼 )
14. If the degree of 𝜑(𝑥) does not exceed 𝑛 − 2 prove that ∑𝑛1 𝑓′ (𝛼𝑟 ) = 0.
𝑟
15. Show that the equation 𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 = 0 can be transformed into a
reciprocal equation by diminishing the roots by unity. Hence solve the equation.
16. Solve 6x5 - x4 – 43 x3 + 43 x2 + x - 6 = 0.
17. Solve 6x5 +11 x4 - 33x3 - 33x2 +11x + 6 = 0.
18. Solve x6 – 9x5 + 21x4 - 21x2 + 9x - 1 = 0.
19. Solve x10 – 3x8 + 5x6 - 5x4 + 3x2 -1 = 0.
20. Diminish the roots of 𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5 = 0 by 2.

UNIT-III

21. Solve the equation by removing the second term

𝑥 4 + 20𝑥 3 + 143𝑥 2 + 430𝑥 + 462 = 0.
22. Find the equation whose roots are the cubes of the roots of 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1 = 0.
23. If 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 are the roots of the equation 𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 1 = 0, find the value of
(𝛼 2 + 1)(𝛽 2 + 1)(𝛾 2 + 1).
24. Determine the equation whose roots are the squares of the differences of the roots of the
equation 𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 = 0. Hence deduce the condition that all the roots of the cubic
shall be real.
25. Show that the equation 3𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 24𝑥 − 7 = 0 has one positive, one negative
and two imaginary roots.
26. If 𝛼 is the root of the equation 𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 1)2 − 𝑘(𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) = 0 then show that
𝛼+1
is also a root the above equation.
𝛼−1
27. If 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 are the roots of the equation 𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0, find the equation whose
roots are 𝛼(𝛽 + 𝛾), 𝛽(𝛾 + 𝛼), 𝛾(𝛼 + 𝛽).
28. If 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 are the roots of the equation 𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0, find the equation whose
roots are (𝛽 + 𝛾), (𝛾 + 𝛼), (𝛼 + 𝛽).
29. If 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 are the roots of the equation 𝑥 3 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0, find the value of
𝛼 𝛽 𝛽 𝛾 𝛾 𝛼
(𝛽 + 𝛼) ( 𝛾 + 𝛽) (𝛼 + 𝛾 ).
30. If 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 are the roots of the equation 𝑥 3 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0, find the value of
1 1 1
+ + .
𝛽+𝛾−𝛼 𝛾+𝛼−𝛽 𝛼+𝛽−𝛾

UNIT IV

31. Find the values of 𝑎 for which 𝑎𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 − 5 = 0 has equal roots and solve the
equation in one case.
32. Find the condition that the equations 𝑎𝑥 3 + 3𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 , 𝑎′𝑥 3 + 3𝑏 ′ 𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 should
have a common root. When this condition is satisfied, show that the common root is a
double root of the equation 2(𝑎𝑏 ′ − 𝑎′ 𝑏)𝑥 3 + (𝑎𝑐 ′ − 𝑎′ 𝑐)𝑥 2 + (𝑏𝑐 ′ − 𝑏 ′ 𝑐) = 0.
33. Find the number and position of real roots of the equation 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 6 = 0.
34. Explain Newton’s method of divisors.
35. Solve the equation 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 − 13𝑥 2 + 38𝑥 − 24 = 0 by finding the rational roots.
36. Evaluate all the rational roots of the equation 4𝑥 3 + 20𝑥 2 − 23𝑥 + 6 = 0.
37. Solve the equation 3𝑥 4 − 40𝑥 3 + 130𝑥 2 − 120𝑥 + 27 = 0 given that it has two integral
roots.
38. Solve the equation 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 + 72 = 0 given that it has commensurable roots.
39. Solve the equation 𝑥 4 − 39𝑥 2 + 46𝑥 − 168 = 0 given that it has commensurable roots.
40. Transform the equation 12𝑥 3 + 16𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 3 = 0 to an equation having the coefficient
of highest power of x unity and the coefficients integral. Solve the original equation.
41. Find all the strum’s functions for the equation 𝑥 3 + 3𝑝𝑥 2 + 3𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0 and hence
show that if 𝑝2 < 𝑞, there must be two imaginary roots.
42. Derive the condition that the cubic equation 𝑥 3 + 3𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 = 0 may have two positive
roots and one negative root.

UNIT – V
43. The equation 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 1 = 0 has a root between 1 and 2. Calculate it to three places of
decimals.
44. Find the real root of the equation 𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 = 2 to three places of decimals.
45. Compute the real root of 𝑥 3 − 3 = 0 correct to three decimal places.
46. Calculate to three decimal places the real root of 𝑥 3 + 24𝑥 − 50 = 0.
47. Find the negative root of 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 + 5 = 0 correct to two places of decimals.
48. Solve the equation 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 + 4 = 0.
49. Solve the equation 4𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 12 = 0.
50. Solve the equation 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3 − 10𝑥 2 + 64𝑥 + 40 = 0.
51. Solve the equation 2𝑥 4 + 6𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 2 = 0.
52. Solve the equation 3𝑥 4 − 10𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 3 = 0.