ASHIRWAD’S INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, CBSE

Affiliated to Central Board of Secondary Education, Delhi, Aff.No. : 1931312

History – 4 The Making of a Global World

CLASSWORK

One Mark:

1. What was the Bretton wood system?

It was post-war international economic system.
2. Which disease spread like wildlife in Arica in the 1890s?
Cattle plague.
3. Who adopted the concept of assembly line to produce automobiles?
Henry Ford.
4. Name the Descendants of indentures workers who is a prize winning
writer?
V. S. Naipaul
5. When did the great Depression begin?
1929.
6. Which institutions are referred as Bretton Woods’s twin?
IMF and World Bank.
7. Give two examples of different types of global exchanges which took
place before the 17th century, choosing one example from Asia and one
from the Americas.
Example:1 Textiles, spices and Chinese poetry were exchanged by China,
India and Southeast Asia in return for gold and silver from Europe.
Example:2 Gold and foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnuts, tomatoes and
chillies were first exported from the Americas to Europe.
8. Give two examples from history to show the impact of technology on
food availability.
OR
Explain with example one role of technology in helping solve hardships
of food availability throughout the world in the late 19th century.
Example 1: Faster railways, lighter wagons and larger ships helped move
food more cheaply and quickly from faraway farms to final markets.
 Example 2: Refrigerated ships were made for transporting perishable food
over long distance.

Three Marks:

1. Explain how the global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world

helped in the colonization of the America.
i. Because, the Native American Indians were not immune to the disease
that settlers and colonizers brought with them.
ii. The European were more or less immune to smallpox but Native
Americans having been cut off from the rest of the world for millions
of years had no defence against it.
iii. These germs killed and wiped out whole communities paving the way
for foreign domination.
iv. Weapons and soldiers could be destroyed or captured but diseases
could not be fought against.
2. Write a note to explain the effects of the following.
A. The British government’s decision to abolish the Corn Laws.
B. The coming of rinderpest of Africa or How did rinderpest change
one economy of the African Society? Or Rinderpest was a fast
spreading cattle disease that had an impact on the life and
economy of the people of Europe/Africa.
C. The death of men of working age in working age in Europe
because of the World War.
D. The decision of MNCs to relocate production to Asian countries.
a. The British government decision to abolish the Corn Laws resulted in
losses for the agricultural sector but progress in the industrial sector.
Food began to be imported more cheaply into Britain and thousands of
workers involved in cultivation became unemployed. However,
consumption increased and the industrial sector grew with more workers
being available in cities than in rural areas.
b. Details:
i. Rinderpest killed 90% of the cattle.
ii. African livelihoods were destroyed due to the loss of cattle.
 iii. Planters, mine owners and colonial governments now successfully
monopolized what scarce cattle remained and strengthened their
position in Africa and forced the Africans into the labour market.
iv. Heavy taxes were imposed which could be paid only by working
for wages on plantations and mines.
v. Only one person of the family was allowed to inherit the land,
thereby pushing the others into the labour market.
vi. Mineworkers were also confined to compounds and not allowed to
move about freely.
c. The death of men of working age in Europe because of the World War
reduced the able-bodied workforce in Europe, leading to a steady decline
in household incomes and a consequent struggle to meet the living
expenditure by families whose men were handicapped or killed.
d. Details:
i. With the fall in prices and the prospect of a depression, US banks
had also slashed domestic lending and called back loans.
ii. Farmers could not sell their harvests, households were ruined and
business collapsed.
iii. Faced with falling incomes, households in the US could not reply
what they had borrowed and were forced to give up their homes,
cars and other consumer durables.
iv. The US banking system was collapsed due to inability to recover
investments collect loans and repay depositors.
v. Thousands of banks went bankrupt and were forced to close.
vi. By 1933, over 4,000 banks had collapsed.
e. Details:
i. Since wages were low in China, they because attractive
destinations for investment by foreign MNCs competing to capture
world markets.
ii. The relocation of industry to low-wage countries stimulated world
trade and capital flows.
iii. In the last two decades the world’s economic geography has been
transformed as countries such as India, China and Brazil have
undergone rapid economic transformation.
3. What is meant by the Bretton Woods Agreement?
 i. In June 1944, a framework for preventing economic stability and fall
employment was agreed upon at the United Nations Monetary and
Financial Conference at Bretton Woods in New Hampshire, USA.
ii. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was set up to deal with
external surpluses and deficits of its member nations.
iii. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World
Bank) was set up for financing post-war reconstruction.
iv. In 1947, the IMF and World Bank commenced financials operations.
v. The Bretton Woods System was based on fixed exchanges rates.
vi. According to this system, national currencies were pegged to the
dollar at a fixed exchange rate. The dollar itself was anchored to gold
at a fixed price of $30per ounce of gold.
4. i. Explain what is referred to as the G-77 countries.
ii. In what ways can G-77 be seen as a reaction to be activities of the
Bretton Woods twins?
i. G-77 countries is an abbreviation for the group of 77 countries that
demanded a new international economic order (NIEO) a system that
would give them real control over their natural resources without
being victims of neo-colonialism, that is, a new form of colonialism in
trade practiced by the former colonial powers.
ii. The G-77 can be seen as a reaction to the activities of the Bretton
Woods Twins (the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank)
because these two institutions were designed to meet the financial
needs of industrial and developed countries and did nothing for the
economic growth of former colonies and developing nations.
5. ‘Economist and politicians drew two key lessons from inter-war
economic experiences’. Explain.
a. Full employment: An industrial society based on mass production cannot
be sustained without mass consumption. But to ensure mass consumption
there was a need for high and stable income could not be stable if
employment was unstable. Thus, stable income also required a stead full
employment.
b. Intervention of government: Before the Second World War most of the
economist believed that capitalist economies or markets are self-
sustaining, i.e. there is no need for government intervention. But the
 inter-war period proved that markets along could not guarantee full
employment. Therefore, the government would have to step into
minimize fluctuations of price, output and employment. Economic
stability could be ensured only through the intervention of the
government.

Five Marks:

1. “One important feature of the US economy in the 1920s was mass

production”. Explain.
i. A well-known pioneer of mass production was the car manufacturer,
‘Henry Ford’.
ii. He adopted an assembly line technique of a slaughter house.
iii. He realized that the ‘Assembly line’ method would allow a faster and
cheaper way of producing vehicles.
iv. This method forced workers to repeat a single task mechanically and
continuously.
v. This was a way of increasing output per workers by speeding up the
pace of work.
vi. This doubling go daily wages was considered ‘best cost-cutting
decision’ he had ever made.
2. What were the effects of the Great Depression on the Indian economy?
a. The economy immediately affected Indian Trade, as India’s exports and
imports nearly halved during 1928-1934.
b. Agriculture prices fell sharply but the colonial government refused to
reduce revenues.
c. Peasants producing for the world markets were worst hit.
d. Raw jute was produced in the industries to make gunny bags. Its exports
collapsed and prices fell by 60% peasants of Bengal fell into debt traps.
e. Peasants used up their savings mortgaged lands and sold their precious
jewellery to meet their expenses.
3. Why 19th century indenture has been described as a ‘New system of
slavery’?
i. In the 19th century, hundreds of thousands of Indians and Chinese
laborers went to work on plantations in mines and in mines and in road
and railways construction projects around the world.
ii. In India, indentures labourers were hired under contracts which promises
return travel of India after they had worked for five years on plantation.
iii. Gradually in India cottage industries declined, land rents rose, land were
cleared for mines and plantations. All this affected the lines of the poor.
They failed to pay their rents become indebted and were forced to
migrate in search of work.
iv. The main destructions of Indian indentured migrants were the Caribbean
islands, Trinidad, Guyana, Surinam, Mauritius, Fiji and Ceylon and
Malaya.
v. Recruitment was done by agent engaged by employers and paid small
commission.