HOLY CHILD’S ACADEMY

LEARNING PLAN
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
NAME: ____________________________________ STRAND/SECTION: ____________ SCORE:

MET # : 2 Lesson Nos.: 2.1 – 2.9 Topic: Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature

Learning Competencies/RUA: At the end of the lesson I CAN:

1. Select relevant literature CS_RS12-If-j-1

2. cite related literature using standard style (APA, MLA or Chicago Manual of Style) CS_RS12-If-j-2
3. synthesize information from relevant literature CS_RS12-If-j-3
4. write coherent review of literature CS_RS12-If-j-4
5. follow ethical standards in writing related literature CS_RS12-If-j-5
6. illustrate and explain conceptual framework CS_RS12-If-j-6
7. define terms used in study CS_RS12-If-j-7
8. list research hypotheses (if appropriate) CS_RS12-If-j-8
9. present written review of related literature and conceptual frameworkPrerequisite Content Knowledge: The
Research Problem and Theoretical Framework

Prerequisite Skills: Critical Thinking, Problem Solving

Reference: Barrot, Jessie S. Practical Research 2 for Senior High School. Quezon City, Philippines: C & E Publishing,
Inc., 2017.

Core Values:

INTRODUCTION

1. Time Frame (12 hours, 6 sessions)

2. The knowledge (RUA) that the students is expected to gain from the topic/lesson:
A. Select relevant literature CS_RS12-If-j-1
B. cite related literature using standard style (APA, MLA or Chicago Manual of Style) CS_RS12-If-j-2
C. synthesize information from relevant literature CS_RS12-If-j-3
D. write coherent review of literature CS_RS12-If-j-4
E. follow ethical standards in writing related literature CS_RS12-If-j-5
F. illustrate and explain conceptual framework CS_RS12-If-j-6
G. define terms used in study CS_RS12-If-j-7
H. list research hypotheses (if appropriate) CS_RS12-If-j-8
I. present written review of related literature and conceptual frameworkPrerequisite Content Knowledge: The
Research Problem and Theoretical Framework

3. Context where the students can apply their learning

A literature review is a summary of studies related to a particular area of research. It identifies and summarizes
all the relevant research conducted on a particular topic. The literature review surveys scholarly articles, books, and
other sources relevant to a particular area of research. The review should enumerate, describe, summarize, objectively
evaluate and clarify this previous research. The literature review acknowledges the work of previous researchers, and in
so doing, assures the reader that your work has been well conceived. It is assumed that by mentioning a previous work
in the field of study, that the author has read, evaluated, and assimilated that work into the work at hand.

4. Overview of the Lesson

Literature is an oral or written record of man’s significant experiences that are expressed in an ordinary
manner. It is conveyed directly or indirectly. Direct expressions is in books, journals, periodic papers, and online
reading materials. Indirect expressions are not written or spoken at all but is mirror image of his environment (Ridley
2012). The Review of Related Literature is one of the main components of a research study, specifically in the second
chapter. It gives an overview of all the writings relative to a specific topic (Prieto, Naval & Carey, 2017). Therefore,
selecting the right sources for the literature review is very important in producing a quality research paper.
INTERACTION

Lesson 1 Literature Review

Concept Notes

A review of related literature is the process of collecting, selecting, and reading books, journals, reports,
abstracts, and other reference materials. The following information may be collected:

1. Background knowledge about the problem and associated ideas.

2. Theories that give details of the presence of the problem and certain variables that is connected to the problem.
3. Data that prove the occurrence and gravity of the problem
4. Detailed and broad results of related studies
5. Gaps and recommendations for additional study specified in related studies

The significance and rationale of related literature and studies is to find out the similarities and differences
between the past and present studies, to get ideas into the critical and controversial aspects of the problem. It helps
recognize and define a research problem. It gives the researcher a background analysis aspect, which have been
studied. It guides the researcher on what to do on the mechanism of the research methods; this also provides the
thoughts to advance with the study until its conclusion. It avoids redundant duplication of a study. Moreover, reading
extensively will enrich your background knowledge on your research topic that will enable you to establish a good
groundwork or course of your research endeavor.

The Review of Related Literature (RRL) as the second chapter of a research paper develops your
understanding of the literature in a field of study. Calderon and Gonzales (1993) explained that the goals of a literature
review are a) information seeking, it is the ability to understand the literature efficiently, using manual or computerized
methods, and b) critical appraisal, it is the ability to apply principles of analysis to identify unbiased and valid studies.
Related studies is about reviewing or studying existing works carried out in your project/research field. In conducting a
research paper, including literature review is very necessary because it identifies gaps in the research area. Also, it
carries on from what others have already completed and fathoms the depth of knowledge of your subject area. RRL
should be paraphrased effectively to save space and keep your study more focused and to avoid plagiarism and provide
your own authorial voice in your paper

Example of a paragraph that can be used as a literature review for a research paper:
 Giroux (1989) describes voice as desirable in a democratic society as well as in schools because
schools and society are true reflections of one another. The relevance of voice and democracy in schools
raises the question about the prevailing status of student voice in schools, most especially in public
schools (Batchelor, 2006). Fielding (2012) states “listening to the voices of young people … is not merely
espoused, but actively advocated in the context of formal education” (p.48). The voices of students
should feature in every aspect of schooling; by listening to students’ opinions, teachers will not only be
better informed, but also more effective as they facilitate their students’ education (Lee & Spires, 2009).
Therefore, to overcome the challenges of inequality in high schools is to engage in conversations with
students and include their views and opinions into the present-day school structure (Batchelor, 2006).
Listening and acting on student voice to improve their educational experiences can be a valuable way of
moving inclusive educational practices forward to benefit all stakeholders.

Source: Adegboyega, M. (2015). Student voice: a qualitative case study of teachers' conceptions in a New Jersey urban high
school. Retrieved from, https://adv.rowan.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=147&context=etd

The purpose of a literature review is to:

1. Identify Trends: Highlight key themes, findings, and debates in the field.
2. Establish Context: Provide background information that situates your research within the existing body of
knowledge.
3. Identify Gaps: Point out areas where research is lacking or where further exploration is needed.
4. Support Research: Justify your research questions or hypotheses by referencing previous studies.
5. Demonstrate Knowledge: Show familiarity with key works and major contributors in the field.

A literature review can be a standalone document or a section within a larger research project, such as a thesis or
dissertation. It serves as a foundation for further research by helping to clarify the current state of knowledge on a
topic.

Literature Review: The Effects of Sleep on Cognitive Function

Numerous studies have investigated the impact of sleep on cognitive function. For instance, Smith (2020)
argues that sleep deprivation leads to a significant decline in memory performance. However, Johnson (2018) states
that a lack of sleep can enhance creativity. Conversely, a study by Thompson et al. (2019) suggests that while some
cognitive functions may improve with less sleep, overall brain health deteriorates.
Additionally, Brown (2017) claims that REM sleep is crucial for learning, but his findings have been
challenged by several authors who suggest that non-REM sleep has a more substantial effect on cognition (White,
2019; Green, 2020). This debate highlights the complexities surrounding sleep research, as many studies do not agree
on the specific impacts of different sleep stages on cognitive abilities.
Overall, the literature suggests a mixed understanding of how sleep affects cognition, with some studies
promoting sleep deprivation as beneficial while others emphasize its detrimental effects.

Issues in the Example

1. Factual Inaccuracies:
o If Smith (2020) actually concluded the opposite of what is stated, this misrepresentation is a critical
error.
o The claims about Johnson (2018) enhancing creativity may not be supported by their findings.
2. Lack of Clarity:
o The phrase “some cognitive functions may improve” is vague. Specific functions should be mentioned
for clarity.
3. Overgeneralization:
 o The review suggests that "many studies do not agree," but it fails to specify which studies or how they
disagree, leading to a lack of depth.
4. Insufficient Analysis:
o The mention of conflicting findings lacks critical evaluation. It doesn’t discuss why these
contradictions might exist or the methodologies used.
5. Outdated or Incomplete References:
o If the cited studies are outdated or do not include significant recent research, the review may not
accurately reflect the current state of knowledge.
6. Poor Structure:
o The review jumps between studies without clear transitions or a coherent thematic structure.
Revised Example

Literature Review: The Effects of Sleep on Cognitive Function

Recent research has extensively examined the relationship between sleep and cognitive function. Smith (2020)
found that sleep deprivation significantly impairs memory retention, particularly in tasks requiring recall. In contrast,
Johnson (2018) reported that while sleep deprivation can stimulate creative problem-solving in the short term, it
ultimately compromises cognitive control and decision-making.
Thompson et al. (2019) added complexity to this discussion, suggesting that while certain cognitive tasks may
benefit from sleep restriction, the overall impact on executive function and brain health is negative. This aligns with
Brown's (2017) assertion that REM sleep plays a vital role in consolidating learning, a finding that has garnered support
from various studies (e.g., White, 2019; Green, 2020).
The ongoing debate about the role of different sleep stages highlights the intricacies of sleep research. Notably,
discrepancies in findings often arise from variations in study design, sample populations, and measurement techniques.
Thus, while the literature indicates both beneficial and harmful effects of sleep patterns on cognition, further
investigation is necessary to reconcile these conflicting perspectives.

Key Improvements
 Clarified Findings: Each study’s contribution is clearly articulated.
 Critical Analysis: Discusses potential reasons for conflicting results.
 Logical Structure: Organized in a way that flows logically, enhancing readability.
 Updated Context: References recent studies and includes relevant details.
If you need more specific examples or want to discuss a different aspect, let me know!

Lesson 2 Criteria in Selecting, Citing, and Synthesizing Related Literature

Here are questions to guide you in this endeavor of selecting, citing, and synthesizing related literature.

1. What is your prior knowledge about your research topic?

2. What do you have to critically say about your prior knowledge on the topic?
3. What do you want to know more about your topic?
4. Did anyone do a similar research as yours?
5. What does your research have that other researches do not?
6. Who are these authors who have works which has more or less same ideas as yours?

Exposed to a wide source of facts and conditioned by a limited timeframe during the conduct of study, it is
necessary that you have a guided approach in reading or reviewing various literature works that are related to your
research topic. Here are some points to consider in an effective literature review:

Step 1: Search for the Literature

 There are many sources of information available such as the Internet, books, peer-reviewed articles in journals,
publications, unpublished works like theses and dissertations (detailed and comprehensive accounts of a research work
submitted for a higher degree at a university), conference proceedings (brief summaries of research work presented at
conferences),books, leaflets, posters, blogs, and other library materials offline and online. Some websites might give
valuable information such as Wikipedia, Facebook, Twitter, and the likes but they are not as dependable as other
sources of knowledge since it can be edited and considered not a scholarly article (Baraceros, 2016). Therefore, there is
a need to carefully evaluate online sources as to accuracy and veracity of information. Furthermore, the following are
key points in searching literature:

1. In gathering sources, have focus, a clearly indicated scope and purpose of the review.
2. Isolate and centre your research on key themes or issues related to your own research interests.
3. Choose articles which are closely related to your research interest.
4. Choose studies conducted by experts and authorities in that same field of knowledge with your study.
5. Peer-reviewed materials are much preferable than general sources of ideas.

Step 2: Reading and Citing Source of Material

In reviewing related literature, you come up with ideas borrowed from someone else; therefore, it is but polite,
honesty, and courtesy to learn to acknowledge other people’s intellectual rights and to avoid plagiarism. The following
are three terms to express recognition of author’s ownership of borrowed ideas (Sharp, 2012).

1. Acknowledgment. It identifies individuals who have contributed to the making of the manuscript, written at the start
of the paper.
2. References or Bibliography. A whole list of literary materials including all books, journal, theses, and dissertations
along with other sources mentioned above. References are arranged alphabetically in some papers or in order of
sequence as it comes out in the paper. This holds the summary of the information of all of your sources. Information
needed in making the referencing list involves the following:

a. Author’s name
b. Date of the publication of the source.
c. Page number where you found the information.
d. Publisher
e. Place of Publishing
f. Volume
g. Edition
h. Other relevant information –date of access

Example of References

Baptista, P. Benefits to Teaching Hydroponics in the Classroom. August 15, 2014. http://blog.zipgrow.com/teaching-
hydroponics-in-the-classroom/

Benton,J.J.2004.Hydroponics. A practical guide for the soiless grower.2nd Edition,CRC press pp.35-150.

Brechner, M. Floating Hydroponics: A Guide to Student Experiments Growing Plants without Soil. Cornell University.
http://csip.cornell.edu.

Divina, J. C. 2015. Lettuce Production Guide.Department of Agriculture. Bureau of Plant Industry-National Crop
Research and Development Center. Retrievedfromhttp://bpi.da.gov.ph/bpi/images/Production_guide/pdf/Lettuce.pdf.
Accessed 12/7/2018
3. Citation, or In-text-citation. Referring author within the main body of the text. Citations can be done by
paraphrasing, summarizing, or through quotations. It can be written in the beginning of a text, between the text, or at
the last part of the paragraph. Examples are shown:

Sanchez (2015) found out building food systems that are more sustainable, resilient and responsive …

A study by Chojnacka (2012) revealed that extracts derived from algae contain such components as polysaccharides

This planting system is a sustainable alternative that reduces dependence on water and fertilizer and requires
less space (Alshrouf, 2017), making it ideal in urban places.

Productivity is declining as the country is facing a burgeoning population of more than a hundred million,
where majority of Filipinos are suffering from malnutrition (Briones, et al, 2017).

There are three basic methods of referencing the author referred in your paper. These are the APA (American
Psychological Association), MLA (Modern Language Association), and the Chicago Manual Style. In this module, we
will be focusing on the two most commonly used styles of referencing. Moreover, between the two, APA is the most
frequently used within the social sciences in citing various sources. The following table shows examples of MLA and
APA styles of referencing:

The APA Format

I. Reference Citations in Text:

Referencing allows you to acknowledge the contribution of other writers and researchers in your work.
Referencing is also a way to give credit to the writers from whom you have borrowed words and ideas. Reference
citations in text comprises author surname/s, and the publication date of the source within the body of the essay or
report. It is inserted directly after the information being sourced from the scientific literature.
 II. Reference List:

A. Books - References to an entire book must include the following elements: author(s) or editor(s), date of publication,
title, place of publication, and the name of the publisher.
Step 3: Creating or synthesizing your review of related literature

Developing your review of related literature by gathering ideas from other researches can be done by some
patterns or techniques like paraphrasing, quoting, and summarizing it. In doing so, you may either change the
arrangement of ideas, structures of language by using synonyms, changing format of words by comparisoncontrast,
chronological order, passive-active sentences, inductive-deductive order, or by fusing opinions with the author’s ideas.
In quoting, a part of an author’s words are repeated in writing but the page number of copied text should be written,
ideas must be essential and quoted judiciously, meaning with full understanding. Summarizing is a shortened version of
the original text expressed in your own language, picking only the most important details of the text. Paraphrasing on
the other hand permits you to explain the idea in your own words.