Chemistry Revision Grade 11

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____ 1. Magnesium metal reacts with hydrochloric acid to form magnesium chloride and hydrogen gas.
Which set of conditions will raise the rate of the reaction between the metal and acid by the
greatest magnitude?
a. reacting magnesium metal cube and 6.0M HCl solution
b. reacting magnesium metal cube and 1.0M HCl solution
c. reacting magnesium metal dust and 6.0M HCl solution
d. reacting magnesium metal dust and 1.0M HCl solution
____ 2. The purple-pink color of potassium permanganate disappears gradually as it reacts with a mixture
of oxalic acid and sulfuric acid. One test tube containing the reaction mixture is placed in hot
water, a second one is placed in cold water, and a third one is placed in water at ambient or room
temperature. The times taken for the color of potassium permanganate to disappear are 10
minutes, 3 minutes, and 2 minutes, in no particular order. Which set shows the correct match of
the temperature of water and the time taken for the color to disappear?
a. hot water = 10 min; cold water = 2 min; room temperature water = 3 min
b. hot water = 3 min; cold water = 10 min; room temperature water = 2 min
c. hot water = 3 min; cold water = 2 min; room temperature water = 10 min
d. hot water = 2 min; cold water = 10 min; room temperature water = 3 min

Read the passage and answer the next two questions.

During a classroom activity, concentrated sulfuric acid reacts with powdered sugar. A
temperature probe is used to measure the temperature of the sugar before and after the reaction.
The final temperature of the sugar and acid is higher than the initial temperature of sugar. Also, a
large amount of heat and steam is released during the reaction. The powdered sugar reacts with
the acid to form a black mass of carbon.

____ 3. Energy is required to partially break the bonds in the sugar molecule. The sugar molecule forms
an activated state before the final products are formed. A student who observed the activity
modeled the energy change during the reaction using the energy diagram shown.
 Which letter represents the activation energy of the reaction?
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
____ 4. Energy is required to partially break the bonds in the sugar molecule. The sugar molecule forms
an activated state before the final products are formed. A student who observed the activity
modeled the energy change during the reaction using the energy diagram shown.

Which letter represents the activated complex of the reaction?

a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
____ 5. What will most likely happen if the concentrated sulfuric acid used in the classroom activity is
replaced with dilute sulfuric acid?
a. The rate of reaction will be lower; therefore, a black mass of carbon may not form.
b. The rate of reaction will be higher; therefore, heat will be absorbed during the
reaction.
c. The rate of reaction will be higher; therefore, steam will not be released during the
 reaction.
d. The rate of reaction will be lower; therefore, the temperature will be lowered
instead of raised.

In this Performance Task, you will answer four questions.

The Haber–Bosch process produces ammonia. The process was developed by Fritz Haber and
Carl Bosch. Even today, the process remains one of the most important industrial methods to
provide a sustained supply of ammonia. The following reversible reaction is used to manufacture
ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen gas.

N2 + 3H2 2NH3 + heat

The diagram shows the design of an ammonia synthesis plant.

____ 6. A chemical engineer working at the ammonia synthesis plant is asked to increase the yield of
ammonia by varying the temperature, pressure, and concentration conditions of the reaction. In
order to achieve the desired outcome, the engineer tries to shift the equilibrium of the given
reaction. What should the engineer do in order to achieve the desired outcome?
a. The engineer should shift the equilibrium to the right by increasing both the
concentration of nitrogen gas and the overall temperature.
b. The engineer should shift the equilibrium to the right by increasing both the
concentration of nitrogen gas and the overall pressure.
c. The engineer should shift the equilibrium to the left by increasing both the
concentration of hydrogen gas and the overall temperature.
d. The engineer should shift the equilibrium to the left by increasing both the
concentration of hydrogen gas and the overall pressure.
____ 7. During one of the shifts at the plant, the shift supervisor finds that the valve of the condenser is
malfunctioning. The malfunction prevents the valve from opening while the reaction is in
process. This leads to an increase in volume of ammonia in the condenser. When the valve is
fixed and the volume of ammonia produced is measured, it is found to be unusual. What is the
most likely reason for the unusual yield of ammonia?
a. As the ammonia was not withdrawn, the equilibrium to the left led to a high yield
of ammonia.
b. As the ammonia was not withdrawn, the equilibrium to the left led to a low yield
of ammonia.
c. As the ammonia was not withdrawn, the equilibrium to the right led to a high yield
of ammonia.
d. As the ammonia was not withdrawn, the equilibrium to the right led to a low yield
of ammonia.
____ 8. A student performs a laboratory experiment. The experiment involves dissolving ammonium
nitrate in water. The chemical reaction is as follows:

NH4NO3(s) → NH4+(aq) + NO3–(aq)

The student measures the temperature of the solution at the start of the reaction and notices that
the temperature decreases over time. The H and S of the reaction are both positive. Choose the
correct option that indicates the type of chemical reaction occuring and the shift in equilibrium
that occurs when heat is added.
a. exothermic reaction; shifts to the reactants
b. exothermic reaction; shifts to the products
c. endothermic reaction; shifts to the reactants
d. endothermic reaction; shifts to the products
____ 9. The chemical reaction for the production of ammonia is given:

3H2(g) + N2(g) → 2NH3(g)

The H and S are both negative for this reaction. The G for this reaction is negative at low
temperatures. Increasing the temperature will speed up the reaction and shift the reaction in
which direction? Will the production of ammonia increase or decrease?
a. toward the reactants; increase
b. toward the reactants; decrease
c. toward the products; increase
d. toward the products; decrease
____ 10. Based on the gasoline combustion reaction, which of the following conditions will show that the
reaction is thermodynamically favorable?

C8H18 + 12.5O2 → 8CO2 + 9H2O

a. increasing enthalpy; increasing entropy
b. decreasing enthalpy; increasing entropy
c. increasing enthalpy; decreasing entropy
d. decreasing enthalpy; decreasing entropy
____ 11. What does a chemical reaction rate measure?
 a. the amount of reactant used
b. energy change per unit of time
c. change in amount of reactant per unit of time
d. the amount of time needed for the reaction to come to completion
____ 12. Another name for the activated complex is ____.
a. energy barrier
b. transition state
c. rate limiter
d. collision group
____ 13. At what stage of a chemical reaction is chemical energy at its highest level?
a. when only reactants are present
b. when only products are present
c. when an activated complex exists
d. when the activated complex becomes a product
____ 14. Which expression correctly describes activation energy in a chemical reaction?
a. heat released during reaction
b. energy barrier between reactants and products
c. energy given off when reactants collide
d. total amount of energy consumed by the reaction
____ 15. Why does a higher temperature cause a reaction to go faster?
a. Collisions between molecules occur more slowly so there is more time to react.
b. Collisions are not as frequent but each collision has more energy.
c. Collisions occur more frequently and they occur with greater energy.
d. Collisions have less energy so molecules are less likely to bounce away from one another.
____ 16. Why does a higher concentration make a reaction faster?
a. Higher concentration increases the frequency of collisions.
b. Higher concentration increases the total energy of collisions.
c. Higher concentration decreases the activation energy of the overall reaction.
d. Higher concentration decreases the energy needed for a collision to be effective.
____ 17. Why does a catalyst cause a reaction to proceed faster?
a. A catalyst increases the frequency of collisions.
b. A catalyst increases the total energy of collisions.
c. A catalyst decreases the activation energy of reaction.
d. A catalyst decreases the need for an activated complex.
____ 18. What happens to a catalyst during a reaction?
a. It is unchanged by the reaction.
b. It replaces one of the reactants.
c. It is incorporated into the products.
d. It loses energy to the products.
____ 19. A catalyst works by ____.
a. lowering the activation energy barrier
b. shifting the equilibrium position toward the products
c. changing the temperature of the reactants
d. changing the particle size of the reactants
____ 20. Which of the following substances act as catalysts in the body?
a. carbohydrates
b. nucleic acids
c. lipids
d. enzymes
____ 21. If a reaction is reversible, what are the relative amounts of reactant and product at the end of the reaction?
a. no reactant; all product
b. no product; all reactant
c. some product; some reactant
d. The relationship between reactants and products cannot be determined.
____ 22. If sulfur dioxide and oxygen can be made into sulfur trioxide, what is the reverse reaction?
a. 2SO → 2SO + O
b. SO + O → SO
c. 2SO + O → 2SO
d. SO + 2SO → 3S + 4O
____ 23. Consider the reaction N (g) 3H (g) 2NH (g). What is the effect of decreasing the volume on
the contained gases?
a. The reaction shifts toward the product gas.
b. The system reacts by increasing the number of gas molecules.
c. The pressure on the gases decreases momentarily.
d. Ammonia is consumed in the reaction.
____ 24. What happens to a reaction at equilibrium when more reactant is added to the system?
a. The reaction makes more products.
b. The reaction makes more reactants.
c. The reaction is unchanged.
d. The answer cannot be determined.
____ 25. In an endothermic reaction at equilibrium, what is the effect of raising the temperature?
a. The reaction makes more products.
b. The reaction makes more reactants.
c. The reaction is unchanged.
d. The answer cannot be determined.
____ 26. In an equilibrium reaction that makes more moles of gas than it consumes, what is the effect of increasing
the pressure?
a. The reaction makes more products.
b. The reaction makes more reactants.
c. The reaction is unchanged.
d. The answer cannot be determined.
____ 27. Which of the changes listed below would shift the following reaction to the right?
4HCl(g) + O (g) 2Cl (g) + 2H O(g)
a. addition of Cl
b. removal of O
c. increase of pressure
d. decrease of pressure
____ 28. What is the effect of adding more water to the following equilibrium reaction?
CO + H O H CO
a. More H CO is produced.
b. CO concentration increases.
c. The equilibrium is pushed in the direction of reactants.
d. There is no effect.
____ 29. The energy that is available to do work in a reaction is called ____.
a. heat
b. enthalpy
 c. entropy
d. free energy
____ 30. Entropy measures ____.
a. energy
b. heat transferred
c. disorder
d. force
____ 31. The amount of disorder in a system is measured by its
a. activation energy.
b. entropy.
c. equilibrium position.
d. K .
____ 32. Which one of the following systems has the highest entropy?
a. 10 mL of water at 10 C
b. 10 mL of water at 50 C
c. 10 mL of water at 100 C
d. All have the same entropy because all are water.
____ 33. Which reaction results in the greatest increase in entropy?
a. A → B
b. A → 2B
c. 2A → B
d. 3A → B
____ 34. In which of the following systems is the entropy decreasing?
a. air escaping from a tire
b. snow melting
c. salt dissolving in water
d. a liquid cooling
____ 35. The two factors that determine whether a reaction is spontaneous or nonspontaneous are ____.
a. entropy and disorder
b. entropy and energy
c. electron configuration and ionic charge
d. energy and heat of reaction
____ 36. Which of the following statements is true?
a. All spontaneous processes are exothermic.
b. All nonspontaneous processes are endothermic.
c. All spontaneous processes release free energy.
d. Entropy always increases in a spontaneous process.
____ 37. Which of the following is always true of a spontaneous reaction?
a. It is exothermic.
b. It takes place at a rapid rate.
c. It results in increased disorder of the system.
d. It releases free energy.
____ 38. Which of the following is true of melting ice at temperatures above 0 C?
a. It liberates heat.
b. It is not spontaneous.
c. It is not favorable.
d. It is endothermic.
____ 39. Which of the following is true about the combustion of carbon?
 a. The reaction is spontaneous.
b. The reaction is endothermic.
c. Enthalpy remains constant.
d. Entropy decreases.
____ 40. What determines whether or not a reaction is spontaneous?
a. change in molar volume and heat change
b. change in enthalpy only
c. enthalpy change and entropy change
d. change in entropy only
____ 41. Which of the following is true about the numerical value of Gibbs free-energy change for a spontaneous
reaction?
a. It is not related to enthalpy.
b. It is negative.
c. It indicates that work must be expended.
d. It is positive for temperatures above 850 C.
____ 42. Which of these conditions describes a situation in which a reaction must be nonspontaneous?
a. enthalpy decreases and entropy decreases
b. enthalpy decreases and entropy increases
c. enthalpy increases and entropy decreases
d. enthalpy increases and entropy increases
____ 43. When nitrous oxide is converted to nitrogen and oxygen, what is the term used to describe the oxygen
atoms formed?
a. reactants
b. products
c. activated complexes
d. intermediates
____ 44. Which of the following statements is true of an elementary reaction?
a. An elementary reaction has only elements as reactants.
b. An elementary reaction has only elements as products.
c. An elementary reaction never needs a catalyst.
d. An elementary reaction converts reactants to products in a single step.
____ 45. What is the shape of the graph of energy vs. reaction progress for a complex reaction?
a. a flat line
b. a single peak
c. several hills and valleys
d. a step-like series of flat lines
____ 46. Which of the following requires more information than is provided in a general chemical equation?
a. the relative numbers of molecules used
b. the probable order of the reaction
c. the number of atoms participating in the reaction
d. the reaction mechanism
____ 47.
 Look at the diagram of two flasks containing zinc and HCl, and select the statement that best describes
how the reaction rate of zinc and HCl is affected by the concentration of HCl.
a. Increasing the concentration of HCl produces a decrease in reaction rate due to a decrease
in the number of collisions.
b. Decreasing the concentration of HCl produces a decrease in reaction rate due to an
increase in the number of collisions.
c. Increasing the concentration of HCl produces an increase in reaction rate due to an
increase in the number of collisions.
d. Decreasing the concentration of HCl produces an increase in reaction rate due to a
decrease in the number of collisions.
____ 48. For which of the following chemical reactions will a change in pressure affect the equilibrium position?
a. H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g)
b. H2(g) + F2(g) 2HF(g)
c. 2H2O(g) 2H2(g) + O2(g)
d. SO2(g) + NO2(g) NO(g) + SO3(g)
____ 49. When 3 moles of hydrogen gas react with 1 mole of nitrogen gas, 2 moles of ammonia gas are
formed. Select the condition that would favor the formation of ammonia.
a. An increase in the pressure of the system.
b. A decrease in the pressure of the system.
c. An increase in the concentration of ammonia.
d. A decrease in the concentration of hydrogen.
____ 50. Which of the following reactions is thermodynamically favorable?
a. H20(l) → H20(s)
b. N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)
c. CaO(s) + CO2(g) → CaCO3(s)
d. NH4Cl(s) → NH3(g) + HCl(g)
____ 51. 2. Which factor does NOT increase the rate of a chemical reaction?

a. Increasing temperature
b. Increasing surface area
c. Decreasing concentration
d. Increasing concentration
____ 52. According to collision theory, what must happen for a reaction to occur?
 a. Particles must collide with sufficient energy and proper orientation
b. Particles must be stationary
c. Particles must collide with low energy
d. Particles must collide randomly
____ 53. Consider this hypothetical chemical equation.

A + 3B 2C

Which statements are true about the relative rates of the reaction? Select all that apply.
a. The rate of formation of C is twice the rate of disappearance of A.
b. The rate of formation of C is one-half the rate of disappearance of A.
c. The rate of formation of C is two-thirds the rate of disappearance of B.
d. The rate of formation of C is one and a half times the rate of disappearance of B.
____ 54. Ammonia reacts with hydrochloric acid to form ammonium chloride. The chemical equation for
the reaction is shown.

NH3 + HCl NH4Cl + heat

What will happen if the temperature of the reaction mixture is raised? Select all that apply.
a. The concentration of ammonia will increase.
b. The concentration of hydrogen chloride will decrease.
c. The concentration of ammonia and hydrochloric acid will remain the same.
____ 55. Which statements about the activation energy during a chemical reaction are true? Select all that
apply.
a. It is equal to the energy of the products.
b. It is higher than the energy of the reactants.
c. It is equal to the energy of the activated complex.
____ 56. According to the collision theory, what can happen when atoms, ions, or molecules collide with each
other to react and form products? Select all that apply.
a. They can have a successful reaction regardless of the amount of kinetic energy.
b. They can bounce apart and remain unchanged due to incorrect orientation to form bonds.
c. The activated complex creates a stable cluster of atoms during the reaction.
____ 57. Which of these statements are true regarding activation energy? Select all that apply.
a. Activation energy increases with temperature.
b. Activation energy decreases with temperature.
c. It is the maximum energy requirement for particles to collide and react.
____ 58. 4. What happens to the reaction rate if the concentration of reactants is increased?

a. It decreases
b. It remains the same
c. It increases
d. It becomes unpredictable
____ 59. Why does crushing a solid reactant increase the reaction rate?
a. It increases the temperature
b. It reduces the surface area
c. It increases the surface area
d. It decreases the concentration
____ 60. What effect does decreasing the volume of a reaction vessel have on reacting gases?

a. It decreases the reaction rate

b. It increases the reaction rate
c. It has no effect
d. It decreases the density of particles
____ 61. If the temperature of a reaction system is decreased, what is likely to happen?

a. The reaction rate increases

b. The reaction rate decreases
c. The reaction rate stays the same
d. The reaction stops completely
____ 62. Which of the following reactions would likely occur faster?

a. A reaction with low concentration of reactants

b. A reaction at a low temperature
c. A reaction with a large surface area of reactants
d. A reaction with no catalysts
____ 63. 1. What is the primary role of activation energy in a chemical reaction?

a. To determine the products of the reaction

b. To provide energy for the reactants to collide effectively
c. To lower the reaction temperature
d. To change the concentration of reactants
____ 64. In an energy diagram, what is the activated complex?

a. The lowest energy state of the reactants

b. A temporary state where bonds break and form
c. The final energy state of the products
d. The initial energy state of the reactants
____ 65. What does a catalyst do in a chemical reaction?

a. Consumes reactants
b. Increases activation energy
c. Provides an alternative energy pathway
d. Slows down the reaction rate
____ 66. In multistep reactions, what is the rate-determining step?

a. The fastest step in the reaction

b. The step with the highest energy transition
c. The step that forms the final product
d. The step that is repeated
____ 67. How do enzymes facilitate biochemical reactions?

a. By increasing the temperature of the reactants

b. By consuming themselves in the reaction
c. By forming an intermediate complex with decreasing the activation energy
d. By increasing the concentration of reactants
____ 68. What is a common method to provide activation energy for a chemical reaction?
 a. Decreasing the pressure
b. Increasing the temperature
c. Lowering the concentration
d. Adding more products
____ 69. In energy diagrams, what does the highest peak of energy between reactants and products represent?

a. The catalyst's effect

b. The total bond energy absorbed
c. The total energy released
d. The activation energy
____ 70. How do catalysts affect the activation energy of a reaction?

a. They eliminate it
b. They increase it
c. They decrease it
d. They do not affect it
____ 71. What type of reaction involves limestone reacting with water as suggested for student investigations?

a. Synthesis reaction
b. Exothermic reaction
c. Combustion reaction
d. Decomposition reaction
____ 72. What is indicated by the double arrow in a reversible chemical reaction?

a. The reaction only proceeds forward

b. The reaction only proceeds backward
c. The reaction is at equilibrium
d. The reaction proceeds in both directions
____ 73. In a reversible reaction, when are the reactants favored?

a. When the forward reaction predominates

b. When the reaction is at equilibrium
c. When the reverse reaction predominates
d. When the concentration of products is higher
____ 74. What happens to a system at equilibrium when a product is removed?

a. The system shifts to form more reactants

b. The system shifts to form more products
c. The system remains unchanged
d. The system shifts to decrease the reactants
____ 75. According to Le Châtelier’s principle, how does increasing the concentration of a reactant affect the
reaction?

a. It shifts the reaction to the right

b. It shifts the reaction to the left
c. It has no effect on the reaction
d. It stops the reaction entirely
____ 76. Which of the following best describes chemical equilibrium?
 a. Only the forward reaction occurs
b. Only the reverse reaction occurs
c. The rates of forward and reverse reactions are equal
d. All reactions stop
____ 77. How does an increase in pressure affect a gaseous equilibrium system?

a. It shifts toward the side with more gas molecules

b. It shifts toward the side with fewer gas molecules
c. It has no effect on the equilibrium
d. It increases the volume of the gas
____ 78. What is the effect of increasing temperature on an exothermic reaction at equilibrium?

a. It shifts the equilibrium to the products

b. It shifts the equilibrium to the reactants
c. It has no effect on the equilibrium
d. It increases the reaction rate for both directions
____ 79. What happens to a system in equilibrium if the volume is decreased?

a. Shifts toward the side with fewer moles of gas

b. Shifts toward the side with more moles of gas
c. The pressure increases with no shift
d. The system remains unchanged
____ 80. Which of the following describes the shift in equilibrium when the system is heated, given that the
reaction is endothermic?

a. Shifts toward the products

b. Shifts toward the reactants
c. No change in the system
d. Equilibrium is disrupted permanently
____ 81. In a reversible reaction, what does it mean when the equilibrium position is to the right?

a. Reactants are favored

b. Products are favored
c. The reaction is slow
d. The reaction has stopped
____ 82. How does a decrease in temperature affect an equilibrium system for an exothermic reaction?

a. Shifts to the right, producing more products

b. Shifts to the left, producing more reactants
c. Stops the reaction
d. No change in the equilibrium
____ 83. What process is used to explain how a system returns to equilibrium after a disturbance?

a. Le Châtelier’s principle
b. Hess's Law
c. Avogadro's Law
d. Dalton's Law
____ 84. What is the concept of free energy in a chemical process?
 a. The energy that is absorbed by the system
b. The energy that can do work and indicates spontaneity
c. The energy required to start a reaction
d. The energy stored in bonds
____ 85. Which of the following is a thermodynamically favorable reaction?

a. Dissolution of salt in water without heating

b. Freezing of water at 10°C
c. Decomposition of calcium carbonate without heating
d. Boiling of water at room temperature
____ 86. What does a negative ?G indicate about a process?

a. It is endothermic
b. It is exothermic
c. It is thermodynamically unfavorable
d. It is thermodynamically favorable
____ 87. Which factor does NOT increase entropy in a system?

a. Increasing temperature
b. Formation of a solid from a liquid
c. Changing state from solid to gas
d. Dividing a substance into smaller parts
____ 88. What does entropy measure?

a. Energy content of a system

b. Disorder or randomness of a system
c. Amount of work done by a system
d. Temperature of a system
____ 89. Why is the erosion of limestone by carbonic acid considered thermodynamically favorable?

a. It decreases entropy
b. It releases free energy
c. It increases temperature
d. It forms a solid product
____ 90. What is an example of a process that is thermodynamically favorable but slow?

a. Combustion of gasoline
b. Rusting of iron
c. Melting of ice
d. Photosynthesis in plants
____ 91. Which of the following situations would increase entropy?

a. Condensing steam into water

b. Freezing water into ice
c. Sublimating dry ice into gas
d. Compressing gas into a liquid
____ 92. What is an example of an endothermic process?
 a. Combustion of coal
b. Freezing of water
c. Boiling of water
d. Dissolution of sugar in water
____ 93. Which reaction condition is most likely to be thermodynamically favorable at high temperatures?

a. Exothermic reactions with decreasing entropy

b. Endothermic reactions with increasing entropy
c. Exothermic reactions with increasing entropy
d. Endothermic reactions with decreasing entropy
____ 94. When is a reaction considered spontaneous?

a. When it absorbs energy

b. When it is fast
c. When it releases free energy
d. When it forms a solid product
____ 95. What does a positive S indicate about a reaction?

a. It is endothermic
b. It results in increased disorder
c. It is exothermic
d. It results in decreased disorder
____ 96. How does temperature affect thermodynamic favorability?

a. It has no effect
b. Lower temperatures always increase favorability
c. Higher temperatures can make endothermic reactions favorable
d. Lower temperatures can make endothermic reactions favorable
____ 97. What is the result of the equation G = H - TS when G is zero?

a. The reaction is fast

b. The reaction is at equilibrium
c. The reaction is exothermic
d. The reaction is endothermic
____ 98. Which of the following processes decreases entropy?

a. Melting ice
b. Evaporating water
c. Burning wood
d. Freezing water
____ 99. In which situation would a reaction be thermodynamically favorable at lower temperatures?

a. Exothermic reactions with increasing entropy

b. Endothermic reactions with decreasing entropy
c. Exothermic reactions with decreasing entropy
d. Endothermic reactions with increasing entropy
____ 100. What is the primary role of temperature in determining reaction favorability?

a. It changes the reaction's enthalpy

 b. It affects the speed of the reaction
c. It alters the reaction's entropy
d. It modifies the balance between enthalpy and entropy
____ 101. What is the typical indication of a thermodynamically favorable process at standard conditions?

a. Positive H
b. Negative H
c. Positive G
d. Negative G

Matching

Match each item with the correct statement below.

a. activated complex d. activation energy
b. reaction rate e. free energy
c. inhibitor
____ 102. the minimum energy colliding particles must have in order to react
____ 103. arrangement of atoms at the peak of an energy barrier
____ 104. the number of atoms, ions, or molecules that react in a given time to form products
____ 105. a substance that interferes with a catalyst
____ 106. energy available to do work

Match each item with the correct statement below.

a. spontaneous reaction d. reaction mechanism
b. entropy e. elementary reaction
c. chemical equilibrium
____ 107. when the forward and reverse reactions take place at the same rate
____ 108. a reaction that releases free energy
____ 109. the measure of disorder
____ 110. Reactants are converted to products in a single step.
____ 111. includes all elementary reactions of a complex reaction

Short Answer

In this Performance Task, you will answer four questions.

The Haber–Bosch process produces ammonia. The process was developed by Fritz Haber and
Carl Bosch. Even today, the process remains one of the most important industrial methods to
provide a sustained supply of ammonia. The following reversible reaction is used to manufacture
ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen gas.

N2 + 3H2 2NH3 + heat

The diagram shows the design of an ammonia synthesis plant.

112. The ammonia synthesis plant design shows a compressor, a recycler, and a condenser. What is
the function of each of these components?

113. Choose the correct words to describe the chemical equation.

rate activated complex activation energy endothermic reactions

concentration heat energy pressure

is the equation for _______________, which is expressed in terms of a change in

_______________ of reactants or products with time.

114. Read the statements that describe chemical changes and decide if each is true or false.
 1. All particle collisions result in a chemical reaction. _____

2. Average rate of change in a chemical reaction always increases over time. _____

3. Chemical changes are commonly described in terms of changes in concentration. _____

115.

Dinitrogen tetroxide is a colorless gas that decomposes to yield a dark-colored product called nitrogen
dioxide. The picture shows what happens when the temperature is raised in tube A and decreased in tube
B.

Choose a phrase to complete the sentences.

shift to the left, releasing heat

shift to the left, absorbing heat
shift to the right, releasing heat
shift to the right, absorbing heat

N2O4 + heat 2NO2 is an endothermic reaction. An increase in temperature will cause the equilibrium
mixture to _________________________, resulting in a dark-colored gas NO2.
Cooling the equilibrium mixture in ice will cause it to _________________________, increasing the
concentration of the colorless gas N2O4 .

Essay

116. Nitrogen dioxide gas, NO2, is produced when dinitrogen tetroxide, N2O4, decomposes. NO2 is a
brown-colored gas, and N2O4 is a colorless gas. The chemical equation for the reaction is shown.

N2O4 2NO2

A dark-brown equilibrium mixture of the two gases is shown inside a gas syringe.
It was observed that, when the plunger was pulled out, the mixture immediately turned light
brown and then gradually became slightly darker.

Explain these observations based on Le Châtelier’s principle.

In this Performance Task, you will answer four questions.

The Haber–Bosch process produces ammonia. The process was developed by Fritz Haber and
Carl Bosch. Even today, the process remains one of the most important industrial methods to
provide a sustained supply of ammonia. The following reversible reaction is used to manufacture
ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen gas.

N2 + 3H2 2NH3 + heat

The diagram shows the design of an ammonia synthesis plant.

117. Changes made at the macroscopic level often induce changes at the molecular level. Describe the
effects of a change in temperature and of a change in concentration on the number of collisions
between gas particles in the Haber–Bosch reaction taking place at the ammonia synthesis plant.
Base your answer on the assumption that only one change takes place at any given time.

118. Explain the effects of reactant concentration and particle size on the rate of a reaction.
119. What is the effect of a catalyst on the rate of a reaction? Give an example of a catalyst.
120. What is free energy, and how is it related to spontaneity in a reaction? Give an example of a spontaneous
reaction.
121. Characterize spontaneous and nonspontaneous reactions.
122. What is entropy? Give several examples.
123. What causes a reaction to be spontaneous? Provide an example in your explanation.
124. Once a reactant absorbs enough energy, it will go into the transition state before it proceeds to yield the
product. Select the point in this energy diagram that indicates the transition state.
Chemistry Grade 11
Answer Section

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. C
2. D
3. B
4. B
5. A
6. B
7. B
8. D
9. B
10. B
11. C
12. B
13. C
14. B
15. C
16. A
17. C
18. A
19. A
20. D
21. C
22. A
23. A
24. A
25. A
26. B
27. C
28. A
29. D
30. C
31. B
32. C
33. B
34. D
35. B
36. C
37. D
38. D
39. A
40. C
41. B
42. C
43. D
44. D
45. C
46. D
47. C
48. C
49. A
50. D
51. C
52. A
53. C
54. A
55. B
56. B
57. A
58. C
59. C
60. B
61. B
62. C
63. B
64. B
65. C
66. B
67. C
68. B
69. D
70. C
71. B
72. D
73. C
74. B
75. A
76. C
77. B
78. B
79. A
80. A
81. B
82. A
83. A
84. B
85. A
86. D
87. B
88. B
 89. B
90. B
91. C
92. C
93. B
94. C
95. B
96. C
97. B
98. D
99. C
100. D
101. D

MATCHING

102. D
103. A
104. B
105. C
106. E

107. C
108. A
109. B
110. E
111. D

SHORT ANSWER

112. The compressor generates optimal pressure required for greatest yield. The recycler uses
unutilized gases and the condenser separates reactants from products.

Rubric:
1 pt: The student describes the function of the recycler.
1 pt: The student describes the function of the compressor.
1 pt: The student describes the function of the condenser.
113. rate, concentration
114. False, False, True
115. shift to the right, absorbing heat, shift to the left, releasing heat

ESSAY
116. As the plunger is pulled out, the pressure inside the syringe will decrease. The color of the
mixture will immediately become lighter as the gaseous molecules spread apart. Soon, however,
Le Châtelier’s principle allows the system to reestablish equilibrium. The gaseous mixture shifts
in a direction that exerts more pressure on the system in order to offset the decreased pressure
due to the outward plunger movement. Pressure is higher on the side with a greater number of
molecules. This will cause some colorless dinitrogen tetroxide molecules to decompose to brown
nitrogen dioxide molecules, eventually making the reaction mixture slightly darker than the
light-brown color obtained immediately after the plunger was pulled out.

Rubric:
1 pt: The student describes the instantaneous change in color and the gradual change in color.
1 pt: The student explains that the system moves in a direction that offsets the decreased
pressure.
117. Increasing the temperature of the reaction will increase the number of particle collisions. Increase
in concentration will also increase the number of particle collisions, as more molecules will be
present in the same given volume of the catalytic chamber. Both these changes will cause more
frequent particle collisions.

Rubric:
1 pt: The student describes the change in number of particle collisions with change in
temperature.
1 pt: The student describes the change in number of particle collisions with change in
concentration.
118. A high concentration of reactants increases the reaction rate. This is because more molecules are present
to collide each second. A small particle size increases the rate of a reaction. Because there is more surface
area for a given mass of particles, more collisions are possible per second.
119. A catalyst increases the rate of a reaction. A catalyst permits the formation of a less energetic activated
complex. Platinum is a catalyst for certain reactions of gases.
120. Free energy is a measure of the ability of a reaction to do work. Spontaneous reactions release free energy.
A fireworks display is an example of a spontaneous reaction in which free energy is released.
121. Spontaneous reactions are reactions that, under the conditions specified, produce substantial amounts of
products and release free energy. Nonspontaneous reactions do not produce much product under the
specified conditions. Some spontaneous reactions go so slowly that they appear to be nonspontaneous.
122. Entropy is a measure of the degree of disorder in a system. A gas has more entropy than a liquid. A
chemical reaction in which there are more molecules of product than molecules of reactant will cause an
increase in entropy. A solution of sodium chloride in water has more entropy than a sodium chloride
crystal.
123. A reaction, such as sodium with water, is spontaneous because it results in a lower energy state, or a more
disordered state for the system. Sometimes the energy and the disorder both increase, and sometimes the
energy and the disorder both decrease. An example of the former is the dissolution of ammonium nitrate.
This process is spontaneous even though it is endothermic. It occurs because the favored increase in
disorder that accompanies dissolution outweighs the unfavored increase in energy.
124.