Calculations Conversions

Decibel ⇄ Linear in Cable-Systems - Academy of EMC
Version: 1.00.00.2020
Author: Reto Keller, Academy of EMC
Date: 2020-May-07
This converter calculates dB values from linear values and vice versa.
Assumptions: All values are root-mean-square (RMS) values, unless otherwise noted.
Physical quantity Unit

Voltage V [V]
Voltage level dBV, 20*log(V/1V) [dBV]
Voltage level dBuV, 20*log(V/1uV) [dBuV]
Current I [A]
Current level dBA, 20*log(I/1A) [dBA]
Current level dBuA, 20*log(I/1uA) [dBuA]
Power P [W]
Power level dBm, 20*log(P/1mW) [dBm]
Power level dBm, 20*log(P/1uW) [dBuW]
Input parameters Value Unit Remark

Reference impedance Z0 50.0 [Ohm] Calculations below are based on the Z0 you set here.
Known input values [V] [dBV] [dBuV] [A] [dBA] [dBuA] [W] [dBm] [dBuW]
0.1 [V] -20 100 0.002 -53.9794 66.0206 0.0002 -6.9897 23.0103
-20 [dBV] 0.1 100 0.002 -53.9794 66.0206 0.0002 -6.9897 23.0103
100 [dBuV] 0.1 -20 0.002 -53.9794 66.0206 0.0002 -6.9897 23.0103
0.002 [A] 0.1 -20 100 -53.9794 66.0206 0.0002 -6.9897 23.0103
-53.9794001 [dBA] 0.1 -20 100 0.002 66.0206 0.0002 -6.9897 23.0103
66.02059991 [dBuA] 0.1 -20 100 0.002 -53.9794 0.0002 -6.9897 23.0103
0.0002 [W] 0.1 -20 100 0.002 -53.9794 66.0206 -6.9897 23.0103
-6.98970004 [dBm] 0.1 -20 100 0.002 -53.9794 66.0206 0.0002 23.0103
23.01029996 [dBuW] 0.1 -20 100 0.002 -53.9794 66.0206 0.0002 -6.9897
References:
[1] Henry W. Ott, Electromagnetic Compatibility Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2009, pp. 733-739
Disclaimer: Your use of this Academy of EMC Excel-Sheet indicates that you accept full responsibility for the results produced, and that you agree to
indemnify and hold harmless Reto Keller, Academy of EMC, and it assigns, for any damages that may result from its use.
Decibel ⇄ Linear in Free-Space - Academy of EMC
Version: 1.00.00.2020
Date: 2020-May-05
This field strength calculator converts different field strength units.

Assumption: medium = air.
Physical quantity Unit Physical constants Value Unit

Electric field strength E [V/m] Speed of light 3E+08 [m/s]
E field level, 20*log(E/1uV/m) [dBuV/m] Permittivity of vacuum e0 8.85E-12 [F/m]
Magnetic field strength H [A/m] Permeability of vacuum m0 1.26E-06 [H/m]
H field level, 20*log(H/1uA/m) [dBuA/m]
Magnetic flux density B [T]
Magnetic flux density B*10e9 [pT]
Magnetic flux level, 20*log(B/1pT) [dBpT]
Gauss [Gs]
Power density S [W/m2]
10*log(S) [dBW/m2]
Power level, 10*log(S/1mW) [dBm/m2]
Power density S per cm2 [mW/cm2]

Wave impedance ZW 376.7 [Ohm] Calculations below are based on the ZW = E/H you set here. Set ZW = 377[Ohm] for free-space (far-field).
Known input values [V/m] [dBuV/m] [A/m] [dBuA/m] [T] [mT] [pT] [dBpT] [Gs] [W/m2] [dBW/m2] [dBm/m2] [mW/cm2]
10 [V/m] 140 0.026544 88.4793 3.34E-08 3.34E-05 33356.06 90.46349 0.000334 0.265439 -5.76035 24.23965 0.026544
43.5 [dBuV/m] 0.00015 3.97E-07 -8.0207 4.99E-13 4.99E-10 0.499085 -6.03651 4.99E-09 5.94E-11 -102.26 -72.2604 5.94E-12
0.02654 [A/m] 9.998529 139.9987 88.47802 3.34E-08 3.34E-05 33351.15 90.46222 0.000334 0.265361 -5.76163 24.23837 0.026536
88.4793 [dBuA/m] 10 140 0.026544 3.34E-08 3.34E-05 33356.07 90.4635 0.000334 0.265439 -5.76035 24.23965 0.026544
### [T] 9.999983 140 0.026544 88.47928 3.34E-05 33356 90.46348 0.000334 0.265438 -5.76037 24.23963 0.026544
0.000033356 [mT] 9.999983 140 0.026544 88.47928 3.34E-08 33356 90.46348 0.000334 0.265438 -5.76037 24.23963 0.026544
33356 [pT] 9.999983 140 0.026544 88.47928 3.34E-08 3.34E-05 90.46348 0.000334 0.265438 -5.76037 24.23963 0.026544
90.4635 [dBpT] 10 140 0.026544 88.4793 3.34E-08 3.34E-05 33356.08 0.000334 0.265439 -5.76035 24.23965 0.026544
0.000334 [Gs] 10.01317 140.0114 0.026579 88.49073 3.34E-08 3.34E-05 33400 90.47493 0.266139 -5.74892 24.25108 0.026614
0.26544 [W/m2] 10 140 0.026544 88.47931 3.34E-08 3.34E-05 33356.11 90.46351 0.000334 -5.76034 24.23966 0.026544
-5.76035 [dBW/m2] 10 140 0.026544 88.4793 3.34E-08 3.34E-05 33356.06 90.4635 0.000334 0.265439 24.23965 0.026544
24.2396 [dBm/m2] 9.999944 140 0.026544 88.47925 3.34E-08 3.34E-05 33355.87 90.46345 0.000334 0.265436 -5.7604 0.026544
0.026544 [mW/cm ] 2
10 140 0.026544 88.47931 3.34E-08 3.34E-05 33356.11 90.46351 0.000334 0.26544 -5.76034 24.23966
References:
[1] J. L. Norman Violette, Donald R. J. White, Michael F. Violette, Electromagnetic Compatibility Handbook, Van Norstrand Reinhold Company, 1987, pp.26-29
Disclaimer: Your use of this Academy of EMC Excel-Sheet indicates that you accept full responsibility for the results produced, and that you agree to indemnify and hold harmless Reto Keller, Academy of
EMC, and it assigns, for any damages that may result from its use.
Near-Field | Far-Field - Academy of EMC
Version: 1.00.00.2020
Date: 2020-Jun-14
Ideal Electrical Hertzian Dipole vs. Real Antennas

For an ideal Hertzian Dipole (indefinitely small) the near-field to far-field boundary is defined as d=l/(2*p).
In practice, the boundary between near- and far-field depends on the wavelength l [m] and the maximum dimension D [m] of the antenna.
The areas around a transmitting antenna can be roughly categorized in three parts: reactive near-field, radiative near-field, far-field.
Electrically small antennas (D<l/2)

Electrically small antennas (D<l/2), have a reactive near-field, but no significant radiative near-field or far-field.
Electrically large antennas (D>l/2)

Electrically large antennas (D>l/2), have all three categories of fields: reactive near-field, radiative near-field, far-field.
Physical quantity Unit Physical constants Value Unit

Frequency f [Hz] Speed of light c 299800000 [m/s]
Wavelength l [m] Permittivity of vacuum e0 8.854E-12 [F/m]
Permeability of vacuum m0 1.2566E-06 [H/m]

Relative permittivity ereff 1 [1] ereff influences l. In case the antenna is a PCB-trace or cable, calculate ereff accordingly.
Relative permeability mreff1 [1] mreff influences l. mreff is usually 1.
Maximum dimension D 1 [m] Maximum linear dimension D (aperture, length) of the antenna.
f where D= l/2 1.50E+08 [Hz] Frequency f at which the antenna with dimension D starts to be a good radiator.
10000
1000
Distance d from transmitting antenna [m]
100
10
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.0001
0.00001
1.00E+04 1.00E+05 1.00E+06 1.00E+07
Frequency1.00E+08
[Hz] 1.00E+09 1.00E+10 1.00E+11
Reactive Near-Field Boundary of Electrically Small Antenna (D<λ/2)
Reactive Near-Field Boundary of Electrically Large Antenna (D>λ/2)
Radiative Near-Field Boundary of Electrically Large Antenna (D>λ/2)
Frequency for which D=λ/2
Electrically
Electrically large antennas
Frequency and Wavelength small antennas
(D>l/2)
(D<l/2)
Reactive Near Reactive Near Radiative Near

f [Hz] l [m] l/2 [m] Field Boundary Field Boundary Field Boundary
[m] [m] [m]
1.00E+04 29980 14990 4771.465193895 ### ###
1.00E+05 2998 1499 477.1465193895 ### ###
1.00E+06 299.8 149.9 47.71465193895 ### ###
1.00E+07 29.98 14.99 4.771465193895 ### ###
1.00E+08 2.998 1.499 0.47714651939 ### ###
1.00E+09 0.2998 0.1499 0.047714651939 ### ###
1.00E+10 0.02998 0.01499 0.004771465194 ### ###
1.00E+11 0.002998 0.001499 0.000477146519 11.32337460926 667.1114076051
References:
[1] Constantine A. Balanis, Antenna Theory Analysis and Design, John Wiley & Sons Inc., 3rd. Edition, 2005, pp. 34-36
Disclaimer: Your use of this Academy of EMC Excel-Sheet indicates that you accept full responsibility for the results produced, and that you agree to indemnify and hold harmless Reto
Keller, Academy of EMC, and it assigns, for any damages that may result from its use.
Impedance Matching Calculations (G, VSWR, RL) - Academy of EMC
Version: 1.00.00.2020
Date: 2020-Jul-31
Physical quantity Unit Remark

Source/system impedance Zsource / Z0 [W] Typical 50W
Load impedance Zload [W] E.g. impedance of the antenna
Reflection coefficient G, s11 [1] G = Vreflected/Vforward
Voltage standing wave ratio VSWR [1] VSWR = StandingWaveMax/StandingWaveMin
Return loss RL [dB] RL = 10*log10(Pforward/Preflected)
Power Transfer PT % Power dissipated in load in %. PT = 100%/P100%Matched*Punmatched. Power reflectec by load = (G 2)*Psource
Power reflected PR % Power reflected by load in %. PR = 100% - Ptransferred. Power transferred to load = Psource*(1̶ G 2)
Degree of Power Power

Zload [W] |Г| [1] |Г| [dB] |VSWR|:1 [1] RL [dB]
Matching Transfer [%] Reflection [%]
Perfectly
matched
𝑍_load=𝑍_0 0 -∞ 1:1 ∞ 100 0
𝑍_load=0.7∙𝑍_0
𝑍_load=1.4∙𝑍_0
Good
< 0.2 < -14 [dB] < 1.5:1 > 14 [dB] > 96 <4
matching
𝑍_load=0.5…0.7∙𝑍_0
𝑍_load=1.4…1.9∙𝑍_0
Poor
0.2...0.3 -14…-10 [dB] 1.5:1...2:1 10…14 [dB] 89…94 4...11
matching
𝑍_load<0.5∙𝑍_0
Unmatched
𝑍_load>1.9∙𝑍_0 > 0.3 -10…0 [dB] > 2:1 0…10 [dB] < 89 > 11
𝑍_load=0
𝑍_load=∞
Total
reflection
1 0 ∞ 0 0 100

System impedance Z0 50 [Ohm] System impedance Z0 or source impedance Zsource . This sheet only calculates with real parts (no imaginary part)
Power Power
Known input values Unit Zload [Ω] |Г| [1] |Г| [dB] |VSWR|:1 [1] RL [dB]
Transfer [%] Reflection [%]
Load impedance Zload 70.0 [W] 0.16666666667 -15.563025008 1.4 15.5630250077 97.2222222222 2.77777777778
Reflection coefficient G, s11 0.01 [1] ### ### ### 99.99 0.01
51 0.0099009901 ### ### ### 0.00980296049
Voltage standing wave ratio |VSWR| 1.02 [1]
### 0.0099009901 ### ### ### 0.00980296049
61.1111111111 0.1 -20 1.22222222222 99 1
Return loss RL 20 [dB]
40.9090909091 0.1 -20 1.22222222222 99 1
References:
[1] Reference Data for Engineers, Newens, 9th Edition, 2002, pages: 12-25, 29-8, 31-2
Disclaimer: Your use of this Academy of EMC Excel-Sheet indicates that you accept full responsibility for the results produced, and that you agree to indemnify and hold harmless Reto Keller, Academy of EMC, and it assigns, for any
damages that may result from its use.
Wavelength vs. Frequency Calculator - Academy of EMC
Version: 1.00.00.2020
Date: 2020-July-31
Wavelength λ [m] of a sinusoidal signal is given by its frequency f [Hz] and the velocity of the electromagnetic wave v [m/sec]: λ=v/f.
Velocity v [m/sec] is given by the permittivity e=e0*er and the permeability m=m0*mr of the media(s) througth with the electromagnetic wave travels: v=1/√(e0*er*m0*mr)=c/√(er*mr)
Physical constants Value Unit

Speed of light c 299795638 [m/s]
Permittivity of vacuum e0 8.854E-12 [F/m]

Relative permittivity ereff 1 [1] Relative (effective) permittivity of media through with electromagnetic field travels. Set ereff=1 for air.
Relative permeability mreff 1 [1] Relative (effective) permeability of media through with electromagnetic field travels. Set mreff=1 for air.
Velocity v ### [m/sec] Velocity of the sinusoidal signal with frequency f and wavelangth l.
Wavelength l [m] vs. Frequency f [Hz]

Calculation of the wavelength l for frequency f and vice versa of an electromagnetic wave in a media with ereff and mreff.
Known input values Value Unit f [Hz] l [m] l/2 [m] Remark
Frequency f 3.00E+16 [Hz] ### ### Frequency of the sinusoidal signal. Set er and mr of the media above.
Wavelength l 0.299 [m] 1.00E+09 Wavelength of the sinusoidal signal. Set er and mr of the media above.
References:
[1] Clayton R. Paul. Introduction to Electromagnetic Compatibility. John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2nd Edition, 2008, pp. 185-186
Disclaimer: Your use of this Academy of EMC Excel-Sheet indicates that you accept full responsibility for the results produced, and that you agree to indemnify and hold harmless Reto Keller, Academy of EMC, and it
assigns, for any damages that may result from its use.
Effective Dielectric Constant ereff Calculator - Academy of EMC
Version: 1.00.00.2020
Date: 2020-July-31
The effective dielectric constant ereff is defined as the uniform equivalent dielectric constant for a transmission, even in presence of different dielectrica (e.g. air, FR-4).
The effective dielectric constant for coaxial cables, waveguides and embedded striplines is equeal the dielectric constant of the dielectric bulk material.
The formulas used here are only approximations and effects of e.g. trace thickness, solder-mask coverage etc. are ignored. Relative permeability mr is assumed to be 1.
Microstrip line

Relative permittivity er 4.5 [1] Dielectric constant / relative permittivity of the PCB material (substrate).
Trace width w 0.3 [mm] Trace witdth of the trace at the very outside layer (top, bottom) of a PCB. Use the same unit for w as for h.
Height of trace to plane h 0.5 [mm] Distance between ground/supply reference plane and the trace. Use the same unit for h as for w.
Calculated ereff Value Unit Remark
Effective permittivity ereff 3.14308131 [1] Effective dielectric constant. Accurace within 1% for er≤16, 0.05≤w/h≤20 (<2% error for w/h<0.05) [1].
Coplanar waveguide with reference plane

Trace width w 0.3 [mm] Trace witdth of the trace at the very outside layer (top, bottom) of a PCB.
Space s 0.5 [mm] Space to the adjusted ground plane on the same layer like the trace.
Height of trace to plane h 0.5 [mm] Distance between ground/supply reference plane and the trace.
Effective permittivity ereff ### [1] Effective dielectric constant of coplanar stripline with reference plane [1]. To avoid microstrip mode, chose (s+w+s)>>h [2].
Stripline

Effective permittivity ereff 4.5 [1] Effective dielectric constant of a stripline (traced, sandwiched between two reference planes) is equal er of the substrate [1].
Parallel wires / Ribbon cable

Relative permittivity er1 3 [1] Dielectric constant / relative permittivity of the wire insulation.
Relative permittivity er2 1 [1] Dielectric constant / relative permittivity of the surrounding of the twisted pair. In case of air (e.g. for ribbon cable), set er2 = 1.
Effective permittivity ereff 1.5 [1] The effective dielectric constant of a stripline (traced, sandwiched between two reference planes) is equal er of the substrate.
Twisted pair / Twisted pair cable

Relative permittivity er1 3 [1] Dielectric constant / relative permittivity of the wire insulation.
Relative permittivity er2 1 [1] Dielectric constant / relative permittivity of the surrounding of the twisted pair. In case of air, set er2 = 1.
Diameter of wire D 0.002 [m] Diameter of a single wire of the twisted pair. Use the same unit for the diameter D as for twists T per unit length.
Twists T per [m] 100 [1] Twists per meter [m]. If you set the number of twists not per [m] but e.g. per [cm], you have to use [cm] as unit for diameter D.
Effective permittivity ereff ### [1] The effective dielectric constant of a stripline (traced, sandwiched between two reference planes) is equal er of the substrate.
References:
[1] Brian C. Wadell, Transmission line design handbook, Artech House Inc., 1991, pp.93-94
[2] M.Riaziat, I.J.Feng, R.Majidi-Ahy and B.A.Auld, Single-mode operation of coplanar waveguides, Electronic Letters, Vol. 23, No. 24, 19.Nov.1987, pp.1281-1283
[3] Peter Lefferson, Twisted Magnet Wire Transmission Line, IEEE Transactions on parts, hybrids, and packaging, Vol. PHP-7, No. 4, 1971 pp. 148-154
Disclaimer: Your use of this Academy of EMC Excel-Sheet indicates that you accept full responsibility for the results produced, and that you agree to indemnify and hold harmless Reto Keller, Academy of EMC, and it
assigns, for any damages that may result from its use.
Skin Effect - Academy of EMC
Version: 1.00.00.2021
Date: 2021-Jan-15
Conductors & skin effect

With higher frequency of an electrical signal the skin effect leads to an increased resistance of a conductor, because the current tends to crowd close to the outer peri-
phery. The skin depth d [m] is defined as the distance from the conductor edge where the current density has fallen to 37% (37% = 1/e = 1/2.72) of the current density
at the surface of the conductor Js [A/m2]. The current density Jd [A/m2] at distance d [m] from the conductor surface is defined as [1]:
Shielding & skin effect

Imagine an electromagnetic plane wave of field strength E0 and H0 entering an absorbing material (shield). The skin depth d [m] is the distance an electromagnetic wave
has to travel through that absorbing material until its field strength is reduced to 37% of E0 or H0 (37%=1/e). This means that the power of the plane electromagnetic wave
is lowered by 20·log10(0.37) = 9dB after it traveled the distance d [m]. The attenuation of an electromagnetic plane wave is defined like this [2]:

Current density J [A/m2]
Electric field E [V/m]
Magnetic field H [A/m]
Distance d [m]
Skin depth d [m]

Speed of light 299800000 [m/s]
Skin depth
Concuctivity s 5.8e7 [S/m] Specific conductivity [S/m] of the conductor or shield.
Relative permeability mr 1 [1] Relative permeability of the conductor or shield material
Relative permittivity er 1 [1] Relative permittivity (dielectric constant) of the conductor or shield material.
Skin depth d [mm]

Frequency Skin depth
100.0000
[Hz] [mm] [um]
10 ### ###
10.0000 100 ### ###
1,000 ### ###
10,000 ### ###
1.0000 100,000 ### ###
1,000,000 ### ###
Skin depth [mm]
10,000,000 ### ###

0.1000
100,000,000 ### ###
1,000,000,000 ### ###
0.0100 10,000,000,000 ### ###
100,000,000,000 ### ###
0.0010
0.0001
10 100 1kHz 10kHz 100kHz 1MHz 10MHz 100MHz 1GHz 10GHz 100GHz
Frequency [Hz]
HF-Resistance - round conductor

The resistance of a conductor increases with incerasing frequency, because the effective area Aeff througth which the current flows. Aeff is a function of the skin depth d. The
calculations below for a round wire (diameter D) are approximations [3][4] and ignore the return curren path (proximity effect) and assume a single conductor surrounded by air.
Relative permeability mr 1 [1] Relative permeability of conductor or shield.
Relative permittivity er 1 [1] Relative permittivity (dielectric constant) of conductor or shield.
Diameter D 1 [mm] Outer diameter D of a round conductor.
Frequency [Hz] d [mm] d' [mm] Z [1] Y [1] Aeff [mm2] Aeff [m2] r [W/m]
10 ### ### ### ### ### ### ###
20 ###
Resistance### ###RAC' [W/m]
per unit length ###
of a round### ### Diameter
conductor with ###D
100.0000 50 ### ### ### ### ### ### ###
100 ### ### ### ### ### ### ###
200 ### ### ### ### ### ### ### 1
500 ### ### ### ### ### ### ###
1,000 ### ### ### ### ### ### ###
2,000 ### ### ### ### ### ### ###
### ### ### ### ### ### ###
Resistance per unit length R' [W/m]
5,000
10.0000 10,000 ### ### ### ### ### ### ###
20,000 ### ### ### ### ### ### ###
50,000 ### ### ### ### ### ### ###
100,000 ### ### ### ### ### ### ###
200,000 ### ### ### ### ### ### ###
500,000 ### ### ### ### ### ### ###
1.0000 1,000,000 ### ### ### ### ### ### ###
2,000,000 ### ### ### ### ### ### ###
5,000,000 ### ### ### ### ### ### ###
10,000,000 ### ### ### ### ### ### ###
20,000,000 ### ### ### ### ### ### ###
50,000,000 ### ### ### ### ### ### ###
100,000,000 ### ### ### ### ### ### ###
0.1000 200,000,000 ### ### ### ### ### ### ###
500,000,000 ### ### ### ### ### ### ###
1,000,000,000 ### ### ### ### ### ### ###
2,000,000,000 ### ### ### ### ### ### ###
5,000,000,000 ### ### ### ### ### ### ###
10,000,000,000 ### ### ### ### ### ### ###
20,000,000,000 ### ### ### ### ### ### ###
0.0100
50,000,000,000 ### ### ### ### ### ### ###
10 100 ###
100,000,000,000 1kHz ### 10kHz ### 100kHz ###
1MHz ###
10MHz ###
100MHz ###
1GHz 10GHz 100GHz
Frequency [Hz]
HF-Resistance - PCB trace

The resistance of a conductor increases with incerasing frequency, because the effective area Aeff througth which the current flows. Aeff is a function of the skin depth d. The
calculations below for a PCB trace (w, h) are approximations [3][4] and ignore the return current path (proximity effect) and assume a single conductor surrounded only by air.
Relative permeability mr 1 [1] Relative permeability of conductor or shield.
Relative permittivity er 1 [1] Relative permittivity (dielectric constant) of conductor or shield.
Width w 0.25 [mm] Width w of a rectangular conductor.
Height h 0.035 [mm] Heigth h of a rectangular conductor.
A[mm ] 0.00875
2
RDC'[W/m] ###
Frequency [Hz] d [mm] w RAC'[W/m]
noI [mm] hnoI [mm] AnoI[mm2] 0 A AC[mm ] ###
2
10 ### ###
### Resistance
###
### per unit length
0.00875
### RAC' [W/m] of a PCB0trace with width
0.00875 w and heigth h
###
1000.0000 20 ### ### ### 0 0.00875 ###
50
100 ### ### ### 0 0.00875 ###
200 ### ### ### 0 0.00875 ###
500 ###
###
###
###
###
###
0 0.00875
0 0.00875
###
###
1,000 ### ### ### 0 0.00875 ###
2,000
5,000 ### ### ### 0 0.00875 ###
10,000 ###
###
###
###
###
###
0 0.00875
0 0.00875
###
###
20,000 ### ### ### 0 0.00875 ###
50,000
100,000 ### ### ### 0 0.00875 ###
Resistance per unit length R' [W/m]
###
200,000 ### ### ### 0 0.00875 ###
100.0000
500,000 ### ### ### 0 0.00875 ###
1,000,000 ### ### ### 0 0.00875 ###
2,000,000 ### ### ### 0 0.00875 ###
5,000,000 ### ### ### 0 0.00875 ###
10,000,000 ### ### 0 0.00875 ###
20,000,000 ###
###
###
###
###
###
0.00120047 ###
0.00377222 ###
###
###
50,000,000 ### ### ### 0.00515782 ### ###
100,000,000 ### ### ### 0.00617376 ### ###
200,000,000 ### ### ### 0.00710034 ### ###
500,000,000 ### ### ### 0.00757628 ### ###
1,000,000,000 ### ### ### 0.00791644 ### ###
10.0000 2,000,000,000 ### ### ### 0.00822078 ### ###
5,000,000,000 ### ### ### 0.00837506 ### ###
10,000,000,000
20,000,000,000 ###
###
###
###
###
###
0.00848452 ###
0.00858189 ###
###
###
50,000,000,000 ### ### ### 0.00863106 ### ###
100,000,000,000
1.0000
10 100 1kHz 10kHz 100kHz 1MHz 10MHz 100MHz 1GHz 10GHz 100GHz
Frequency [Hz]
References:
[1] Clayton R. Paul. Introduction to electromagnetic compatibility. John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2nd Edition, 2008, p. 273
[2] Clayton R. Paul. Introduction to electromagnetic compatibility. John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2nd Edition, 2008, pp. 925-926
[3] David Knight. Components & Materials. Resistance, resistors, and conductors. http://www.g3ynh.info/zdocs/comps/part_1.html. 2008 [02.Jan.2021]
[4] Dr. Howard Johnson, Martin Graham. High Speed Signal Propagation: Advanced Black Magic. Prentice Hall. 1997. p.155
Disclaimer: Your use of this Academy of EMC Excel-Sheet indicates that you accept full responsibility for the results produced, and that you agree to indemnify and hold harmless Reto Keller, Academy of EMC, and it assigns, for
any damages that may result from its use.
Shielding - Academy of EMC
Version: 2.00.00.2022
Date: 2022-Dec-30
Shielding theory
Shielding of electromagnetic waves is usually achieved by:
- Reflection. Let us suppose an electromagnetic wave that impinges on a shield with an intrinsic impedance ηs lower th
field is partially reflected at the shield’s outer surface, and the H-field is partially reflected at the inner surface [1].
- Absorption. When an electromagnetic wave propagates through a lossy media (like a good conductor with α > 0), the
decrease exponentially with e^(−αt), where α [1/m] is the attenuation coefficient and t [m] the shield thickness [1].
Assumptions: The shiesling effectiveness is calculated in this sheet for a plane wave in the far-field. The medium befor

Electric field E [V/m]
Magnetic field H [A/m]
Distance d [m]
Skin depth d [m]

Speed of light 299800000 [m/s]
Shielding Effectiveness
Concuctivity s 3.82E+07 [S/m] Specific conductivity [S/m] of the shield.
Thickness t 0.1 [mm] Thickness of the shield.
Relative permeability mr 1 [1] Relative permeability of the conductor or shield material.
Sh i e l d i n g Effe cti ve n e ss (SE) fo r p l a n e w a ve s i n th e fa r-fi e l d .

Me d i u m b e fo re a n d a fte r th e sh i e l d = a i r.
300
Reflection loss R
250 Absorption loss A
Multiple-reflection loss correction M
Shielding Effectiveness [dB]
200 Shielding Effectiveness SE
150
100
50
-50
10Hz 100Hz 1kHz 10kHz 100kHz 1MHz 10MHz 100MHz 1GHz 10GHz
Frequency f [Hz]
Shiel
50
-50
10Hz 100Hz 1kHz 10kHz 100kHz 1MHz 10MHz 100MHz 1GHz 10GHz
Frequency f [Hz]
Frequency [Hz] Skin depth [m] R [dB] A [dB] M [dB] Total [dB]
1.00E+01 2.58E-02 165 0 -42 123
1.10E+01 2.46E-02 165 0 -42 123
1.21E+01 2.34E-02 165 0 -41 123
1.33E+01 2.23E-02 164 0 -41 123
1.46E+01 2.13E-02 164 0 -41 123
1.61E+01 2.03E-02 163 0 -40 123
1.77E+01 1.93E-02 163 0 -40 123
1.95E+01 1.84E-02 162 0 -39 123
2.14E+01 1.76E-02 162 0 -39 123
2.36E+01 1.68E-02 162 0 -39 123
2.59E+01 1.60E-02 161 0 -38 123
2.85E+01 1.52E-02 161 0 -38 123
3.14E+01 1.45E-02 160 0 -37 123
3.45E+01 1.39E-02 160 0 -37 123
3.80E+01 1.32E-02 160 0 -36 123
4.18E+01 1.26E-02 159 0 -36 123
4.59E+01 1.20E-02 159 0 -36 123
5.05E+01 1.15E-02 158 0 -35 123
5.56E+01 1.09E-02 158 0 -35 123
6.12E+01 1.04E-02 157 0 -34 123
6.73E+01 9.93E-03 157 0 -34 123
7.40E+01 9.47E-03 157 0 -34 123
8.14E+01 9.03E-03 156 0 -33 123
8.95E+01 8.61E-03 156 0 -33 123
9.85E+01 8.20E-03 155 0 -32 123
1.08E+02 7.82E-03 155 0 -32 123
1.19E+02 7.46E-03 155 0 -32 123
1.31E+02 7.11E-03 154 0 -31 123
1.44E+02 6.78E-03 154 0 -31 123
1.59E+02 6.47E-03 153 0 -30 123
1.74E+02 6.16E-03 153 0 -30 123
1.92E+02 5.88E-03 153 0 -30 123
2.11E+02 5.60E-03 152 0 -29 123
2.32E+02 5.34E-03 152 0 -29 123
2.55E+02 5.09E-03 151 0 -28 123
2.81E+02 4.86E-03 151 0 -28 123
3.09E+02 4.63E-03 150 0 -27 123
3.40E+02 4.42E-03 150 0 -27 123
3.74E+02 4.21E-03 150 0 -27 123
4.11E+02 4.01E-03 149 0 -26 123
4.53E+02 3.83E-03 149 0 -26 123
4.98E+02 3.65E-03 148 0 -25 123
5.48E+02 3.48E-03 148 0 -25 123
6.02E+02 3.32E-03 148 0 -25 123
6.63E+02 3.16E-03 147 0 -24 123
7.29E+02 3.02E-03 147 0 -24 123
8.02E+02 2.88E-03 146 0 -23 123
8.82E+02 2.74E-03 146 0 -23 123
9.70E+02 2.61E-03 145 0 -23 123
1.07E+03 2.49E-03 145 0 -22 123
1.17E+03 2.38E-03 145 0 -22 123
1.29E+03 2.27E-03 144 0 -21 123
1.42E+03 2.16E-03 144 0 -21 123
1.56E+03 2.06E-03 143 0 -21 123
1.72E+03 1.96E-03 143 0 -20 123
1.89E+03 1.87E-03 143 0 -20 123
2.08E+03 1.79E-03 142 0 -19 123
2.29E+03 1.70E-03 142 1 -19 123
2.52E+03 1.62E-03 141 1 -19 123
2.77E+03 1.55E-03 141 1 -18 123
3.04E+03 1.48E-03 141 1 -18 123
3.35E+03 1.41E-03 140 1 -18 123
3.68E+03 1.34E-03 140 1 -17 123
4.05E+03 1.28E-03 139 1 -17 123
4.46E+03 1.22E-03 139 1 -16 123
4.90E+03 1.16E-03 138 1 -16 123
5.39E+03 1.11E-03 138 1 -16 123
5.93E+03 1.06E-03 138 1 -15 123
6.53E+03 1.01E-03 137 1 -15 123
7.18E+03 9.61E-04 137 1 -15 123
7.90E+03 9.16E-04 136 1 -14 123
8.69E+03 8.74E-04 136 1 -14 123
9.56E+03 8.33E-04 136 1 -13 123
1.05E+04 7.94E-04 135 1 -13 123
1.16E+04 7.57E-04 135 1 -13 123
1.27E+04 7.22E-04 134 1 -12 123
1.40E+04 6.88E-04 134 1 -12 123
1.54E+04 6.56E-04 133 1 -12 123
1.69E+04 6.26E-04 133 1 -11 123
1.86E+04 5.97E-04 133 1 -11 123
2.05E+04 5.69E-04 132 2 -11 123
2.25E+04 5.42E-04 132 2 -10 123
2.48E+04 5.17E-04 131 2 -10 123
2.73E+04 4.93E-04 131 2 -10 123
3.00E+04 4.70E-04 131 2 -9 123
3.30E+04 4.48E-04 130 2 -9 123
3.63E+04 4.27E-04 130 2 -9 123
3.99E+04 4.08E-04 129 2 -8 123
4.39E+04 3.89E-04 129 2 -8 123
4.83E+04 3.71E-04 129 2 -8 123
5.31E+04 3.53E-04 128 2 -7 123
5.84E+04 3.37E-04 128 3 -7 123
6.43E+04 3.21E-04 127 3 -7 123
7.07E+04 3.06E-04 127 3 -6 123
7.78E+04 2.92E-04 126 3 -6 123
8.56E+04 2.78E-04 126 3 -6 123
9.41E+04 2.65E-04 126 3 -6 123
1.04E+05 2.53E-04 125 3 -5 123
1.14E+05 2.41E-04 125 4 -5 123
1.25E+05 2.30E-04 124 4 -5 123
1.38E+05 2.19E-04 124 4 -4 123
1.52E+05 2.09E-04 124 4 -4 123
1.67E+05 1.99E-04 123 4 -4 124
1.83E+05 1.90E-04 123 5 -4 124
2.02E+05 1.81E-04 122 5 -4 124
2.22E+05 1.73E-04 122 5 -3 124
2.44E+05 1.65E-04 121 5 -3 124
2.69E+05 1.57E-04 121 6 -3 124
2.95E+05 1.50E-04 121 6 -3 124
3.25E+05 1.43E-04 120 6 -2 124
3.57E+05 1.36E-04 120 6 -2 124
3.93E+05 1.30E-04 119 7 -2 124
4.32E+05 1.24E-04 119 7 -2 124
4.76E+05 1.18E-04 119 7 -2 124
5.23E+05 1.13E-04 118 8 -2 124
5.76E+05 1.07E-04 118 8 -1 124
6.33E+05 1.02E-04 117 9 -1 125
6.97E+05 9.76E-05 117 9 -1 125
7.66E+05 9.30E-05 117 9 -1 125
8.43E+05 8.87E-05 116 10 -1 125
9.27E+05 8.46E-05 116 10 -1 125
1.02E+06 8.06E-05 115 11 -1 125
1.12E+06 7.69E-05 115 11 -1 126
1.23E+06 7.33E-05 114 12 -1 126
1.36E+06 6.99E-05 114 12 -1 126
1.49E+06 6.66E-05 114 13 0 126
1.64E+06 6.35E-05 113 14 0 127
1.81E+06 6.06E-05 113 14 0 127
1.99E+06 5.78E-05 112 15 0 127
2.19E+06 5.51E-05 112 16 0 128
2.40E+06 5.25E-05 112 17 0 128
2.65E+06 5.01E-05 111 17 0 128
2.91E+06 4.77E-05 111 18 0 129
3.20E+06 4.55E-05 110 19 0 129
3.52E+06 4.34E-05 110 20 0 130
3.87E+06 4.14E-05 109 21 0 130
4.26E+06 3.95E-05 109 22 0 131
4.69E+06 3.76E-05 109 23 0 132
5.15E+06 3.59E-05 108 24 0 132
5.67E+06 3.42E-05 108 25 0 133
6.24E+06 3.26E-05 107 27 0 134
6.86E+06 3.11E-05 107 28 0 135
7.55E+06 2.96E-05 107 29 0 136
8.30E+06 2.83E-05 106 31 0 137
9.13E+06 2.69E-05 106 32 0 138
1.00E+07 2.57E-05 105 34 0 139
1.10E+07 2.45E-05 105 36 0 140
1.22E+07 2.34E-05 105 37 0 142
1.34E+07 2.23E-05 104 39 0 143
1.47E+07 2.12E-05 104 41 0 145
1.62E+07 2.02E-05 103 43 0 146
1.78E+07 1.93E-05 103 45 0 148
1.96E+07 1.84E-05 102 47 0 150
2.15E+07 1.75E-05 102 50 0 152
2.37E+07 1.67E-05 102 52 0 154
2.61E+07 1.60E-05 101 55 0 156
2.87E+07 1.52E-05 101 57 0 158
3.15E+07 1.45E-05 100 60 0 160
3.47E+07 1.38E-05 100 63 0 163
3.81E+07 1.32E-05 100 66 0 166
4.20E+07 1.26E-05 99 69 0 168
4.62E+07 1.20E-05 99 73 0 171
5.08E+07 1.14E-05 98 76 0 174
5.58E+07 1.09E-05 98 80 0 178
6.14E+07 1.04E-05 97 84 0 181
6.76E+07 9.91E-06 97 88 0 185
7.43E+07 9.44E-06 97 92 0 189
8.18E+07 9.01E-06 96 97 0 193
8.99E+07 8.59E-06 96 101 0 197
9.89E+07 8.19E-06 95 106 0 202
1.09E+08 7.81E-06 95 111 0 206
1.20E+08 7.44E-06 95 117 0 211
1.32E+08 7.10E-06 94 123 0 217
1.45E+08 6.77E-06 94 129 0 222
1.59E+08 6.45E-06 93 135 0 228
1.75E+08 6.15E-06 93 141 0 234
1.93E+08 5.86E-06 93 148 0 241
2.12E+08 5.59E-06 92 156 0 248
2.33E+08 5.33E-06 92 163 0 255
2.57E+08 5.08E-06 91 171 0 262
2.82E+08 4.85E-06 91 180 0 270
3.11E+08 4.62E-06 90 188 0 279
3.42E+08 4.41E-06 90 197 0 287
3.76E+08 4.20E-06 90 207 0 297
4.13E+08 4.01E-06 89 217 0 306
4.55E+08 3.82E-06 89 228 0 317
5.00E+08 3.64E-06 88 239 0 327
5.50E+08 3.47E-06 88 251 0 339
6.05E+08 3.31E-06 88 263 0 350
6.66E+08 3.16E-06 87 276 0 363
7.32E+08 3.01E-06 87 289 0 376
8.05E+08 2.87E-06 86 303 0 389
8.86E+08 2.74E-06 86 318 0 404
9.75E+08 2.61E-06 85 334 0 419
1.07E+09 2.49E-06 85 350 0 435
1.18E+09 2.37E-06 85 367 0 452
1.30E+09 2.26E-06 84 385 0 469
1.43E+09 2.16E-06 84 404 0 487
1.57E+09 2.06E-06 83 423 0 507
1.73E+09 1.96E-06 83 444 0 527
1.90E+09 1.87E-06 83 466 0 548
2.09E+09 1.78E-06 82 488 0 570
2.30E+09 1.70E-06 82 512 0 594
2.53E+09 1.62E-06 81 537 0 618
2.78E+09 1.54E-06 81 563 0 644
3.06E+09 1.47E-06 81 591 0 671
3.36E+09 1.40E-06 80 620 0 700
3.70E+09 1.34E-06 80 650 0 730
4.07E+09 1.28E-06 79 682 0 761
4.48E+09 1.22E-06 79 715 0 794
4.93E+09 1.16E-06 78 750 0 828
5.42E+09 1.11E-06 78 786 0 864
5.96E+09 1.05E-06 78 825 0 902
6.56E+09 1.01E-06 77 865 0 942
7.21E+09 9.59E-07 77 907 0 984
7.93E+09 9.14E-07 76 952 0 1028
8.73E+09 8.72E-07 76 998 0 1074
9.60E+09 8.31E-07 76 1047 0 1122
1.06E+10 7.92E-07 75 1098 0 1173
[1] Sergei Alexander Schelkunoff. Electromagnetic Waves. D. van Nostrand Company Inc., 1943, pp. 303–312.
[2] Clayton R. Paul. Introduction to electromagnetic compatibility. John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2nd Edition, 2008, pp. 925-926
[3] David Knight. Components & Materials. Resistance, resistors, and conductors. http://www.g3ynh.info/zdocs/comps/pa
[4] Dr. Howard Johnson, Martin Graham. High Speed Signal Propagation: Advanced Black Magic. Prentice Hall. 1997. p.15
Disclaimer: Your use of this Academy of EMC Excel-Sheet indicates that you accept full responsibility for the results produced, and that you agree to indemn
damages that may result from its use.
ng theory
intrinsic impedance ηs lower than the wave impedance Zw: |ηs| < |Zw|. In that case, the E-
d at the inner surface [1].
good conductor with α > 0), the amplitudes of the electric E-field and the magnetic H-field
m] the shield thickness [1].
the far-field. The medium before and after the shield is air.
Effectiveness
conductor or shield material.
Hz 1GHz 10GHz
Hz 1GHz 10GHz
, 1943, pp. 303–312.
2nd Edition, 2008, pp. 925-926
www.g3ynh.info/zdocs/comps/part_1.html. 2008 [02.Jan.2021]
Magic. Prentice Hall. 1997. p.155
produced, and that you agree to indemnify and hold harmless Reto Keller, Academy of EMC, and it assigns, for any
Electromagnetic Radiation from Differential-Mode Current in Small Current Loops - Academy of EMC
Version: 1.00.00.2021 Physical constants

Author: Reto Keller, Academy of EMC Speed of light c
Date: 2021-Dec-24 Permittivity of vacuum e0
Permeability of vacuum m0
Assumptions: (1)Distance d = in the far-field. (2) Current loop circumference < l/4.

Calculation of the wavelength l for a given frequency f and vice versa of an electromagnetic wave in a media with er and
Relative permittivity er 1.00 [1] Wavelength depends on relative permittivity er (set 1 for air)
Relative permeability mr 1.00 [1] Wavelength depends on relative permeability mr (set 1 for air)
Frequency f 3.00E+07 [Hz] Frequency of the sinusoidal (harmonic) signal
Current loop length l 1.0000 [m]
Current loop width w 0.0013 [m]
IDM is known (Paul, Ott) Value Unit Remark
Differential-mode current IDM 0.02000 [A] Differential current through small current loop
VDM, Z are known (Hubing) Value Unit Remark
Differential-mode voltage VDM 3.30 [V] Effective value of the differential voltage of small current loop (of the sinus
Current loop imbedance Z 160.00 [W] Impedance of small current loop
Differential-mode current IDM 0.02062 [A] Calculated current based on VDM and Z
Calculated parameters Value Unit Remark
Wavelength l 9.993 [m] Wavelength of signal based on frequency f and er and mr above
Quarter wavelength l/4 2.498 [m] Cable should be shorter than that, otherwise the assumptions are not vali
Phase constant b 0.629 [1/m]
Intrinsic impedance h 376.734 [W] Intrinsic impedance of medium around small current loop (typ. 377W)
d [m] EDM-Paul [V/m] [1] EDM-Ott [V/m] [2]

1 3.01E-04 6.01E-04
3 1.00E-04 2.00E-04
10 3.01E-05 6.01E-05
100 3.01E-06 6.01E-06
1000 3.01E-07 6.01E-07
d [m] EDM-Paul [dBuV/m] [1] EDM-Ott [dBuV/m] [2]
1 49.57 55.58
3 40.03 46.04
10 29.57 35.58
100 9.57 15.58
1000 -10.43 -4.42
References:
[1] Clayton R. Paul. Introduction to electromagnetic compatibility. John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2nd Edition, 2008, p. 510
[2] Henry W. Ott, Electromagnetic Compatibility Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2009, p. 467
[3] Dr. Todd H. Hubing, https://learnemc.com/electromagnetic-radiation, Learn EMC, 2021-12-24
ops - Academy of EMC
Value Unit
299800000 [m/s]
8.854E-12 [F/m]
1.25663706144E-06 [H/m]
netic wave in a media with er and mr.
mittivity er (set 1 for air)

meability mr (set 1 for air)
age of small current loop (of the sinusoidal harmonic)
uency f and er and mr above

therwise the assumptions are not valid any more.
nd small current loop (typ. 377W)
EDM-Hubing [V/m] [3] Remark

3.10E-04 Hubing shows very high
1.03E-04 values for high-impedance
3.10E-05 circuits (>377W). Ott is
double the Paul value,
3.10E-06 because Ott accounts for
3.10E-07 reflections of infinite ground
EDM-Hubing [dBuV/m] [3] plane. Hubing matches the
49.84 Paul values for low-
impedance circuits (<377W).
40.30
29.84
9.84
-10.16
., 2nd Edition, 2008, p. 510

Electromagnetic Radiation from Common-Mode Current in Short Cables - Academy of EMC
Version: 1.00.00.2022
Date: 2022-Dec-30
Physical constants Value

Speed of light c 299800000
Permittivity of vacuum e0 8.854E-12
Permeability of vacuum m0 1.25663706143592E-06
Antenna gain l/2 dipole 1.64
Antenna gain l/4 monopole 3.28
Radiation resistance l/2 dipole 73
Radiation resistance l/4 monopole 36.5
Assumptions: Distance d = in the far-field.

Calculation of the wavelength l for a given frequency f and ivce versa of an electromagnetic wave in a media with er and
Input parameters Value
Relative permittivity er 1.00
Relative permeability mr 1.00
Frequency f 2.00E+08
Cable length l 1.0000
ICM is known (Paul, Ott) Value
Common-mode current ICM 8.00E-06
Calculated parameters Value
Wavelength l 1.499
Quarter wavelength l/4 0.375
Phase constant b 4.192
Intrinsic impedance h 376.734
Common-mode voltage VCM for l/2 5.84E-04
Common-mode voltage VCM for l/4 2.92E-04
Cable factor 1.00E+00
Cable length l < l/4.
E in semi-anechoic chamber
E in free-space [1]
(reflective ground plane) [2]
d [m] ECM,free-space [V/m] [1] ECM,semi-anechoic [V/m] [2]

1 1.00E-03 2.02E-03
3 3.35E-04 6.72E-04
10 1.00E-04 2.02E-04
100 1.00E-05 2.02E-05
1000 1.00E-06 2.02E-06
d [m] ECM,free-space [dBuV/m] [1] ECM,semi-anechoic [dBuV/m] [2]
1 60.04 66.09
3 50.50 56.55
10 40.04 46.09
100 20.04 26.09
1000 0.04 6.09
References:
[1] Clayton R. Paul. Introduction to electromagnetic compatibility. John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2nd Edition, 2008, p. 521, 526
[2] Henry W. Ott, Electromagnetic Compatibility Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2009, p. 478
[3] Dr. Changyi Su, Development of Reduced Complexity Models for Electromagnetic Modeling, Clemson University, 2011
t Cables - Academy of EMC
Unit
[m/s]
[F/m]
[H/m]
[1]
[1]
W
W
f an electromagnetic wave in a media with er and mr.

Unit Remark
[1] Wavelength depends on relative permittivity er (set 1 for air)
[1] Wavelength depends on relative permeability mr (set 1 for air)
[Hz] Frequency of the sinusoidal (harmonic) signal
[m] Cable length l
Unit Remark
[A] Common current along the short cable.
Unit Remark
[m] Wavelength of signal based on frequency f and er and mr above
[m] Attention: For some estimations, cable should be shorter than that l/4.
[1/m]
[W] Intrinsic impedance of medium around small current loop (typ. 377W)
[V] Common-mode voltage VCM for the l/2 dipole antenna with current ICM
[V] Common-mode voltage VCM for the l/4 monopole antenna with current ICM
[1] Calbe factor, necessary for the Imbalance Difference Method (IDM)
Cable at maximum resonance!

Cable length l = nl/4.
Emax in semi-anechoic chamber

Emax in free-space [1]
(reflective ground plane) [1]
ECM,free-space [V/m] [1] ECM,semi-anechoic,max [V/m] [1]

4.79E-04 9.59E-04
1.60E-04 3.20E-04
4.79E-05 9.59E-05
4.79E-06 9.59E-06
4.79E-07 9.59E-07
ECM,free-space [V/m] [1] ECM,semi-anechoic,max [dBuV/m] [1]
53.61 59.63
44.07 50.09
33.61 39.63
13.61 19.63
-6.39 -0.37
Wiley & Sons Inc., 2nd Edition, 2008, p. 521, 526
y & Sons, Inc., 2009, p. 478
ctromagnetic Modeling, Clemson University, 2011, p. 48
tive permittivity er (set 1 for air)
tive permeability mr (set 1 for air)
harmonic) signal
on frequency f and er and mr above

ons, cable should be shorter than that l/4.
m around small current loop (typ. 377W)

or the l/2 dipole antenna with current ICM
or the l/4 monopole antenna with current ICM
he Imbalance Difference Method (IDM)
Cable connected to PCB and

infinite ground plane.
Any cable length l.
Emax [3]
ECM-IDM-max [V/m] [3]

1.02E-03
3.40E-04
1.02E-04
1.02E-05
1.02E-06
ECM-IDM-max [V/m] [3]
60.18
50.64
40.18
20.18
0.18
Electromagnetic Radiation and Field Strength for EMC Immunity Testing - Academy of EMC
Version: 1.00.00.2020 Physical constants Value Unit

Author: Reto Keller, Academy of EMC Speed of light c 299800000 [m/s]
Date: 2020-May-05 Permittivity of vacuum e0 8.854E-12 [F/m]
Assumptions: Medium = air. Distance d = in the far-field

Frequency f [Hz]
Wavelength l [m]
Relative permittivity er [1]
Relative permeability mr [1]
EIRP [mW], [dBm]
ERP [mW], [dBm]
Antenna gain transmitter Gt [dBi]
Antenna gain receiver Gr [dBi]

Calculation of the wavelength l for a given frequency f and ivce versa of an electromagnetic wave in a media with er and mr.
Relative permittivity er 1 [1] Wavelength depends on relative permittivity er (set 1 for air)
Relative permeability mr 1 [1] Wavelength depends on relative permeability mr (set 1 for air)
Known input values f [Hz] l [m] Remark
Frequency f 1000e6 f [Hz] 0.2998 Set er and mr above
Wavelength l 0.141 [m] ### Set er and mr above
[A] Sum of all common-mode current through a cable
Differential-mode current [A]
Cable length
d [m] ECM [V/m] EDM [V/m]
1
3
10
100
1000
Radiated Power Calculator

EIRP [mW] EIRP [dBm] ERP [mW] ERP [dBm] [dBuV/m] @ [dBuV/m] @ 10m
More will follow
Disclaimer: Your use of this Academy of EMC Excel-Sheet indicates that you accept full
responsibility for the results produced, and that you agree to indemnify and hold harmless Reto
P transmitter
Initial Maximum
Magnetic Magnetic Coercivity
Permeability Permeability Hc [A/m]
mri [1] mrm [1]
Aluminum (Al) 1,000 020 8 -- --
Barium (Ba) 1,000 006 94 -- --
Beryllium (Be) 1,000 000 79 -- --
Bismuth (Bi) 0,999 843 2 -- --
Brass (66Cu 34Zn) ≈1 -- --
Bronze (4Sn 0.5P, balance Cu) ≈1 -- --
Cadmium (Cd) ≈1 -- --
Chromium (Cr) 1,000 278 -- --
Cobalt (Co) 60 250 --
Copper (Cu) 0,999 990 4 -- --
Ferrite core (MnZn), typical, f<1MHz 1 000…20 000 -- --
Ferrite core (NiZn), typical, f<100MHz 15…300 -- --
Gold (Au) 0,999 999 81 -- --
Hypernik (50Fe 50Ni) 4,000 70,000 4
Iron (99,8Fe), ingot 150 5,000 80
Iron (97Fe 3Si), unoriented 270 8,000 60
Iron (97Fe 3Si), grain oriented 1,400 50,000 7
Lead (Pb) 0,999 999 85 -- --
Magnesium (Mg) 1 ,000 017 4 -- --
Metglas 2605SC (81Fe 13B 3,5Si 2C) -- 210,000 14
Metglas 2605S-3 (79Fe 16B 5Si) -- 30,000 8
Mild steel (0,2-0,4C) 100 2,000 200
Mumetal (77Ni 16Fe 5Cu 2Cr) 20,000 350,000 4
Nickel (Ni) 50 1,000 --
Nickel Iron Alloy 4750 (48Ni 52Fe) 11,000 80,000 2
Permalloy 4-79 (79Ni 4Mo 17Fe) 40,000 200,000 1
Permendur (50Fe 50Co) 500 6,000 160
Permendur 2V (49Co 51Fe 2V) 800 8,000 160
Platinum (Pt) 1 ,000 257 -- --
Sendust (85Fe 10Si 5Al), magn. powder 36,000 120,000 1.6
Silver (Ag) 0,999 999 81 -- --
Stainless steel (302, 304) 1.003…5 -- --
Stainless steel (316) 1.003…1.01 -- --
Stainless steel (410) -- 750 480
Stainless steel (430) -- 1,800 160
Steel (SAE 1045) -- 1,000 --
Steel low carbon (99,5Fe) 200 4,000 100
Supermalloy (80Ni 5Mo 15Fe) 80,000 450,000 0.4
Supermendur (49Co 2V 49Fe) -- 100,000 16
Titanium (Ti) 1,000 18 -- --
Tin (Sn) ≈1 -- --
Tungsten (W) ≈1 -- --
Waster, distilled 0,999 990 97 -- --
Wood, dry 0,999 999 5 -- --
Zinc (Zn) 0,999 975 93 -- --
Disclaimer: Your use of this Academy of EMC Excel-Sheet indicates that you accept full responsibility for the results produced, and that you agree to indemnify a
Relative
Electrical Electrical
Retentivity conductiviy
Bmax [T] Resistance Conductivity
Br [T] to copper
ϱ [Ωm] s [S/m]
sr [1]
-- -- 2.62E-08 3.82E+07 0.66
-- -- -- -- --
-- -- 4.57E-08 2.19E+07 0.38
-- -- 1.15E-06 8.70E+05 0.01
-- -- 3.91E-08 2.56E+07 0.44
-- -- 9.43E-08 1.06E+07 0.18
-- -- 7.52E-08 1.33E+07 0.23
-- -- 2.60E-08 3.85E+07 0.66
-- -- 9.71E-08 1.03E+07 0.18
-- -- 1.72E-08 5.82E+07 1
-- 0.4 0.1…25 0,04…10 --
-- 0.3 1…20E+05 0,05E-05…1E-05 --
-- -- 2.13E-08 4.70E+07 0.81
-- 1.6
0.77 2.14 1.00E-07 1.00E+07 0.17
-- 2.01 4.69E-07 2.13E+06 0.04
1.2 2.01 5.00E-07 2.00E+06 0.03
-- -- 2.19E-07 4.57E+06 0.08
-- -- 4.46E-08 2.24E+07 0.38
1.46 1.6 1.25E-06 8.00E+05 1.37E-02
0.3 1.58 1.25E-06 8.00E+05 1.37E-02
-- -- 1.49E-07 6.70E+06 0.12
-- 0.75 4.69E-07 2.13E+06 0.04
-- -- 6.90E-08 1.45E+07 0.25
-- 1.55 4.81E-07 2.08E+06 0.04
-- 0.8 5.81E-07 1.72E+06 0.03
-- 2.46
-- 2.3 4.00E-07 2.50E+06 0.04
-- -- 1.06E-07 9.40E+06 0.16
-- 0.89 -- -- --
-- -- 1.62E-08 6.17E+07 1.06
-- -- 7.09E-07 1.41E+06 0.02
-- -- 7.09E-07 1.41E+06 0.02
-- -- 5.92E-07 1.69E+06 0.03
-- -- 5.92E-07 1.69E+06 0.03
-- -- 1.62E-07 6.17E+06 0.11
-- 2.14 1.20E-07 8.33E+06 0.14
-- 0.78 6.49E-07 1.54E+06 0.03
2 2.3 2.60E-07 3.85E+06 0.07
-- -- 4.78E-07 2.09E+06 0.04
-- -- 1.14E-07 8.77E+06 0.15
-- -- 5.49E-08 1.82E+07 0.31
-- -- 1.00E+04 1.00E-04 1.72E-12
-- -- 1E+09…1E+13 1E-13…1E-09 --
-- -- 6.10E-08 1.64E+07 0.28
uced, and that you agree to indemnify and hold harmless Reto Keller, Academy of EMC, and it assigns, for any damages that may result from its use.
Source
Taschenbuch Physik, Horst Kuchling, 17. Edition, 2001

Engineering Electromagnetics, William H Hayt Jr., 5. edition, 1988
Reference Data For Engineers, 9. Edition, 2002
http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/general_physics/2_6/2_6_6.html
Table 2.2
http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/general_physics/2_6/2_6_6.html
Table 2.2
Table 2.2
Table 2.2
Engineering Electromagnetics, William H. Hayt, 1988
https://www.cartech.com/en/alloy-techzone/technical-information/technical-articles/magnetic-properties-of-stainless-steels
https://www.cartech.com/en/alloy-techzone/technical-information/technical-ar
https://www.cartech.com/en/alloy-techzone/technical-information/technical-articles/magnetic-properties-of-stainless-steels
https://www.cartech.com/en/alloy-techzone/technical-information/technical-ar
Electromagnetic Compatibility Engineering, Henry W. Ott, 2009
Engineering Electromagnetics, William H. Hayt, 1988
result from its use.

Reference data for engineers, 9. edition, 2002
Table 2.2
Catalog mU-2 ©2012 MAGNETIC SHIELD CORPORATION
Compiled by the Collaboration for NDT Education, March 2002 https://www.nde-ed.org/GeneralResources/MaterialP

n/technical-articles/magnetic-properties-of-stainless-steels

GeneralResources/MaterialProperties/ET/Conductivity_Iron.pdf
Disspation Factor = Loss Tange
Dielectric Constant εr = Permittivity εr [1] whereas the Loss Angle d =
Material
60Hz 1kHz 1MHz 100MHz 3GHz 25GHz 60Hz 1kHz
Ceramics:
Aluminum oxide - 8.83 8.8 8.8 8.79 - - 0.00057
Barium titanate 1250 1200 1143 - 600 100 0.056 0.013
Calcium titanate 168 167.7 167.7 167.7 165 - 0.006 0.00044
Magnesium oxide - 9.65 9.65 9.65 - - - <0,0003
Magnesium silicate 6 5.98 5.97 5.96 5.9 - 0.012 0.0034
Magnesium titanate - 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.8 13.7 - 0.0011
Oxides of Al, Si, Mg, Ca, Ba - 6.04 6.04 - 5.9 - - 0.0019
Porcelain (dry process) 5.5 5.36 5.08 5.04 - - 0.03 0.014
Steatite 410 5.77 5.77 5.77 5.77 5.7 - - 0.003
Strontium titanate - 233 232 232 - - - 0.0011
Titanium dioxide (rutile) - 100 100 100 - - - 0.0015
Glasses:
Iron-sealing glass 8.41 8.38 8.3 8.2 7.99 7.84 - 0.0004
Soda-borosilicate 4.97 4.84 4.84 4.82 4.65 - 0.0055
100% silicon dioxide (fused quartz) 3.78 3.78 3.78 3.78 3.78 3.78 0.0009 0.00075
Plastics:
Alkyd resin - 5.1 4.76 4.55 4.5 - 0.0236
Cellulose acetate-butyrate, plasticized 3.6 3.48 3.3 3.08 2.91 - 0.0045 0.0097
Cresylic acid-formaldehyde, 50% a-cellulose 5.45 4.95 4.51 3.85 3.43 3.21 0.098 0.033
Cross-linked polystyrene 2.59 2.59 2.58 2.58 2.58 - 0.0004 0.0005
Epoxy resin (Araldite CN-501) - 3.67 3.62 3.35 3.09 - - 0.0024
Epoxy resin (Epon resin RN-48) - 3.63 3.52 3.32 3.04 - - 0.0038
Foamed polystyrene, 0.25% filler 1.03 1.03 1.03 - 1.03 1.03 <0,0002 <0,0001
Melamine-formaldehyde, a-cellulose - 7.57 7 6 4.93 - - 0.0122
Melamine-formaldehyde, 55% filler - 6 5.75 5.5 - - - 0.0119
Phenol-formaldehyde (Bakelite BM 120) 4.9 4.74 4.36 3.95 3.7 3.55 0.08 0.022
Phenol-formaldehyde, 50% paperlaminate 5.25 5.15 4.6 4.04 3.57 - 0.025 0.0165
Phenol-formaldehyde, 65% mica, 4% lubricants 5.1 5.03 4.78 4.72 4.71 - 0.015 0.0104
Polycarbonate (PC) - 3.17 3.02 2.96 - - 0.009 0.0021
Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) 2.72 2.63 2.42 2.32 2.29 2.28 0.015 0.027
Polyethylene (PE) 2.26 2.26 2.26 2.26 2.26 2.26 <0,0002 <0,0002
Polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) 3.16 3.12 2.98 - - - 0.0021 0.0047
Polyethylmethacrylate (PEMA) - 2.75 2.55 2.52 2.51 2.5 - 0.0294
Polyhexamethylene-adipamid (nylon) 3.7 3.5 3.14 3 2.84 2.73 0.018 0.0186
Polyimide (PI) - 3.5 3.4 - - - - 0.002
Polyisobutylene (PIB) 2.23 2.23 2.23 2.23 2.23 - 0.0004 0.0001
Polymer 95% vinyl-chloride (PVC), 5% vinyl-acetate - 3.15 2.9 2.8 2.74 - - 0.0165
Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) 3.45 3.12 2.76 - 2.6 - 0.064 0.0465
Polyphenylene oxide (PPE) 2.55 2.55 2.55 - 2.55 - 0.0004 0.0003
Polypropylene (PP) 2.25 2.25 2.55 - - - <0,0005 <0,0005
Polystyrene (PS) 2.56 2.56 2.56 2.55 2.55 2.54 <0,00005 <0,00005
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, teflon) 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.08 <0,0005 <0,0003
Polyvinylcyclohexane (PVCH) - 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 - - 0.0002
Polyvinyl formal (PVF) 3.2 3.12 2.92 2.8 2.76 2.7 0.003 0.01
Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) 8.4 8 6.6 - - - 0.049 0.018
Urea-formaldehyde, cellulose 6.6 6.2 5.65 5.1 4.57 - 0.032 0.024
Urethane elastomer (PUR) 6,7-7,5 6,7-7,5 6,5-7,1 - - - 0.016 0.055
Vinylidene-vinyl chloride copolymer (PVDC) 5 4.65 3.18 2.82 2.71 - 0.042 0.063
100% aniline-formaldehyde (Dilecteue-100) 3.7 3.68 3.58 3.5 3.44 - 0.0033 0.0032
100% phenol-formaldehyde 8.6 7.15 5.4 4.4 3.64 - 0.15 0.082
100% polyvinyl-chloride (PVC) 3.2 3.1 2.88 2.85 2.84 - 0.0115 0.0185
Disspation Factor = Loss Tange
Dielectric Constant εr = Permittivity εr [1]
Material whereas the Loss Angle d =
60Hz 1kHz 1MHz 100MHz 3GHz 25GHz 60Hz 1kHz
Organic Liquids:
Aviation gasoline (100 octane) - - 1.94 1.94 1.92 - - -
Benzene (pure, dried) 2.28 2.28 2.28 2.28 2.28 2.28 <0,0001 <0,0001
Carbon tetrachloride (freon 10) 2.17 2.17 2.17 2.17 2.17 - 0.007 0.0008
Ethyl alcohol (absolute) - - 24.5 23.7 6.5 - - -
Ethylene glycol - - 41 41 12 - - -
Jet fuel (P-3) - - 2.08 2.08 2.04 - - -
Methyl alcohol (absolute analytical grade) - - 31 31 23.9 - - -
Methyl or ethyl siloxane polymer (1000 cs) 2.78 2.78 2.78 - 2.74 0.0001 0.00008
Monomeric styrene 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 0.01 0.005
Transil oil 2.22 2.22 2.22 2.2 2.18 - 0.001 <0,00001
Vaseline 2.16 2.16 2.16 2.16 2.16 - 0.0004 0.0002
Waxes:
Beeswax, yellow 2.76 2.66 2.53 2.45 2.39 - - 0.014
Dichloronaphthalenes 3.14 3.04 2.98 2.93 2.89 - 0.1 0.011
Polybutene (PB) 2.34 2.34 2.34 2.3 2.27 - 0.0002 0.0003
Vegetable and mineral waxes 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.25 - 0.0009 0.0006
Rubbers:
Butyl rubber 2.39 2.38 2.35 2.35 2.35 - 0.0034 0.0035
GR-S rubber 2.96 2.96 2.9 2.82 2.75 - 0.0008 0.0024
Gutta-percha 2.61 2.6 2.53 2.47 2.4 - 0.0005 0.0004
Hevea rubber (pale crepe) 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.15 - 0.003 0.0018
Hevea rubber, vulcanized 2.94 2.94 2.74 2.42 2.36 - 0.005 0.0024
Neoprene rubber (Polychloroprene) 6.7 6.6 6.26 4.5 4 4 0.018 0.011
Organic polysulfide, fillers - 2260 110 30 16 13.6 - 1.29
Silicone-rubber compound - 3.35 3.2 3.16 3.13 - - 0.0067
Woods:
Balsa wood 1.4 1.4 1.37 1.3 1.22 - 0.058 0.004
Douglas fir 2.05 2 1.93 1.88 1.82 1.78 0.004 0.008
Douglas fir, plywood 2.1 2.1 1.9 - - 1.6 0.012 0.0105
Mahogany 2.42 2.4 2.25 2.07 1.88 1.6 0.008 0.012
Yellow birch 2.9 2.88 2.7 2.47 2.13 1.87 0.007 0.009
Yellow poplar 1.85 1.79 1.75 - 1.5 1.4 0.004 0.0054
Miscellaneous:
Amber (fossil resin) 2.7 2.7 2.65 - 2.6 - 0.001 0.0018
DeKhotinsky cement 3.95 3.75 3.23 - 2.96 - 0.049 0.0335
Gilsonite (99.9% natural bitumen) 2.69 2.66 2.58 2.56 - - 0.006 0.0035
Shellac (natural XL) 3.87 3.81 3.47 3.1 2.86 - 0.006 0.0074
Mica, glass-bonded - 7.45 7.39 - - - - 0.0019
Mica, glass, titanium dioxide - 9.3 9 - - - - 0.125
Ruby mica 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 - 0.005 0.0006
Paper, royal grey 3.3 3.29 2.99 2.77 2.7 - 0.01 0.0077
Selenium (amorphous) - 6 6 6 6 6 - 0.0004
Asbestos fiber-chrysotile paper - 4.8 3.1 - - - - 0.15
Sodium chloride (fresh crystals) - 5.9 5.9 - - - - <0,0001
Soil, sandy dry - 2.91 2.59 2.55 2.55 - - 0.08
Soil, loamy dry - 2.83 2.53 2.48 2.44 - - 0.05
Ice (from pure distilled water, -12°C) - - 4.15 3.45 3.2 - - -
Freshly fallen snow (-20°C) - 3.33 1.2 1.2 1.2 - - 0.492
Hard-packed snow followed by light rain (-6°C) - - 1.55 - 1.5 - - -
Water (distilled) - 78.2 78 76.7 34 - -
References:
[1] Reference Data for Engineers, Newens, 9th Edition, 2002, pages: 4-40 to 4-23
Disclaimer: Your use of this Academy of EMC Excel-Sheet indicates that you accept full responsibility for the results produced, and that you agree to indemnify a
Disspation Factor = Loss Tangent tan(d) [1]
whereas the Loss Angle d = s/(ew) [1]
1MHz 100MHz 3GHz 25GHz
0.00033 0.0003 0.001 -

0.0105 - 0.3 0.6
0.0002 - 0.0023 -
<0,0003 <0,0003 - -
0.0005 0.0004 0.0012 -
0.0004 0.0005 0.0017 0.0065
0.0011 - 0.0024 -
0.0075 0.0078 - -
0.0007 0.0006 0.00089 -
0.0002 0.0001 - -
0.0003 0.00025 - -
0.0005 0.0009 0.00199 0.0112

0.0036 0.003 0.0054 0.009
0.0001 0.0002 0.00006 0.00025
0.0149 0.0138 0.0108 -

0.018 0.017 0.028 -
0.036 0.055 0.051 0.038
0.0016 0.002 0.0019 -
0.019 0.034 0.027 -
0.0142 0.0264 0.021 -
<0,0002 - 0.0001 -
0.041 0.085 0.103 -
0.0115 0.02 - -
0.028 0.038 0.0438 0.039
0.034 0.057 0.06 -
0.0082 0.0115 0.0126 -
0.01 - - -
0.0082 - 0.0028 0.0053
<0,0002 0.0002 0.00031 0.0006
0.016 - - -
0.009 0.0075 0.0083
0.0218 0.02 0.0117 0.0105
0.003 - - -
0.0001 0.0003 0.00047 -
0.015 0.008 0.0059 -
0.014 - 0.0057 -
0.0007 - 0.0011 -
<0,0005 - - -
0.00007 <0,0001 0.00033 0.0012
<0,0002 <0,0002 0.00015 0.0006
<0,0002 <0,0002 0.00018 -
0.019 0.013 0.0113 0.0115
0.17 - - -
0.027 0.05 0.0555 -
- - - -
0.057 0.018 0.0072 -
0.0061 0.0033 0.0026 -
0.06 0.077 0.052 -
0.016 0.0081 0.0055 -
Disspation Factor = Loss Tangent tan(d) [1]
whereas the Loss Angle d = s/(ew) [1]
1MHz 100MHz 3GHz 25GHz
- 0.0001 0.0014 -
<0,0001 <0,0001 <0,0001 <0,0001
<0,00004 <0,0002 0.0004 -
0.09 0.062 0.25 -
-0.03 0.045 1 -
0.0001 - 0.0055 -
0.2 0.038 0.64 -
<0,0003 - 0.0096 -
<0,0003 - 0.002 -
<0,0005 0.0048 0.0028 -
<0,0001 <0,0004 0.00066 -
0.0092 0.009 0.0075 -

0.0003 0.0017 0.0037 -
0.00133 0.00133 0.0009 -
0.0004 0.0004 0.00046 -
0.001 0.001 0.0009 -

0.012 0.008 0.0057 -
0.0042 0.012 0.006 -
0.0018 0.005 0.003 -
0.0446 0.018 0.0047 -
0.038 0.09 0.034 0.025
0.39 0.28 0.22 0.1
0.003 0.0032 0.0097 -
0.012 0.0135 0.1 -

0.026 0.033 0.027 0.032
0.023 - - 0.022
0.025 0.032 0.025 0.02
0.029 0.04 0.033 0.026
0.019 - 0.015 0.017
0.0056 - 0.009 -
0.024 - 0.021 -
0.0016 0.0011 - -
0.031 0.03 0.0254 -
0.0013 - - -
0.0026 - 0.004 -
0.0003 0.0002 0.0003 -
0.038 0.066 0.056 -
<0,0003 <0,0002 0.00018 0.0013
0.025 - - -
<0,0002 - - <0,0005
0.017 - 0.0062 -
0.018 - 0.0011 -
0.12 0.035 0.0009 -
0.0215 - 0.00029 -
0.29 - 0.0009 -
0.04 0.005 0.157 0.265
and that you agree to indemnify and hold harmless Reto

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Decibel ⇄ Linear in Cable-Systems - Academy of EMC

Physical quantity Unit

Input parameters Value Unit Remark

This field strength calculator converts different field strength units.

Physical quantity Unit Physical constants Value Unit

Input parameters Value Unit Remark

Ideal Electrical Hertzian Dipole vs. Real Antennas

Electrically small antennas (D<l/2)

Electrically large antennas (D>l/2)

Physical quantity Unit Physical constants Value Unit

Input parameters Value Unit Remark

Reactive Near Reactive Near Radiative Near

Physical quantity Unit Remark

Degree of Power Power

Input parameters Value Unit Remark

Physical constants Value Unit

Input parameters Value Unit Remark

Wavelength l [m] vs. Frequency f [Hz]

Input parameters Value Unit Remark

Coplanar waveguide with reference plane

Input parameters Value Unit Remark

Input parameters Value Unit Remark

Parallel wires / Ribbon cable

Input parameters Value Unit Remark

Twisted pair / Twisted pair cable

Input parameters Value Unit Remark

Conductors & skin effect

Shielding & skin effect

Physical quantity Unit

Physical constants Value Unit

Skin depth d [mm]

10,000,000 ### ###

HF-Resistance - round conductor

HF-Resistance - PCB trace

Physical quantity Unit

Physical constants Value Unit

Sh i e l d i n g Effe cti ve n e ss (SE) fo r p l a n e w a ve s i n th e fa r-fi e l d .

200 Shielding Effectiveness SE

conductor or shield material.

Version: 1.00.00.2021 Physical constants

Wavelength l [m] vs. Frequency f [Hz]

d [m] EDM-Paul [V/m] [1] EDM-Ott [V/m] [2]

netic wave in a media with er and mr.

mittivity er (set 1 for air)

age of small current loop (of the sinusoidal harmonic)

uency f and er and mr above

nd small current loop (typ. 377W)

EDM-Hubing [V/m] [3] Remark

., 2nd Edition, 2008, p. 510

Physical constants Value

Assumptions: Distance d = in the far-field.

Wavelength l [m] vs. Frequency f [Hz]

Cable length l < l/4.

d [m] ECM,free-space [V/m] [1] ECM,semi-anechoic [V/m] [2]

f an electromagnetic wave in a media with er and mr.

Cable at maximum resonance!

Emax in semi-anechoic chamber

ECM,free-space [V/m] [1] ECM,semi-anechoic,max [V/m] [1]

on frequency f and er and mr above