MATH1042A: Academic Development Course Pack

Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment

Contact: Mr C Kriel, MSB342

[email protected]

i
 About this booklet and how to use it
This ADU Course Pack consists of a Guide to Topics Covered in Calculus and Algebra in MATH1042,
the first semester of Engineering Mathematics I, a series of tutorials on troublesome concepts covered
during the Math1042 course, and the solutions to the tutorial questions.

Guide to Topics covered in Algebra and Calculus

This is a guide to the topics covered in Calculus and Algebra in Math1042. The Calculus and Algebra
sections are given separately, but remember that they run concurrently, i.e. in Week 1 the topics for
Week 1 Calculus and Week 1 Algebra are covered. You can fill in the space in the Week column so
that you can keep track of what was done when during the semester.

The guide serves to break the sections down for you into the main components and refers you to the
sections in the prescribed textbooks where useful material is to be found.

Key to references: TC: Thomas, Weir, and Hass: Thomas' Calculus, Early Transcendentals, 14th
edition. E&P: Differential equations with Linear algebra (supplementary chapters for Math1042). The
numbers in brackets for the textbooks are the chapter and section numbers.

The Guide also lists links to previous work, or prerequisite material. If you do not understand this
material before you go to your lecture, you will not understand what is going on. Your lecturer will
assume that you already know this work. Sullivan: Algebra and Trigonometry, 8/e (strongly
recommended textbook) has excellent sections that review the work you did at school.

Make sure that you understand the prerequisite material before you go to the lectures.

ADU Math1042 Tutorials

Following the Guide are the ADU tutorials from Block 1 to the end of the semester.

Each tutorial follows the same format – a summary of the key concepts needed to be able to understand
the topic and do the exercises, followed by exercises that increase in difficulty so that you can test
whether you really do understand the work covered in the section. Solutions are included at the end of
the booklet. The material will be presented in a series of short video tutorials that can be accessed on
Ulwazi, the e-learning platform of the university: https://ulwazi.wits.ac.za . You will find the relevant
ADU tutorials in the weekly sections of the MATH1042A Ulwazi site.

Once per week there will also be a Panopto interactive video quiz or (possibly) a face-to-face ADU
tutorials using the Ulwazi Conferences tool, where your conceptual understanding will be tested and
misunderstandings identified and cleared up. You will need to sign up for these tutorials on the website.
Before attending a face-to-face tutorial you will need to prepare by watching the relevant video tutorials
and doing an online preparation quiz. Worked solutions and notes will be made available to those who
get at least one correct answer on the quiz.

You must bring this booklet to each and every ADU Math1042 tutorial that you attend.

Compiled and authored by

Mr CW Kriel (ADU, FEBE)
[email protected]

i
 Table of Contents

Guide to Topics Covered: ................................................................................................................ i - v.

Calculus

Chapter 1: Functions ......................................................................................................... 1.

Chapter 2: Derivatives from first principles ...................................................................... 2.
Chapter 3: Differentiation (1) ............................................................................................ 4.
Differentiation (2) ............................................................................................ 6.
Chapter 4: Integration ........................................................................................................ 7.
Riemann Sums ................................................................................................. 9.
Chapter 5: Curve sketching (1) ........................................................................................ 11.
Curve sketching (2) ........................................................................................ 13.
Algebra
Chapter 1: Polynomials.................................................................................................... 14.
Chapter 2: Trigonometric functions and equations.......................................................... 15.
Polar curves .................................................................................................... 16.
Chapter 3: Proof by Induction ......................................................................................... 19.
Sigma notation and series .............................................................................. 21.
Binomial Theorem ......................................................................................... 23.
Chapter 4: Conic Sections ............................................................................................... 24.
Solutions
Calculus ....................................................................................................................... 26.
Algebra ....................................................................................................................... 30.

ii.
 Guide to Topics covered in Algebra and Calculus, Math1042
Calculus: Functions (Calculus Chapter 1)
WEEK TOPIC BREAKDOWN REFERENCES LINK TO PREVIOUS WORK (Prerequisite material)
Functions and  Definition of a function TC(1.1-1.2); Gr12 functions and inverses; exponents and logs; vertical line test
Inverses : Domain and range Characteristics of functions and their graphs; domain and range; intercepts with
: 1-1, many-1, vertical line test the axes; turning points, maxima and minima; asymptotes; symmetry; increasing
 Piece-wise defined functions or decreasing; average gradient
 Composite functions
Odd and even  Odd and even functions TC(1.1)
functions
Radian  What is radian measure? TC(1.3) Properties of circles, area and circumference formulae
Measure  Converting between radians This is a new section on measuring angles. Make sure that you are as confident
and degrees in working with radians as you were with degrees.
Radian  Arc length and area of a sector
Measure  Curved surface area of a cone
Trigonometric  Trigonometric ratios and TC(1.3) In gr12 you worked with sin, cos and tan and identities involving them. Now you
functions functions will be expected to know the reciprocal functions cosec, sec and cot as well as the
 Special angles identities involving them. These are for self-study. Note: some textbooks use csc
for cosec.
Revise: trig ratios; special angles (convert them to radians); negative angles;
compound, double and half-angle formulae; reduction formulae (using radians);
general solutions to trig equations; area, sin and cos rules; graphs of the functions
(shifts, amplitudes and periods).
Inverse  How to find an inverse Inverse functions done in Grade 11 and 12.
functions  Inverses of exponential TC(1.5-1.6)
functions are Logarithms
 Inverses of the trigonometric TC(1.6)
functions

i.
Calculus: Differentiation (Calculus Chapter 2)
WEEK TOPIC BREAKDOWN REFERENCES LINK TO PREVIOUS WORK (Prerequisite material)
Differentiation  Slopes of curves TC(2.1&3.1) Limits; Rules of differentiation done in gr12 calculus; differentiation from first
 Differentiation from first principles; perpendicular lines; tangents and normals.
principles
 Limits and working with limits TC(2.2)
 Limits and Continuity TC(2.4&2.5)
 Simple rules for differentiation TC(3.3)
: Derivative of a constant
: Sum and difference of deriv
: Multiplication by a constant
(Applications) : “Power rule” TC(3.5) Limits done in Calculus week 3; areas of triangles and sectors; trig ratios
 Differentiating sine and cosine TC(3.1) Theorem of Pythagoras; the Cartesian plane
 Tangents and normals
WEEK TOPIC BREAKDOWN REFERENCES LINK TO PREVIOUS WORK (Prerequisite material)
Differentiation  Maxima and minima TC(4.1) Curve sketching, max/min problems done in gr12
(Applications) : Absolute and local
: Critical points
 Higher order derivatives TC(4.4&4.6)
 : 2nd derivative test

Calculus: Differentiation Completed (Calculus Chapter 3)

WEEK TOPIC BREAKDOWN REFERENCES LINK TO PREVIOUS WORK (Prerequisite material)

Differentiation  Product and Quotient rules TC(3.3)
Differentiation  Chain Rule TC(3.6)
 Implicit differentiation TC(3.7)
Derivatives of  𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 ; 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥; 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 ; 𝑦 = TC(3.3&3.8) Exponential functions; Logs and log rules (including the change of base rule). If you
other basic log 𝑎 𝑥 did not do these in grade 12 make sure you work through the relevant sections again
functions  Logarithmic differentiation in TC(1.6).
(exponents
and logs)
Differentiation  Derivatives of inverse trig TC(3.9) Inverse trigonometric functions, done in Calculus chapter 1.
functions
ii.
  First approximations TC(3.11)
Calculus: Integration (Calculus Chapter 4)

WEEK TOPIC BREAKDOWN REFERENCES LINK TO PREVIOUS WORK (Prerequisite material)

Integration  Integration as the inverse of TC(4.8) Since integration is the inverse of differentiation you must be able to recognise the
differentiation standard forms of derivatives done in Calculus chapters 2 and 3
 Fundamental principles of Rules for differentiation Calculus chapter 3
integration
Area as the  Area and Integration TC(5.1&5.2)
limit of a sum : Area as a sum
: Area as the limit of a sum
(Riemann sums)
Definite  Properties of definite integrals TC(5.3)
integrals
Fundamental  Evaluating the definite integral TC(5.4)
theorem of using the antiderivative
calculus
Definite  Area and Integration TC(5.6) Polar equations and graphs Algebra wk5&6; sigma notation Alg wk9&10
integrals : Area under a curve Limits to infinity
: Area between curves
 Volume and Integration TC(6.1)
: Volumes of Revolution
: Volume of a cone
 Area and Polar curves TC(11.5)

Calculus: Further applications of Differentiation (Calculus Chapter 5)

WEEK TOPIC BREAKDOWN REFERENCES LINK TO PREVIOUS WORK (Prerequisite material)

Differentiation  Maxima and minima (revision) TC(4.6) Gr12 curve sketching; 1st and 2nd derivative tests
(applications)  Concavity and curve sketching TC(4.4) One-sided limits; limits to infinity
: horizontal; vertical; oblique
asymptotes
Differentiation  Related rates of change TC(3.10) Derivative as a rate of change
(applications)

iii.
Algebra: Polynomials (Algebra Chapter 1)

WEEK TOPIC BREAKDOWN REFERENCES LINK TO PREVIOUS WORK (Prerequisite material)

Polynomials  General form TC(1.1) Factorisation; factor and remainder theorem; quadratic formula; long division;
 Degree completing the square
 Factor and Remainder theorem
 Fundamental Theorem of
Algebra
Partial  Linear Factors TC(8.5) Algebraic fractions: addition, subtraction, multiplication. This returns in calculus later
Fractions  Quadratics on; make sure you can do partial fraction decomposition.
 Repeated linear
 Improper

Algebra: Trigonometry, Polar Coordinates and Polar curves (Algebra Chapter 2)

WEEK TOPIC BREAKDOWN REFERENCES LINK TO PREVIOUS WORK (Prerequisite material)
Trigonometric  Trigonometric ratios and TC(1.3) In gr12 you worked with sin, cos and tan and identities involving them. Now you will
functions functions be expected to know the reciprocal functions cosec, sec and cot as well as the
 Special angles identities involving them. These are for self-study. Note: some textbooks use csc for
 Trig identities; sum to product cosec.
and vice versa Revise: trig ratios; special angles (convert them to radians); negative angles;
compound, double and half-angle formulae; reduction formulae (using radians);
general solutions to trig equations; area, sin and cos rules; graphs of the functions
(shifts, amplitudes and periods).
Inverse  Inverse trigonometric functions TC(1.6) Inverse functions done in Calc wk2. Restricting the domain and range so that the
trigonometric inverse is a function.
functions
Solving  Trigonometric equations
Trigonometric
equations
Trigonometric  Polar coordinates and TC(11.3) You should already have been introduced to polar coordinates when deriving the sin
functions and equations (conversion between and cos rules in gr12. Polar coordinates and equations are an important part of the
Polar Cartesian and Polar form) course, especially later on.
coordinates
Polar Curves  Sketching Polar curves TC(11.4) Polar coordinates from week 5. Trig graphs – these are useful when drawing polar
curves.

iv.
Algebra: Induction, Series and Binomial theorem (Algebra Chapter 3)

WEEK TOPIC BREAKDOWN REFERENCES LINK TO PREVIOUS WORK (Prerequisite material)

Induction  Proof by Induction TC(A.2) appendix An important method of proof, different to the direct proofs you may have done in
gr11 and 12 or the deductive proofs of theorems in paper 3.
Series  Sigma notation and its TC(5.2) Gr12 sigma notation; sequences and series in gr12; number patterns done in gr11&12.
properties
 Simple series: Arithmetic
 Telescoping series
Series  Geometric series TC(5.2) Limits to infinity
 Infinite series
Binomial  Binomial coefficients
Theorem  Factorials
 Binomial Theorem

Algebra: Quadratic forms, conic sections, and change of axes (Algebra Chapter 4)
WEEK TOPIC BREAKDOWN REFERENCES LINK TO PREVIOUS WORK (Prerequisite material)
Quadratic  Parabola; Ellipse and Hyperbola TC(11.6) Distance formula, symmetry, completing the square, intercepts and asymptotes.
forms/ Conic  Canonical form Parabolas, circles and hyperbolas from grade 12.
sections  Sketching of quadratic forms
Quadratic  Parameterization of quadratic
forms/ Conic forms
sections  Hyperbolic functions TC(7.3)
Quadratic  Canonical form and change of Completing the square
forms/ Conic axes
sections : Shift of axes

v.
 Calculus Chapter 1: Functions

Key concepts

Logarithmic functions
 Logs as exponents
 Log laws

Absolute Value functions

Question 1

Solve the following for x (NO CALCULATORS NEEDED or ALLOWED!):

1.1 3x 2  9 1.2 10 x  0.01

Question 2

Rewrite without logarithms and hence solve for x

2.1 log 5 ( 251 )  x 2.2 log x (81)  2 2.3 log 2 ( x)   32

Question 3

Simplify and hence solve for x.

3.1 log10 (log10 x)  log10 (log10 3)  log10 (2) 3.2 log 2 (log 2 ( x 2 ))  log 2 (log 2 ( x))  5

Question 4

Use the Change of Base Formula to change the following to base 10:

4.1 log8 10 4.2 log9 20

Question 5

5.1 |2𝑥 + 3| = 5 5.2 |1 − 2𝑧| + 6 = 9

5.3 |𝑥 2 + 𝑥| = 12 5.4 |𝑥 − 5| + 6 = 3

Question 6

6.1 |x − 2| ≤ 5 6.2 |5x| ≥ −1

6.3 |1 − 2x| > 3 6.4 |−x − 2| ≥ 1

1.
 Calculus Chapter 2: Derivatives from first principles

Key concepts

Evaluating/taking a limit: lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎)

𝑥→𝑎

Derivative

 Average gradient/rate of change

 Slope of a curve at a point is the slope of the tangent at that point
 Instantaneous rate of change

Definition:
𝑓(𝑥+∆𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥)
 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim ∆𝑥
∆𝑥→0

Two important limits:

sin⁡(𝑥) cos(𝑥)−1
 lim =1 lim =0
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥

Question 1

Find the following limits:

𝑥 3 −27 1 1 1
1.1 lim 1.2 lim ( − 2)
𝑥→3 𝑥−3 𝑥→0 𝑥 2+𝑥

√𝑥−√3 √2+ℎ−√2
1.3 lim 1.4 lim
𝑥→3 𝑥−3 ℎ→0 ℎ

5𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) tan(3𝑥)sin⁡(2𝑥)
1.5 lim 1.6 lim
𝑥→0 sin⁡(3𝑥) 𝑥→0 𝑥2

1−cos⁡(𝑥)
1.7 lim
𝑥→0 sin⁡(2𝑥)

Question 2

Find the derivative from first principles of each of the following:

1
2.1 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 2.2 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥+2

2.3 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 2 2.4 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 2 + 2

Question 3

Find the derivative of each of the 6 trigonometric functions, using difference to product formulae. Remember
that:
𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
sin(𝐶) − sin(𝐷) = 2 cos ( 2
) sin⁡( 2 ) and

𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
cos(𝐶) − cos(𝐷) = −2 sin ( 2
) sin⁡( 2 )

2.
Question 4

4.1 Find 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) where 𝑓(𝑥) = √sec⁡(𝑥) from first principles.

cos(𝑥)−1
4.2 Show that lim 𝑥
=0
𝑥→0

3.
 Calculus Chapter 3: Differentiation (1)

Calculus: rules of differentiation (chain, product, quotient), Logarithmic differentiation, Implicit

differentiation, derivatives of 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑎 𝑥 , log⁡(𝑥), ln⁡(𝑥), arcsin⁡(𝑥), arccos⁡(𝑥), arctan⁡(𝑥).

Question 1 (Differentiation – product, quotient and chain rule)

𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒗
𝒅 𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝒖 𝒅 𝒖 𝒗 −𝒖 𝒅
𝒅𝒙
(𝒖𝒗) = 𝒖 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒗 𝒅𝒙 ( )
𝒅𝒙 𝒗
= 𝒅𝒙
𝒗𝟐
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝒇(𝒈(𝒙)) = 𝒇′ (𝒈(𝒙)) ∙ 𝒈′ (𝒙)

Differentiate with respect to x

1.1 𝑦 = (𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥 3 − 5)

𝑥 2 −1
1.2 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 +1

1.3 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 2 )

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 2
1.4 𝑦=( )
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

1.5 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛(4𝑥)

Question 2 (Implicit differentiation)

𝑑𝑦
Find 𝑑𝑥 if:

2.1 2𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦
𝑥−1
2.2 𝑦 2 = 𝑥+1

1
2.3 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑦) = 1 − 𝑥𝑦

Question 3
𝑑𝑦
Find 𝑑𝑥 if:

3.1 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥+𝜋

3.2 𝑦 = 23𝑥

3.3 𝑦 = ln⁡(2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥)

3.4 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑥 2

4.
Question 4 (Logarithmic differentiation)
𝑨 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙
Log laws: 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝑨𝑩 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝑨 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝑩; 𝒍𝒐𝒈 ( ) = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝑨 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝑩; 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂𝒏 = 𝒏𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂; 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒙 =
𝑩 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒂

Use logarithmic differentiation to find the derivative of y with respect to x:

𝑥√𝑥 2 +5
4.1 𝑦= 1
(𝑥+4)3

3 𝑥(𝑥−2)
4.2 𝑦=√
𝑥 2 +1

Question 5 (Derivatives of inverse trig functions)

𝑑𝑦
Find if
𝑑𝑥

5.1 𝑦 = arccos⁡(𝑥)

5.2 𝑦 = arcsin⁡(𝑥 2 )

5.3 𝑦 = arctan⁡(√𝑥 + 1)

5.
 Calculus Chapter 3: Differentiation (2)

More exercises on differentiation.

Question 1 (Differentiation – product, quotient and chain rule and standard forms)
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒗
𝒅 𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝒖 𝒅 𝒖 𝒗 −𝒖 𝒅
𝒅𝒙
(𝒖𝒗) = 𝒖 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒗 𝒅𝒙 ( )
𝒅𝒙 𝒗
= 𝒅𝒙
𝒗𝟐
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝒇(𝒈(𝒙)) = 𝒇′ (𝒈(𝒙)) ∙ 𝒈′ (𝒙)

Differentiate with respect to x

𝑥
1.1 𝑦 = sin⁡( ) 1.2 𝑦 = cos⁡(𝑒 −2𝑥 ) 1.3 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 sin⁡(2𝑥 2 )
√𝑥+1

𝑥
𝑥2
1.4 𝑦 = 5cot⁡(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥) 1.5 𝑦 = 10𝑒 −5 1.6 𝑦 = log 2 ( 2 )

1.7 𝑦 = arcsin(√1 − 𝑥 2 ) , 0 < 𝑥 < 1 1.8 𝑦 = ln⁡(sin2 (𝑥))

Question 2 (Implicit differentiation)

𝑑𝑦
Find if:
𝑑𝑥

4
2.1 𝑥 3 + 4𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 3 = 2𝑥 2.2 𝑒 𝑥+2𝑦 = 1
𝑥
2.3 ln (𝑦) = 1 2.4 𝑦𝑒 arctan⁡(𝑥) = 2

Question 3 (Logarithmic differentiation)

𝑨 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙
Log laws: 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝑨𝑩 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝑨 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝑩; 𝒍𝒐𝒈 (𝑩) = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝑨 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝑩; 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂𝒏 = 𝒏𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂; 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃𝒂
𝒃

Use logarithmic differentiation to find the derivative of y with respect to x:

2(𝑥 2 +1)
3.1 𝑦= 3.2 𝑦 = (sin⁡(𝑥))√𝑥
√cos⁡(2𝑥)

(𝑥+1)(𝑥−1) 5
3.3 𝑦 = ((𝑥−2)(𝑥+3)) , 𝑥 > 2

6.
 Calculus Chapter 4: Integration

Key concepts:

The indefinite integral as the antiderivative: 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) ⇒ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐹(𝑥)

𝑏
Definite integral: ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎)

Question 1 (Indefinite integral as the antiderivative)

Use the rules for differentiation and “work them backwards”. Remember the constant of integration. Check
yourself by differentiating the integral you found.

In each of the following questions differentiate the first function and integrate the second.
1
1.1 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 1

1 1
∫(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 − )𝑑𝑥
𝑥2

1.2 𝑓(𝑥) = (2𝑥 + 3)3

∫(3𝑥 + 2)2 𝑑𝑥

1.3 𝑓(𝑥) = tan⁡(3𝑥)

∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (2𝑥)𝑑𝑥

1.4 𝑓(𝑥) = ln⁡(𝑥 3 + 1)

2𝑥 1+3𝑥
∫ 𝑥 2 +1 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 2+6𝑥+9𝑥2 𝑑𝑥

1.5 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 3𝑥

∫ 𝑒 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1.6 𝑓(𝑥) = 32𝑥

∫ 23𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1.7 𝑓(𝑥) = arctan⁡(2𝑥)

1 1
∫ 1+9𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 ∫ 2+6𝑥+9𝑥2 𝑑𝑥

7.
Question 2 (Definite integrals)

Evaluate the following definite integrals:

3 3
2.1 ∫1 (𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 2) 𝑑𝑥

𝜋
2.2 ∫04 (𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥)𝑑𝑥

4 1 2 𝑥+1
2.3 ∫2 (𝑥 6 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 +2𝑥)𝑑𝑥

1
1
2.4 ∫02(𝑒 2𝑥 − 4𝑥 + √1−4𝑥2 )𝑑𝑥

1
− 1
2.5 ∫−32 (5+8𝑥+4𝑥2 ) 𝑑𝑥
2

Question 3 (Application)

3.1 Find the area between the curve 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 and the x-axis over the interval [0; 2𝜋].

(remember that 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 = 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)

3.2 The region between the curve 𝑦 = √𝑥, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4, and the x-axis is revolved about the x-axis to
𝑏 𝑏
generate a solid. Find its volume. (𝑉 = ∫𝑎 𝐴(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝜋[𝑅(𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑥)

8.
 Calculus Chapter 4: Riemann Sums

Key concepts:

1. Estimating area under a curve using rectangles.

2. Over-estimation.
3. Minimising the error by maximizing the number of rectangles.
𝑏−𝑎
4. Width of each rectangle ( ) on the interval [a;b]
𝑛
𝑏−𝑎
5. Height of each rectangle (𝑓(𝑥𝑖 ) where 𝑥𝑖 = 𝑎 + 𝑛
𝑖)

𝑏−𝑎 𝑛
6. Sum of the areas: ∑𝑖=1 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 )
𝑛

7. ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑘𝑓(𝑖) = 𝑘 ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑓(𝑖) ∑𝑛𝑖=1(𝑓(𝑖) + 𝑔(𝑖)) = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑓(𝑖) + ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑔(𝑖)

1
lim =0
𝑛→∞ 𝑛

𝑏−𝑎 𝑛
8. Riemann sum: lim ∑𝑖=1 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 )
𝑛→∞ 𝑛

Useful formulae:

𝑛(𝑛+1) 𝑛(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1) 𝑛2 (𝑛+1)2

∑𝑛𝑖=1 1 = 𝑛 ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑖 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑖 2 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑖 3 =
2 6 4

Question 1

Over the page

Question 2

2.1 Use a Riemann sum to find the area under the curve 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 on the interval [1;4] and check your
4
answer by finding ∫1 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥.

2.2 Use a Riemann sum to find the area under the curve 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 on the interval [0;2].
2
Check your answer by finding ∫0 (𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

9.
Question 1: Estimating the area under the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 on the interval 𝑥 ∈ [1; 3]

4 Rectangles n Rectangles

Width of each rectangle: Width of each of n-rectangles:

Height of each rectangle: Height of each of n-rectangles:

𝑥𝑖 =

Area: 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 ) =

8 Rectangles Area (sigma notation)

Width of each rectangle:

Height of each rectangle:

Area as 𝑛 → ∞

Area:

10.
 Calculus Chapter 5: Curve sketching (1)

Key concepts

What is an absolute maximum/minimum?

What is a local maximum/minimum?
What is concavity?
What is a point of inflection?
What does f'(x) tell us about the function?
What does f''(x) tell us about f'(x) and hence about the function?
What is an asymptote? (vertical, horizontal, oblique)
What does the remainder tell us? (Euclidean property: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑑(𝑥)𝑄(𝑥) + 𝑅(𝑥))

(from Clarke et al, "Advanced Programme Mathematics", Clever Books, 2008)

Question 1

Given the function y   x 4  8x 3

1.1 Find all intercepts with the axes.

1.2 Find f'(x) and the stationary points of the function (where f'(x)=0) and find the intervals on which
f ' ( x)  0 or f ' ( x)  0 . Make a table of signs.
1.3 Find f''(x), where f''(x)=0 and where f ' ' ( x)  0 or f ' ' ( x)  0 .
1.4 Identify maxima, minima and points of inflection and find their coordinates.
1.5 Combine your information from 1.2 and 1.3 to find the general shape of the curve.
1.6 Sketch the curve.

Question 2

Identify the asymptotes in the following functions and state whether they are horizontal, vertical or oblique:

2𝑥 2 −3
2.1 𝑓(𝑥) = 7𝑥+4

𝑥+1
2.2 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥

11.
Question 3

Sketch the curve of y  x 4  2x 2

Question 4 (application)

An oil production platform, 9 3 km offshore, is to be connected by a pipeline to a refinery on shore, 100km

down the coast from the platform as shown in the diagram.

The length of underwater pipeline is x km and the length of pipeline on land is y km. It costs R2 million to lay
each kilometre of pipeline underwater and R1 million to lay each kilometre of pipeline on land.

a) Show that the total cost of this pipeline is RC(x) million where

1
C ( x)  2 x  100  ( x 2  243) 2

b) Show that x=18 gives a minimum cost for this pipeline. Find the minimum cost and the corresponding
total length of the pipeline.

12.
 Calculus Chapter 5: Curve sketching (2)

Question 1 (limits at infinity; long division)

a) Determine whether the following functions have vertical, horizontal or oblique asymptotes.

b) Determine any turning points and points of inflection using f’(x) and f’’(x)

𝑥2
1.1 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 +1

2𝑥−3
1.2 𝑦= 𝑥−2

𝑥2
1.3 𝑦=
𝑥−1

𝑥 2 −2𝑥+1
1.4 𝑦=
𝑥+1

𝑥 2 +2𝑥−5
1.5 𝑦=
2𝑥−3

Question 2 (Sketching graphs)

Sketch the following graphs

2.1 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)3 (2 − 𝑥)

2.2 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 (5 − 𝑥)3

Question 3 (application)

3.1 Find the dimensions of the rectangle with greatest area that can be inscribed in a circle of radius 10cm.

3.2 A wooden beam has a rectangular cross section of height h cm. and width w cm. The strength S of the
beam is directly proportional to its width and the square of its height. What are the dimensions of the
cross section of the strongest beam that can be cut from a round log of diameter 60 cm?

13.
 Algebra Chapter 1: Polynomials

Key concepts

Fundamental operations with polynomials:

 Multiplication and factorisation
 Division
 Addition of rational functions
 Completing the square

Question 1
−𝑏±√𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐
Derive the quadratic formula, 𝑥 = , by completing the square and solving for x, where
2𝑎
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0.

Question 2

Divide P(x) by d(x) and find the quotient q(x) and remainder r(x).

2.1 P( x)  x 4  3x3  x  1; d ( x)  x 3  2 x 2  2 2.2 P( x)  x 4  1; d ( x)  2 x 2  1

Question 3

Factorise, where possible, by completing the square first:

3.1 x2  4 x  5 3.2 x2  2 x  8 3.3 3x 2  6 x  8

Question 4

Given a root in each of the following, use long division and factorise. NO CALCULATORS
ALLOWED!
1
4.1 𝑓 (− 2) = 0, 𝑓(𝑥) = 30𝑥 3 + 53𝑥 2 + 31𝑥 + 6

1
4.2 𝑓 (2) = 0, 𝑓(𝑥) = 24𝑥 4 + 20𝑥 3 − 30𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6

Question 5

Solve the following inequality:

𝑥 2 −1
<0
𝑥 2 −𝑥−6

14.
 Algebra Chapter 2: Trigonometric functions and equations

Key concepts

Trigonometric functions and reciprocals

𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
𝑟 𝑟 𝑥

𝑟 𝑟 𝑥
 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = 𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = 𝑦

Reduction formulae

 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = sin⁡(𝜋 − 𝜃) = −sin⁡(𝜋 + 𝜃) = −sin⁡(2𝜋 − 𝜃) = −sin⁡(−𝜃)

 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = −cos⁡(𝜋 − 𝜃) = −cos⁡(𝜋 + 𝜃) = cos⁡(2𝜋 − 𝜃) = cos⁡(−𝜃)
 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = −tan⁡(𝜋 − 𝜃) = tan⁡(𝜋 + 𝜃) = −tan⁡(2𝜋 − 𝜃) = −tan⁡(−𝜃)

Co-functions:
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = cos⁡( 2 − 𝜃) 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐( 2 − 𝜃) 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = cot⁡( 2 − 𝜃)

General solutions:

arcsin⁡(𝑘) + 2𝑛𝜋
 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑘⁡ ⇒ ⁡𝜃 = { , 𝑛∈𝑍
𝜋 − arcsin⁡(𝑘) + 2𝑛𝜋⁡

 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑘⁡ ⇒ ⁡𝜃 = ±arccos⁡(𝑘) + 2𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍

 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑘 ⇒ ⁡𝜃 = arctan⁡(𝑘) + 𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍

Question 1

Find the general solutions to the following:

𝜋 𝜋
1.1 2⁡sin⁡(𝜃 + ) = 1 1.2 3⁡cos⁡(𝜃 + ) = 4
3 5

𝜋 𝜋
1.3 √2⁡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(2𝜃 − 9 ) = −2 1.4 cot⁡(2𝜃 − 4 ) = −√3

Question 2

Find the general solutions to the following:

2.1 cos⁡(2𝜃) − sin⁡(𝜃) = 0 (use the double angle formula to write in quadratic form)

2.2 sin⁡(2𝜃) − sin⁡(3𝜃) = 0 (Equate the two sine functions and solve. Then use the identity sin⁡(𝐶) −
𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
sin⁡(𝐷) = 2cos⁡( 2
) sin⁡⁡( 2 ) and compare answers.)

2.3 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ⁡(2𝜃) + 2tan⁡(2𝜃) = 0 (remember your square identities)

15.
 Algebra Chapter 2: Polar curves

Key concepts

Polar coordinates and equations: (𝑟; 𝜃); 𝑟(𝜃)

Converting polar coordinates to rectangular:

 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 and 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

Converting rectangular coordinates to polar:

 𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

𝑦
 𝜃 = arctan⁡(𝑥 ); make sure it lies in the same quadrant as (x;y)

Converting polar equations to rectangular:

 Multiply both sides by r, then 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 and 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 and 𝑟 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

 Sometimes squaring both sides helps

Converting rectangular equations to polar:

 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 and 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

Graphing polar equations

 Test for symmetry

𝜋
o If 𝑟(𝜃) = 𝑟(𝜋 − 𝜃), then it is symmetrical in the 𝜃 = 2 (the “y-axis”)
o If 𝑟(𝜃) = 𝑟(−𝜃), then it is symmetrical in the polar axis (the “x-axis)

 Find 𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑥 , ⁡𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 𝑟 = 0⁡𝑎𝑛𝑑⁡𝑟 < 0 by plotting the function on Cartesian axes
o Make sure you know what the effects of a, b and c are in 𝑟 = 𝑎sin⁡(𝑏𝜃) + 𝑐 and 𝑟 =
𝑎cos⁡(𝑏𝜃) + 𝑐
o Remember we are only working with intervals where 𝑟 ≥ 0.

 Plot all the points and extra points, if needed, on polar axes

 Translate from the Cartesian axes to the polar axes (think what is happening to r as 𝜃 goes from 0 to
2𝜋).

16.
Question 1

Plot the following points on one of the polar grids provided:

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
1.1 (3, 3 ) 1.2 (2, − 6 ) 1.3 (0, 2 )

5𝜋
1.4 (7, 4
) 1.5 (4, 𝜋) 1.6 (1,0)

Question 2

Sketch each of the following polar curves:

2.1 𝑟 = −sin⁡(𝜃) 2.2 𝑟 = 1 − cos⁡(𝜃) 2.3 𝑟 = 2 + 2sin(𝜃)

2.4 𝑟 = 1 − 2sin⁡(𝜃) 2.5 𝑟 = 3sin⁡(4𝜃) 2.6 𝑟 = |3sin⁡(4𝜃)|

2.7 𝑟 = 2 + 3sin⁡(3𝜃)

17.
18.
 Algebra Chapter 3: Proof by Induction

Key concepts

Principle of Mathematical Induction:

Suppose that the following two conditions are satisfied with regard to a statement about natural numbers:

Condition 1: The statement is true for the natural number 1.

Condition 2: If the statement is true for some natural number k, it is also true for the next natural
number k+1.

Then the statement is true for all natural numbers.

(from Sullivan, p958)

Steps to do a proof:

 Show that the statement is true for the first case

 What does the statement say about any case, k? (The Induction Hypothesis)
 Show that taking any case, k, to be true implies the truth of the next case, k+1.
 Then, since the statement is true for the first case, and the truth of any case implies the truth of the next
case, the statement is true for all cases.

Question 1

Prove the following statements by induction:

1.1 2 + 4 + 6 + ⋯ + 2𝑛 = 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)

1
1.2 2 + 5 + 8 + ⋯ + (3𝑛 − 1) = 2 ⁡𝑛(3𝑛 + 1)

1.3 1 + 2 + 22 + ⋯ + 2(𝑛−1) = 2𝑛 − 1

1
1.4 1 ∙ 2 + 3 ∙ 4 + 5 ∙ 6 + ⋯ + (2𝑛 − 1)(2𝑛) = 3 ⁡𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(4𝑛 − 1)

Question 2

Prove the following statements by induction:

2.1 𝑛2 + 𝑛 is divisible by 2 for all 𝑛𝜖𝑁

2.2 𝑛3 + 2𝑛 is divisible by 3 for all 𝑛𝜖𝑁

2.3 8𝑛 − 7𝑛+6 is divisible by 7 for all 𝑛𝜖𝑁

2.4 7𝑛 − 2𝑛 is divisible by 5 for all 𝑛𝜖𝑁

19.
Question 3

Prove the following statements by induction:

𝑛(𝑛+1)
3.1 The sum of the first n natural numbers is 2

𝑛(4𝑛2 −1)
3.2 The sum of the squares of the first n odd natural numbers is 3

1 𝑛
3.3 ∑𝑛𝑟=1 (2𝑟−1)(2𝑟+1) =
2𝑛+1

3.4 𝑎 − 𝑏 is a factor of 𝑎𝑛 − 𝑏 𝑛 [Hint: add and subtract (𝑎𝑏 𝑘 ) when working with 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1]

20.
 Algebra Chapter 3: Sigma notation and series

Key concepts:

1. Sigma notation

∑𝑛𝑟=𝑘 𝑎𝑟 = 𝑎𝑘 + 𝑎(𝑘+1) + 𝑎(𝑘+2) + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 number of terms: 𝑛 − 𝑘 + 1

2. Properties of Sigma

∑(𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 ) = ∑ 𝑎𝑛 + ∑ 𝑏𝑛 ∑ 𝑐𝑎𝑛 = 𝑐 ∑ 𝑎𝑛 ∑𝑛𝑟=1 1 = 𝑛

∑𝑛𝑟=𝑘+1 𝑎𝑟 = ∑𝑛𝑟=1 𝑎𝑟 − ∑𝑘𝑟=1 𝑎𝑟

3. Useful formulae:

𝑛(𝑛+1) 𝑛(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1) 𝑛2 (𝑛+1)2

∑𝑛𝑟=1 𝑟 = ∑𝑛𝑟=1 𝑟 2 = ∑𝑛𝑟=1 𝑟 3 =
2 6 4

4. Arithmetic Series (series where the terms have a common difference):

𝑛
General term: 𝑎𝑘 = 𝑎 + (𝑘 − 1)𝑑 Sum: 𝑆𝑛 = 2 (2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)

Common difference: 𝑑 = 𝑎𝑘+1 − 𝑎𝑘

5. Geometric Series (series where the terms have a common ratio):

𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 −1) 𝑎(1−𝑟 𝑛 )

General term:⁡𝑎𝑘 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑘−1 Sum: 𝑆𝑛 = =
𝑟−1 1−𝑟

𝑎𝑘+1
Common ratio: 𝑟 = 𝑎𝑘

𝑎
Geometric series to infinity converges for |𝑟| < 1 𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟

6. Telescoping series – series where successive terms add to zero.

Question 1

Express the following series to n terms using Sigma notation (start the index of summation at 0 and then at 1)
1 2 3 13 2 4 8 16
1.1 2
+ 3 + 4 + ⋯ + 14 + ⋯ 1.2 3
− 9 + 27 − 81 + ⋯

1 3 5 7
1.3 −1.1 + 2.3 − 3.9 + 4.27 − ⋯ 1.4 2.3
− 3.4 + 4.5 − 5.6 + ⋯

Question 2

Expand the following, then using the properties of Sigma and the formulae above, find the sum to 20 terms.

𝑟2
2.1 ∑𝑛𝑟=1(𝑟 + 2) 2.2 ∑𝑛𝑟=1
2

2.3 ∑𝑛𝑟=1(𝑟 + 1)3 2.4 ∑𝑛𝑟=0(2𝑟 + 1)

21.
Question 3

Find the following sums. Change the lower index of summation to 1 and use the properties of Sigma and the
formulae given above.

3.1 ∑60
𝑘=10 2𝑘 3.2 ∑20
𝑘=5 𝑘
3
3.3 ∑14 2
𝑘=0(𝑘 − 4)

Question 4

Use telescoping series to find 𝑆𝑛 for:

𝑟 1 1
4.1 ∑𝑛𝑟=1 ( ) = ∑𝑛𝑟=1(𝑟 − 𝑟+1) 4.2 ∑𝑛𝑟=1(√𝑟 + 2 − √𝑟)
𝑟+1

𝑟
4.3 ∑𝑛𝑟=1 ln⁡( ) 4.4 ∑100 𝑛 𝑛
𝑟=3[𝑟 − (𝑟 + 1) ]
𝑟+1

22.
 Algebra Chapter 3: Binomial Theorem

Key concepts

 Expanding binomials using the Binomial Theorem

𝑛
𝑛
(𝑥 + 𝑦) = ∑ ( ) 𝑥 𝑛−𝑟 𝑦 𝑟
𝑛
𝑟
𝑟=0

for increasing powers of y.

𝑛
𝑛
(𝑥 + 𝑦) = ∑ ( ) 𝑥 𝑟 𝑦 𝑛−𝑟
𝑛
𝑟
𝑟=0

for increasing powers of x.

 Factorial notation

𝑛! = 𝑛 × (𝑛 − 1) × (𝑛 − 2) × … × 3 × 2 × 1 for 𝑛 ≥ 2

𝑛! = 𝑛 × (𝑛 − 1)! = 𝑛 × (𝑛 − 1) × (𝑛 − 2)! etc

0! = 1 and 1! = 1

 Combinations
𝑛 𝑛!
( )=
𝑟 𝑟! (𝑛 − 𝑟)!

(𝑛𝑟) = (𝑛−𝑟
𝑛
) (𝑛0) = 1 (𝑛1) = 𝑛 𝑛
(𝑛−1 )=𝑛 (𝑛𝑛) = 1

Question 1: Expand using the binomial theorem

1.1 (3𝑥 + 1)4 in decreasing powers of x

1.2 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 )5 in increasing powers of x
1.3 (√𝑥 − √2)6 in decreasing powers of x

Question 2: Find the coefficients of the given terms in the following

1
2.1 The constant term in (𝑥 2 + )12
𝑥

2 10
2.2 𝑥 4 in (𝑥 − )
√𝑥

1
2.3 𝑥 0 and 𝑥 7 in (2 − 𝑥)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥)12

2
2.4 𝑥 5 in (2 − 𝑥 + 𝑥) (2𝑥 + 3)8

2 1
2.5 𝑥 0 , 𝑥 3 and 𝑥 4 in (2 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 3 ) (𝑥 2 + 𝑥)12

23.
 Algebra Chapter 4: Conic Sections

Key concepts

Any equation of the form⁡𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥𝑦 + 𝐶𝑦 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0 is one of the conic sections. If B=0 the section
will have its axes parallel to the x-y axes. If 𝐵 ≠ 0 the axes will be rotated.

Standard (canonical) forms:

Tell you the shape as well as important features you can read off directly, such as the centre, intercepts with
axes, coordinates of the foci, orientation of the shape and asympotes.

 Parabola: 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 or 𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑦

The set of all points equidistant from a point (focus) and a line (directrix)

𝑥2 𝑦2
 Ellipse: 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 1
The set of all points the sum of whose distances from 2 points (foci) is constant

𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑦2 𝑥2
 Hyperbola − 2 = 1 or 2 − 2 = 1
𝑎2 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
The set of all points the difference of whose distances from 2 points (foci) is constant.

Steps to rewrite in canonical form and sketch:

No xy term:

1. Complete the square for x and y, where necessary.

2. Rewrite in canonical form in terms of u and v.
3. Sketch x-y axes and u-v axes.
4. Sketch the canonical form based on u and v.
5. Be able to state important features in terms of x and y.

xy term (extra, no longer in the syllabus):

𝐴−𝐶
1. Determine the angle of rotation: cot⁡(2𝛼) = 𝐵
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑢
2. Find x and y in terms of u and v: (𝑦𝑥 ) = ( )( )
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑣
or 𝑥 = 𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 − 𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 and 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 + 𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑥
and (𝑢𝑣) = ( )( )
−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑦
3. Substitute back into equation and rewrite in canonical form in terms of u and v.
4. Sketch x-y axes and u-v axes.
5. Sketch the canonical form based on u and v.
6. Be able to state important features in terms of x and y.

24.
Question 1

Write each of the following in canonical form, identify the shape and important features and sketch the curve.

1.1 𝑥 2 − 12𝑦 = 0 1.2 9𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 − 36 = 0

1.3 28𝑦 2 − 36𝑥 2 − 63 = 0

Question 2

Write each of the following in canonical form, identify the shape and important features and sketch the curve.
These have been shifted so use u and v.

2.1 2𝑦 2 − 8𝑦 − 𝑥 + 7 = 0 2.2 9𝑥 2 + 25𝑦 2 − 18𝑥 − 100𝑦 − 116 = 0

2.3 9𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 2 − 18𝑥 − 16𝑦 − 43 = 0

Question 3

Rotation of axes. Rewrite the following in canonical form by first determining the angle of rotation. Then sketch
the curve on the u-v axes.

3.1 3𝑥 2 + 2√3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 + 8√3𝑦 = 0

3.2 7𝑥 2 − 6√3𝑥𝑦 + 13𝑦 2 = 16

3.3 𝑥 2 − 2√3𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 = −2

25.
 Solutions

Calculus

Chapter 1: Functions

1.1 𝑥=0 1.2 𝑥=2

1
2.1 𝑥 = −2 2.2 𝑥=9 2.3 𝑥=
2√2

3.1 𝑥=9 3.2 𝑥 = 16

1 1+log 2
4.1 3 log 2
4.2 2 log 3

5.1 𝑥 = 1⁡𝑜𝑟 − 4 5.2 𝑧 = −1⁡𝑜𝑟⁡2 5.3 𝑥 = −4⁡𝑜𝑟⁡3

5.4 No solution

6.1 −3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 7 6.2 𝑥∈𝑅 6.3 𝑥 < −1⁡𝑜𝑟⁡𝑥 > 2

6.4 𝑥 ≤ −3⁡𝑜𝑟⁡𝑥 ≥ −1

Chapter 2: Derivatives from first principles

1 1 1
1.1 27 1.2 −4 1.3 2√3
1.4 2√2

5
1.5 1.6 6 1.7 0
3

−1 1
2.1 2𝑥 − 2 2.2 (𝑥+2)2
2.3
2√𝑥+2

𝑑(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) 𝑑(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) 𝑑(𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)

3 𝑑𝑥
= cos𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= −sin𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= sec 2 𝑥

𝑑(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥) 𝑑(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥) 𝑑(𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥)

𝑑𝑥
= −cosec𝑥cot𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= sec𝑥tan𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= −cosec 2 𝑥

tan𝑥sec𝑥 cos𝑥+1
4.1 2√sec𝑥
4.2 use cos𝑥+1

Chapter 3: Differentiation (1)

4𝑥
1.1 5𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 1.2 (𝑥 2 +1)2
1.3 2𝑥cos(𝑥 2 )

2sin𝑥
1.4 (1+cos𝑥)2
1.5 4sin3 𝑥sec 2 (4𝑥) + 3sin2 𝑥cos𝑥tan(4𝑥)

2𝑥 1 −𝑦 2
2.1 2−cos𝑦
2.2 𝑦(𝑥+1)2
2.3 1 1
𝑦sin( )−cos( )+𝑥𝑦
𝑦 𝑦

4𝑥+3 2
3.1 2𝑒 2𝑥+𝜋 3.2 3 ∙ 23𝑥 ln2 3.3 2𝑥 2 +3𝑥
3.4 𝑥ln3

26.
 𝑥√𝑥 2 +5 1 𝑥 1 3 𝑥(𝑥−2) 1 1 2𝑥
4.1 1 ( + 𝑥 2 +5 − 3𝑥+12) 4.2 √ ( + 3(𝑥−2) − 3(𝑥 2 +1))
𝑥 𝑥 2 +1 3𝑥
(𝑥+4)3

1 2𝑥 1
5.1 − 5.2 5.3
√1−𝑥 2 √1−𝑥 4 2√𝑥+1(𝑥+2)

Chapter 3: Differentiation (2)

x x+2
1.1 y ′ = cos⁡( ) 3 1.2 𝑦 ′ = 2𝑒 −2𝑥 sin⁡(𝑒 −2𝑥 )
√x+1 2(x+1)2

1.3 𝑦 ′ = 4𝑥 3 cos(2𝑥 2 ) + 2𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥 2 ) 1.4 𝑦 ′ = −5(2𝑥 + 2)cosec 2 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥)

𝑥
2 −1
1.5 𝑦 ′ = −2𝑒 −5 1.6 𝑦′ = 1.7 1.8 𝑦 ′ = 2cot𝑥
𝑥ln2 √1−𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 2−3𝑥 2 −4𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
2.1 𝑑𝑥
= 1 2.2 𝑑𝑥
= −2 2.3 𝑑𝑥
=𝑥
4𝑥−4𝑦 3

𝑑𝑦 −𝑦 −2𝑒 −arctan𝑥
2.4 𝑑𝑥
= 1+𝑥 2 ⁡𝑜𝑟⁡ 1+𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 2(𝑥 2 +1) 2𝑥 𝑑𝑦 ln⁡(sin𝑥)

3.1 = ( + tan⁡(2𝑥)) 3.2 = (sin𝑥)√𝑥 ( + √𝑥cot𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 √cos⁡(2𝑥) 𝑥 2 +1 𝑑𝑥 2√𝑥

𝑑𝑦 (𝑥+1)(𝑥−1) 5 1 1 1 1
3.3 𝑑𝑥
= 5 ((𝑥−2)(𝑥+3)) (𝑥+1 + 𝑥−1 − 𝑥−2 − 𝑥+3)

Chapter 4: Integration
1
1.1 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 1.2 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 6(2𝑥 + 3)2
3
1 3 2 1 1
3
𝑥 + 3 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 𝑐 9
(3𝑥 + 2)3 + 𝑐

3𝑥 2
1.3 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3sec 2 (3𝑥) 1.4 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥 3 +1

1 1
2
tan(2𝑥) + 𝑐 ln(𝑥 2 + 1) + 𝑐 6
ln|2 + 6𝑥 + 9𝑥 2 | + 𝑐

1.5 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑒 3𝑥 1.6 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (2ln3)32𝑥

1 4𝑥 23𝑥
4
𝑒 +𝑐 3ln2
+𝑐

2 1 1
1.7 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 1+4𝑥2 3
arctan(3𝑥) + 𝑐 3
arctan(3𝑥 + 1) + 𝑐

1 31 √3
2.1 2 2.2 2
2.3 5120
+ ln 4

𝑒 𝜋 1 1 𝜋
2.4 2
+ 4 − 2 − ln4 2.5 4

3.1 𝜋 3.2 8𝜋

Chapter 4: Riemann Sums

3 𝑛 9 27 27
2.1 Area of n-rectangles: ∑ (1 + 𝑖
𝑛 𝑖=1 𝑛
+ 𝑛2 𝑖 2 + 𝑛3 𝑖 3 )

27.
 255 189 135 255
lim ( 4
+ 2𝑛 + 4𝑛2 ) = 4
𝑛→∞

2 𝑛 2 8 8
2.2 Area of n-rectangles ∑ ( 𝑖
𝑛 𝑖=1 𝑛
+ 𝑛2 𝑖 2 + 𝑛3 𝑖 3 )

34 18 20 34
lim ( 3 + 𝑛
+ 3𝑛2 ) = 3
𝑛→∞

Chapter 5: Curve Sketching (1)

1.1 (0;0) and (8;0) 1.2 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0⁡𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛⁡𝑥 = 0⁡𝑜𝑟⁡6⁡ ∴ (0; 0)⁡𝑎𝑛𝑑⁡(6; 432)

1.3 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 0⁡𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛⁡𝑥 = 0⁡𝑜𝑟⁡4⁡ ∴ (0; 0)⁡𝑎𝑛𝑑⁡(4; 256)

1.4 Local max at (6;432). Points of inflection at (0;0) and (4;256)

1.5

1.6

2 8
2.1 𝑦 = 7 𝑥 − 49 oblique 2.2 𝑦 = 1 horizontal

4
𝑥 = − 7 vertical 𝑥 = 0 vertical

3 Zeros at (−√2; 0), (0; 0), (√2; 0); minima at (−1; −1), (1; −1); local max at (0; 0)

−1 −5 1 −5
Points of inflection ( ; )⁡, ( 3 ; 9 )
√3 9 √

4 a) Use Pythagoras and 100 − 𝑦 as one side of the triangle

𝑥
b) 𝐶 ′ (𝑥) = 2 − 1 𝐶 ′ (18) = 0
(𝑥 2 −243)2

1 1
−
′′ (𝑥) −(𝑥 2 −243)2 +𝑥 2 (𝑥 2 −243) 2 1
𝐶 = 𝑥 2 −243
𝐶 ′′ (18) = 3 ⁡ ∴ ⁡ 𝐶 ′′ (18) > 0⁡ ∴ 𝑚𝑖𝑛

Cost: R127 000 000 Pipeline: 18km underwater, 91km on land

28.
Chapter 5: Curve sketching (2)

1.1 a) No vertical or oblique asymptotes. Horizontal asymptote 𝑦 = 1

−1 1 1 1
b) Minimum at (0;0), Points of inflection: ( ; )⁡, ( 3 ; 4)⁡
√3 4 √

1.2 a) Vertical asymptote 𝑥 = 2. Horizontal asymptote 𝑦 = 2

b) No points of inflection or stationary points

1.3 a) Vertical asymptote 𝑥 = 1. Oblique asymptote 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1

b) local max (0;0), local min (2;4)

1.4 a) vertical asymptote 𝑥 = −1. Oblique asymptote 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 3

b) local max (-3;-8), local min (1;0)

3 1 7
1.5 a) vertical asymptote 𝑥 = 2. Oblique asymptote 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 + 4

b) local max (1;2), local min (2;3)

2.1 2.2

3.1 𝑙 = 10√2 𝑏 = 10√2

3.2 𝑤 = 20√3 ℎ = 20√6

29.
Algebra

Chapter 1: Polynomials

𝑏 𝑏 2 𝑏2
1.1 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 ⇒ 𝑎 (𝑥 2 + 𝑎 𝑥 + (2𝑎) ) = −𝑐 + 4𝑎 … 𝑒𝑡𝑐

𝑥2 1 5
2.1 𝑞(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1,⁡⁡⁡𝑟(𝑥) = −2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1 2.2 𝑞(𝑥) = 2
− 4 , 𝑟(𝑥) = 4

3.1 (𝑥 + 2)2 − 9 = (𝑥 + 2 − 3)(𝑥 + 2 + 3) = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 5) 3.2 (𝑥 − 1)2 + 7

3.3 3(𝑥 − 1)2 − 11 = (√3𝑥 − √3 − √11)(√3𝑥 − √3 + √11)

4.1 (1 + 2𝑥)(2 + 3𝑥)(3 + 5𝑥) 4.2 (−1 + 2𝑥)(1 + 2𝑥)(3 + 2𝑥)(−2 + 3𝑥)

5 𝑥 < −2, 𝑜𝑟⁡ − 1 < 𝑥 < 1, 𝑜𝑟⁡⁡𝑥 > 3

Chapter 2: Trigonometric functions and equations

𝜋 𝜋
1.1 𝜃 = − + 2𝑛𝜋⁡𝑜𝑟⁡ + 2𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍 1.2 No solution
6 2

5𝜋 49𝜋 𝜋 𝑛
1.3 𝜃 = − 72 + 𝑛𝜋⁡𝑜𝑟⁡ 72
+ 𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍 1.4 𝜃 = 24 + 2 𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍

𝜋 5𝜋 3
2.1 𝜃 = 6 + 2𝑛𝜋⁡𝑜𝑟⁡ 6
+ 2𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍 or 𝜃 = 2 𝜋 + 2𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍

𝜋 2 𝜋 𝑛
2.2 𝜃 = 2𝑛𝜋⁡𝑜𝑟⁡ 5 + 5 𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍 2.3 𝜃 = − 8 + 2 𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍

30.
Chapter 2: Polar curves

31.
32.
Chapter 3: Sigma notation and Series

𝑟 2 𝑟
1.1 ∑𝑛𝑟=1 1.2 ∑𝑛𝑟=1(−1)𝑟+1 ( ) 1.3 ∑𝑛𝑟=1(−1)𝑟 3𝑟−1 𝑟
𝑟+1 3

𝑟+1 2 𝑟+1
∑𝑛−1
𝑟=0 ∑𝑛−1 𝑟
𝑟=0 (−1) (3) ∑𝑛−1
𝑟=0 (−1)
𝑟+1 𝑟
3 (𝑟 + 1)
𝑟+2

2𝑟−1 2𝑟+1
1.4 ∑𝑛𝑟=1(−1)𝑟+1 (𝑟+1)(𝑟+2) ∑𝑛−1
𝑟=0 (−1)
𝑟+1
(𝑟+2)(𝑟+3)

2.1 ∑𝑛𝑟=1(𝑟 + 2) = 3 + 4 + 5 + ⋯ + (𝑛 + 2) = ∑𝑛𝑟=1 𝑟 + 2 ∑𝑛𝑟=1 1 ∑20

𝑟=1(𝑟 + 2) = 250

𝑟2 1 4 9 𝑛2 1 1 20
2.2 ∑𝑛𝑟=1 ( ) = + + + ⋯ + = 2 ∑𝑛𝑟=1 𝑟 2 ∑ 𝑟2 = 1435
2 2 2 2 2 2 𝑟=1

2.3 ∑𝑛𝑟=1(𝑟 + 1)3 = 23 + 33 + 43 + ⋯ + (𝑛 + 1)3

∑20 3 21 3 21 3 1 3
𝑟=1(𝑟 + 1) = ∑𝑟=2 𝑟 = ∑𝑟=1 𝑟 − ∑𝑟=1 𝑟 = 53360

or ∑20 3 20 3 20 2 20 20
𝑟=1(𝑟 + 1) = ∑𝑟=1 𝑟 + 3 ∑𝑟=1 𝑟 + 3 ∑𝑟=1 𝑟 + ∑𝑟=1 1 = 53360

2.4 ∑𝑛𝑟=0(2𝑟 + 1) = 1 + 3 + 5 + ⋯ + (2𝑛 + 1) = ∑𝑛+1

𝑟=1 (2𝑟 − 1)

∑19 20 20 20
𝑟=0(2𝑟 + 1) = ∑𝑟=1(2𝑟 − 1) = 2 ∑𝑟=1 𝑟 − ∑𝑟=1 1=400

3.1 ∑60 51
𝑘=10 2𝑘 = ∑𝑘=1(2𝑘 + 18) = 3570 3.2 ∑20 3 20 3 4 3
𝑘=5 𝑘 = ∑𝑘=1 𝑘 − ∑𝑘=1 𝑘 = 44000

3.3 ∑14 2 14 2 0 2
𝑘=0(𝑘 − 4) = ∑𝑘=1(𝑘 − 4) + ∑𝑘=0(𝑘 − 4) = 955

1
4.1 1− 4.2 √𝑛 + 2 + √𝑛 + 1 − √2 − 1
𝑛+1

1
4.3 ln (𝑛+1) 4.4 3𝑛 − 101𝑛

Chapter 3: Binomial Theorem

1.1 (3𝑥 + 1)4 = 81𝑥 4 + 108𝑥 3 + 54𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 1

1.2 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 )5 = 32𝑦10 + 80𝑥 2 𝑦 8 + 80𝑥 4 𝑦 6 + 40𝑥 6 𝑦 4 + 10𝑥 8 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 10

6 5 3 1
1.3 (√𝑥 − √2) = 𝑥 3 − 6√2𝑥 2 + 30𝑥 2 − 40√2𝑥 2 + 60𝑥 − 24√2𝑥 2 + 8

1 12 2 10 10!
2.1 𝑥 0 ⁡𝑖𝑛⁡ (𝑥 2 + 𝑥) :⁡⁡495 2.2 𝑥 4 ⁡𝑖𝑛⁡ (𝑥 − ) :⁡⁡ 6!4! ∙ 24
√𝑥

1 12 12! 1 12 12!
2.3 𝑥 0 ⁡𝑖𝑛⁡(2 − 𝑥) (𝑥 2 + 𝑥) :⁡⁡ 8!4! ∙ 2 𝑥 7 ⁡𝑖𝑛⁡(2 − 𝑥) (𝑥 2 + 𝑥) :⁡ − 6!6!

2 8! 8!
2.4 𝑥 5 ⁡𝑖𝑛⁡ (2 − 𝑥 + 𝑥) (2𝑥 + 3)8 :⁡⁡ 6!4! ∙ 25 ∙ 33 (24 ∙ 33 − 5 ∙ 32 + 24 ) = 6!4! ∙ 25 ∙ 33 (19)

2 1 12 13!
2.5 𝑥 0 ⁡𝑖𝑛⁡ (2 − 𝑥 + ) (𝑥 2 + ) :⁡⁡ ∙ 2
𝑥3 𝑥 8!5!

2 1 12 13!
𝑥 3 ⁡𝑖𝑛⁡ (2 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 3 ) (𝑥 2 + 𝑥) :⁡⁡ 7!6! ∙ 2

2 1 12 12!
𝑥 4 ⁡𝑖𝑛⁡ (2 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 3 ) (𝑥 2 + 𝑥) :⁡ − 7!5!

33.
Chapter 4: Conic Sections

34.
35.