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    Grex3 Su2 2

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    Grex3 Su2 2

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    nastynabstn
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    grex3_su2_2

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    Grex3 Su2 2

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    LEARN

    2.1 Present Perfect


    statements
    Subject + Have/Has ( Not ) + Past Participle
    Affirmative I have visited many countries.
    Negative Tom hasn’t seen the photos of my trip.

    Questions answers
    ( Wh-) + Have/Has + Subject + Past Participle
    Have you visited the Arctic? No, I haven’t.
    Yes/No
    Has Paul taken many photos? Yes, he has.
    What have you heard? Nothing. Why?
    Wh-
    Who has he met? An explorer.

    Who/What + Has + Past Participle


    Who or What Who has completed the assignment? Only one student (has).
    as Subject What has happened? Nothing, yet.

    1. Use the present perfect for


    lived in Canada
    a. actions or events that started in the a.
    past and continue in the present; now

    We have lived in Canada for a long time.

    travel to Antarctica
    b. an action or event that happened at b.
    an indefinite time in the past; now
    He has traveled to Antarctica.

    tornado hit
    c. recently completed actions or events; c.
    just is common with this use of the now
    present perfect.
    A tornado has just hit downtown.

    2. Use the present perfect to connect the She has taught school for 20 years. Now she wants to
    past to the present. write a book.

    3. Already, always, ever, and never often The employees have already left work. It’s late.
    come before the past participle. Have you ever seen a kangaroo?

    Yet and so far are common at the end of She hasn’t called yet. I expect the call soon.
    a sentence. The speeches have been good so far. There’s one more.

    34 Present and Past: Perfect and Perfect Progressive


    6 Complete the sentences. Use the present perfect form of the verb in parentheses. Then write
    since or for.

    1. People in many countries enjoy ice swimming. It became popular several decades ago.

    People have enjoyed (enjoy) ice swimming for several decades.

    2. The first Canadian Polar Bear Swim was in 1920. It is still an annual event.

    The Canadian Polar Bear Swim (be) an annual event


    1920.

    3. Our town had its first New Year’s Day swim in 2010. Our town still has this swim.

    Our town (have) a New Year’s Day swim many years.

    4. I wanted to swim with the Polar Bears when I was 13. I’m 23 and I still want to do it.

    I (want) to swim with the Polar Bears ten years.

    5. The only sport my brother does is winter swimming. He (not play)


    any other sport he was a teenager.

    6. My father doesn’t participate anymore. His last winter swim was four years ago.

    My father (not participate) four years.

    7. My cousin always jumps into the water first. He did this last year and the year before.

    My cousin (always / jump) into the water first


    he joined the Polar Bears.

    8. We all love winter swimming. We loved our first experience, and we still love it.

    We (love) winter swimming we first tried it.

    2.3 Present Perfect and Simple Past


    1. The present perfect is used for
    a. actions or events that started in the past a. Mary is our math teacher. She has taught
    and continue to the present; here for five years.
    b. completed actions or events with a b. The children have read the rules. They’re
    connection to the present. ready to play the game now.

    2. The simple past is used for completed actions She taught math ten years ago. Now she works
    or events. in finance.

    3. With the present perfect, the exact time of the ✓ They have gone to Morocco.
    action or event is not given. ✗ They have gone to Morocco last month.
    With the simple past, the exact time of the past ✓ They went to Morocco last month.
    action or event is given or understood. ✓ did you sleep well?
    4. Use the present perfect with a time period that I’ve called her twice this morning.
    has not ended yet. (It’s still morning. I may call her again.)

    Use the simple past with a completed past I called her twice yesterday.
    time period.

    36 Present and Past: Perfect and Perfect Progressive


    LEARN

    2.4 Present Perfect Progressive


    statements
    Subject + Have/Has ( Not ) + Been + Verb + -ing
    Affirmative I have been waiting for my friend for an hour.
    Negative Tom hasn’t been sleeping enough this term.

    Questions answers
    ( Wh-) + Have/Has + Subject + Been + Verb + -ing
    Yes/No Have you been working for a long time? Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t.
    Wh- What has Raul been reading lately? A lot of short stories.

    Who/What + Has + Been + Verb + -ing


    Who or What
    Who has been managing the lab? Luz and Jun have.
    as Subject

    1. Use the present perfect progressive for ongoing


    I’ve been working
    actions that started in the past and continue in
    the present. now
    I’ve been working on my research paper.

    2. The present perfect progressive is often used


    a. with for or since a. They have been studying Spanish for years.
    b. without for or since to emphasize that the b. The chef’s been working hard. It’s the busy
    action happened recently or is temporary season.
    c. for repeated actions that started in the past c. I’ve been texting Jose all day. He hasn’t
    and continue in the present replied to any of my messages.

    3. Remember: The progressive is not usually used ✓ She has known him since college.
    with stative verbs. ✗ She has been knowing him since college.

    4 Complete the conversations with the words in parentheses. Use the present perfect
    progressive.

    Sasha: How long (1) have you been going (you / go) on long-distance hikes?
    Gina: Since I was in college. And I’m now in my sixties.
    (2) (my husband / hike) since he was a
    child.

    Sasha: (3) (it / get) easier or more difficult for


    you to hike long distances these days?

    Gina: Well, I’d say that lately (4) (we / work)


    harder to keep up with the younger people on the hikes, but I don’t think
    (5) (we / cause) any problems or delays!

    Unit 2 Lesson 2 43

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