Soft Skill Course:

Scientific Document preparation using Latex

Ramanujan Institute for Advanced Study in Mathematics

University of Madras, Chennai – 05.

This notes is based on the reference:

1. The Not So Short Introduction to LATEX2e by Tobias Oetiker, Hubert Partl, Irene Hyna and Elisabeth
Schlegl, Version 5.06, June 20, 2016
2. https://www.sharelatex.com/learn/Main_Page
3. https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/Main_Page
4. The examdesign class by Jason Alexander
 Soft Skill Course:
Scientific Document preparation using Latex

Syllabus
Subject Code : UOMS062

Unit 1
Overview of LaTeX - Document Classes – Formatting and Page Layout

Unit 2
Math Formulas – Math Symbols - Footnotes – Boxes

Unit 3
Environments – Sectioning – Cross references

Unit 4
Table of contents - Bibliography – Indexes – Letter Typing

Unit 5
Beamer Presentation – Poster Presentation.

References :
1. The Not So Short Introduction to LaTeX2e by Tobias Oetiker Hubert
Partl, Irene Hyna and Elisabeth Schlegl.
2. LaTex : Structured documents for TeX unofficial LaTeX references
manual July 2010.
3. https://www.sharelatex.com/ learn/Main_Page

At the end students will learn how to prepare article, books,

question paper, beamer presentation using LATEX
Unit 1
Overview – Document Classes – Formatting and Page Layout

Overview:
What is LaTeX?

TeX is a typesetting markup language created by Donald E. Knuth (1977); it has

extensive capabilities to typeset math. LaTeX (pronounced lay-tekh) is an
extension of TeX designed by Leslie Lamport. Its major features include a strong
focus on document structure and the logical markup of text; automatic
numbering and cross-referencing. LaTeX enables authors to typeset and print
their work at the highest typographical quality, using a predefined, professional
layout.

Advantages of LaTeX

 Professionally crafted layouts are available

 The typesetting of mathematical formulae is supported in a
convenient way.
 Complex structures such as table of content, index, footnotes,
references, table of contents, and bibliographies can be generated
easily.

TeX Distributions

The set of programs that make possible to complile TeX and TaTeX documents is
called a TEX typesetting or a TEX distribution. There are many TEX distributions
available for different operating systems:

 MiKTeX for Windows

 TeX Live for Linux and other UNIX-like systems

 MacTeX redistribution of TeX Live for Mac OS X

  proTeXt is based on MiKTeX

LaTeX Editors:

There are many advanced text editors specifically dedicated to LATEX for the
most popular operating systems, some of them can be downloaded for free
while others are proprietary software:

Open Source: AUCTEX, GNU TeXmacs, Gummi, Kile, LaTeXila, MeWa, TeXShop,
TeXnicCenter, Texmaker, TeXstudio, TeXworks

Freeware: LEd, WinShell

Proprietary/Shareware: Inlage, Scientific WorkPlace, WinEdt

There are three output formats available in all TeX distributions

Input File Structure:

When LATEX processes an input file, it expects it to follow a certain structure.

Thus every input file must start with the command
\documentclass { . . . }

This specifies what sort of document you intend to write. After that, add
commands to influence the style of the whole document, or load packages that
add new features to the LATEX system. To load such a package you use the
command
\usepackage{...}
When all the setup work is done, you start the body of the text with the
command
\begin{document}

Now you enter the text mixed with some useful LATEX commands. At the end of
the document you add the
\end{document}

command, which tells LATEX to call it a day. Anything that follows this
command will be ignored by LATEX.

Document Classes :
The first information LATEX needs to know when processing an input file is the
type of document the author wants to create. This is specified with the
\documentclass command.
\documentclass[options]{class}
\begin{document}
Typing Place
\end{document}
 Here class specifies the type of document to be created.
 The options parameter customises the behaviour of the document class. The
options have to be separated by commas.

Example: \documentclass[11pt,twoside,a4paper]{article}

which instructs LATEX to typeset the document as an article with a base font
size of eleven points, and to produce a layout suitable for double sided printing on
A4 paper.

Document Classes

article for articles in scientific journals, presentations,

article short reports, program documentation, invitations, . . .

proc proc a class for proceedings based on the article class.

report for longer reports containing several chapters,
report small books, PhD theses, . . .

book book for real books.

 slides for slides. The class uses big sans serif letters.
slides You might want to consider using the Beamer class instead.

Document Class Options:

10pt, 11pt, 12pt Sets the size of the main font in the
document. 10pt is default.

a4paper, letterpaper a5paper, Defines the paper size. The default size is
b5paper, executivepaper, letterpaper.
legalpaper

Fleqn Typesets displayed formulae left-aligned

instead of centred.

Leqno Places the numbering of formulae on the

left hand side instead of the right.

titlepage, notitlepage Specifies whether a new page should be

started after the document title or not. The
article class does not start a new page by
default, while report and book do.

onecolumn, twocolumn Instructs LATEX to typeset the document in

one column or two columns.

twoside, oneside Specifies whether double or single sided

output should be generated. The classes
article and report are single sided and the
book class is double sided by default. Note
that this option concerns the style of the
document only. The option twoside does
not tell the printer you use that it should
actually make a two-sided printout.

Landscape Changes the layout of the document to

print in landscape mode.
Packages:

While writing your document, you will probably find that there are some areas
where basic LATEX cannot solve your problem. If you want to include graphics,
coloured text or source code from a file into your document, you need to
enhance the capabilities of LATEX. Such enhancements are called packages.
Packages are activated with the
\usepackage[options]{package}

command, where package is the name of the package and options is a list of
keywords that trigger special features in the package. The \usepackage
command goes into the preamble of the document. Modern TEX distributions
come with a large number of packages preinstalled. If you are working on a Unix
system, use the command texdoc for accessing package documentation.

The following files are may generated when you run LATEX on your input
file:

.dvi Device Independent File. This is the main result of a LATEX compile run.
Look at its content with a DVI previewer program or send it to a printer with
dvips or a similar application.

.log Gives a detailed account of what happened during the last compiler run.

.toc Stores all your section headers. It gets read in for the next compiler run and
is used to produce the table of contents.

.lof This is like .toc but for the list of figures.

.lot And again the same for the list of tables.

.aux Another file that transports information from one compiler run to the next.
Among other things, the .aux file is used to store information associated with
cross-references.

.idx If your document contains an index. LATEX stores all the words that go into
the index in this file. Process this file with makeindex.

.ind The processed .idx file, ready for inclusion into your document on the next
compile cycle.

.ilg Logfile telling what makeindex did.

Font Size:
LATEX normally chooses the appropriate font and font size based on the logical
structure of the document (e.g. sections). In some cases, you may want to set
fonts and sizes by hand.

Font sizes are identified by special names, the actual size is not absolute but
relative to the font size declared in the \documentclass statement

Command Output

{\tiny Lorem ipusm}

{\scriptsize Lorem ipusm}

{\footnotesize Lorem ipusm}

\small

\normalsize

\large

\Large

\LARGE

\huge
 \Huge

Example:

Font families
By default, in standard LATEX classes the serif typeface (a.k.a. roman) font is
used. The other font typefaces (sans serif and typewriter, a.k.a. monospace) can
be used by entering some specific commands
Default font families

typeface switch
Command Output
family command

\textrm{Sample
serif (roman) \rmfamily
Text 0123}

\textsf{Sample
sans serif \sffamily
Text 0123}

typewriter \texttt{Sample
\ttfamily
(monospace) Text 0123}

Font styles
The most common font styles in LATEX are bold, italics and underlined, but
there are a few more.

switch
Style Command Output
command

\textmd{Sample
Medium \mdseries
Text 0123}

\textbf{Sample
Bold \bfseries
Text 0123}

\textup{Sample
Upright \upshape
Text 0123}

\textit{Sample
Italic \itshape
Text 0123}

\textsl{Sample
Slanted \slshape
Text 0123}

small \textsc{Sample
\scshape
caps Text 0123}
\mathbb{ } is standard command for typing set notations of set of real
numbers, complex numbers, natural numbers and integers
\mathbb{R,C,Z,N}

Spacing :
The Space Between Words :
A tilde ‘~’ character generates a space that cannot be enlarged and additionally
prohibits a line break.

Line Breaking and Page Breaking

Books are often typeset with each line having the same length. LATEX inserts
the necessary line breaks and spaces between words by optimizing the contents
of a whole paragraph.

\\ or \newline starts a new line without starting a

new paragraph.

\newpage starts a new page.

Indent
If you want to indent a paragraph that is not indented, use
\indent

at the beginning of the paragraph. To create a non-indented paragraph, use

\noindent

as the first command of the paragraph. This might come in handy when you start
a document with body text and not with a sectioning command.

Horizontal Space
LaTeX determines the spaces between words and sentences automatically. To
add horizontal space, use:
\hspace{length}

Example

Vertical Space
The following command is used for getting space between to lines.

\vspace{length}

Text Alignment
The environments flushleft and flushright generate paragraphs that are
either left- or right-aligned. The center environment generates centred text.

Emphasized Words
If a text is typed using a typewriter, important words are emphasized by
underlining them.
\underline{text}

In printed books, however, words are emphasized by typesetting them in an

italic font. As an author you shouldn’t care either way. The important bit is, to
tell LATEX that a particular bit of text is important and should be emphasized.
Hence the command
\emph{text}

to emphasize text. What the command actually does with its argument depends
on the context:
Paragraph formatting
The default LATEX formatting is fine and makes documents quite readable, but it
can be changed if you need a different looking document.
The size of the subsequent paragraph indents is determined by the command
\setlength{\parindent}{value}.
The length parameter that characterises the paragraph spacing is
\setlength{\parskip}{value},
There are three commands that control the line spacing:
1. \renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{value}
2. \setlength{\baselineskip}{value}
3. \linespread{value}

Example :
\documentclass{article}
\setlength{\parindent}{4em}
\setlength{\parskip}{1em}
\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{2.0}
\begin{document}
This is the first paragraph, contains some text to test the
paragraph interlining, paragraph indentation and some other
features. Also, is easy to see how new paragraphs are
defined by simply entering a double blank space.
Hello, here is some text without a meaning. This
text should show what a printed text will look like at
this...
\end{document}

14
Paper size, orientation and margins
Paper size, orientation and margins are the most common page elements that must
be changed depending on the type of document. To do this we have use geometry
package

For example, let's create a document with legal paper size, landscape orientation
and a 2 in margin:

\usepackage[legalpaper, landscape, margin=2in]{geometry}

or
\usepackage{geometry}
\geometry{legalpaper, landscape, margin=2in}

left - This parameter change the length of the left margin.

right - This parameter change the length of the right margin.
top, bottom - These parameters for change the top and bottom margin.

\usepackage{geometry}
\geometry{
a4paper,
left=20mm,
top=20mm,
}
Multiple columns
To create a document with multiple columns, the package multicol provide a set of
commands for that.
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{multicol}
\begin{document}
\bf{1 First Section}\\
All human things are subject to decay. And when fate
summons, Monarchs must obey.
\begin{multicols}{3}
Hello, here is some text without a meaning. This text
should show what a printed text will look like at this
place.If you read this text, you will get no information.
Really? Is there no information? Is there...
\end{multicols}
\end{document}

15
Page numbering
Page numbering in LATEX uses Arabic numbers by default, but this can be changed to
use Roman numerals and/or letters. You can also combine several numbering styles in a
single document. This can be done by using the command
\pagenumbering{your style}

A list of styles available for page numbering:

 arabic: arabic numerals

 roman: lowercase roman numerals
 Roman: uppercase roman numerals
 alph: lowercase letters
 Alph: uppercase letters

Using two page numbering styles in a single document

In books, is customary to use Roman numerals for the pages before the first
chapter/section, and Arabic numbers for the rest of the document. There are two
commands available in the book document class that accomplish this:

16
 \frontmatter

The pages after this command and before the command \mainmatter, will be
numbered with lowercase Roman numerals.
\mainmatter

This will restart the page counter and change the style to Arabic numbers.These two
are works for book document class only.
\documentclass{book}
\begin{document}
\frontmatter
text...
Some text...
\mainmatter
More text….
\end{document}

If your document class is not book or you need more control over the page counter
and the numbering style, see the next example:

\documentclass{article}
\pagenumbering{roman}
\begin{document}
Some text here...
Some more text here..
\pagenumbering{arabic}
More text here...
\end{document}

17
Unit 2
Math Formulas – Math Symbols - Footnotes – Boxes

The AMS-LATEX bundle:

If you want to typeset (advanced) mathematics, you should use AMS-LATEX.The
AMS-LATEX bundle is a collection of packages and classes for mathematical
typesetting. We will mostly deal with the amsmath package which is a part of the
bundle and which is loaded in the preamble using the package
\usepackage{amsmath}.

Mathematical Mode:
LaTeX allows two writing modes for mathematical expressions: the inline mode
and the display mode. The first one is used to write formulas that are part of a text.
The second one is used to write expressions that are not part of a text or paragraph,
and are therefore put on separate lines.

 To put your equations in inline mode use one of these delimiters:

\( \), $ $ or \begin{math} \end{math}. They all work and the choice is a
matter of taste.
 To print your equations in display mode use one of these delimiters:
\[\], $$$$, \begin{displaymath}\end{displaymath} or
\begin{equation} \end{equation}

Let's see an example of the inline mode:

In physics, the mass-energy equivalence is stated
by the equation $E=mc^2$, discovered in 1905 by Albert Einstein.

Example for display mode

The mass-energy equivalence is described by the famous equation
$$E=mc^2$$
discovered in 1905 by Albert Einstein. In natural units ($c$ = 1),
the formula expresses the identity
\begin{equation}
E=m
\end{equation}

18
Subscripts and superscripts:
The use of superscripts and subscripts is very common in mathematical expressions
involving exponents, indexes, and in some special operators. Superscripts and
Subscripts can be specified using the ^ and the _ characters. Most math mode
commands act only on the next character, so if you want a command to affect
several characters, you have to group them together using curly braces: {...}.
$ a_1^2 + a_2^2 = a_3^2 $\\
$ x^{2 \alpha} - 1 = y_{ij} + y_{ij} $\\
$ (a^n)^{r+s} = a^{nr+ns} $\\

Some mathematical operators may require subscripts and superscripts. The most
frequent cases are those of the integral \int and the summation (\sum) operators,
whose bounds are typeset precisely with subscripts and superscripts.
$\sum_{i=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n^s}=
\prod_p\frac{1}{1-p^{-s}} $

19
If you want equations with equation number then you should enclose them between
\begin{equation} and \end{equation}. You can then \label an equation
number and refer to it somewhere else in the text by using the \eqref command. If
you don’t want LATEX to number the equations, use the starred version of equation
using an asterisk, equation*.

20
Fractions and Binomials:
A built-up fraction is typeset with the \frac{...}{...} command. In in-line
equations, the fraction is shrunk to fit the line. This style is obtainable in display
style with \tfrac. The reverse, i.e. display style fraction in text, is made with
\dfrac. Often the slashed form 1/2 is preferable, because it looks better for small
amounts of ‘fraction material:’

To typeset binomial coefficients or similar structures, use the command

\binom{}{}from amsmath:

Continued fractions:
The usage of fractions is quite flexible, they can be nested to obtain more complex
expressions.
The fractions can be nested
\[ \frac{1+\frac{a}{b}}{1+\frac{1}{1+\frac{1}{a}}} \]
Now a wild example
\[ a_0+\cfrac{1}{a_1+\cfrac{1}{a_2+\cfrac{1}{a_3+\cdots}}}
\]

21
Integrals, sums and limits:

Integrals:

Integral expression can be added using the below command:

\int_{lower}^{upper}

The command \limits changes the way the limits are displayed in the integral, if not
present the limits would be next to the integral symbol instead of being on top and
bottom.
\[ \int\limits_0^1 x^2 + y^2 \ dx \]

Example

Integral $\int_{a}^{b} x^2 dx$

inside text

$$\int_{a}^{b} x^2 dx$$

22
Multiple integrals:
To obtain double/triple/multiple integrals and cyclic integrals you must use
amsmath and esint packages.

LaTeX Code Output

$$\iint_V \mu(u,v) \,du\,dv$$

$$\iiint_V \mu(u,v,w) \,du\,dv\,dw$$

$$\iiiint_V \mu(t,u,v,w)
\,dt\,du\,dv\,dw$$

$$\idotsint_V \mu(u_1,\dots,u_k)
\,du_1 \dots du_k$$

$$\oint_V f(s) \,ds$$

$$\oiint_V f(s,t) \,ds\,dt$$

Sums and products:

Like integral, sum expression can be added using the below command:
\sum_{lower}^{upper}

LATEX code Output

Sum $\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} 2^{-n}

= 1$ inside text

23
 $$\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} 2^{-n} =
1$$

In similar way you can obtain expression with product of a sequence of factors
using the command.
\prod_{lower}^{upper}

LATEX code Output

Product $\prod_{i=a}^{b} f(i)$

inside text

$$\prod_{i=a}^{b} f(i)$$

Limits :

Limit expression can be added using the command:

\lim_{lower}

LATEX code Output

Limit $\lim_{x\to\infty} f(x)$ inside

text

$$\lim_{x\to\infty} f(x)$$

24
Integral and sum limits improvement:
In inline math mode the integral/sum/product lower and upper limits are placed
right of integral symbol. Similar is for limit expressions. If you want the limits of an
integral/sum/product to be specified above and below the symbol in inline math
mode, use the \limits command before limits specification.

LATEX code Output

Integral $\int_{a}^{b} x^2 dx$

inside text

Improved integral
$\int\limits_{a}^{b} x^2 dx$
inside text

Sum $\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} 2^{-

n} = 1$ inside text

Improved sum
$\sum\limits_{n=1}^{\infty}
2^{-n} = 1$ inside text

Note the difference in typesetting style between text style and display style
equations:

25
In text style, enclose tall or deep math expressions or sub expressions in \smash.
This makes LATEX ignore the height of these expressions. This keeps the line
spacing even.

Difference b/w math mode and text mode

There are also differences between math mode and text mode. For example,

in math mode:

1. Most spaces and line breaks do not have any significance, as all spaces are
either derived logically from the mathematical expressions, or have to be
specified with special commands such as \,, \quad or \qquad
2. Empty lines are not allowed. Only one paragraph per formula.
3. Each letter is considered to be the name of a variable and will be typeset as
such. If you want to typeset normal text within a formula then you have to
enter the text using the \text{...} command.

Building Blocks of a Mathematical Formula

In this section, we describe the most important commands used in mathematical

typesetting. Most of the commands in this section will not require amsmath (if they
do, it will be stated clearly), but load it anyway. Lowercase Greek letters are

26
entered as \alpha, \beta, \gamma, . . . , uppercase letters are entered as \Gamma,
\Delta, . . .

While the dot sign to indicate the multiplication operation is normally left out, it is
sometimes written to help the eye in grouping a formula. Use \cdot to typeset a
single centered dot. \cdots is three centered dots while \ldots sets the dots low (on
the baseline). Besides that, there are \vdots for vertical and \ddots for diagonal
dots.

The commands \overline and \underline create horizontal lines directly over or
under an expression:

The commands \overbrace and \underbrace create long horizontal braces over or
under an expression:

27
Widehats and tildes covering several characters are generated with \widetilde and
\widehat. Notice the difference between \hat and \widehat and the placement of
\bar for a variable with subscript. The apostrophe mark ’gives a prime:

Vectors are often specified by adding small arrow symbols on the tops of variables.
This is done with the \vec command. The two commands \overrightarrow and
\overleftarrow are useful to denote the vector from A to B:

Names of functions are often typeset in an upright font, and not in italics as
variables are, so LATEX supplies the following commands to typeset the most
common function names:

For functions missing from the list, use the \DeclareMathOperator command. There
is even a starred version for functions with limits. This command works only in the
preamble so the commented lines in the example below must be put into the
preamble.

28
For the modulo function, there are two commands: \bmod for the binary operator
“a mod b” and \pmod for expressions such as “x _ a (mod b):”

Here the \partial command for partial derivatives is used:

For binary relations it may be useful to stack symbols over each other.
\stackrel{#1}{#2} puts the symbol given in #1 in superscript-like size over #2
which is set in its usual position.

To get more control over the placement of indices in complex expressions, amsmath
provides the \substack command:

LATEX provides all sorts of symbols for bracketing and other delimiters. Round
and square brackets can be entered with the corresponding keys and curly braces
with \{, but all other delimiters are generated with special commands (e.g.
\updownarrow).

29
If you put \left in front of an opening delimiter and \right in front of a closing
delimiter, LATEX will automatically determine the correct size of the delimiter. Note
that you must close every \left with a corresponding \right. If you don’t want
anything on the right, use the invisible “\right.”:

In some cases it is necessary to specify the correct size of a mathematical delimiter

by hand, which can be done using the commands \big, \Big, \bigg and \Bigg as
prefixes to most delimiter commands:

30
List of Greek letters and math symbols

31
32
Footnotes
With the command

\footnote{footnote text}

a footnote is printed at the foot of the current page. Footnotes should always be put
after the word or sentence they refer to.

Example :
I'm writing something here to test \footnote{footnotes
working fine}
several features.

33
The command \footnote{footnotes working fine} adds a superscript to the
word right before the command and prints the corresponding footnote. You can
change the type of numbers printed by the footnote counter
The command
\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\roman{footnote}}
sets the number styles to lowercase roman. Other possible styles are:

 arabic Arabic numerals.

 Roman Upper case Roman numerals.
 alph Alphabetic lower case.
 Alph Alphabetic upper case.
 fnsymbol A set of 9 special symbols.

34
Boxes

parbox, minipage
A \parbox is a box of specific width formatted in paragraph mode.

\parbox[pos]{width}{text}
or
\begin{minipage}[pos]{width}
text....
\end{minipage}

width defines the width of the paragraph box. Text will be broken into lines so that
it fits within this width.
pos selects which baseline to join. It can be top, bottom, or center. This parameter is
often confusing to new users! See the special note below.
makebox and mbox
Makebox creates a single-line box, optionally of fixed width, but otherwise large
enough to hold its contents. mbox is the shorthand version of Makebox. You cannot
place line breaks (\\) within a Makebox.

\mbox{text}
\makebox[width][pos]{text}

The pos parameter takes a one letter value : c- center, l- flushleft, r-flushright, or s-
spread the text to fill the box.
framebox and fbox
The command \framebox behaves identically to \makebox except that it
additionally draws a box around its contents.

\fbox{text}
\framebox[width][pos]{text}

35
Unit 3
Environments – Sectioning – Cross references

Environments:
\begin{environment}
Text
\end{environment}

Where environment is the name of the environment.

Environments can be nested within each other as long as the correct nesting order
is maintained.

\begin{aaa}...\begin{bbb}...\end{bbb}...\end{aaa}

In the following sections all important environments are explained.

Itemize and Enumerate:

The itemize environment is suitable for simple lists, the enumerate environment for
enumerated lists, and the description environment for descriptions.
\begin{itemize}
\item $A \subset B$ \verb+&+ $B\subset A \Rightarrow A = B$
\item $x\leq y$ and $y\leq x \Rightarrow x=y$
\item subset of a countable set is countable
\end{itemize}

36
\begin{itemize}
\item[$\maltese$] $A \subset B$ \verb+&+ $B\subset A
\Rightarrow A = B$
\item[$\maltese$] $x\leq y$ and $y\leq x \Rightarrow x=y$
\item[$\maltese$] subset of a countable set is countable
\end{itemize}

\begin{enumerate}
\item $A\subset B$\verb+&+ $B\subset A \Rightarrow A=B$
\item $x\leq y$ and $y\leq x \Rightarrow x=y$
\item subset of a countable set is countable
\end{enumerate}

\begin{enumerate}[(a)]
\item $A \subset B$ \verb+&+ $B\subset A \Rightarrow A = B$
\item $x\leq y$ and $y\leq x \Rightarrow x=y$
\item subset of a countable set is countable
\end{enumerate}

37
\begin{enumerate}
\setcounter{enumi}{5}
\item $A \subset B$ \verb+&+ $B\subset A \Rightarrow A = B$
\item $x\leq y$ and $y\leq x \Rightarrow x=y$
\item subset of a countable set is countable
\end{enumerate}

Figures and Tables

LaTeX provides the basic facilities to work with floating bodies, such as images or
graphics, with the figure and table environments.

Steps guide to include a picture into your document:

1. Export the picture from your graphics program in EPS format.

2. Load the graphicx package in the preamble of the input file with
\usepackage{graphicx}
3. Use the command

\includegraphics[key=value, . . . ]{file}

to include file into your document. The optional parameter accepts a comma
separated list of keys and associated values. The keys can be used to alter the width,
height and rotation of the included graphic.

width scale graphic to the specified width

height scale graphic to the specified height

angle rotate graphic counterclockwise

scale scale graphic

38
The universe is immense and it seems to be homogeneous, in
a large scale, everywhere we look at.
\includegraphics{universe}
There's a picture of a galaxy above

The
command \graphicspath{ {images/} } tells LaTeX to look
inthe images folder. The path is relative to the current working directory - so, the
compiler will look for the file in the same folder as the code where the image is
included.

You can also set multiple paths if the images are saved in more than one folder. For
instance, if there are two folders named images1 and images2, use the command.

\graphicspath{ {./images1/}{./images2/} }

The path can also be absolute, if the exact location of the file on your system is
specified. For example:

%Path in Windows format:

\graphicspath{ {c:/user/images/} }
%Path in Unix-like (Linux, Mac OS) format
\graphicspath{ {/home/user/images/} }
Notice that this command requires a trailing slash / and that the path is in between
double braces.

Example

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\graphicspath{ {./images/} }
\begin{document}
The universe is immense and it seems to be homogeneous, in a large scale,
everywhere we look at.

39
\includegraphics{universe}
There's a picture of a galaxy above
\end{document}

Positioning

In the previous section was explained how to include images in your document, but
the combination of text and images may not look as we expected. To change this we
need to introduce a new environment.

\begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[width=8cm]{Plot}
\end{figure}

40
 Parameter Position

Place the float here, i.e., approximately at the same point it occurs
H
in the source text (however, not exactly at the spot)

T Position at the top of the page.

B Position at the bottom of the page.

P Put on a special page for floats only.

Override internal parameters LaTeX uses for determining "good"

!
float positions.

Places the float at precisely the location in the LATEX code.

H
Requires the float package. This is somewhat equivalent to h!.

In the next example you can see a picture at the top of the document, despite being
declared below the text.

\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics[width=8cm]{Plot}
\centering
\end{figure}

41
The additional command \centering will centre the picture. The default alignment
is left.

Captioning:

Captioning images to add a brief description and labeling them for further reference
are two important tools when working on a lengthy text.

Example:

\begin{figure}[h]
\caption{Example of a parametric plot ($\sin (x), \cos(x), x$)}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=3cm]{spiral}
\end{figure}

Label and References:

Figures can be referenced within the text by adding a label to the figure
environment, then later use that label to refer the picture.

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.25\textwidth]{mesh}
\caption{a nice plot}
\label{fig:mesh1}
\end{figure}
As you can see in the figure \ref{fig:mesh1}, the function grows near 0. Also, in the
page \pageref{fig:mesh1} is the same example.

42
Tables :

Tables are common elements in most scientific documents, LATEX provides a large
set of tools to customize tables, change the size, combine cells, change the colour of
cells and so on. The tabular environment is the default LATEX method to create
tables.

\begin{tabular}{ c c c }
cell1 & cell2 & cell3 \\
cell4 & cell5 & cell6 \\
cell7 & cell8 & cell9
\end{tabular}

Here {c c c} tells LaTeX that there will be three columns and that the text inside each
one of them must be centred.

The tabular environment is more flexible, you can put separator lines in between
each column.

\begin{tabular}{ |c|c|c| }
\hline
cell1 & cell2 & cell3 \\
cell4 & cell5 & cell6 \\
cell7 & cell8 & cell9 \\
\hline \end{tabular}

43
{ |c|c|c| }- This declares that three columns, separated by a vertical line, are going to
be used in the table. Each c means that the contents of the column will be centred,
you can also use r to align the text to the right and l for left alignment.

\hline - This will insert a horizontal line on top of the table and at the bottom too.
There is no restriction on the number of times you can use \hline.

\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{||c c c c||}
\hline
Col1 & Col2 & Col2 & Col3 \\ [0.5ex]
\hline\hline
1 & 6 & 87837 & 787 \\
\hline
2 & 7 & 78 & 5415 \\
\hline
3 & 545 & 778 & 7507 \\
\hline
4 & 545 & 18744 & 7560 \\
\hline
5 & 88 & 788 & 6344 \\ [1ex]
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}

44
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
1 & 234 & 4 & 456 \\
\hline
1345 & 345 & 567 & 78 \\
\cline{2-4}
346 & 456 & 678 & 45 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}

\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
1 & \multicolumn{3}{c|}{Value}\\
\hline
1345 & 345 & 567 & 78 \\
\hline
346 & 456 & 678 & 45 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}

Matrix

$\left(
\begin{array}{cccc}
* & * & * & * \\
* & * & * & * \\
* & * & * & * \\
\end{array}
\right)$

$\left(
\begin{array}{cccc}
1 & 2 & 4 & 5 \\
5 & 5 & 4 & 6 \\
6 & 7 & 8 & 5 \\
\end{array}
\right)$

45
$$\left[
\begin{array}{cccc}
1 & 2 & 4 & 5 \\
5 & 5 & 4 & 6 \\
6 & 7 & 8 & 5 \\
\end{array}
\right]$$

$$\left|
\begin{array}{cccc}
1 & 2 & 4 & 5 \\
5 & 5 & 4 & 6 \\
6 & 7 & 8 & 5 \\
\end{array}
\right|$$

$$\left\{
\begin{array}{cccc}
1 & 2 & 4 & 5 \\
5 & 5 & 4 & 6 \\
6 & 7 & 8 & 5 \\
\end{array}
\right\}$$

$\left(
\begin{array}{cccc}
1 & 2 & \cdots & n \\
3 & 6 & \cdots & 3n \\
\vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots \\
2n+1 & 2n+2 & \cdots & m \\
\end{array}
\right)$

46
Cases
$$ d(x,y)=
\left\{
\begin{array}{ll}
0 & \hbox{ if } x = y \\
1 & \hbox{ if } x \neq y
\end{array}
\right. $$

Equation array
\begin{eqnarray}
x^2+y^2+z^2 & = & 1 \\
a x^2+b y^2+c z^2 &=& 2\\
f(x) &=& x^2+\frac{x}{2}\\
g(x,y) &=& xy^2+yx^2
\end{eqnarray}

\begin{eqnarray}
x^2+y^2+z^2 &=& 1 \\
a x^2+b y^2+c z^2 &=& 2 \\
\nonumber f(x) &=&
x^2+\frac{x}{2}\\
g(x,y) &=& xy^2+yx^2
\end{eqnarray}

\begin{eqnarray*}
x^2+y^2+z^2 &=& 1 \\
a x^2+b y^2+c z^2 &=& 2 \\
f(x) &=& x^2+\frac{x}{2} \\
g(x,y) &=& xy^2+yx^2
\end{eqnarray*}

\begin{eqnarray*}
f(x) & = & \dfrac{x^2-9}{x-3}\\
& = & \dfrac{x^2-3^2}{x-3}\\
& = & \dfrac{(x-3)(x+3)}{x-3}\\
& = & x+3.
\end{eqnarray*}

47
Quote, Quotation, and Verse

The quote environment is useful for quotes, important phrases and examples.

Printing Verbatim

Text that is enclosed between \begin{verbatim} and \end{verbatim} will be directly

printed, as if typed on a typewriter, with all line breaks and spaces, without any
LATEX command being executed. Within a paragraph, similar behavior can be
accessed with
\verb+text+

The + is just an example of a delimiter character. Use any character except letters, *
or space.

48
Sections and chapters:
Documents usually have some levels of chapters and/or sections to keep its
contents organized. LATEX supports this type of organization and also
customization of the sectioning and numbering. The command
\section{your section name here}

marks the beginning of a new section, inside the braces is set the title. Section
numbering is automatic and can be disabled. LATEX can organize, number, and
index chapters and sections of document. There are up to 7 levels of depth for
defining sections depending on the document class:

-1 \part{part}

0 \chapter{chapter}

1 \section{section}

2 \subsection{subsection}

3 \subsubsection{subsubsection}

4 \paragraph{paragraph}

5 \subparagraph{subparagraph}

\part and \chapter are only available in report and book document classes.

The command \title{}, \author{} used for title and author name of the
book/article/report and the command \maketitle will print the title and author
name in your document. The \date{ } command is used for date.

\documentclass{article}
\title{Sections and Chapters}
\author{Gubert Farnsworth}
\date{\today}
\begin{document}
\maketitle

49
\section{Introduction}
This is the first section. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.
Etiam lobortisfacilisis sem. Nullam nec mi et neque pharetra sollicitudin. Praesent
imperdietmi nec ante. Donec ullamcorper, felis non sodales...
\section{Second Section}
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Etiam lobortis
facilisissem. Nullam nec mi et neque pharetra sollicitudin. Praesent imperdiet mi
necante...
\end{document}

Unnumbered sections:
To get an unnumbered chapter, section, sub-section, etc. add an asterisk before the
opening curly brace. These will not go into the table of contents.

\documentclass{article}
\title{Sections and Chapters}
\author{Gubert Farnsworth}
\date{\today}

50
\begin{document}
\maketitle
\section*{Introduction}
This is the first section.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing
elit. Etiam lobortisfacilisis sem. Nullam nec mi et
neque pharetra sollicitudin. Praesent imperdietmi nec ante.
Donec ullamcorper, felis non sodales...
\section*{Second Section}
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.
Etiam lobortis facilisissem. Nullam nec mi et neque pharetra
sollicitudin. Praesent imperdiet mi necante...
\end{document}

51
Numbered theorems, definitions, corollaries and lemmas:

Numbered environments in LATEX can be defined by means of the command

\newtheorem

\documentclass{article}
\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}[section]
\newtheorem{corollary}{Corollary}[theorem]
\newtheorem{lemma}[theorem]{Lemma}
\begin{document}
\section{Introduction}
Theorems can easily be defined
\begin{theorem}
Let $f$ be a function whose derivative exists in every point, then $f$ is
a continuous function.
\end{theorem}
\begin{theorem}[Pythagorean theorem]
\label{pythagorean}
This is a theorema about right triangles and can be summarised in the next
equation
\[ x^2 + y^2 = z^2 \]
\end{theorem}
And a consequence of theorem \ref{pythagorean} is the statement in the next
corollary.
\begin{corollary}
There's no right rectangle whose sides measure 3cm, 4cm, and 6cm.
\end{corollary}
You can reference theorems such as \ref{pythagorean} when a label is assigned.
\begin{lemma}
Given two line segments whose lengths are $a$ and $b$ respectively there is a
real number $r$ such that $b=ra$.
\end{lemma}

52
There are three new environments defined in the preamble.

\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}[section]

This is the example presented in the introduction but it has the additional
parameter [section] that restarts the theorem counter at every new section.

\newtheorem{corollary}{Corollary}[theorem]

A environment called corollary is created, the counter of this new environment will
be reset every time a new theorem environment is used.

\newtheorem{lemma}[theorem]{Lemma}

In this case, the even though a new environment called lemma is created, it will use
the same counter as the theorem environment.

Sometimes it becomes handy to have an unnumbered theorem-like environments to

add remarks, comments or examples to a mathematical document. The
package amsthm provides this functionality.

53
Similarly one can create the following environments

\newtheorem{example}[theorem]{Example}
\newtheorem{definition}[theorem]{Definition}
\newtheorem{proposition}[theorem]{Proposition}
\newtheorem{caution}[theorem]{Caution}
\newtheorem{axiom}[theorem]{Axiom}
\newtheorem{property}[theorem]{Property}
\newtheorem{remarks}[theorem]{Remark}
\newtheorem{note}[theorem]{Note}
\newtheorem{exercise}[theorem]{Exercise}
\newtheorem{notation}[theorem]{Notation}
\newtheorem{observation}[theorem]{Observation}

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{amsthm}
\newtheorem*{remark}{Remark}
\begin{document}
Unnumbered theorem-like environments are also posible.
\begin{remark}
This statement is true, I guess.
\end{remark}
\end{document}

Proofs
Proofs are the core of mathematical papers and books and is customary to keep
them visually apart from the normal text in the document. The
package amsthm provides the environment proof for this.

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{amsthm}

54
\begin{document}
\begin{lemma}
Given two line segments whose lengths are $a$ and $b$ respectively there
is a real number $r$ such that $b=ra$.
\end{lemma}
\begin{proof}
To prove it by contradiction try and assume that the statemenet is false,
proceed from there and at some point you will arrive to a contradiction.
\end{proof}
\end{document}

The word Proof is italicized and there is some extra spacing, also a special symbol is
used to mark the end of the proof.

Changing the qed symbol:

To change the symbol printed at the end of a proof is straightforward.

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{amsthm}
\renewcommand\qedsymbol{$\blacksquare$}
\begin{document}
\begin{lemma}
Given two line segments whose lengths are $a$ and $b$ respectively there
is a real number $r$ such that $b=ra$.
\end{lemma}
\begin{proof}

55
To prove it by contradiction try and assume that the statemenet is false,
proceed from there and at some point you will arrive to a contradiction.
\end{proof}
\end{document}

The command \renewcommand\qedsymbol{$\blacksquare$} changed the default

white square for a black square that is printed by $\blacksquare$, the parameter
inside the braces. You can change this for any other symbol or text, for instance you
can use

\renewcommand\qedsymbol{QED}

To print the traditional QED (quod erat demonstrandum) at the end of a proof.

Cross referencing
If you need to insert cross-references to numbered elements in the document (like
equations, sections and figures) there are commands to automate it in LATEX.
The command
\label{ }
is used to set an identifier that is later used in the command
\ref{ }
to set the reference. The \pageref{} is used for page references.

Shortcuts for the Environments

\newcommand{\bt}{\begin{theorem}}
\newcommand{\et}{\end{theorem}}
\newcommand{\bl}{\begin{lemma}}
\newcommand{\el}{\end{lemma}}
\newcommand{\bd}{\begin{definition}}
\newcommand{\ed}{\end{definition}}

56
 \newcommand{\bp}{\begin{proof}}
\newcommand{\ep}{\end{proof}}
\newcommand{\be}{\begin{equation}}
\newcommand{\ee}{\end{equation}}
\newcommand{\Z}{\mathbb{Z}}
\newcommand{\R}{\mathbb{R}}
\newcommand{\Q}{\mathbb{Q}}
\newcommand{\N}{\mathbb{N}}

Article Preparation:

Article Format

The command used to create a title page is the following:

\maketitle
This command must come after the \begin{document} command. The actual
date may be specified in the preamble with the commands
\title, \author,
etc. Depending on the class of the document, LATEX may automatically generate the
date when the document was formatted. In case you do not like this, you can specify
an empty date with \date{}.

The command \begin{abstract}… \end{abstract} is used for abstract

creation.

57
Bibliography:
To create a bibliography we have use the following command:
\begin{thebibliography}
\bibitem{label} Your content….
\end{thebibliography}

To refer the bibliography items in a document we have to use command

\cite{label name}.

Examples
\documentclass[a4paper, 12pt]{article}
\title{Introduction to Latex}
\author{AAAAAAAAAA\footnote{First author, Email :
[email protected]} , BBBBBBBBBBB\footnote{Corresponding Author,
Email :[email protected]}\\Institute Name and Address}
\date{\today}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
\begin{abstract}
In this paper we will present introduction to Latex…
{\bf Keywords:} LaTex,TeX\\
{\bf MSI Code:}
\end{abstract}
\section{Introduction}
TeX is a typesetting markup language created by …
\section{Advantages}
Professionally crafted layouts are available, which make a document
really look as if “printed.”…
\section{LaTeX Editors}
There are many advanced text editors specifically dedicated to …
\subsection{Packages}
While writing your document, you …
\section{Conclusion}
TeX is a typesetting markup language created…
\section*{Acknowledgement}
I thank the funding agency....
\begin{thebibliography}{50}

58
\bibitem{ref1}{Author 1, Author 2 and Author 3, \emph{Book title
here}, Publisher Name, Year.}
\bibitem{ref2}{Author 1, \emph{Book Title here}, Publisher Name,
Place, Year.}
\bibitem{ref3}{Author 1 and Author 2, \emph{article title here},
Volume, Issue, Year, Page Numbers. }
\end{thebibliography}
\end{document}

\documentclass[a4paper, 12pt]{article}
\usepackage{authblk}
\title{Introduction to Latex}
\author[1]{AAAAAAAA\footnote{first author : [email protected]}}
\author[2]{BBBBBBBB\footnote{corresponding author: [email protected]}}
\affil[1]{Institute A}
\affil[2]{Institute B}
\date{\today}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
\begin{abstract}
In this paper we will present introduction to Latex…
{\bf Keywords:} LaTex,TeX\\
{\bf MSI Code:}

59
\end{abstract}
\section{Introduction}
TeX is a typesetting markup language created by …
\section{Advantages}
Professionally crafted layouts are available, which make a document
really look as if “printed.”…
\section{LaTeX Editors}
There are many advanced text editors specifically dedicated to …
\subsection{Packages}
While writing your document, you …
\section{Conclusion}
TeX is a typesetting markup language created…
\section*{Acknowledgement}
I thank the funding agency....
\begin{thebibliography}{50}
\bibitem{ref1}{Author 1, Author 2 and Author 3, \emph{Book title
here}, Publisher Name, Year.}
\bibitem{ref2}{Author 1, \emph{Book Title here}, Publisher Name,
Place, Year.}
\bibitem{ref3}{Author 1 and Author 2, \emph{article title here},
Volume, Issue, Year, Page Numbers. }
\end{thebibliography}
\end{document}

60
Unit 4
Title and Table of Contents

The command which is used to create a title page is the following:

\maketitle
This command must come after the \begin{document} command. The actual
date may be specified in the preamble with the commands
\title, \author,
etc. Depending on the class of the document, LATEX may automatically generate the
date when the document was formatted. In case you do not like this, you can specify
an empty date with \date{}.
The use of the sectioning commands makes generating the table of contents an
easy task: just enter the
\tableofcontents
command at the point where you want to place the listing and run the formatting
program twice: the first time for getting the numbering done, and the second time
for creating the table of contents.

In a LATEX document the table of contents can be automatically generated, and

modified to fit a specific style.

If you want to add an unnumbered section in table of contents, we have to use the
command
\addcontentsline.
\documentclass{article}
\title{Sections and Chapters}
\author{Gubert Farnsworth}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
\tableofcontents
\section{Introduction}
This is the first section. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
consectetuer adipiscing elit. Etiam lobortisfacilisis sem.
Nullam nec mi et neque pharetra sollicitudin.Praesent
imperdietmi nec ante. Donec ullamcorper, felis non
sodales...
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Unnumbered Section}
\section*{Unnumbered Section}
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.
Etiam lobortis facilisissem. Nullam nec mi et neque
pharetra sollicitudin. Praesent imperdiet mi necante...

61
\section{Second Section}
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.
Etiam lobortis facilisissem. Nullam nec mi et neque
pharetra sollicitudin. Praesent imperdiet mi necante...
\end{document}

The default title for the table of contents is "Contents", this can be changed into
whatever you need. For example the
line \renewcommand{\contentsname}{Summary} will write "Summary" instead of
the default value.
\documentclass{article}
\title{Sections and Chapters}
\author{Gubert Farnsworth}
\renewcommand{\contentsname}{Summary}
\begin{document}
\maketitle

62
\tableofcontents
\section{Introduction}
This is the first section. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
consectetuer adipiscing elit. Etiam lobortisfacilisis
sem. Nullam nec mi et neque pharetra sollicitudin.Praesent
imperdietmi nec ante. Donec ullamcorper, felis non
sodales...
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Unnumbered Section}
\section*{Unnumbered Section}
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.
Etiam lobortis facilisissem. Nullam nec mi et neque
pharetra sollicitudin. Praesent imperdiet mi necante...
\section{Second Section}
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.
Etiam lobortis facilisissem. Nullam nec mi et neque
pharetra sollicitudin. Praesent imperdiet mi necante...
\end{document}

63
Bibliography:
To create a bibliography we have use the following command:
\begin{thebibliography}
\bibitem{label} Your content….
\end{thebibliography}

To refer the bibliography items in a document we have to use command

\cite{label name}.

To change the title by your style you have to use

\renewcommand\bibname{Reference}

Example:

\begin{thebibliography}{9}
\bibitem{notes} John W. Dower {\em Readings compiled for
History 21.479.} 1991.
\bibitem{impj} The Japan Reader {\em Imperial Japan 1800-
1945} 1973: Random House, N.Y.
\bibitem{norman} E. H. Norman {\em Japan's emergence as a
modern state} 1940: International Secretariat, Institute
of Pacific Relations.
\bibitem{fo} Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi {\em Anti-Foreignism
and Western Learning in Early-Modern Japan} 1986: Harvard
University Press.
\end{thebibliography}

Indexes:

In some big documents, for example books, is customary to make an alphabetic list
containing the main terms. With LATEX and the package imakeidx, an index can
be generated quite easily.

\makeindex[intoc] is used to pass the index title in the table of contents.

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{imakeidx}

64
\makeindex
\begin{document}
\section{Introduction}
In this example several keywords\index{keywords} will be used
which are important and deserve to appear in the Index\index{Index}.
Terms like generate\index{generate} and some\index{others} will
also show up.
\printindex
\end{document}

Headers and footers

LATEX has some predetermined styles that change the way the header and the
footer are displayed. The footer and the header can also be customized to fit any
particular layout.

The command \pagestyle{headings} sets the page style

called headings (chapter name ) to the current document.
\documentclass[a4paper,12pt,twoside]{book}
\pagestyle{headings}
\begin{document}
\chapter{Sample Chapter}
Your text…
\section{New section}
Your text…
\end{document}

65
 Output

The standard page styles are invoked in LATEX by means of the command:
\pagestyle{your style}

There are other three page styles:

 empty: Both the header and footer are cleared (blank) in this page style.

 plain: This is the default style. The header is empty and the footer contains page
numbers in the centre.

 myheadings: The footer is empty in this page style. The header contains the page
number on right side (on odd pages) or on left side (on even pages) along with
other user-supplied information; there is an exception for the first page of each
chapter, where the footer contains centred page number while the header is blank.

Style customization in single-sided documents

Styles can be modified beyond the standard layouts by means of fancyhdr. Below is
an example.

66
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\pagestyle{fancy}
\fancyhf{}
\rhead{Share\LaTeX}
\lhead{Guides and tutorials}
\rfoot{Page \thepage}
\begin{document}
\section{First Section}
Hello, here is some text without a meaning. This text
should show what a printed text will look like at this
place. If you read this text, you will get no information.
Really? Is there no information? Is there a diffence
between this ...
\end{document}

The command \fancyhf{ } clears the header and footer, otherwise the elements
of the default "plain" page style will appear.

\rhead{ } prints the text included inside the braces on the right side of the
header.

67
\lhead{ } prints the text set inside the braces on the left side of the header.
\chead{ } is similar to the previous commands, in this case the text is centered
on the header.
\rfoot{Page \thepage} prints the word "Page" and next the page number
which is automatically set by \thepage on the right side of the footer.
\lfoot{ } prints the parameter passed inside the braces on the left -side of the
footer.
\cfoot{ } is similar to the previous two commands, prints its parameter on the
centre of the footer.

Book Preparation:

Example
\documentclass[a4paper,12pt]{book}
\usepackage{amsmath, amssymb, graphicx, enumerate, amsthm}
\usepackage{imakeidx}
\makeindex
\pagestyle{myheadings}
\pagenumbering{roman}
\title{Introduction to Latex}
\author{author name}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
\noindent
\textcopyright{} 2013, Publisher Name,\\
First Edition 2000\\

68
Second Edition 2005\\\\
\noindent
All rights reserved. This work may be distributed and or modified
under the conditions
of the License.\\\\
\noindent
ISBN No :\\
\chapter*{Preface}
Here is preface...
\tableofcontents

\chapter{Introduction}
\pagenumbering{arabic}
TeX \index{Tex} is a typesetting markup language created by Donald E.
Knuth (1977); it has extensive capabilities to typeset math. LaTeX
\index{LaTex} (pronounced lay-tekh) is an extension of TeX designed
by Leslie Lamport. Its major features include a strong focus on
document structure and the logical markup of text; automatic
numbering and cross-referencing. LaTeX enables authors to typeset and
print their work at the highest typographical quality, using a
predefined, professional layout.
\section{Advantages}
Professionally crafted layouts are available, which make a document
really look as if “printed.”The typesetting of mathematical formulae
is supported in a convenient way.
\section{LaTeX Editors}
There are many advanced text editors \index{Editors} specifically
dedicated to LATEX for the most popular operating systems, some of
them can be downloaded for free while others are proprietary
software: Open Source: AUCTEX, GNU TeXmacs, Gummi, Kile, LaTeXila,
MeWa, TeXShop, TeXnicCenter, Texmaker, TeXstudio, TeXworks

\chapter{Page Layouts}
In this chapter we will see…
\section{Formatting}
If you want to include graphics, coloured text or source code from a
file into your document, you need to enhance the capabilities of
LATEX. Such enhancements are called packages. Packages are activated
with the command, where package is the name of the package
\index{package} and options is a list of keywords that trigger
special features in the package.
\section{Line Breaking and Page Breaking}
Books are often typeset with each line having the same length. LATEX
inserts the necessary line breaks and spaces between words by
optimizing the contents of a whole paragraph.

\section{Vertical Space}
The space between paragraphs, sections, subsections, is determined
automatically by LaTeX. If necessary, additional vertical space
between two paragraphs can be added with the command:

69
This command should normally be used between two empty lines. If the
space should be preserved at the top or at the bottom of a page, use
the starred version of the command.

\chapter{Conclusion}
TeX is a typesetting markup language created by Donald E. Knuth
(1977); it has extensive capabilities to typeset math. LaTeX
(pronounced lay-tekh) is an extension of TeX designed by Leslie
Lamport.

\begin{thebibliography}{50}
\bibitem{ref1}{Author 1, Author 2 and Author 3, \emph{Book title
here}, Publisher Name, Year.}
\bibitem{ref7}{Author 1, \emph{Book Title here}, Publisher Name,
Place, Year.}
\bibitem{ref6}{Author 1 and Author 2, \emph{article title here},
Volume, Issue, Year, Page Numbers. }
\end{thebibliography}

\printindex

\end{document}

Letter Typing in Latex:

Letters are still rarely written in Latex, even though its so simple and straight
forward. The advantages are obvious, you get a standard layout (which can be
changed if necessary). The following is a sample code, which can be used for writing
a letter in Latex.

\documentclass{letter}
\signature{Your name}
\address{Street \\ City \\ Country}
\begin{document}
\begin{letter}{Company name \\ Street\\ City\\ Country}
\opening{Dear Sir or Madam:}

Your main matter is here...

\closing{Yours Faithfully,}
\ps{P.S. Here goes your ps.}
\encl{Enclosures.}
\end{letter}
\end{document}

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The sample output is the following:

71
Exam design Class:

Exam design class is used for preparing question papers. It provides several
features useful for designing tests or question sets:
(1) Explicit markup of questions and answers;
(2) Automatically generate answer keys;
(3) Multiple versions of the same test can be generated automatically, with
the ordering of questions within each section randomly permuted so as to
minimize cheating;

The file should be started with the command

\documentclass{examdesign}

The command \NumberOfVersions{3} is used to generate different versions of

the question paper.

To define title and information of the question paper on top we will use the
following command

\begin{examtop} . . . \end{examtop}

Fill-in-the-blank Environment:

\begin{fillin}[title={Insert title here}]

\begin{question}
LaTex is extended version of \blank{Tex}?
\end{question}
\begin{question}
The number of elements in $\mathbb{N}$ is \blank{$\infty$}?
\end{question}
\end{fillin}

Short answer questions Environment:

\begin{shortanswer}
\begin{question}
Define countable set.
\begin{answer}
A set X is said to be countable if X is finite or there
exists a bijection from X to N.
\end{answer}
\end{question}
\begin{question}
What is uncountable set.

72
 \begin{answer}
A set which is not countable is called uncountable
\end{answer}
\end{question}
\end{shortanswer}

True false Environment:

\begin{truefalse}
\begin{question}
\answer{False} Every subset of a uncountable set is
countable.
\end{question}
\begin{question}
\answer{True} Every compact set is closed.
\end{question}
\end{truefalse}

Multiple Choice Environment:

\begin{multiplechoice}
\begin{question}
A matrix is singular if
\choice{determinant is non zero}
\choice{determinant is 1 }
\choice[!]{determinant is zero }
\choice{none of the above}
\end{question}
\begin{question}
A matrix is singular if
\choice{determinant is non zero}
\choice{determinant is 1 }
\choice[!]{determinant is zero }
\choice{none of the above}
\end{question}
\end{multiplechoice}

Matching Environment:

\begin{matching}[title={Some matching questions}]

\pair{John Steinbeck}{\emph{The Grapes of Wrath}}
\pair{Will Self}{\emph{My Kind of Fun}}
\pair{Charles Darwin}{\emph{The Origin of Species}}
\end{matching}

73
Example:

\documentclass{examdesign}
\usepackage{amssymb,amsmath}
\Fullpages
\NumberOfVersions{3}
\begin{document}

\begin{examtop}
\begin{center}
\textbf{University of Madras} \\
\textbf{Final Exam}\\
\textbf{Question Type \Alph{version}} \\
\textbf{November 5, 1997}
\end{center}
\noindent Name:\rule{3in}{.6pt}\\\\
\noindent Reg. No.: \rule{3in}{.6pt}
\end{examtop}

\begin{fillin}[title={Insert title here}]

\begin{question}
LaTex is extended version of \blank{Tex}?
\end{question}
\begin{question}
The number of elements in $\mathbb{N}$ is \blank{$\infty$}?
\end{question}
\end{fillin}

\begin{shortanswer}[title={Insert title here}]

\begin{question}
Define countable set.
\begin{answer}
A set X is said to be countable if X is finite or there
exists a bijection from X to N.
\end{answer}
\end{question}
\begin{question}
What is uncountable set.
\begin{answer}
A set which is not countable is called uncountable
\end{answer}
\end{question}
\end{shortanswer}

\begin{truefalse}[title={Insert title here}]

\begin{question}
\answer{False} Every subset of a uncountable set is
countable.
\end{question}
\begin{question}

74
\answer{True} Every compact set is closed.
\end{question}
\end{truefalse}

\begin{multiplechoice}[title={Insert title here}]

\begin{question}
A matrix is singular if
\choice{determinant is non zero}
\choice{determinant is 1 }
\choice[!]{determinant is zero }
\choice{none of the above}
\end{question}
\begin{question}
A matrix is singular if
\choice{determinant is non zero}
\choice{determinant is 1 }
\choice[!]{determinant is zero }
\choice{none of the above}
\end{question}
\end{multiplechoice}

\begin{matching}[title={Some matching questions}]

\pair{John Steinbeck}{\emph{The Grapes of Wrath}}
\pair{Will Self}{\emph{My Kind of Fun}}
\pair{Charles Darwin}{\emph{The Origin of Species}}
\end{matching}

\end{document}

75
Unit 5
Beamer Presentation :
Beamer is a LaTeX class to create powerful, flexible and nice-looking presentations
and slides. Let us start with an example.

\documentclass{beamer}
%Information to be included in the title page:
\title{Sample title}
\author{Anonymous}
\institute{ShareLaTeX}
\date{2014}
\begin{document}
\frame{\titlepage}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Sample frame title}
This is a text in first frame. This is a text in first frame. This is a text in first frame.
\end{frame}
\end{document}

The first statement in the document declares this is a Beamer

slideshow: \documentclass{beamer}

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The command \frame{\titlepage}, generates the title page. This page may contain
information about the author, institution, event, logo, and so on.
The frame environment creates the second slide, the self-descriptive
command \frametitle{Sample frame title} is optional.
Example for Title frame with two authors and logo on right corner.
\title[Wavelets]{Introduction to Wavelets}

\subtitle{A short story}

\author[Author 1, Author 2]{Author Name 1\inst{1} \and

Author Name 2\inst{2}}

\institute[RIASM]
{
\inst{1}
Ramanujan Institute for Advanced Study in Mathematics\\
University of Madras
\and
\inst{2}
Department of Statistics\\
University of Madras
}

\date[VLC 2013]{Very Large Conference, April 2013}

\logo{\includegraphics[height=1.5cm]{lion-logo.png}}

77
 \title[Wavelets]{Introduction to Wavelets}
The title of your presentation must be inside braces. You can set an optional shorter title in the
square brackets: in the example, this is Wavelets.

\subtitle
Subtitle for you presentation. This can be omitted if unnecessary

\author[Author 1, Author 2]{Author Name 1\inst{1} \and

Author Name 2 \inst{2}}
First, a short version of the authors' names can be added inside square brackets. This is optional,
if omitted the full name is displayed (at the bottom of the title page in the example). Then, inside
braces, are the full names of the authors, separated by an \and command. There's also
a \inst{1} command that puts a superscript to reference the institution where each author
works; it's optional and can be omitted if there is only one author or the listed authors work at the
same institution.

\institute[RIASM]{\inst{1}Ramanujan ...}
In the argument of this command, you can declare the institute each author belongs to. The
parameter inside brackets, the acronym of the institute/university, is optional. Then the name of
the institute is added inside braces; if there's more than one institute they must be separated with
an \and command. The \institute command is optional, but it is required for the superscripts
inserted by the \inst commands in the previous code.

\logo{\includegraphics...}
This adds a logo to be displayed. In this theme, the logo is set at the lower right corner. You can
use text, or include an image.

Creating a table of contents

Usually when you have a long presentation, it's convenient to divide it into sections or even
subsections. In this case, you can add a table of contents at the beginning of the document. Here is
an example:
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Table of Contents}
\tableofcontents
\end{frame}

78
Themes and colorthemes

It's really easy to use a different theme in your slideshow. For example,
the Madrid theme (most of the slideshows in this article use this theme) is set by
adding the following command to the preamble:
\usetheme{Madrid}
Below are two more examples:

Berkeley beamer
theme

79
 Copenhagen
beamer theme

The themes can be combined with a colortheme. This changes the colour used for
different elements.

\documentclass{beamer}
\usetheme{Madrid}
\usecolortheme{beaver}

Creating Table of Contents :

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Table of Contents}
\tableofcontents
\end{frame}

80
It's also possible to put the table of contents at the beginning of each section and
highlight the title of the current section

\AtBeginSection[]
{
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Table of Contents}
\tableofcontents[currentsection]
\end{frame}
}

If you use \AtBeginSubsection[] instead of \AtBeginSection[], the table of contents

will appear at the beginning of each subsection.

Adding effects to a presentation

The command \pause will prevent the text below this point and above the
next \pause declaration to appear in the current slide.

{
\begin{frame}
In this slide \pause

the text will be partially visible \pause

And finally everything will be there

\end{frame}
}

81
Highlighting important sentences/words
In a presentation is a good practice to highlight the important points to make it easier for your
audience to identify the main topic.
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Sample frame title}

In this slide, some important text will be

\alert{highlighted} because it's important.
Please, don't abuse it.

\begin{block}{Remark}
Sample text
\end{block}

\begin{alertblock}{Important theorem}
Sample text in red box
\end{alertblock}

\begin{examples}
Sample text in green box. The title of the block is ``Examples".
\end{examples}
\end{frame}

82
Fonts
You can change several parameters about the fonts. Here we will mention how to resize them and
change the type of font used.
The font size can be passed as a parameter to the beamer class at the beginning of the document
preamble. Below is an example of how a 17 font size looks like.
\documentclass[17pt]{beamer}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}

\usetheme{Madrid}
\usecolortheme{beaver}

Available font sizes are 8pt, 9pt, 10pt, 11pt, 12pt, 14pt, 17pt, 20pt. Default font size is 11pt (which
corresponds to 22pt at the full screen mode).

83
To change the font types in your beamer presentation there are two ways, either you use a font
theme or import directly a font from your system. Let's begin with a font theme:
\documentclass{beamer}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}

\usefonttheme{structuresmallcapsserif}
\usetheme{Madrid}

The \usefonttheme{} is self-descriptive. The available themes are: structurebold,

structurebolditalic, structuresmallcapsserif, structureitalicsserif, serif and default.
You can also import font families installed in your system.
\documentclass{beamer}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}

\usepackage{bookman}
\usetheme{Madrid}

84
The command \usepackage{bookman} imports the bookman family font to be used in the
presentation. The available fonts depend on your LATEX installation, the most common are: mathptmx,
helvet, avat, bookman, chancery, charter, culer, mathtime, mathptm, newcent, palatino, pifont and
utopia.

Columns

Sometimes the information in a presentation looks better in a two-column format. In such cases use
the columns environment:
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Two-column slide}

\begin{columns}

\column{0.5\textwidth}
This is a text in first column.
$$E=mc^2$$
\begin{itemize}
\item First item
\item Second item
\end{itemize}

\column{0.5\textwidth}
This text will be in the second column
and on a second tought this is a nice looking
layout in some cases.
\end{columns}
\end{frame}

85
After the frame and frametitle declarations start a new columns environment delimited by
the \begin{columns} \end{columns}. You can declare each column's width with
the \column{0.5\textwidth} code, a lower number will shrink the width size.

86