From Technologies to Markets

Solid-State
Battery 2021
Market and Technology
Report 2021

Sample
© 2021
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Biographies & contacts

Dr. Milan ROSINA

Dr. Milan Rosina is Principal Analyst, Power Electronics & Batteries, at Yole Développement (Yole), within the Power & Wireless
division. Milan has 20 years of scientific, industrial, and managerial experience in equipment and process development. He also has
experience in due diligence, technology, and market surveys in the fields of renewable energies, EV/HEV, energy storage, batteries,
power electronics, thermal management, and innovative materials and devices. Dr. Rosina received his Ph.D. degree from National
Polytechnical Institute (Grenoble, France). He previously worked for the Institute of Electrical Engineering in Slovakia;
Centrotherm in Germany; Fraunhofer IWS in Germany; CEA LETI in France; and at Direction of Research and Innovation,
ENGIE.
E-mail: [email protected]

Dr. Shalu AGARWAL

Shalu Agarwal, PhD. is an Analyst specializing in Power Electronics & Materials at Yole Développement (Yole). Shalu is engaged in
the development of technology & market reports as well as the production of custom consulting studies, within the Power &
Wireless division. She has more than 10 years’ experience in electronic material chemistry. Before joining Yole, Shalu worked as a
Project Manager and Research Professor in the fields of electronic materials, batteries, and inorganic chemistry. Shalu received
her master’s and Ph.D. degree in Chemistry from the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee, India.
E-mail: [email protected]

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part 1/5
• Glossary 2
• Table of contents 3 • Application trend 68
• Definitions and scope of this report 8 o Solid-state batteries – potential applications
• Report objectives 9 o Early adopters of solid-state batteries
• About the authors 10 o Solid-state battery attributes vs. application requirements
• Companies cited in this report 11 o Solid-state battery value gap analysis for each application
• What we saw, what we missed 12 o Battery capacity by application
• Who should be interested by this report? 13 o Which application needs more safety? Consumer goods vs. electric vehicles
• Yole Group of companies related reports 14 o Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles
o Main drivers for electric mobility
• Three-page summary 15 o EV/HEV – CO2 reduction regulations as the main Driver
o Market o EV/HEV - Different electrification levels and their associated CO2
o Supply chain reduction
o Technology o How EV/HEV drives technology innovations
o Battery as a charging speed bottleneck
• Executive summary 19 o EV/HEV - battery requirements
o EV/HEV – battery products and main suppliers and customers
• Introduction 58 o Yole opinion about SSB potential for EV/HEV application
o Three main axes of innovation in batteries o Electric buses
o Two ways of battery cell development to meet market expectations o Electric and hybrid-electric buses - main market drivers
o Electric and hybrid-electric buses – battery requirements
• Solid-state battery 62 o Electric bus – battery products and main suppliers and customers
o Solid-state battery - principle and structure o electric bus – solid-state batteries - First “solid-state battery”
o Comparison of conventional and solid-state Li-ion battery cell structures application on an industrial scale
o Solid-state microbattery vs. bulk solid-state battery o Consumer applications
o How small is the energy capacity of a microbattery? o Consumer electronics - main drivers and market segments
o Solid-state microbattery vs. bulk solid-state battery: comparative table o Consumer electronics – battery requirements
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part 2/5
o Consumer electronics– battery products and main suppliers and customers
o Solid-state battery material manufacturers - split by material types
o Open Space applications
o Solid-state battery material manufacturers - split by region
o Space applications – main market drivers
o Solid-state battery/electrolyte manufacturers - split by electrolyte type
o Space applications – battery usage and applications
o Solid-state battery players – split by business type
o space applications - battery specifications and requirements
o Solid-state battery - supply chain dynamics
o Space applications – battery products and main suppliers and customers
o Strongly growing battery demand – impact on solid-state battery supply chain
o Solid-state batteries in space?
o Why are the players from along the battery supply chain interested in solid-
o Aerospace applications
state battery?
o Aerospace applications - main drivers and market segments
o Li-ion cell manufacturers and solid-state battery
o Aerospace applications - battery specifications and requirements
o Solid-state battery business case analysis - Bolloré Group
o Aerospace applications – battery products and major suppliers and customers
o SSB development and electric vehicle strategy
o Companies which have dropped solid-state batteries development
• Market forecast 102
o Announcements in the past vs. reality today
o Yole’s solid-state battery application roadmap
o BEV/PHEV manufacturers
o Application requirements vs. solid-state battery characteristics
o 2020 - 2027 solid-state battery forecast in MWh, split by application
• Acquisitions, M&A and partner 128
o Solid-state battery demand in 2027, split by application
o Putting efforts together
o 2020 - 2027 comparison of Li-ion batteries demand with Solid-state battery demand
o Vertical integration in solid-state battery business
o Yole’s aggressive market forecast scenario hypothesis
o Merger & Acquisitions
o Partnerships and Joint ventures
• Solid-state battery supply chain 109
o European industry alliance to develop next-generation battery technology
o Key messages
o Lithium Ion Battery Technology and Evaluation Center (Libtec)
o Main R&D players – geographical overview
o Main industrial players – geographical overview
• Key companies’ solid-state battery roadmaps 136
o Solid state battery developers
o EV manufacturers: Who will win a race for an EV solid-state battery?
o Solid state battery – start-up companies
o Battery manufacturers: Who will win a race for an EV solid-state battery?
o Start-up companies - business strategy
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part 3/5
o Solid-state battery development milestones
o Solid-state battery key technology brick: Li-metal anode o Safety issues related to Li-ion batteries
o How to solve the “too many technology options” challenge? o LIB safety issues can result in severe human and financial
o Fix one material choice to accelerate the development consequences
o Solid-state battery vision has changed o System design and safety
o BMW Group battery technology roadmap o Toward enhanced Li-ion battery safety
o Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Ltd. (CATL) roadmap o Examples of Li-ion battery incidents
o Solid Power solid-state battery roadmap o Case study: Samsung Galaxy Note 7
o Battery technology roadmap – Toyota o Case study: Hyundai Kona Electric Vehicle
o Toyota EV/HEV history o Case study - Blue Solutions battery safety issues
o Toyota SSB development and electric vehicle strategy
o Toyota solid-state battery development vs. commercialization • Solid-state Battery as an alternative to conventional Li-ion Batteries 177
o Battery technology roadmap – Umicore o Solid-state battery’s “sweet spot”
o Battery technology roadmap – Volkswagen o How can advanced batteries compete with lithium-ion
technologies?
• Why solid-state battery? 156 o Solid-state battery – advantages
o Solid-state battery as the next-generation of Li-ion batteries o Solid-state battery – desired features
o Solid-state battery – main advantages o Solid-state battery – electrolyte
• What has solid-state battery to compete with? - o Separator used in conventional Li-ion batteries – overview
conventional Li-ion battery 159 o Solid-state battery – a way to avoid separator
o Li-ion battery o SSB operation at low and high temperatures
o Current Li-ion battery cell structure o Solid-state battery - main advantages and drawbacks
o Li-ion technologies and applications
• How to make solid-state battery market-ready 187
o Variety of cell technologies still required o Solid-state battery cell format and capacity
o Different Li-ion battery cells - comparative table o How to make solid-state battery market-ready
o Comparative graph of energy density for different Li-ion battery o How to bring solid-state battery to the EV/HEV market
cells o Need to focus on the right priorities
o What are the limitations/weak points of Li-ion batteries? o Solid-state battery commercialization - why is solid-state battery
o Overview of technical hazards related to battery packs development accelerating?
o Safety issues related to Li-ion batteries – thermal runaway o Solid-state battery commercialization - accelerating factors
o Safety issues related to Li-ion batteries
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part 4/5
o Solid-state battery commercialization - decelerating factors
o Time-to-market factors for new technologies
o EV/HEV maker as an orchestra conductor for solid-state battery
o Technology and market challenges - lengthy and costly automotive
commercialization
qualification
o How to bring solid-state battery to the EV/HEV market? - how to bring
o Technology and market challenges - lengthy, multiple-stage development
solid-state battery to the EV/HEV market?
process
o Merger & Acquisition as a tool to succeed the innovation
o Technology and market challenges - optimization on battery pack level
o Commercialization approaches for solid-state batteries in the EV/HEV
required
market
o Untapped potential for current Li-ion batteries’ safety enhancement
o Solid-state battery for a given car model, for a given geographical market
o Safety improvement must be economically compelling
o Commercialization approaches for solid-state batteries in the EV/HEV
o Technology and market challenges - greater safety is not enough
market - car sharing
o Technology and market challenges - a single supplier / small supplier issue
o How “affordable” advanced anode materials should be?
o Solid-state battery - research synergies with other R&D topics
• Solid-state battery electrolyte materials 224
o Fuel cells vs. Solid-state battery
o Solid state electrolyte
o Main features of solid-state electrolyte
• Main solid-state battery challenges 205
o Solid-state battery - electrolyte types
o Remaining solid-state battery challenges
o Performance comparisons of various type of electrolytes
o Solid-state battery technology challenges – overview
o Inorganic solid-state electrolyte
o Technology and market challenges - solid-state electrolyte challenges
o Oxide solid-state electrolytes
o Technology and market challenges - Li-ion battery as a strong competitor
o Sulfide-based solid-state electrolytes
o Challenge: established market player & technologies
o Organic/polymer solid-state electrolyte
o Technology and market challenges - absence of a “killer application” and
o Poly(ethylene oxide) solid-state electrolyte
“good enough” challenge
o Inorganic/polymer composite electrolytes
o Challenge: moving target
o Comparing ionic conductivity of different electrolytes
o Technology and market challenges - too many technology options
o Comparison between various type of electrolytes
o Technology and market challenges - too many uncertainties
o Comparative table of different solid-state electrolyte categories

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part 5/5
• Solid-state electrode/electrolyte interface (SEI) 238 o COVID-19’s impact on companies’ revenues
o Electrode / electrolyte interface o Covid-19 impact on solid-state battery development
o Lithium metal anode / solid electrolyte interface - lithium metal anode
o Lithium metal anode / solid electrolyte interface - lithium anode and • Conclusion 265
sulfide-based electrolyte interface • Appendix – company profiles (23 companies) 267
o Lithium metal anode / solid electrolyte interface - lithium anode and • Yole Développement presentation 293
organic/polymer interface
o Improvement of electrode / electrolyte interface

• Manufacturing techniques 244

o Manufacturing techniques – take away
o Battery manufacturing process flow
o Is manufacturing method for SSB different from that of conventional LIB?
o What is an ideal approach for solid-state battery manufacturing?
o Solid-state battery manufacturing approach
o Battery capacity range, by application
o Manufacturing approaches used by Maxell
o Solid-state battery: bulk battery vs. microbattery
o Solid-state battery manufacturing approaches
o How to ensure a controlled atmosphere in high-volume manufacturing?
o Solid-state-battery manufacturing approaches - Hitachi Zosen
o Solid-state battery manufacturing approaches – Blue Solutions
o Solid-state battery manufacturing approaches – Solid Power

• Covid – 19 impact on solid-state battery development 260

o Coincidences with potentially worsening factors
o Geographic supply chain re-organization
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 DEFINITIONS AND SCOPE OF THIS REPORT

Solid-state battery Conventional Li-ion battery

• Solid electrolyte • Liquid/polymer gel electrolyte
• Solid electrodes (the same as for • Solid electrodes
conventional Li-ion batteries or
advanced-ones)
“Solid” characterizes the electrodes and electrolytes of solid-state batteries

“Bulk” battery “Microbattery”

The definition
• Capacity per cell: > 1 Ah/cell • Capacity per cell: typically less than 1mAh
of solid-state • Production method not compatible with
battery used large capacity cell
in this report. Microbatteries are not analyzed in this report

Yours needs are

+ - Solid-state batteries which have to be heated to out of the report’
“Room” temperature >50°C are not considered in this report as scope?
temperature SSB “true” solid-state batteries because new battery
Contact us for a custom
technologies should be compatible with the ambient
study:
operation temperature operations as conventional Li-ion batteries.
Nevertheless, the know-how acquired by the
development and manufacturing of such “high-
temperature” batteries may be useful in developing of
“true” solid-state batteries.

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OBJECTIVES OF THIS REPORT
• Offer in-depth insight into the key drivers and value
propositions of solid-state battery technologies, and
comparisons with conventional Li-ion batteries.
• Provide an analysis of the remaining challenges in bringing
solid-state batteries to commercialization with a dedicated Key trends in materials for Li-ion
focus on different applications. batteries and solid-state batteries
• Present the main potential applications for solid-state
batteries and the value proposition of solid-state batteries in
these applications.
• Furnish a market forecast for solid-state batteries.
• Analyze different approaches for solid-state battery
commercialization. “Sweet spot” for
solid-state
• Deliver an overview of different solid-state electrolyte
materials and manufacturing methods for solid-state battery batteries
cells.
• Identify the main trends in the solid-state battery supply
chain. Provide a detailed analysis of the supply chain,
including main R&D and industrial players, partnerships, and
business approaches. An additional focus is given on
companies using their know-how (in ceramic materials, etc.)
to diversify their business towards solid-state batteries.
• Analyze the battery technology roadmaps of material
suppliers, battery manufacturers and car manufacturers with
the focus on solid-state batteries. Value proposition of solid-state batteries

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 SOLID-STATE BATTERY – MAIN ADVANTAGES
Li-ion technologies Solid-state battery

*Cobalt-free chemistry, fast-

charging capability, etc.

To obtain a Added-value
larger added- differentiation*
value
differentiation
compared to
competitors is
the main
motivation for
potential users of Greater safety
solid-state
batteries, such as
EV/HEV makers.

Higher energy
Cost reduction
density

Main advantages of solid-state battery

Yole Développement

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MARKET ANALYSIS

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SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS

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SOLID-STATE BATTERIES - COMMERCIALIZATION

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MERGER & ACQUISITION AS A TOOL TO SUCCEED THE INNOVATION
The superior performance in the existing
competitive market makes the difference

Advantage of
Disruption is required for • Mature technology (low risk, high
the mouse to win manufacturing yield)
• High manufacturing capacities (scaling effect
on cost reduction)
• Supplier choice
• Established sales and distribution networks
• Customers know the product already
Solid-state battery

Conventional Li-ion batteries

Solution = a mouse on an elephant’s back

M&A with large player to win

in sustaining innovation

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TECHNOLOGY ANALYSIS

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 HOW TO ENSURE A CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE IN HIGH-VOLUME MANUFACTURING?

Source: Etelux
Example of a glove box
Working using Etelux
Source: Munters
controlled
atmosphere in the Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4
glove boxes
enable to realize
working
prototype cells,
but how to ensure A “manufacturing line” based on a system of interconnected glow boxes with
such environment
in a high-volume controlled dry atmosphere enables realizing working prototypes or even ensure
automated low series production, while ensuring operator safety.
production?

Step 1 Automation Step 2 Automation Step 3 Automation Step 4

What about the high-volume production?

A concept of the whole fab in a glove box ? But what about cost, manufacturing
line maintenance vs. uptime, etc.?
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 YOLE GROUP OF COMPANIES RELATED REPORTS
Yole Développement
Power Electronics for E- DC Charging for Plug-In Electric Lithium-ion Battery Recycling
Vehicles 2021 Market & Technology Trends 2020
Mobility 2021

Contact our
Sales Team
for more
information
Li-ion Battery Packs for Status of Rechargeable Li-ion
Automotive and Stationary Storage
Applications 2020 Battery Industry 2019

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HOW TO USE OUR DATA?
Yole Group of Companies, including Yole Développement,
System Plus Consulting and PISEO, are pleased to provide
you a glimpse of our accumulated knowledge.

We invite you to share our data with your own network,

within your presentations, press releases, dedicated
articles and more, but you first need approval from Yole
Public Relations department.

If you are interested, feel free to contact us right now!

We will also be more than happy to give you updated data

and appropriate formats.

Your contact: Sandrine Leroy, Dir. Public Relations

Email: [email protected]

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CONTACTS
REPORTS, MONITORS & TRACKS
Western US & Canada India and RoA Japan
Steve Laferriere - [email protected] Takashi Onozawa - [email protected] Miho Ohtake - [email protected]
+ 1 310 600 8267 +81 80 4371 4887 +81 34 4059 204
Eastern US & Canada Greater China Japan and Singapore
Chris Youman - [email protected] Mavis Wang - [email protected] Itsuyo Oshiba - [email protected]
+1 919 607 9839 +886 979 336 809 +86 136 6156 6824 +81 80 3577 3042
Europe and RoW Korea Japan
Lizzie Levenez - [email protected] Peter Ok - [email protected] Toru Hosaka – [email protected]
+49 15 123 544 182 +82 10 4089 0233 +81 90 1775 3866
Benelux, UK & Spain
Marine Wybranietz - [email protected]
+49 69 96 21 76 78

FINANCIAL SERVICES CUSTOM PROJECT SERVICES GENERAL

› Jean-Christophe Eloy - [email protected] › Jérome Azémar, Yole Développement - › Sandrine Leroy, Public Relations
+33 4 72 83 01 80 [email protected] - +33 6 27 68 69 33 [email protected] - +33 4 72 83 01 89
› General inquiries: [email protected] - +33 4 72 83 01 80
› Ivan Donaldson - [email protected] › Julie Coulon, System Plus Consulting -
+1 208 850 3914 [email protected] - +33 2 72 17 89 85

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