Midterm Examination - Pointers to review in Macro

Pre - Chapter

• Department of Tourism

Established in 1973, the Department of Tourism (DOT) is the Philippines’ executive office
responsible for the regulation and promotion of the Philippine tourism industry.
DOT’s mission is to encourage, promote, and develop tourism as a major socio-economic activity to
generate foreign currency and local employment, ultimately spreading the benefits of tourism to
both the private and public sector.

• Tourism Services and Regional Offices Sector

Tourism Promotion Sector has the primary function of promoting the Philippines as a tourist
destination domestically and internationally. It devises integrated marketing and promotional
activities.
The Office of the Secretary provides leadership, direction, and substance to the overall operations
of the Department. It formulates policies, plans , programs, rules, and regulations; reviews and
evaluates the performance of the Tourism Master Plan and advises the President on all matters
affecting the tourism program of the country.
The Internal Services Sector supports the Department's operations by providing effective advice
and services in areas such as personnel management, human resources development, general
administration, IT services, and financial management, including investigations and advisory
support.
The Tourism Services and Regional Offices Sector focuses on ensuring a positive experience for
tourists during their entry, stay, and exit.
Formulates standards for tourism-oriented establishments.
Implements an accreditation system for quality and efficiency.

Overview of Tourism and Hospitality

• Forms of Tourism

DOMESTIC TOURISM Comprises the activities of a resident visitor within the country of reference
either as part of a domestic tourism trip or part of an outbound tourism trip.
INBOUND TOURISM Comprises the activities of a non - resident visitor within the country of
reference on an inbound tourism trip.
OUTBOUND TOURISM Comprises the activities of a resident visitor outside the country of
reference, either as part of an outbound tourism trip or as part of a domestic tourism trip.
INTERNAL TOURISM Comprises domestic tourism and inbound tourism, that is, the activities of
resident and non - resident visitors within the country of reference as part of domestic or
international tourism trips.
NATIONAL TOURISM Comprises domestic tourism and outbound tourism, that is, the activities of
resident visitors within and outside the country of reference, either as part of domestic or
outbound tourism trips.
INTERNATIONAL TOURISM Comprises inbound tourism and outbound tourism, that is, the
activities of resident visitors outside the country of reference, either as part of domestic or
outbound tourism trips and the activities of non - resident visitors within the country of reference
on inbound tourism trips.

• History of Tourism

The English-Language word tourist was used in 1772 and tourism in 1811. These words derive from the
tour, which comes from Old English ‘Turian’, from Old French ‘Torner’, from Latin ‘Tornare’ - “to turn on
a lathe”, which is itself from ancient Greek ‘Tornos’ (ΤΌΡΝΟΣ) "LATHE"
THOMAS COOK

BORN: NOVEMBER 22, 1808

DIED: JULY 18, 1892

AT THE AGE OF 83 YEARS OLD

CURRENT THEMES OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY

ACCESSIBILITY
INCLUSIVITY
CO-CREATION OF TOURISM PRODUCTS
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
VIRTUAL TOURISM
CLIMATE CHANGE
BIG DATA ANALYTICS
SOCIAL MEDIA
SUSTAINABILITY
SAFETY AND SECURITY
RISK ASSESSMENT
CODE OF CONDUCT FOR RESPONSIBLE AND ETHICAL TRAVELLERS
PRIVACY DUE TO BIG DATA ANALYTICS
SPECIAL INTEREST TOURISM
AUTHENTIC EXPERIENCES
EXPERIENTIAL TRAVEL
CHILD PROTECTION
GENDER SENSITIVITY
DRUG TRAFFICKING
ANIMAL RIGHTS

TOURISM AND THE LIBERAL ARTS - SOCIAL SCIENCES, HUMANITIES, HISTORY, ANTHROPOLOGY,
SOCIOLOGY, ECONOMICS & PSYCHOLOGY

TOURISM AND BUSINESS - STUDY OF MANAGEMENT, MARKETING, FINANCE, ACCOUNTING,

STATISTICS, OPERATIONS, BUSINESS POLICY AND LAW.

TOURISM AND CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY - The Concept of a “Triple Bottom Line”

TOURISM AND 21st CENTURY LEARNING

CRITICAL THINKING
CREATIVITY
COLLABORATION
COMMUNICATION
INFORMATION LITERACY
MEDIA LITERACY
TECHNOLOGY LITERACY
FLEXIBLITY
PROBLEM - SOLVING

Tourism and Ethics: The Global Code of Ethics

Key Articles Summary

1. ARTICLE I: Tourism's Contribution to Economic Growth

Focus: Recognizes tourism as a significant driver of economic development.
 Importance: Highlights the need for sustainable tourism practices that benefit local economies.
2. ARTICLE II: Social and Cultural Respect
Focus: Promotes respect for local cultures and communities.
Importance: Encourages travelers to engage positively with host cultures.
3. ARTICLE III: Environmental Sustainability
Focus: Advocates for the protection of natural resources.
Importance: Stresses the need for sustainable practices to preserve the environment.
4. ARTICLE IV: Tourism’s Contribution to Peace
Focus: Emphasizes tourism's role in fostering understanding and peace among nations.
Importance: Highlights tourism as a means to promote global harmony.
5. ARTICLE V: Quality Employment
Focus: Supports fair labor practices and quality employment in the tourism sector.
Importance: Encourages ethical treatment of workers in tourism-related jobs.
6. ARTICLE VI: Responsibility in Marketing
Focus: Promotes honesty and transparency in marketing tourism services.
Importance: Aims to prevent misleading information and promote ethical advertising.
7. ARTICLE VII: Respect for Human Rights
Focus: Upholds human rights within the tourism industry.
Importance: Ensures that tourism operations respect the rights of all individuals.
8. ARTICLE VIII: Consumer Protection
Focus: Advocates for the protection of travelers' rights.
Importance: Ensures travelers have access to safe and fair services.
9. ARTICLE IX: Participation of Stakeholders
Focus: Encourages the involvement of various stakeholders in tourism decision-making.
Importance: Promotes collaboration among governments, businesses, and communities.
10. ARTICLE X: Continuous Improvement
Focus: Emphasizes the need for ongoing evaluation and improvement of tourism practices.
Importance: Supports adaptation and growth in the tourism sector for ethical standards.

Important Details Highlighted

Sustainable Development: Central theme across multiple articles, advocating for economic,
cultural, and environmental sustainability.
Respect for Communities: Emphasizes the importance of engaging with and respecting local
cultures and rights.
Consumer and Worker Rights: Focus on ethical treatment and protection of all stakeholders
involved in tourism.

INTERNATIONAL VISITORS - Are “returning outbound visitors such as residents or arriving

inbound visitors in the case of non - residents”. versus international travelers who are individuals,
not considered tourists, because their trip was either due to employment or was within their usual
environment.
VISITOR - A traveler taking a trip to a main destination outside his/ her usual environment, for less
than a year, for any main purpose (business, leisure or other personal purpose other than to be
employed by a resident entity in the country or place visited.
TRAVELER - Is someone who moves between geographic location, for any purpose and any
duration. In addition, a visitor can be categorized as either a tourist or an excursionist.
TOURIST - This refers to “a visitor” (domestic, inbound or outbound)
EXCURSIONIST - This refers to “a visitor (domestic, inbound or outbound) who does not include an
overnight stay”.

• Tourism according to "UNWTO"/"UN Tourism"

TOURISM According to the UNWTO - Tourism comprises the activities of persons traveling to, and
staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure,
business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the
place visited.

HOSPITALITY - Reception and entertainment of travelers, the way they are treated by industry
employees and an overall concern for their well - being and satisfaction.

TRAVEL - Travel is a term that covers both tourism - related activities as well as non - tourism
undertakings such as immigration, commuting or exploring

LEISURE - Originated with activities reserved for the elite. By 19th century, leisure became synonymous
with entertainment, travel and festivals.

RECREATION - Refers to any activity which an individual associates with enjoyment, not limited by
time and space, and is up to the individual to decide whether an activity is a recreation.

THREE MAIN MOTIVATIONS FOR TRAVEL

LEISURE -

BUSINESS -

BLEASURE TRAVEL -

• Global Organizations

The UNWTO and the WTTC are the main organizations involved in tourism. There are other
organizations involved in ecotourism, fair trade practices and other specialized fields and/or regions.

1. UNWTO (United Nations World Tourism Organization)

Members: 156 countries, 400+ affiliates.
Purpose: Promotes responsible, sustainable, and accessible tourism.
Focus Areas:
Economic Growth: Tourism as a driver of economic progress.
Inclusive Development: Ensures benefits reach all communities.
Environmental Sustainability: Advocates for eco-friendly practices.
Support: Offers leadership in tourism knowledge and policy.
2. WTTC (World Travel and Tourism Council)
Role: Represents the global private sector in travel and tourism.
Mission: Raises awareness of tourism as a significant economic sector.
Key Priorities:
Security: Enhancing safety in travel.
Crisis Management: Preparedness and recovery strategies.
Sustainable Growth: Advocating for eco-friendly tourism practices.
3. PATA (Pacific Asia Travel Association)
Established: 1951, non-profit.
Objective: Directs development in the Asia-Pacific tourism industry.
Activities:
Intra-regional Travel Promotion: Facilitating travel within Southeast Asia and the Pacific.
Research & Advocacy: Provides insights and hosts innovative events for members.
4. IHRA (International Hotel and Restaurant Association)
Founded: 1859.
Representation: Only global organization for the hospitality industry.
Focus Areas:
Advocacy: Promotes industry interests to policymakers.
 Issue Monitoring: Addresses concerns raised by international tourism bodies.
Support: Organizes meetings and provides assistance for local issues.
5. APEC TWG (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Tourism Working Group)
Founded: 1991.
Purpose: Platform for tourism administrators in APEC economies.
Focus:
Information Sharing: Exchanges views and strategies.
Cooperation Development: Builds partnerships with tourism stakeholders.
6. UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)
Mission: Fosters peace, eradicating poverty, and promoting sustainable development.
Key Objectives:
Quality Education: Ensures lifelong learning for all.
Sustainable Development: Uses science and knowledge for progress.
Cultural Diversity: Encourages intercultural dialogue and peaceful coexistence.
Inclusive Knowledge Societies: Supports information and communication access.

Important Details Highlighted

UNWTO: Leadership in tourism knowledge and policy.

WTTC: Focus on crisis management and sustainable growth.
PATA: Promotes intra-regional travel and innovative research.
IHRA: Represents hospitality industry interests globally.
APEC TWG: Facilitates cooperation among APEC economies.
UNESCO: Advocates for education and cultural dialogue for sustainable development.

• World Heritage Sites in the Philippines

As of February 28, 2019, there are 6 UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the Philippines:

Baroque churches:
San Agustin Church in Intramuros,
Manila Paoay Church in Ilocos Norte
Santa Maria Church in Ilocos Sur
Miag-ao Church in Iloilo
Historic town of Vigan
Rice Terraces of the Cordilleras
Puerto-Princesa Subterranean River National Park
Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park
Mount Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary

Philippines Tourism and Hospitality Industry

• Tourism in Economic Growth

In a move to strengthen the role of tourism in economic growth, former President Gloria Macapagal-
Arroyo signed Republic Act 9593 or the Tourism Act of 2009. It declared "tourism as an engine of
investment, employment, growth and national development, and strengthening the DOT, its attached
agencies, to effectively implement the policy. " Salient features of the law are the reorganization of the
Department of Tourism (DOT) and its attached agencies; the establishment of a Tourism Development
Fund; and the creation of specialized tourism zones.

Foreign visitors Arrivals by Air (January 2018) - 710,040 people

Foreign visitors Arrivals by Sea (January 2018) - 22,466 people

• DOT Attached Agencies

According to Republic Act No. 9593 also known as (Tourism Act of 2009) and its Implementing Rules and
Regulations (IRR), these are the DOT attached agencies and their respective mandates:

TPB (Tourism Promotions Board)

The TPB is tasked with promoting the Philippines as a premier tourist destination both domestically and
internationally. Its activities include marketing, promotions, and advertising campaigns to boost tourism
arrivals and revenues.
TIEZA (Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone Authority)
TIEZA is responsible for the development of tourism infrastructure and the designation, regulation, and
supervision of Tourism Enterprise Zones (TEZs). This includes creating facilities that enhance the
tourism experience, such as airports, roads, and resorts.
DFPC (Duty-Free Philippines Corporation)
DFPC manages duty-free retail shops that cater to international travelers. The revenues generated from
these stores support tourism programs and projects in the Philippines.
NPDC (National Parks Development Committee)
The NPDC is tasked with the development, maintenance, and administration of national parks in the
Philippines. Its goal is to enhance the aesthetic and recreational value of these parks for both locals and
tourists
IA (Intramuros Administration)
The IA is responsible for the restoration, development, and promotion of the historic walled area of
Intramuros in Manila. It aims to preserve the cultural heritage of this significant historical site while
promoting it as a tourist attraction.
PCSSD (Philippine Commission on Sports Scuba Diving)
The PCSSD is responsible for the regulation and development of sports scuba diving as a tourism
activity in the Philippines. It ensures that diving practices meet safety and environmental standards.
NPF (Ngayong Pilipino Foundation)
NPF is dedicated to the preservation and promotion of Filipin culture and heritage. It manages cultural
parks and museums that showcase the country's diverse traditions and history.
PRA (Philippine Retirement Authority)
The PRA facilitates the entry and stay of foreign retirees in the Philippines, promoting the country as a
retirement haven. It offers incentives and services to attract retirees, thus contributing to the local
economy.

TPB (Tourism Promotions Board)

Focus: Promotes the Philippines as a top tourist destination.

Key Activities:
Marketing and advertising campaigns
Boosting tourism arrivals and revenue

TIEZA (Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone Authority)

Focus: Develops tourism infrastructure and manages Tourism Enterprise Zones (TEZs).
Key Activities:
Creating facilities like airports, roads, and resorts
Enhancing overall tourism experience

DFPC (Duty-Free Philippines Corporation)

Focus: Operates duty-free shops for international travelers.

Key Activities:
Generates revenue to support tourism programs
Provides shopping options for tourists

NPDC (National Parks Development Committee)

Focus: Manages and develops national parks in the Philippines.

 Key Activities:
Enhancing aesthetic and recreational value of parks
Promoting parks for local and tourist enjoyment

IA (Intramuros Administration)

Focus: Restores and promotes the historic Intramuros area in Manila.

Key Activities:
Preserving cultural heritage
Attracting tourists to historical sites

PCSSD (Philippine Commission on Sports Scuba Diving)

Focus: Regulates and promotes sports scuba diving tourism.

Key Activities:
Ensures safety and environmental standards for diving
Supports diving as a tourism activity

NPF (Ngayong Pilipino Foundation)

Focus: Preserves and promotes Filipino culture and heritage.

Key Activities:
Manages cultural parks and museums
Showcases diverse traditions and history

PRA (Philippine Retirement Authority)

Focus: Attracts foreign retirees to the Philippines.

Key Activities:
Facilitates entry and stay of retirees
Offers incentives and services to boost local economy

• History of Tourism in the Philippines

As early as 1946, the Philippines was destined to become a tourist hub when the Philippine Airlines (PAL)
became the first Asian airline to cross the Pacific. In 1950, the Philippine Tourist & Travel Association
was organized as a private initiative to encourage tourists to visit the Philippines. Six years after, the
Philippine Congress created the Board of Travel and Tourist Industry. From the 1970s to the early 1980s,
tourism flourished in the Philippines. It was in 1973, when then President Ferdinand Marcos created the
Department of Tourism (DOT) to further oversee the economic potential of tourism. Under the DOT was
the Philippine Tourism Authority (PTA) and the Philippine Convention Bureau (PCB). Later it was
renamed the Ministry of Tourism. One of the key accomplishments during this era was the construction
of the Philippine International Convention Center (PICC) at the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP)
Complex. Considered as Asia's first convention center, the PICC hosted the World Bank International
Monetary Fund Meeting in September 1976. Aside from the PICC, the Philippine Center for International
Trade & Exhibitions (PHILCITE) organized and managed large-scale trade and consumer events. As the
country's sole professional M.I.C.E. organizer, PHILICITE was known for its international agriculture,
aquatic and livestock & poultry trade exhibits; book fairs; car shows; and food fairs - all held annually -
boasting local and foreign exhibitors and trade visitors.

By 1982, Manila has become the top convention city in Asia. According to the Union of International
Association's (UIA), Manila moved up from 18th position on the list to 8th, making it the top city in the
Asian region. The CCP, on the other hand, was (and is still home) to the arts. Ballet, opera, theater and
orchestra performances from its resident companies - Philippine Philharmonic Orchestra; Ballet
Philippines; the Madrigal Singers; the Bayanihan Philippine National Folk Dance Company; the Ramon
Obusan Folkloric Group; and Tanghalang Pilipino - continue to this day. Aside from the CCP, the
Muhammad Ali-Joe Frazier boxing match, Thrilla in Manila, also put the Philippines - and the Araneta
Coliseum and Ali Mall - on the map. By 1986, another reorganization took place. Former President
Corazon Aquino renamed the Philippine Convention Bureau to the Philippine Convention and Visitors
Corporation (PCVC).

The Meaning and Importance of Tourism and Hospitality

• Characteristics of Tourism According to Burkart and Medlik.

1. Because of its complexity, tourism is a combination of phenomena and relationships

2. Two essential elements; 1. dynamic element or journey, 2. the static element or stay
3. The journey and stay are to-and-from destinations outside the place of residence and work
4. The movement to destination is temporary and short-term with the intention to return within a
few days, weeks, or months and;
5. Destinations are visited for purposes not connected with paid work, that is, not to be employed and
not for business or vocational reasons.

• Tourism and Hospitality, Elements and Nature of the Tour

League of Nations 1937

-a tourist who visits a country other than in which he usually reside for a period of atleast 24 hrs.

UN Conference on International Travel 1963

-Redefined visitor

-Any person visiting a country other than that of earning money

Tourism

act and process of spending time away from home in pursuit of recreation, relaxation, and pleasure,
while making use of the commercial provision of services

Hospitality

The business of helping people “to feel welcome and relaxed and to enjoy themselves”. A term
implies that a guest who is away from home is welcomed by a host where basic necessities are
provided such as food, beverages, and lodging. The term is derived from the Latin word ‘hospitare’,
which means ‘to receive a guest’

Tourist Destinations

attractions
amenities or facilities
accessibilities

Hospitality and tourism components

Food and beverages services

lodging services
recreation services
travel-related services

Elements of travel

distance
length of stay at the destination
residence of the traveler
 purpose of travel

The Nature of a Tour

package tour or inclusive tour

independent tour
independent inclusive tour
group inclusive tour

• Characteristics and Importance of Tourism Industry

Characteristics of tourism products

Intangibility
inseparability
tourism products are perishable
no ownership
customer participation
heterogenous
immovability

Importance of tourism and hospitality

Tourism and hospitality have become two of the world’s major industries. Both developing and
highly developed nations are now taking a closer look at the following potential benefits from
tourism and hospitality
1. Contribution to the balance of payments
2. Dispersion of Development
3. Effect on general economic development
4. Employment opportunities
5. Social Benefits
6. Cultural Enrichment
7. Educational Significance
8. A vital force peace

The Multiplier Effect Illustration

• Importance

• Cycle and Process

The History of Tourism Industry

• Early Tourism

• Medieval Period

• Renaissance

Region(s)

• All across the Philippines

Region I - Ilocos Region

Capital: San Fernando City, La Union
Provinces: Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union, Pangasinan

Region II - Cagayan Valley

Capital: Tuguegarao City, Cagayan

Provinces: Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Quirino

Region III - Central Luzon

Capital: San Fernando City, Pampanga

Provinces: Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Tarlac, Zambales

Region IV-A - CALABARZON

Capital: Calamba City, Laguna

Provinces: Batangas, Cavite, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal

Region IV-B - MIMAROPA

Capital: Calapan City, Oriental Mindoro

Provinces: Occidental Mindoro, Oriental Mindoro, Marinduque, Romblon, Palawan

Region V - Bicol Region

Capital: Legazpi City, Albay

Provinces: Albay, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Catanduanes, Sorsogon, Masbate

Region VI - Western Visayas

Capital: Iloilo City

Provinces: Aklan, Antique, Capiz, Guimaras, Iloilo, Negros Occidental

Region VII - Central Visayas

Capital: Cebu City

Provinces: Bohol, Cebu, Negros Oriental, Siquijor

Region VIII - Eastern Visayas

Capital: Tacloban City, Leyte

Provinces: Biliran, Eastern Samar, Leyte, Northern Samar, Samar, Southern Leyte

Region IX - Zamboanga Peninsula

Capital: Zamboanga City

Provinces: Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, Zamboanga Sibugay

Region X - Northern Mindanao

Capital: Cagayan de Oro City

Provinces: Bukidnon, Camiguin, Lanao del Norte, Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental

Region XI - Davao Region

Capital: Davao City

Provinces: Davao de Oro, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Davao Occidental, Davao Oriental

Region XII - SOCCSKSARGEN

Capital: Koronadal City

Provinces: South Cotabato, Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, Sarangani, General Santos City

Region XIII - Caraga

Capital: Butuan City

Provinces: Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Dinagat Islands, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur

NCR (National Capital Region)

Capital: Manila
Provinces: No provinces (composed of cities and municipalities)

CAR (Cordillera Administrative Region)

Capital: Baguio City

Provinces: Abra, Apayao, Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga, Mountain Province

BARMM (Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao)

Capital: Bangsamoro (Cotabato City)

Provinces: Basilan, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, Sulu, Tawi-Tawi

NIR (Negros Island Region)

Capital: Bacolod City

Provinces: Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental