Assignment Corrections

STC 222 ASSIGNMENT CORRECTION.
1. Secondary structure of protein is the shape in which a long polypeptide chain can
persist due to regular folding of the polypeptide chain’s backbone due to hydrogen
bonding between > C=O and the polypeptide chain, -NH group.
2.
3.
4. It’s stabilized by Hydrogen bonds
Explanation: ɒ-helix and β-pleated sheet structures emerge due to the usual folding of
the backbone of the polypeptide chain due to hydrogen bonding between >C-O and –NH-
group of the peptide bond.
ɒ-helix is one of the most common methods in which s polypeptide chain constructs all
potential hydrogen bonds by twisting into a right-handed screw (helix) with the –NH
group of every amino acid residue hydrogen bonded to the >C=O of an adjacent turn of
the helix
5.
6. A glucose molecule includes five –OH groups, whereas, a sucrose molecule includes
eight –OH groups. As a result, glucose and sucrose form a lot of H-bonds with water.
As a result they are water-soluble.
On the other hand, cyclohexane and benzene do not have –OH groups. As a result, they
cannot form H-bonds with water and are hence water-insoluble.
7. Proteins mediate virtually every process that takes place in a cell, exhibiting an almost
endless diversity of functions. To explore the molecular mechanism of a biological
process, a biochemist almost inevitably studies one or more proteins. Proteins are the
most abundant biological macromolecules, occurring in all cells and all parts of cells.
8.
i.fractionation.
ii. column chromatography
iii. Ion-exchange chromatography
iv. electrophoresis.
9. Enzymes are biological catalysts (also known as biocatalysts) that speed up
biochemical reactions in living organisms, and which can be extracted from cells and
then used to catalyse a wide range of commercially important processes.
10. Enzymes typically have common names (often called ‘trivial names’) which refer to the
reaction that they catalyse, with the suffix -ase (e.g. oxidase, dehydrogenase,
carboxylase), although individual proteolytic enzymes generally have the suffix -
in (e.g. trypsin, chymotrypsin, papain). Often the trivial name also indicates the
substrate on which the enzyme acts (e.g. glucose oxidase, alcohol dehydrogenase,
pyruvate decarboxylase). However, some trivial names (e.g. invertase, diastase,
catalase) provide little information about the substrate, the product or the reaction
involved.
11. There are thousands of individual enzymes in the body. Each type of enzyme only has
one job. For example, the enzyme sucrase breaks down a sugar called sucrose. Lactase
breaks down lactose, a kind of sugar found in milk products.
Some of the most common digestive enzymes are:
 Carbohydrase breaks down carbohydrates into sugars.
 Lipase breaks down fats into fatty acids.
 Protease breaks down protein into amino acids.
12. Saturated fatty acid: These fatty acids have no double bonds between the carbon atoms in
their hydrocarbon chain. As a result, they are typically solid at room temperature. Example:
Palmitic acid, Stearic Acid, Myristic acid
- Unsaturated fatty acid: These fatty acids contain one or more double bonds in their
hydrocarbon chain, causing kinks in the structure and usually making them liquid at room
temperature. Example: Oleic acid, Linoleic acid, Alpha Linolenic Acid
13. Primary structure, Secondary structure and Tertiary structure and quaternary
14. Water, a major cellular component, exhibits unique properties essential for life:
1. High surface tension: Allows cells to maintain shape and structure.
2. Cohesion: Enables water to transport nutrients and waste within cells.
3. High specific heat capacity: Regulates temperature and maintains cellular homeostasis.
4. High heat of vaporization: Facilitates evaporation, cooling, and temperature regulation.
5. Polarity: Makes water an excellent solvent, dissolving and transporting substances.
6. Viscosity: Influences cellular movements, flow, and circulation.
7. Density: Affects cellular buoyancy and maintains cellular structure.
8. High dielectric constant: Enables water to dissolve and transport ions and charged
molecules.
9. Solubility: Dissolves a wide range of substances, facilitating chemical reactions.
10. pH buffering: Helps maintain cellular pH homeostasis.
15. Stage 1: A phosphate group is added to glucose in the cell cytoplasm, by the action of
enzyme hexokinase. In this, a phosphate group is transferred from ATP to glucose forming
glucose,6-phosphate.
Stage 2: Glucose-6-phosphate is isomerised into fructose,6-phosphate by the enzyme

phosphoglucomutase.
Stage 3: The other ATP molecule transfers a phosphate group to fructose 6-phosphate and
converts it into fructose 1,6-bisphosphate by the action of the enzyme phosphofructokinase.

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STC 222 ASSIGNMENT CORRECTION.

Stage 2: Glucose-6-phosphate is isomerised into fructose,6-phosphate by the enzyme

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