Kunal-543) Cell Organells & Cell Division - Kunal

Cell Organells
Cell division
Endoplasmic Reticulum
 “Endoplasmic Reticulum is a complex network of tubular membranes exclusively present in the cytoplasm of
the eukaryotic cell.”
 The endoplasmic reticulum transpires in two forms: a type with a ribosome-studded surface and another
with a smooth surface. The latter is called the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and the former is called the
rough endoplasmic reticulum.
 The ER is divided into two types based on their physical and functional properties viz. Smooth and Rough ER.
 The endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the transportation of substances throughout the cell. It plays a
primary role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, synthesis of lipids, steroids and proteins.
 The Endoplasmic Reticulum Structure is a network of membranes that are distributed throughout the cell
and connect to the nucleus.
 They play an important role in the formation of the skeletal structure.
 Proteins, lipids, glycogen, and other steroid hormones such as cholesterol, progesterone, and testosterone
require them for synthesis.
Rough ER
 It synthesizes and secretes proteins in the cells.
 The second most important function after protein synthesis and protein folding is protein sorting.
Smooth ER
 The SER is involved in the synthesis of phospholipids, the main lipids in cell membranes and are very
important in the process of metabolism.
 They also transport the products of the rough endoplasmic reticulum to other cell parts like the Golgi
apparatus.
 It is also responsible for the metabolism of carbohydrates.
Golgibody
The Golgi apparatus has multiple names such as Golgi complex or Golgi body. The name is given on the name of the
scientist, who discovered the organelle, i.e. Camillo Golgi. It is found in all the eukaryotic cells, plants as well as
animals. They are membrane-bound organelle present in the cytosol of the cell.
Golgi bodies are called the cell’s post office as it is involved in the transportation of materials within the cell
 Its main function is the packaging and secretion of proteins.
 It receives proteins from Endoplasmic Reticulum.
 It packages it into membrane-bound vesicles, which are then transported to various destinations, such as
lysosomes, plasma membrane or secretion.
 They also take part in the transport of lipids and the formation of lysosomes.
Lysosome
1. Lysosomes are an important cell organelle found within eukaryotic animal cells. Due
to their peculiar function, they are also known as the “suicide bags” of the cell.
2. The term was coined by Christian de Duve, a Belgian biologist, who discovered it
and ultimately got a Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology in the year 1974.
3. The key function of lysosomes is digestion and removal of waste. Cellular debris or
foreign particles are pulled in to the cell through the process of endocytosis.
4. Lysosomes protect the cell by engulfing the foreign bodies entering the cell and
helps in cell renewal. Therefore, it is known as the cell’s suicide bags
5. These enzymes can break down many types of biomolecules such as proteins and fats
6. They are not found in plants, but vacuoles perform the role of lysosomes in plant cells
7. Lysosomes are known as Suicidal Bags as they tend to destroy the cell membrane with its digestive enzymes
Nucleus (केन्द्रक)
 Robert Brown
 A nucleus is defined as a double-membraned eukaryotic cell organelle that
contains the genetic material..
 It sends signals to the cells to grow, mature, divide and die.
Structure of the Nucleus

 The cell nucleus consists of a nuclear membrane, called the nuclear
envelope, nucleoplasm, nucleolus, and chromosomes.
 Nucleoplasm, also called karyoplasm, is the matrix present inside the
nucleus. The nuclear membrane separates the constituents of the nucleus
from the cytoplasm.
 the nuclear envelope consists of phospholipids that form a lipid bilayer.
 The envelope helps to maintain the shape of the nucleus and assists in
coordinating the flow of the molecules into and out of the nucleus through
nuclear pores. The nucleus of the cell contains DNA.
Chromosome ( गुणसूत्र )
 Chromosomes are present in the form of strings of DNA and protein molecules called chromatin.
 Chromatin threads are associated with one another and form a network called chromatin reticulum.
 At the time of cell division, the chromatin threads isolated from one another become thicker or massive
and smaller and are now termed as chromosomes.
 It is primarily nucleoprotein, made up of nucleic acid and basic protein histone. Nucleic acid contains sugar,
nitrogenous bases, phosphate, and is a very complex organic acid.
Chromosomes
The nucleus contains chromosomes, which are visible as rod-shaped
structures only when the cell is about to divide.
Chromosomes contain information for inheritance of features from parents to
next generation in the form of DNA (deoxyribo nucleic acid)
Chromosomes are composed of DNA and Protein.
 23 pair
 The nucleus contains thread-like structures called chromosomes.
 These carry genes and help in inheritance or transfer of characters from
the parents to the offspring.
 Chromosomes are composed of DNA in the form of Chromatin and
protein.
 Chromosomes contain information for the inheritance of features from
parents to next generation in the form of DNA molecules.
 Chromosomes contain DNA and histones.
 They determine the sex of an individual.
 Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes.
 Two sister chromatids are attached by a structure called a centromere.
 Centrosome
 This cell organelle takes part during cell division.
 It contains two cylindrical structures that are called centrioles (not present in plant cells).
 Telomer decides lifespan: Telomeres are the sequences of repetitive nucleotides found at the end of each
chromosome.
 The cell divides by the mitosis processes and multiplies in numbers. The telomere length goes down for each
cell division and it determines a cell 's lifespan. A cell may undergo approximately 40 to 60 divisions by
mitosis, as per Hayflick's limit. T
 hen afterwards, it goes for the process of senescence and dies via programmed cell death. Life in cells also
depends on stress, nutrition, health and other conditions.
Nucleolus
 The nucleolus plays an implied/indirect role in protein synthesis by producing ribosomes.
 These ribosomes are cell organelles made up of RNA and proteins; they are transported to the cytoplasm,
which is then attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
 The ribosome is the protein-producing organelles of a cell. The nucleolus disappears when a cell undergoes
division and reforms after the completion of the cell division.
Cell Organelle Plant Cell Animal Cell
Cell wall Yes No

Cell membrane Yes Yes
Cytoplasm Yes Yes
Nucleus Yes Yes
Chloroplast Yes No
Vacuole Yes Yes
Cell Division
The cell division is of two types viz. Mitosis and Meiosis.

Mitosis
In mitosis the mother cell divides into two daughter cells which are
genetically identical to each other and to the parent cell. In mitosis:
• The number of the Chromosomes in Parent and daughter cells
remains constant
• The parent and daughter cells are similar in all respects.
• The parent and daughter cells are genetically identical
• The purpose of Mitosis is growth by increasing number of cells.
• In most plants and animals the regeneration of the lost parts
and vegetative propagation in some plant species takes place
by Mitosis.
Meiosis
In Meiosis, the number of chromosomes is divided into half in this process. Meiosis is required to create the
Gametes in animals and Spores in other organisms. Meiosis is a prerequisite for sexual reproduction in organisms
with Eukaryotic cells.
Significance of Meiosis
The cell division in the reproductive cells takes place by Meiosis. In meiosis the number of the chromosomes is
reduced to half of that in the parent cells. Meiosis maintains the number of Chromosomes constant in all sexually
reproducing organisms

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Cell Organells

Structure of the Nucleus

Cell Organelle Plant Cell Animal Cell

Cell wall Yes No

The cell division is of two types viz. Mitosis and Meiosis.

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