2425 Grade 11 Physics Grid MHS

MHS Grade 11 Physics Grid

Sample Questions
1. List the main steps of the method used for scientific inquiry.
List the main steps of the method used for scientific inquiry.
2. Recognize the SI base units of mass, length, and time.

What are the SI base units for mass, length and time?
3. Recognize the meaning of the prefixes.

a) What does symbol “k” stand for?
b) Complete the table below
Prefix Symbol Prefix Value
M
k
d
c
m
μ
n
p
4. Convert complex units.

Convert 36.00 m/s into km/h.
5. Convert between m3 and liters.

a) By what conversion factor must you multiply 360 L to change it to cm3?
b) Convert 15 m3 to L.
6. Recognize some factors that affect the accuracy of a measurement.

What are some errors that induces uncertainty of a measurement?
7. Define precise measurement.

What is meant by precise measurement?
8. Define accurate measurement.

What is meant by accurate measurement?
Date 19/08/2024 Level M page 1

9. Describe the use of mid-range ± uncertainty notation.

Two students used a ruler to measure the length of a certain box. The length of the box measured
by student A was 31.12 cm, while the length measured by student B was 31.82 cm. Express the
length of the box using the mid-range ± uncertainty notation.
10. Add significant figures.

Add: 43.8 cm + 9.54 cm
11. Apply the rule for using scientific notation in multiplication.

Multiply the following:
a) 800,000,000 × 90,000
b) 0.0003 × 0.006
c) 0.00025 × 3,000,000
d) When we multiply 3.25 cm and 4.6 cm, how many significant figures should we have in the
answer?
12. Recognize steps in building a mathematical model.

a) List the eight steps in building a mathematical model. (in the correct order)
b) What is the missing step in building a mathematical model?
 Collect quantitative data.
 Represent the data in tabular form.
 Plot the data on a graph paper.
 Inspect the graph for interesting patterns.
 Make a generalization (hypothesis).
 Design an experiment (to test your hypothesis).
 Test the hypothesis.
 Build a useful mathematical model.
13. Define interpolation and extrapolation.

How do you define interpolation? Extrapolation?
14. Define the slope of a straight line.

How do you define the slope of a straight line?
15. Describe a vector.

Describe a vector.
16. Find resultant of two vectors given in component form.

Given two forces F1 = (7 N)i + (9 N)j and force F2 = (8 N)i + (12 N)j. Find the magnitude and
direction of the resultant R of F1 and F2.

17. Express x and y components of a vector in terms of r and theta.

Consider vector r = xi + yj with magnitude r and making an anti-clockwise angle θ with the
positive sense of the x-axis.
i) Say if each of the following is True or False?
a) x = r sinθ ____________
b) x = r cosθ ____________
y
c) sinθ = ____________
r
y
d) cosθ = ____________
r
ii) Convert the vector d = (17.0i + 15.0j) m/s to polar coordinates (r, θ).
18. A force is a push or a pull.

A [______] is a [_______] or a pull.
19. Know that a force has a vector nature.

What are the three characteristics of a force?
20. Identify the unit of force.

What is the unit used to measure forces?
21. Know the two categories of forces.

Forces can be placed into two categories; what are they? Give examples.
22. Define contact force.

What is a contact force? Give an example.
23. Give an example of a contact force.

Give two examples of contact forces.
24. Define friction.

Define friction.
25. Find the force of static friction on a body pushed across a rough surface with a force F.
A car of mass 1000 kg is resting on a rough horizontal surface having a coefficient of static
friction equal to 0.3. Determine the minimum amount of pushing force required in order to start
moving the car. Take g = 10 m/s2.
26. Define force at a distance.

What is force at a distance?

27. Give an example of a noncontact force.

Give two examples of forces at a distance.
28. Define gravitational force.

What does Newton’s universal law of gravitation state?
29. Recognize the free body diagram of a given situation.

Draw the free body diagram of a car rolling on a rough inclined slope at a constant speed.
30. Resolving forces: inclined plane.

A block is sliding along a rough inclined plane making an angle θ with the horizontal as shown
below. Resolve the components of the net forces acting along the x and y-axes.
31. Calculate magnitude of resultant of two non–parallel forces.

What is the net force acting on particle P shown below?
32. Define balanced forces.

When are two forces considered balanced?
33. Recognize the relation between the temperature and the kinetic energy of the particles.
How are the temperature and the kinetic energy of particles related?

34. Recognize the relation between the state of matter and the kinetic energy of the particles.
How are the state of matter and the kinetic energy of the particles related?
35. Compare the motion of the particles in a gas to that in a liquid or a solid.
Referring to the kinetic theory of matter, how does the motion of gas particles compare to the
motion of liquid particles and solid particles?
36. Define temperature.

What is temperature?
37. Define thermal energy.

What is thermal energy?
38. Define thermal expansion.

What is thermal expansion?
39. Define heat.

What is heat?
40. Define internal energy.

What is internal energy?
41. Recognize when two objects are at thermal equilibrium.

When are two bodies at thermal equilibrium?
42. Define specific heat of a substance.

What is the specific heat of a substance?
43. Recognize the mathematical model linking heat to specific heat, mass, and temperature
change of a substance.
What is the mathematical model that links heat to specific heat, mass, and temperature change of
a substance?
44. Define latent heat.

What is latent heat?
45. Find the quantity of heat needed to change the state of a certain substance.
Calculate the quantity of heat needed to evaporate 3.00 kg of water. Given the latent heat of
vaporization of water Lv = 2.26 × 106 J/kg.
46. Define conduction.

What is conduction?
47. Define heat conductor.

What are heat conductors?

48. Define heat insulator.

What is a heat insulator?
49. Define convection.

What is convection?
50. Define radiation.

What is radiation?
51. Define simple harmonic motion.

What is simple harmonic motion?
52. Define and find amplitude, period, and frequency of oscillations.

The block of a mass-spring oscillator covers a distance of 8.0 cm between its extreme points.
Also, the block completes 20 oscillations in 10 seconds.
a) What is the amplitude of the oscillator’s motion?
b) What is the frequency of the oscillator’s motion?
c) Deduce the period of the oscillator’s motion.
53. Define transverse wave.

What is a transverse wave?
54. Describe constructive interference.

When does constructive interference take place?
55. Recognize the mathematical model of the wave speed.

What is the mathematical model of the wave speed?
56. Define opaque material.

Differentiate between transparent, opaque, and translucent objects.
57. Define luminous flux.

What is luminous flux?
58. Determine the luminous intensity of a street bulb.

What is the mathematical expression between luminous intensity I and luminous flux P?
59. Determine the illuminance at the surface of a table.

What is the mathematical expression for the illuminance of a point source?
60. State Huygen's principle.

How can we explain the bending of light using Huygens’s principle?
61. Define visible spectrum.

What is the visible spectrum?

62. Recognize some properties of color addition.

When does color addition occur?
63. Recognize some properties of color subtraction in ink cartridges.

When does color subtraction occur?
64. Calculate the intensity of light after traversing a system of polarizers.

An incident unpolarized light of intensity I0 passes through two polarizers. Find, in terms of I0,
the intensities transmitted by the first and the second polarizer with an angle of 60° between their
transmission axes.
65. Describe the Doppler Effect for light when the source and the observer are moving away
from each other.
Based on the Doppler effect, how does the frequency of light vary when the source and the
observer are moving away from each other?
66. Define ‘terms’ used in reflection.

What is an angle of incidence?
67. State the law of reflection.

What is the law of reflection?
68. Know the properties of the image of a real point object in a plane mirror.
Construct the image of a point object in a plane mirror.
69. Define center of curvature of a concave mirror.

What is the center of curvature (C) of a concave mirror?
70. Recognize that when the object is at F, a concave mirror does not produce an image.
What are the properties of the image of an object located at the focal point of a concave mirror?
71. Recognize the position of the object that produces a virtual image using a concave mirror.
What are the properties of the image of an object located closer to the concave mirror than the
focal point?
72. Describe how an incident ray parallel to the principal axis of a convex mirror reflects.
How does an incident ray parallel to the principal axis of a convex mirror reflect?
73. Describe how an incident ray that passes through the focal point of a concave mirror reflects.
How does an incident ray that passes through the focal point of a concave mirror reflect?
74. Use the mirror equation.

A concave mirror has a 15.0 cm focal length. Where does the image form if the object is placed
at 30.0 cm from the mirror?

75. Calculate magnification, given lengths and orientations of image and object.
If the image-mirror separation is di and the object-mirror separation is do, what is the
magnification of the mirror that produced this image?
76. Define refraction.

What is refraction?
77. Refraction of water waves in shallower water.

What happens when a wavefront hits the boundary between deep and shallow water at an angle?
78. Index of refraction in terms of speed of light.

What is the relationship between refractive index of a medium, the speed of light in air, and the
speed of light in a medium?
79. Determine the index of refraction and the nature of an unknown medium using Snell's law.
What is the mathematical expression of Snell’s law?
80. Identify total internal reflection.

What is total internal reflection?
81. Recognize the behavior of light rays as they strike a converging lens.
How do light rays behave when they strike a converging lens?
82. Recognize the behavior of light rays as they strike a diverging lens.
How do light rays behave when they strike a diverging lens?
83. Know the general rules for constructing the image of a point object by a converging lens.
How do light rays refract when they strike a converging lens (a) parallel to its principal axis? (b)
through the focal point?
84. Construct the image of a dimensional object by a converging lens for p = 2f.
An object is placed in front of a converging lens at twice the focal distance 2F from the lens.
What are the properties of the image formed by the lens?
85. Use the lens equation.

What is the relation between the object-lens distance (do), the image-lens distance (di), and the
focal length f of a lens?
86. Indicate the conditions that should be met for light interference to occur.
What are the two conditions required for light interference to occur?
87. Define path difference.

Define path difference.

88. Know the expression of the path difference.

Consider two parallel rays leaving slits at an angle θ with respect to the horizontal as shown
below. Derive the expression of the path difference between these two rays for constructive
interference.
89. Know the equation of the condition to obtain maximum constructive interference.
What is the equation of maximum constructive interference?
90. Know the equation of the condition to obtain maximum destructive interference.
What is the equation of maximum destructive interference?
91. Know the expression of the positions ym of the bright fringes in an interference pattern.
Express the position of the bright fringes ym in terms of m, D, d, and λ.
92. Define diffraction.

Define diffraction.
93. Know the expression of the path difference in a diffraction experiment.

What is the relation between d, θ, m, and λ for diffraction through a diffraction grating?
94. Understand that like charges repel and unlike charges attract.
Consider four charged objects, A, B, C, and D, such that A repels B and attracts C, and C repels
D. If D is negatively charged, what is the charge of B?
95. Define conductors.

A good [________] is a material that conducts thermal energy or electric current. e.g. silver,
copper, graphite.
96. Define insulators.

An [_________] is a material that normally does not allow an electric current to pass through it,
like plastic, wood, paper, air, glass or rubber. Insulators are poor [________].

97. Experiment: charging by contact

What is charging by conduction?
98. Experiment: Induction and Earthing

How does an uncharged metal ball acquire a charge by induction?
99. Know that the electroscope can be used for testing the sign of the charge on an object
Explain how to distinguish experimentally between positively charged, negatively charged and
electrically neutral bodies.
100. Apply Coulomb’s law.

Two point charges, q1 = +25 nC and q2 = –75 nC , are separated by a distance r = 3.0 cm. Find
the magnitude and direction of the electric force (a) that q1 exerts on q2 and (b) that q2 exerts on
q1 .
101. Describe an electric field.

What is an electric field?
102. Recognize the electric field representation of a point charge.

Two charged objects A and B are placed near each other. The electric field lines between them
show below pattern. What are the charges of A and B?
103. A charge moving between 2 points of given p.d., find change in P.E.
The change in potential energy, in J, a 2.0 C charge experiences when it is moved between two
points for which the potential difference is 15.0 V is
104. Find the magnitude of electric field inside a capacitor.

The potential difference between two oppositely charged parallel metal plates is 120 V and the
distance between them is 3.0 cm. Find the magnitude of the electric field between the plates.
105. Calculate electric field, given force, charge.

An oil drop having a charge q = 5.45 × 10‒14 C is suspended in air when a potential difference V
is applied between two parallel metal plates. The weight of the oil drop was measured to be
1.20 × 10−9 N. Determine the strength of the electric field E between the two plates.

106. Determine the capacitance of a capacitor.

A capacitor acquires a charge of 156 µC when it is connected to a potential difference of 24.0 V,
find its capacitance.
107. Find the charge passing a bulb, given time and current.
A current of 10.0 A flows through a bulb. How many coulombs of charge flows through the bulb
in 3.00 hours?
108. State Kirchhoff’s loop rule.

What is the mathematical expression for Kirchhoff’s loop rule?
109. State Kirchhoff’s junction rule.

State Kirchhoff’s junction rule and find the missing current x.
7A
6A
x
3A
110. Apply Kirchhoff’s junction law.

Consider the circuit below.
Given than I1 = 3 A, I2 = 5 A , I3 = 8 A. What is the value of I4?
111. Know the series connection and parallel connection of conductors.

Draw a circuit including two lamps A and B connected in parallel and their combination is in
series with a third lamp C. This circuit should include a cell and other elements you think are
appropriate.
112. Potential difference in series connection.

How does the potential difference across different components grouped in series compare to that
of the battery?
113. Find the resistance of a bulb given V and I.

A resistor is connected across a 10.0 V battery in an electric circuit. The current passing through
the resistor is 0.500 A. Determine the resistance of the resistor.

114. Find the current through a bulb given P and V.

a) A 9.00 V battery delivers a current of 3.00 A to a small electric heater connected across its
terminal. What is the power delivered by the battery to the heater?
b) A heater of power rating 2.0 kW is plugged into a 120 V socket. What current flows through
the heater?
115. Apply the equation P=V^2/R.

How can one express the dissipated power in a resistor in terms of potential difference and
resistance?
116. Heating effect of an electric current.

An electric bulb is connected to a 4.00 V cell. An ammeter records the current in the cell to be
1.00 A. How much thermal energy is dissipated by the electric bulb in 2.0 minutes?
117. Find Req of 3 resistors in series.

Three 10.0 Ω resistors are connected in series across a 8.00 V battery. What is the equivalent
resistance of the resistors?
118. Find Req of 3 resistors in //.

Two resistors R1 and R2 of respective resistances 15.0 Ω and 25.0 Ω are grouped in parallel
across an 18.0 V battery. What is the equivalent resistance of the resistors?
119. State and apply the potential divider principle.

R1, R2 and R3 are three resistances in series (R1 = 6 , R2 = 7 , and R3 = 10 ). All three are
between points A and B. If VAB is 30 volts, find the potential difference across R1 using the
potential divider principle.
120. Find the current through one resistor in a group of resistors.

Two resistors are connected in parallel, their combination being in series with a third resistor. If
the combination is connected to a 15.0 V battery and the resistance of each resistor is 5.00 Ω,
what is the current through each resistor?
121. Find the net magnetic field at a point in space.

Consider two magnetic fields B1 and B2. B1 of magnitude 2.0 T due East and B2 of magnitude
3.0 T due to North. What is the magnitude and direction of the net magnetic field B = B1 + B2?
122. Define magnetic field lines and their direction.

Define magnetic field lines and describe their direction.

123. Define magnetic flux.

What is the magnetic flux of a magnetic field B through an area A?
124. Calculate the magnetic force exerted on a charged particle moving in a magnetic field.
A particle with charge of –6.0×10–8 C is moving with instantaneous velocity of 4.5×104 m/s. F is
the force exerted on the particle due to a magnetic field 5.0 T perpendicular to the velocity of the
particle. What is the magnitude of F?
125. Find the magnetic force acting on a current-carrying wire placed in a magnetic field.
A 0.76 m long wire holds a current of 1.5 A and is placed in a magnetic field of 0.35 T
perpendicular to the wire. What is the magnitude of the magnetic force exerted on the wire?
126. Know how a loudspeaker produces sound.

How does a loudspeaker produce sound?
127. Recognize when electromagnetic induction occurs.

When does electromagnetic induction occur?
128. State Lenz's law.

State Lenz’s law.
129. Apply Faraday's law.

What is the mathematical expression of the magnetic induction as per Faraday’s law?
130. Define self-induction.

What is self-induction?
131. Calculate inductance.

In a toroidal solenoid of cross sectional area A = 5.0 cm2, the magnitude of the induced magnetic
𝜇0 𝑁𝑖
field due to the flow of a current i through it is given by the relation 𝐵 = , where
2𝜋𝑟
–7
μ0 = 4π × 10 SI unit, N = 400 turns and r = 10.0 cm.
What is the inductance of the solenoid?
132. Define electric generator.

What is an electric generator?
133. Understand the variation of an alternating current’s direction.

Why does a generator generate an alternating current?
134. Determine the mutual inductance between two circuits.

When the current in a coil is increased uniformly in a certain interval of time, an e.m.f. is
induced in a nearby coil. Suggest another way to induce emf in the nearby coil.

135. Calculate the magnitude of the effective current.

An AC source generating a maximum potential difference of 50 V is connected to a resistance of
0.50 kΩ. Determine, in A, the effective current in the circuit.
136. Define a transformer.

What is a transformer?
137. Recognize the transformer’s equation.

A transformer has his primary coil consists of 1,500 turns, is used on a 20.0 kV line to provide a
potential difference of 1.00 kV. How many turns are there in the secondary coil of the
transformer?
138. Calculate the transfer efficiency of electrical power.

In a power station, the power lost during transmission when an input power of 50.0 MW is
generated is 8.0 MW. What is the transfer efficiency of electrical energy in this power station?

Sample Questions Solutions
1. List the main steps of the method used for scientific inquiry.
The main steps in scientific inquiry are:
1. Make observations
2. Ask questions
3. Hypothesize
4. Do an Experiment
5. Draw Conclusions
6. Communicate your results
2. Recognize the SI base units of mass, length, and time.

The SI base units for mass, length and time are kilogram, meter, and seconds, respectively.
3. Recognize the meaning of the prefixes.

a) k is a symbol of kilo, which means 103 or one thousand
b)
Prefix Symbol Prefix Value
M 106
k 103
d 10–1
c 10–2
m 10–3
μ 10–6
n 10–9
p 10–12
4. Convert complex units.

m 1 km 3600 s
36.00 × × = 129.6 km/h
s 1000 m 1h
5. Convert between m3 and liters.

103 𝑐𝑚3
a) by
1L
3
10 L
b) 15 m3 × 1 m3 = 15,000 L

6. Recognize some factors that affect the accuracy of a measurement.

1. measuring instrument
2. measured object
3. calibration
4. operator
7. Define precise measurement.

A precise measurement is obtained when different measurements of the same physical
quantity present approximately the same value which may or may not be correct.
8. Define accurate measurement.

A measurement is considered to be accurate when different measurements of the same
physical quantity are around the true value.
9. Describe the use of mid-range ± uncertainty notation.

Midrange = (31.12 cm + 31.82 cm)/2 = 31.47 cm
Uncertainty = ½ of smallest graduation × 2 = 0.05 cm × 2 = 0.1 cm
The accurate length is 31.5 ± 0.1 cm
10. Add significant figures.

We need to have the same decimal places, 9.54 needs to be rounded.
43.8 cm
+9.5 cm
= 53.3 cm
11. Apply the rule for using scientific notation in multiplication.

a) 8 × 108 × 9 × 104 = 72 × 1012 = 7.2 × 1013
b) 3 × 10‒4 × 6 × 10‒3 = 18 × 10‒7 = 1.8 × 10‒6
c) 25 × 10‒5 × 3 × 106 = 75 × 101 = 7.5 × 102
d) two
12. Recognize steps in building a mathematical model.

a)
1. Collect quantitative data.
2. Represent the data in tabular form.
3. Plot the data on a graph paper.
4. Inspect the graph for interesting patterns.
5. Make a generalization (hypothesis).
6. Design an experiment and test your hypothesis.
7. Invent/introduce useful scientific terms.
8. Build a useful mathematical model.
b) Invent/introduce useful scientific terms.

13. Define interpolation and extrapolation.

When a reading is taken between two points representing two real measurements or data points,
the reading is said to be determined by interpolation.
When a reading is taken either beyond or before all data points, then the reading is said to be
taken by extrapolation.
14. Define the slope of a straight line.

The slope of a straight line is the tangent of the angle between the straight line and the horizontal
axis.
15. Describe a vector.

A vector is a quantity that has magnitude and direction.
16. Find resultant of two vectors given in component form.

Given: (i) R = F1+F2
F1 = (7 N)i + (9 N)j => R = [(7 N)i + (9 N)j] + [(8 N)i + (12 N)j]
F2 = (8 N)i + (12 N)j
(we add i with i and j with j]
Need:
(i) |R| = |F1+F2| = ? => R = (7 + 8 N)i + (9 + 12 N)j
(ii) θ = ?
=> R = (15 N)i + (21 N)j
⟹ |𝐑| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = √152 + 212 = 25.8 N
𝑦 21
(ii) 𝜃 = tan−1 ( ) = tan−1 ( ) = 54.5°
𝑥 15
17. Express x and y components of a vector in terms of r and theta.

i)
a) x = r sinθ ____________ False
b) x = r cosθ ____________ True

y
c) sinθ = ____________ True
r
y
d) cosθ = ____________ False
r
ii) 𝑟 = √17.02 + 15.02 = 22.7 m/s

15.0
𝜃 = tan−1 ( ) = 41.4°
17.0
⟹ 𝑑 = (22.7 m/s, 41.4°)

18. A force is a push or a pull.

A [force] is a [push] or a pull.
19. Know that a force has a vector nature.

The characteristics of a force are (1) magnitude, (2) direction, and (3) point of application.
20. Identify the unit of force.

The unit for force is the newton (N)
21. Know the two categories of forces.

Forces can be categorized as contact forces (tension, normal reaction, and friction) or action at-a-
distance forces (weight, electric, and magnetic forces).
22. Define contact force.

A contact force is a force that acts between two objects that are in contact with each other.
One example of a contact force is friction.
23. Give an example of a contact force.

Two examples of contact forces are tension and normal reaction.
24. Define friction.

Friction is a force that resists relative motion between touching surfaces.
25. Find the force of static friction on a body pushed across a rough surface with a force F.
The minimum amount of pushing force should be equal to the maximum amount of static
friction.
Hence:
𝑓𝑆 = 𝜇𝑆 𝑁 = 𝜇𝑆 𝑚𝑔 = (0.3)(1000)(10) = 3000 N
26. Define force at a distance.

Force at a distance is a force that acts between objects that are not touching.
27. Give an example of a noncontact force.

Two examples of forces at a distance are weight and electric force.
28. Define gravitational force.

Every two particles of matter in the universe attract each other with a force that is directly
proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between them.

29. Recognize the free body diagram of a given situation.
+y
N
f
+x
W = mg
30. Resolving forces: inclined plane.

The net force acting along the x-axis is: 𝐹𝑥(𝑛𝑒𝑡) = 𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃 − 𝑓
The net force acting along the y-axis is: 𝐹𝑦(𝑛𝑒𝑡) = 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑔 cos 𝜃
31. Calculate magnitude of resultant of two non–parallel forces.

Resolving the 5.00 N force vector along the horizontal and vertical directions will give:
F1x = (5.00 N)(cos30°) = 4.33 N
F1y = (5.00 N)(sin30°) = 2.50 N
The 8.00 N force vector is only acting along the horizontal, hence F2x = 8.00 N.
Therefore, the net forces along the horizontal and vertical are:
Fx(net) = 4.33 N + 8.00 N = 12.33 N
Fy(net) = 2.50 N
The net force acting on the body is

𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = √(𝐹𝑥(𝑛𝑒𝑡) )2 + (𝐹𝑦(𝑛𝑒𝑡) )2 = √(12.33 N)2 + (2.50 N)2 = 12.6 𝑁
32. Define balanced forces.

When the net force of two forces is zero, the forces are considered balanced.
33. Recognize the relation between the temperature and the kinetic energy of the particles.
The faster the particles are moving, the higher the temperature.
34. Recognize the relation between the state of matter and the kinetic energy of the particles.
As the particles gain or lose energy, the substance can change state.
35. Compare the motion of the particles in a gas to that in a liquid or a solid.
Gas particles are separated by larger distances than particles in solids or liquids, which results in
smaller attractive forces between them.

36. Define temperature.

Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance.
37. Define thermal energy.

The total kinetic and potential energy of all the particles in a substance is known as its thermal
energy.
38. Define thermal expansion.

Thermal expansion is the change in the length, width, height, area, or volume of matter due to a
change in its temperature
39. Define heat.

Heat is the overall amount of energy that is transferred from a substance at a higher temperature
to a substance at a lower temperature.
40. Define internal energy.

Internal energy of a system represents the total energy within the system, that is the sum of the
random kinetic energies and potential energies of the particles making up the system.
41. Recognize when two objects are at thermal equilibrium.

When two bodies at different temperatures put in contact reach the same temperature.
At thermal equilibrium: the two bodies have the same temperature and no heat will transfer
between them.
42. Define specific heat of a substance.

The specific heat of a substance is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1
gram of that substance by 1 °C.
43. Recognize the mathematical model linking heat to specific heat, mass, and temperature
change of a substance.
Q = m × ΔT × C
44. Define latent heat.

Latent heat is the heat required per unit mass to change the state of matter of a substance.
45. Find the quantity of heat needed to change the state of a certain substance.
Q = mLv = 3.00 kg × 2.26 × 106 J/kg = 6.78 ×106 J
46. Define conduction.

Conduction is the transfer of thermal energy between objects that are touching.
47. Define heat conductor.

materials that transfer heat easily
48. Define heat insulator.

a material that resists the transfer of heat

49. Define convection.

Convection is the transfer of thermal energy by the movement of a fluid such as a liquid or gas.
50. Define radiation.

Radiation is the transfer of thermal energy by electromagnetic waves.
51. Define simple harmonic motion.

Simple harmonic motion is an oscillatory motion where the restoring force is directly
proportional to the displacement with respect to the equilibrium position.
52. Define and find amplitude, period, and frequency of oscillations.

a) The distance between the extreme points of an oscillator is twice its amplitude of motion:
2A = 8.0 cm, and the amplitude is therefore A = 4.0 cm.
b) The frequency is the number of oscillations per second: f = 20 oscillations/10 s = 2 Hz.
1 1
c) 𝑇 = 𝑓 = 2 Hz = 0.50 𝑠
53. Define transverse wave.

A transverse wave is a wave in which the particles of the medium vibrate perpendicularly to its
direction of propagation.
54. Describe constructive interference.

When two pulses on the same side with respect to the horizontal, approach each other and
overlap completely, the amplitude of the resultant is equal to the sum of the amplitudes of both
pulses. It is said that the two pulses interfered constructively.
55. Recognize the mathematical model of the wave speed.

speed of a wave = wavelength × frequency
v=fxλ
56. Define opaque material.

Objects that do not transmit any visible light are called opaque.
Transparent objects such as clear glass and pure water are completely see-through.
Translucent objects such as frosted glass allow some light to pass through them, but they are not
completely see-through.
57. Define luminous flux.

Luminous flux is the amount of light energy being transmitted by a light source in all directions
per unit of time.
58. Determine the luminous intensity of a street bulb.

𝑃
𝐼=
4𝜋

59. Determine the illuminance at the surface of a table.

𝑃
𝐸= ; where E is the illuminance, P is the luminous flux, and r is the distance between the
4𝜋𝑟 2
point source and illuminated object.
60. State Huygen's principle.

Huygens’s principle states that any point belonging to a wavefront is a point source of wavelets.
These wavelets spread in all directions and have the same speed as the original wave.
As the original wavefront passes through an obstacle, the new wavefront can then be drawn as
the envelope of all the wavelets.
This results in the “bending” of the incoming wave as it passes through the slit.
61. Define visible spectrum.

All forms of visible light, regardless of their source, are part of a small range of the
electromagnetic spectrum called the visible spectrum.
62. Recognize some properties of color addition.

Color addition happens when more than one frequency of light shines in your eyes.
63. Recognize some properties of color subtraction in ink cartridges.

Color subtraction happens when you mix two colors of a pigment, such as paint or colored
pencils.
64. Calculate the intensity of light after traversing a system of polarizers.

𝐼0
Once the unpolarized light passes the first filter, its intensity is halved; it becomes .
2
When the light emerges from the second filter, the intensity I becomes
𝐼0 𝐼0 1 𝐼0
𝐼 = × cos2 60° = × = .
2 2 4 8
65. Describe the Doppler Effect for light when the source and the observer are moving away
from each other.
𝑣
Doppler’s equation for electromagnetic light is 𝑓𝑅 = (1 ± 𝑐 ) 𝑓𝑆 . If the two objects are moving
𝑣
away from each other, the equation becomes 𝑓𝑅 = (1 − 𝑐 ) 𝑓𝑆 . Then fR < fS.
66. Define ‘terms’ used in reflection.

Angle of incidence is the angle that the incident ray makes with the normal at the point of
incidence.
67. State the law of reflection.

The law of reflection states that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.

68. Know the properties of the image of a real point object in a plane mirror.
69. Define center of curvature of a concave mirror.

The center of curvature (C) is the center of the sphere that the concave mirror could be part of.
This point is never located along the mirror itself.
70. Recognize that when the object is at F, a concave mirror does not produce an image.
If the object is right at the focal point, no image forms at all.
71. Recognize the position of the object that produces a virtual image using a concave mirror.
If the object is located closer to the mirror than the focal point, a virtual image forms on the
opposite side of the mirror. The image is upright, larger than the object, and located farther from
the mirror than the object.

72. Describe how an incident ray parallel to the principal axis of a convex mirror reflects.
Its extension passes through the focal point of the mirror.
73. Describe how an incident ray that passes through the focal point of a concave mirror reflects.
It will reflect and be parallel to the principal axis.
74. Use the mirror equation.

Given: 1 1 1
f = 15.0 cm + =
𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑖 𝑓
do = 30.0 cm 1 1 1 1 1 1
⟹ = − = − =
𝑑𝑖 𝑓 𝑑𝑜 15.0 cm 30.0 cm 30.0 cm
Need: di = ?
⟹ 𝑑𝑖 = 30.0 cm
Since di > 0, the image is in front of the mirror.
The image is located 30.0 cm in front of the mirror.
75. Calculate magnification, given lengths and orientations of image and object.
𝑑𝑖
𝑀=−
𝑑𝑜

76. Define refraction.

Refraction generally causes light to bend and change direction when it moves from one medium
into another.
77. Refraction of water waves in shallower water.

When a water wave goes from deep to shallow water, it slows down and the wave crests get
closer. If the wavefront hits the boundary between the deep and shallow water at an angle, the
wavefront pivots around the slow end and change direction.
78. Index of refraction in terms of speed of light.

𝑐
𝑛=
𝑣
79. Determine the index of refraction and the nature of an unknown medium using Snell's law.
𝑛1 sin 𝜃1 = 𝑛2 sin 𝜃2
80. Identify total internal reflection.

Under appropriate circumstances, light waves can be totally reflected into the medium of
incidence with no part of it being transmitted to the other medium.
This phenomenon is known as total internal reflection.
81. Recognize the behavior of light rays as they strike a converging lens.
When light rays travel through a converging lens, they converge, or come together at a point.
82. Recognize the behavior of light rays as they strike a diverging lens.
When light rays travel through a diverging lens, they diverge, or move away from each other.

83. Know the general rules for constructing the image of a point object by a converging lens.
(a) A ray of light that is parallel to the principal axis will refract through the focal point on
the other side of the lens.
(b) A ray of light that travels through a focal point will refract through the lens on a line
parallel to the principal axis.
84. Construct the image of a dimensional object by a converging lens for p = 2f.
If the object is located at exactly 2F, the image will be a real image that is inverted, the same size
as the object, and on the other side of the lens. The image will be the same distance from the lens
as the object (2F).
85. Use the lens equation.

1 1 1
+ =
𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑖 𝑓
86. Indicate the conditions that should be met for light interference to occur.
1) The superimposing light waves must be of the same frequency.
2) The wave sources must be coherent.

87. Define path difference.

The difference in distance covered by the two light waves to reach a particular point is called
path difference, denoted by r2 - r1.
88. Know the expression of the path difference.

Given that the slits are separated by a distance d, and considering the shaded right triangle, we
can express the path difference in terms of d and θ as follows: path difference = dsinθ.
Applying the condition for the constructive interference where the path difference should be an
integer multiple of the wavelength λ, we can write:
dsinθ = mλ.
89. Know the equation of the condition to obtain maximum constructive interference.
r2 - r1 = m𝛌
The path difference must be an integer multiple of the wavelength (m = 0, ±1, ±2, ±3…).
90. Know the equation of the condition to obtain maximum destructive interference.
1
𝑟1 − 𝑟2 = (𝑚 + ) 𝜆
2
𝜆 𝜆 𝜆 𝜆
The path difference between the two light waves is an odd integer of 2 (2 , 3 2 , 5 2 , … ).
91. Know the expression of the positions ym of the bright fringes in an interference pattern.
𝑚𝐷𝜆
𝑦𝑚 =
𝑑
92. Define diffraction.

The bending, or spread out, of a wave after travelling through a barrier or through a small
opening is called diffraction.
93. Know the expression of the path difference in a diffraction experiment.

dsinθ = mλ
94. Understand that like charges repel and unlike charges attract.
Opposite charges attract and like charges repel. C repels D, thus if D is negatively charged, then
C is negatively charged. A attracts C, thus A is positively charged. A repels B, thus B is positively
charged.
95. Define conductors.

A good [conductor] is a material that conducts thermal energy or electric current. e.g. silver,
copper, graphite.
96. Define insulators.

An [insulator] is a material that normally does not allow an electric current to pass through it,
like plastic, wood, paper, air, glass or rubber. Insulators are poor [conductors].

97. Experiment: charging by contact

Charging by conduction occurs when a charged object is brought into contact with another
uncharged object. During charging by conduction, both objects would acquire the same type of
charge.
98. Experiment: Induction and Earthing

1. Place the uncharged metal ball on an insulating stand.
2. Bring a negatively charged rod near the ball.
3. The excess electrons on the rod would repel the free electrons in the ball.
4. The electrons of the ball shift to the opposite side to where the rod is placed.
5. Connect the uncharged metal ball to Earth by a wire to drain the shifted electrons.
6. Remove the wire and then the charged rod to have a positively charged metal ball.
99. Know that the electroscope can be used for testing the sign of the charge on an object
Bring the body with the unknown charge near the cap of an uncharged electroscope.
 If the leaf doesn’t diverge, than the body is neutral (and the problem is finished).
 If the leaf diverges, than the body is charged and we have to find the sign of that charge.
For this,
1. Electrify the electroscope with a charge of a known sign. (Suppose you give it a
negative charge.)
2. Bring the charged body near to the metal cap of the electroscope.
a. If the leaf diverges more, then the object is negatively charged (the same type of
charge as on the electroscope).
b. If the divergence of the leaf decreases, then the object is positively charged
(opposite charge to that on the electroscope).
100. Apply Coulomb’s law.

Given: Magnitude is:
q1 = +25 nC = +25 x 10–9 C |𝑞1 𝑞2 |
q2 = –75 nC = –75 x 10–9 C |𝐅| = 𝑘
𝑟2
r = 3.0 cm = 3.0 x 10-2 m (25 × 10−9 )(75 × 10−9 )
⟹ |𝐅| = (9 × 109 )
(3.0 × 10−2 )2
Need: |F| and direction −2
⟹ |𝐅| = 1.9 × 10 𝑁
(a) q1 exerts an attractive force of 1.9 x 10–2 N on q2.
(b) q2 exerts an attractive force of 1.9 x 10–2 N on q1.
101. Describe an electric field.

An electric field is the area around a charged object in which the electric force acts.
102. Recognize the electric field representation of a point charge.

Electric field lines emanate from a positive charge and terminate on a negative charge. Thus, A is
positively charged while B is negatively charged.

103. A charge moving between 2 points of given p.d., find change in P.E.
𝑊𝐴→𝐵
∆𝑉 =
𝑞
=> W = q × ΔV = 2.0 × 15.0 = 30. J
104. Find the magnitude of electric field inside a capacitor.

𝑉 120
𝐸= = = 4.0 × 103 N/C
𝑑 0.03
105. Calculate electric field, given force, charge.

𝐹
The electric field is force per unit of charge. Hence, 𝐸 = .
𝑞
1.20 × 10−9 N
⟹𝐸= = 2.20 × 104 N/C
5.45 × 10−14 C
106. Determine the capacitance of a capacitor.

𝑄 156 × 10−6
𝐶= = = 6.50 × 10−6 F
∆𝑉 24.0
107. Find the charge passing a bulb, given time and current.
𝑄 = 𝐼 × 𝑡 = 10 × 3 × 3600 = 1.08 × 105 𝐶
108. State Kirchhoff’s loop rule.

ΔVbattery = ΔV1 + ΔV2 + ΔV2 +…
or
∑ 𝑉 (𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝) = 0
109. State Kirchhoff’s junction rule.

The sum of the current entering a junction is equal to the sum of the current leaving it.
x=2A
110. Apply Kirchhoff’s junction law.

I1 + I3 = I4 + I2
3 + 8 = I4 + 5
I4 = 6 A

111. Know the series connection and parallel connection of conductors.

C I
I I
I1 B
I2 A
112. Potential difference in series connection.

The sum of the potential difference across each component in series is equal to the potential
difference across the battery.
113. Find the resistance of a bulb given V and I.

𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅
𝑉 10.0 V
⟹𝑅= = = 20.0 Ω
𝐼 0.500 A
114. Find the current through a bulb given P and V.

a) P = VI
P = 9.00 V × 3.00 A = 27.0 W
b) P = VI
𝑃 2.0 × 103
⟹𝐼= = = 17 A
𝑉 120
115. Apply the equation P=V^2/R.

𝑉2
𝑃=
𝑅
116. Heating effect of an electric current.

E = Pt = VIt
E = (4.00 V)(1.00 A)(120 s)
E = 480 J
117. Find Req of 3 resistors in series.

Req = R1 + R2 + R3 = 10.0 Ω + 10.0 Ω + 10.0 Ω = 30.0 Ω
118. Find Req of 3 resistors in //.

1 1 1 8
= + =
𝑅𝑒𝑞 15.0 Ω 25.0 Ω 75
⟹ 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 9.38 Ω

119. State and apply the potential divider principle.

𝑅1 6Ω
𝑉𝑅𝐼 = 𝑉𝐴𝐵 = 30 V × = 7.8 V
𝑅𝑒𝑞 23 Ω
120. Find the current through one resistor in a group of resistors.

Consider the circuit below.
15.0 V
I
5.00 Ω
R1 5.00 Ω
R3
R2
5.00 Ω
In order to determine the main current I leaving the battery, we have to calculate the equivalent
resistance of the circuit.
1 1 1
The equivalent resistance R4 of the two parallel resistors R1 and R2 is = +
𝑅4 5.00 Ω 5.00 Ω
=> R4 = 2.5 Ω
The equivalent resistance R5 of R4 and R3, (connected in series) is R5 = R4 + R3.

R5 = 2.50 Ω + 5.00 Ω = 7.50 Ω
The new circuit becomes

15.0 V
R5
7.50 Ω
Using Ohm’s law, we can write V = R5I or 15.0 V = 7.50 Ω × I
I = 2.00 A
This current is the same current passing through resistor R3.
However, since R1 and R2 are identical resistors, then this current will split equally between the
resistors. Therefore, 1.00 A of current will pass through each of these two resistors.

121. Find the net magnetic field at a point in space.

B = B1 + B2
Magnitude of B
B B2
𝐵 = √𝐵1 2 + 𝐵2 2 = √(2.0 T)2 + (3.0 T)2 = 3.6 T
θ
B1 Direction of B
𝑌 3.0
𝜃 = tan−1 = tan−1 = 56°
𝑋 2.0
122. Define magnetic field lines and their direction.

Magnetic field lines are smooth curves drawn tangent to a plotting compass, they start at a north
pole end at a south pole and never intersect.
123. Define magnetic flux.

The product of the magnetic field B by the projection of area A perpendicular to B.
Φ = B𝐴 cos 𝜃
124. Calculate the magnetic force exerted on a charged particle moving in a magnetic field.
|𝐹| = |𝑞|𝑣𝐵 sin 𝛼
⟹ |𝐹| = |−6.0 × 10−8 C| × 4.5 × 104 m/s × 5.0 T × sin 90°
⟹ |𝐹| = 0.014 N
125. Find the magnetic force acting on a current-carrying wire placed in a magnetic field.
Fmagnetic = IBl
Fmagnetic = (1.5 A)(0.35 T)(0.76 m)
Fmagnetic = 0.40 N
126. Know how a loudspeaker produces sound.

When the current reaches the loudspeaker, its variation causes the magnetic force acting on the
conductor to vary as well. This in turn forces the paper cone to vibrate at the same frequency as
the current. Consequently, the vibration of the cone produces variations in the density of air in
front of it which leads to the generation of a sound wave.
127. Recognize when electromagnetic induction occurs.

When magnetic flux through a coil changes, electromagnetic induction occurs.
128. State Lenz's law.

The magnetic field created by the induced current tends to oppose the change in magnetic flux
that created this current.
129. Apply Faraday's law.

∆𝛷
𝜀 = −𝑁
∆𝑡

130. Define self-induction.

Self-induction is when a varying current in an isolated circuit induces an emf on itself by the
variation of its own magnetic field.
131. Calculate inductance.

𝜇𝑁2 𝐴 𝜇𝑁2 𝐴 (4𝜋 x 10−7 SI)(400)2 (5.0 x 10−4 m2 )
𝐿= = =
𝑙 2𝜋𝑟 2𝜋(0.1 m)
= 16 x 10−5 H (1.6 x 10−4 H)
132. Define electric generator.

When a loop is rotated in a magnetic field, mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy
through electromagnetic induction. This type of conversion is possible when using a device
known as the electric generator.
133. Understand the variation of an alternating current’s direction.

Since the induced emf takes alternatively positive and negative values, the output current from a
generator in its turn changes direction at regular time intervals generating an alternating current.
134. Determine the mutual inductance between two circuits.

Decrease the current in the coil.
135. Calculate the magnitude of the effective current.

Step 1
𝑉𝑚 50 V
𝑉𝑒 = = = 35.35 V
√2 √2
Step 2
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅
𝑉𝑒 35.35 V
⟹ 𝐼𝑒 = = = 0.07 A
𝑅 500 Ω
136. Define a transformer.

A transformer is an electrical device that uses the principles of electromagnetic induction in
order to modify the voltage of a source of alternating current.
137. Recognize the transformer’s equation.

𝑉2 𝑁
=
𝑉1 𝑁1
𝑁1 𝑉2 (1,500)(1.00 × 103 V)
⟹ 𝑁2 = = = 75
𝑉1 20.0 × 103 V
138. Calculate the transfer efficiency of electrical power.

Efficiency = 1 – Pouput/Pinput = 1 – 8/50 = 1 – 0.16 = 0.84
Efficiency = 84%

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MHS Grade 11 Physics Grid

MHS Grade 11 Physics Grid

2. Recognize the SI base units of mass, length, and time.

3. Recognize the meaning of the prefixes.

4. Convert complex units.

5. Convert between m3 and liters.

6. Recognize some factors that affect the accuracy of a measurement.

7. Define precise measurement.

8. Define accurate measurement.

Date 19/08/2024 Level M page 1

9. Describe the use of mid-range ± uncertainty notation.

10. Add significant figures.

11. Apply the rule for using scientific notation in multiplication.

12. Recognize steps in building a mathematical model.

13. Define interpolation and extrapolation.

14. Define the slope of a straight line.

15. Describe a vector.

16. Find resultant of two vectors given in component form.

Date 19/08/2024 Level M page 2

17. Express x and y components of a vector in terms of r and theta.

18. A force is a push or a pull.

19. Know that a force has a vector nature.

20. Identify the unit of force.

21. Know the two categories of forces.

22. Define contact force.

23. Give an example of a contact force.

24. Define friction.

26. Define force at a distance.

Date 19/08/2024 Level M page 3

27. Give an example of a noncontact force.

28. Define gravitational force.

29. Recognize the free body diagram of a given situation.

30. Resolving forces: inclined plane.

31. Calculate magnitude of resultant of two non–parallel forces.

32. Define balanced forces.

Date 19/08/2024 Level M page 4

36. Define temperature.

37. Define thermal energy.

38. Define thermal expansion.

39. Define heat.

40. Define internal energy.

41. Recognize when two objects are at thermal equilibrium.

42. Define specific heat of a substance.

44. Define latent heat.

46. Define conduction.

47. Define heat conductor.

Date 19/08/2024 Level M page 5

48. Define heat insulator.

49. Define convection.

50. Define radiation.

51. Define simple harmonic motion.

52. Define and find amplitude, period, and frequency of oscillations.

53. Define transverse wave.

54. Describe constructive interference.

55. Recognize the mathematical model of the wave speed.

56. Define opaque material.

57. Define luminous flux.

58. Determine the luminous intensity of a street bulb.

59. Determine the illuminance at the surface of a table.

60. State Huygen's principle.