ANATOMY

Cranial Nerve Columns “SAVE VA SAVE VASE”

Cranial nerve Preganglionic Ganglion Postganglionic Structure
nucleus parasympathetic parasympathetic
Edinger- CN III Ciliary ganglion Nasociliary nerve Ciliary muscles
Westphal Short ciliary nerves Medial to lateral:
nucleus GVA-SVA-GSA-SSA
Superior CN VII Pterygopalatine Maxillary nerve (V2) – Lacrimal gland
salivatory ganglion Zygomatic branch
nucleus Sublingual and
Submandibular submandibular glands
ganglion Lingual nerve
Inferior CN IX Otic ganglion Auriculotemporal Parotid gland
salivatory nerve
nucleus
Dorsal motor CN X - Vagal Nerve Heart, lungs upper GI
nucleus

REFLEXES: AFFERENT EFFERENT

Accommodation
Pupillary
Corneal
Lacrimation
Cough
Gag
Jaw jerk
Cranial Foramina
Cranial foramina and CN

Dorsal origin RULE OF 17:

Internal decussation
Longest intracranial course
Thinnest, smallest

Longest intradural course

Longest intraosseous course

Neuroanatomy
White matter tracts
COMMISURAL:

ASSOCIATION:

PROJECTION:

FORNIX:
 Head and neck
ILN
All muscles supplied by except
ILN

Safety muscle:

Depressor:

Chorda tympani Lingual N

All muscles supplied by except

All elevators except

All protractors except

Attached to articular disc of TMJ:

Accessory masticator muscle:

EMBRYOLOGY
NEURAL CREST
MOTEL PASSES

GU system
Adrenal cortex
Gonads
Dura
SOMITES: SOMATOPLEURIC:
Nucleus pulposus Axial skeleton Dermis of anterior torso, limbs
Tectorial membrane Dermis of back Appendicular skeleton
Skeletal muscles
Tongue / EOM
SPLANCHNOPLEURIC:
Cardiac muscles
Smooth Muscles
RES-Spleen, Microglia
Adrenal cortex- Dura- Serosa, endothelium
Adrenal medulla- Leptomeninges-
Enamel/ Ameloblast-
Dentin/Odontoblast-

Endoderm:
Abdomen except spleen
Urogenital sinus

Eye muscles:
Sphincter/dilator pupillae-

Ciliaris-
EOM-
UROGENITAL SYSTEM
MESONEPHRIC DUCT= PARAMESONEPHRIC DUCT=
Caudal end-Ureteric bud:
Males:

Males:
Females:

Females:
P
E Urinary system
G
VS Gartner duct cyst- Kidney (Till DCT)
Collecting system-
Trigone-
UB-
Urethra-
Prostate-
Pharyngeal cleft-pouch derivatives
Cleft Adult derivatives
1st External auditory meatus, tympanic membrane

2nd – 4th Cervical sinus- obliterates;

Persist as Brachial cyst/sinus

Pouch Adult derivatives

1st Middle ear cavity, Eustachian tube, Mastoid,
Tympanic membrane
2nd Epithelial lining of crypts of palatine tonsil;
including crypta magna
3rd Thymus, Inferior parathyroid glands

4th Superior parathyroid glands

Ultimobranchial body (5th remnant)
Pharyngeal arch derivatives
Pharynge Bones Muscles Nerve Artery
al arch
1st Meckel’s cartilage, Maxilla, Muscles of mastication, V3 Maxillary artery
Mandible, Malleus and incus, Mylohyoid,
zygoMatic bone, Anterior belly of digastric,
sphenoMandibular ligament Tensor veli palatini,
2nd Reichert’s cartilage Muscles of facial expression, VII Stapedial artery
Stapes, Styloid process, Stylohyoid,
LeSSer horn of hyoid bone, Stapedius,Buccinator,
Stylohyoid ligament Platysma,
Posterior belly of digastric
3rd Hyoid bone (Body and Stylopharyngeus IX Common carotid and
greater horn) internal carotid

4th Laryngeal cartilages Cricothyroid, Vagus nerve (X) Left: Aortic arch
Levator palatini, Superior Right: Proximal right
Pharyngeal constrictors Laryngeal nerve subclavian artery
(+ 7TH intersegmental
artery + Dorsal Aorta)

6th All intrinsic muscles of Vagus nerve (X) PA

larynx (except cricothyroid) Recurrent DA
Cricopharyngeus laryngeal nerve
Ventral mesentery derivatives Dorsal mesentery derivatives
Lesser omentum (Hepatogastric Greater omentum
and Hepatoduodenal ligament)

Falciform ligament Gastrosplenic ligament

Triangular ligament of liver Lienorenal ligament
Coronary ligament of liver Gastrophrenic ligament
Mesentery of small intestine and
mesoappendix
UMBILICAL LIGAMENTS
Transverse and sigmoid mesocolon MEDIAN-
MEDIAL-
LATERAL-
• All tongue muscles supplied by except
• All palatal muscles supplied by except Left Umbilical vein-
• All pharyngeal muscles supplied by except
• All laryngeal muscles supplied by except
 Changes After Birth: Closing of Shunts
Shunt Functional Anatomical
closure closure
Ductus 2-3d 2 – 3 wks
arteriosus (10-15hrs)
Formamen ovale Within mins One year

Ductus venosus Within mins 3 – 7 days

Supracardinal Vein:

Subcardinal Vein:

Sub-Supracardinal Anastamosis:
CVS EMBRYOLOGY
Truncus arteriosus: Spiral septum:
Anterior:
Conus: Absence:
Non-spiral:
Bulbus cordis:

Body, Right horn (septum spurium):

Left horn:

Common cardinal vein:

Primitive pulmonary vein:

INNER VIEW OF HEART

1. Tricuspid Septal leaflet

2. Tendon of Todaro
3. Ostium of CS
Diaphragm

A.

B.

C.
D.
Upper Limb
CORACOID
Type of epiphyses:
Origin: Short head of biceps, Coracobrachialis
Insertion: P.minor
P GT:
T S
I
T
LT:

Intertubercular groove:
Pmj
LD
Tmj

Types of epiphysis
Clavipectoral fascia
Pressure Head of femur / humerus, lower end of radius, tibial condyles
Traction GT, LT of femur, mastoid process, GT and LT of humerus

Atavistic Coracoid process, Os trigonum

Aberrant Head of 1st metacarpal, Base of other metacarpals
Upper trunk:

Lower trunk:
Axillary sheath: Continuation of
Subclavian/ Axillary artery

Ant to Scalenus anterior:

Inter-scalene triangle:
PELVIS

Ischial spine
Contents of Ischiorectal fossa:
1. Pudendal nerve
2. Internal pudendal vessels
3. Inferior rectal nerve, vessels
4. Posterior scrotal nerves, vessels
5. Perforating cutaneous N. (S2, S3)
Lower limb

Gluteus maximus:
Function:
Gover sign
Iliotibial tract:
Gluteus minimus, medius:
Function:
DERMATOMES AND NERVE ROOTS
Nerve Dermatome
C5 Lateral antecubital fossa
C6 Thumb
C7 Middle finger
C8 Little finger
T1 Medial antecubital fossa
L2 Mid anterior thigh
L3 Knees
L4 Medial aspect of calf
L5 Dorsum of foot, Lateral calf MOTOR DTR
S1 Sole, Lateral foot
L2
L3
L4
L5
S1
S2
S3-S4-S5
CAUDA VS CONUS SYNDROME
Conus medullaris syndrome Cauda equina syndrome
Vertebral level L1 – L2 L2 – sacrum
Spinal level Sacral cord segment and roots Lumbosacral nerve roots
UMN + LMN LMN
Presentation Sudden and bilateral Gradual and unilateral
Radicular pain Less severe More severe
Motor strength Symmetrical, Asymmetric

Sensory Symmetrical and bilateral loss in Localized numbness at

perianal area saddle area, asymmetrical,
unilateral

Reflexes Ankle jerks affected Both knee and ankle jerks

Sphincter Early urinary and fecal Tend to present late

dysfunction incomtinence

Impotence Frequent Less frequent

Ankle and foot

NERVES of calf:
Anterior:
Lateral:
Posterior:
Layers of sole

Plantar arterial
arch between 3-4
Abdomen
Couinaud’s liver segments
 HISTOLOGY

IVD, symphysis, Cricoid, thyroid, Epiglottis,

Labrum, arytenoid, articular, Cuneiform,
articular disc trachea Corniculate, ET,
Pinna, EAC
GIT
-Mouth
-Esophagus
-Stomach
-SI
Duodenum: Broad villi, Brunner gland
Jejunum: Tongue shaped villi
Ileum:Flat vili, Peyer patches
-LI
-Anal canal : Above PL
Below PL

Respiratory tract
-PNS, Trachea, Bronchus, Proximal bronchiole:
-Terminal bronchiole:
-Respiratory bronchiole
-Alveolus
Uro-genital tract
-PCT, DCT
-Calyces, Ureter, UB
-Urethra
-Epididymis, Vas deferens
-Prostate gland
-Ovary-
-Fallopian tube-
-Uterus, endocervix-
-Ectocervix, Vagina-
JOINTS
SYN-ARTHROSIS=
AMPHI-ARTHROSIS=
FIBROUS
CARTILAGINOUS

SYNCHONDROSIS

SYMPHYSIS
JOINTS-SYNOVIAL

• Incus-stapes • Malleus-incus Atlanto- Atlanto- TMJ Ankle • Intercarpal

• Hip • 1st CMC occipital axial Knee Elbow • Intertarsal
• Shoulder • Calcaneo-cuboid IP • Acromio-
• Talo- • Sterno-clavicular clavicular
calcaneo- • Costo-
navicular transverse
• Costo-
vertebral
• Sterno-costal
except 1st
MUSCLES
Parallel arrangement: Thyrohyoid, Sternohyoid, Rectus abdominis, Fusiform: Biceps brachii,
digastric

Oblique arrangement:
• Triangular: Temporalis, adductor longus, trapezius
• Spiral or Twisted: Pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, trapezius
• Cruciate muscle : Sternocleidomastoid, adductor magnus
• Unipennate: Flexor pollicis longus, extensor digitorum longus
• Bipennate: Rectus femoris, flexor hallucis longus
• Multipennate: Tibialis anterior, subscapularis, deltoid
Composite muscle Nerve supply
Digastric Anterior belly: Nerve to mylohyoid (brance of mandibular
nerve)
Posterior belly: Facial nerve
Flexor digitorum profundus Medial half: Ulnar nerve
Lateral half: Anterior interosseous (branch of median nerve)
Adductor magnus Adductor part: Obturator nerve
Hamstring part: Tibial nerve
Biceps femoris Long head: Tibial nerve
Short head: Common peroneal nerve
Pectineus Anterior fibres: Femoral nerve
Posterior fibres: Obturator nerve
Brachilis Proprioceptive: Radial nerve
Motor: Musculocutaneous
Flexor pollicis brevis Superficial head: Median nerve
Deep head: Deep branch of ulnar nerve
Pectoraiis major and minor Medial and lateral pectoral nerves

Subscapularis Upper and lower subscapsular nerves

MISCELLANEOUS
Reticular fibres absent in:
Ligamentum flavum is rich in:
Dense irregular collagen in:
Superficial posterior compartment of leg:
Ansa cervicalis:
CCA division at the level of:
Transverse facial artery:

Structures crossed by root of mesentery:

3rd part of duodenum
Aorta, IVC
Right gonadal vessels, ureter, genitofemoral N
Right psoas