A GUIDE TO LEARNING

HIRAGANA
AND

K A TAKANA

Kenneth G. Henshall with Tetsuo Takagaki

CHARLES E. TUTTLE COMPANY

Rutland, Vermont & Tokyo, Japan
 A GUIDE TO LEARNING

HIRAGANA
AND

K A TAKANA

Kenneth G. Henshall with Tetsuo Takagaki

CHARLES E. TUTTLE COMPANY

Rutland, Vermont & Tokyo, Japan
PART rn: FINAL REVIEW
About Japan
Food Items Quiz H O W T O U S E T H I S BOOK
Flora and Fauna Quiz
Personal Names Quiz The main aim of this book is to help students achieve competence in reading and writing
Kana Word Search kana, the phonetic symbols that are fundamental to written Japanese. The book starts with
Quiz Answers a section entitled An Explanation of Kana, which contains everything the student will need
Do-It-Yourself Kana Charts to know about the two kana systems of hiraganu and kotakuna. Part I of the workbook sec-
The Iroha Verse tion then systematically introduces each hiragana symbol, voiced form, and combination,
and provides ample practice and review. Pan I1 does the same for katakana, while Part III
provides an overall review.

The Explanation of Kana outlines the function and origin of kana, the difference between
the two kana systems, the various sounds, the combinations, and the conventions of usage.
It attempts to be detailed and thorough so that it can be used for reference at any stage.
Though all the information about kana is grouped together in this one section for ease of
reference, it is not expected that the student will read it all before starting on the practice
pages. In fact, to do so might give the impression that kana are perhaps rather formidable,
which is not really the case at all. (Just ask any Japanese child!) We recommend that the
student start work on the hiragana practice pages after reading the first three subsections -
on the function, origin, and basic sounds of kana. After finishing practice of the forty-six
basic hiragana symbols the student should go back to the Explanation and read the subsec-
tion on additional sounds, then work through the rest of the hiragana practice pages before
moving on to the karakuna practice. The final subsection, on other points to note, is mostly
concerned with special karakana combinations and can be left until the appropriate point in
the kamkana practice pages, just prior to the final review. Students may modify this order,
but we recommend finishing practice of one kana system before moving on to the next.

In the practice pages of Parts I and I1 each kana symbol is allotted half a page, penitting
plenty of writing practice in the boxes given. We suggest working in pencil, rather than
ink, as this will allow for erasing and repeated use. Stroke order and a pronunciation guide
are also given for each symbol. In addition, for each symbol there is an illustration of its
graphic evolution from its "parent" character (see Explanation of Kana) and a reference
number for that character as it occurs in A Guide to Remembering Japanese Characrers
(Charles E. Tuttle Company, 1988), together with the character's pronunciadon. This may
be of interest to readers wishing to continue their studies of written Japanese to an advanced
level. (However, some of the original characters are no longer commonly used and there-
fore are not included in A Guide to Remembering Japanese Characters.)
After approximately every ten symbols there are "mini review" pages for further practice,
this time using whole words. These are cumulative, containing symbols not only from the
group just completed but from earlier groups. The mini reviews can be used purely for
copying practice, or, by covering the cue kana on the left side of the page, as more chal- A N EXPLANATION OF K A N A
lenging writing exercises. They can also be used as vocabulary exercises.

Part 111, the Final Review, contains exercises, quizzes, and "do-it-yourself' charts. Unlike The Function of Kana
the reviews in the first two parts it combines the two kana systems, as is natural in Japanese
texts. And for a more natural effect the boxes used earlier in the book to help achieve even Kana are purely phonetic symbols. Tnat is, they are written representations of pronuncia-
spacing and proper smoke lengths are dispensed with in this final part. tion. They can express the entire Japanese language in writing, though in practice the writ-
ten language uses a mixture of kana and kanji (characters taken from Chinese).
The words appearing in the reviews have k e n carefully chosen in keeping with an addi-
tional aim of this bmk, which is to expose readers to key words related to Japanese society There are two kana systems: karakana and hiraganu. Kczakizna is now mainly used for
and culture. The prime criterion for selecting review words was their suitability for practic- words taken from languages other than Chinese. Hircgam is the more important of the two
ing the h n a symbols, but we thought it would be helpful to students if in addition these systems, and is used for everything not written in h a h m or kanji. Kanji show meanings
words could, whenever possible, have panicular relevance to Japanese culture. About half of words, though they also have pronunciations. Normdly they are used for nouns and the
of the 450 or so vocabulary items in the book fall into this category. It is beyond the scope the unchanging part (the stem) of verbs, adjectives, and adverbs, while hiragana symbols
of the book to explain these in detail, but students who take the trouble to find out more are used for the changing pans (not3bly endings). For example, the verb iku means "go,"
about them will be rewarded with a broadened appreciation of Japan's society and culture. while ikanai means "not go." The stem is i-, and this is usually written with s kanji, while
In short, we intend that these words should be used as a sort of checklist for an exploration the variable endings -ku and -kanai are untten in hiraganu. Hiragana is also used to write
of Japan, rather than simply memorized as isolated vocabulary items. particles, and other words where kanji are not appropriate. To all intents and purposes the
two kana systems are not interchangeable, and are rarely mixed within a given word. The
Readers will occasionally encounter a semicolon between English equivalents given for a rule is: katakana for non-Chinese loan words, hiragana and kanji for the rest.
Japanese review word. This indicates that the Japanese word is a homophone, that is, a
word having a different meaning but the same sound as another. Normally these homo- The student of Japanese should ideally aim to leun all the two thousand kanji in common
phones would be written with different characters, but when expressed in phonetic kana use. They play a very practical role in graphically and distinctively conveying the meaning
script or romanization such differentiation is not possible. The English words separated by of a written statement, unlike a purely phonetic script, and thereby aid rapid understanding.
a semicolon thus refer to different Japanese words sharing the same kana form. (Commas And naturally, no one can expect to rsad unedited Japanese texts without a knowledge of
between English words simply indicate nuances of the same word.) It should also be noted kanji. However, learning the kanji is a time-consuming task. Many of them are structurally
that there is sometimes a subtle difference in intonation between "homophones," which can- complex, and many have a wide range of meanings and pronunciations.
not be determined from the kana or romanintion.
Kana, on the other hand, are much fewer in number, with only forty-six basic symbols in
Finally, readers are advised to seek specialist or native-speaker guidance on intonation and each of the two systems. They are simple to write, and, with very few exceptions, they
pronunciation. It should be appreciated that the pronunciation guides given in this book can have fixed pronunciations. If you don't know the kanji for a particular word, but know the
only ever be approximate, owing to the variety in pronunciation of the same English word pronunciation, you can just express that entire word in kana (hiragana, that is; remember
in different parts of the world. Also, some Japanese sounds cannot be precisely represented that katakana is for non-Chinese foreign words). In other words, while not ideal, kana
by English letters. The Japanese "r," for example, actually falls between the English "r" (hiragana) can substitute for kanji. This means that even beginners can express
and "d"But remember that, with both speaking and writing, practice makes perfect! themselves in functional written Japanese with relatively little effort.
 awkward, but that is really a problem relating to the Japanization of non-Japanese words,
The Origin of K a n a rather than to the kana system itself.

The word kana derives from karin eaning "borrowed name," for the kana symbols are Each of the two kana systems contains the same basic forty-six syllables, arranged in the
simplified forms of certain borrowed Chinese characters used for their sound (though, con- same order. The basic syllabaries are as follows (combined for convenience, with the kata-
fusingly, the same characters lent their meaning in other contexts). The prefix hira- means kana written slight1y smaller).
"ordinary," with connotations of "informal" and "easy," and in this particular case
"cursive." Thus hiragana means "ordinary (cursive) kana," and indeed hiragana has tradi-
VOWELS
tionally been the more commonly used of the two systems, and the more cursive. The hira-
gana symbols are simplifications of whole Chinese characters. For example, the kana &
(pronounced like the "a" in "car") derives from a cursive rendition of the character $
(pronounced "an"). Kata- means "one side" or "partial," pointing to the fact that karakana
symbols derive from one part of a Chinese character. For example, /I (pronounced like
"ee" in "meet") is the left-hand part of the character /1? (also pronounced "ee").

Both systems evolved around the end of the eighth century. In those early days hiragana
was used mostly by women, while men preferred to use the more angular karakana. How-
ever, these associations have long since disappeared.

The Basic Sounds Represented by K a n a

Kana symbols basically represent syllables, and the kana systems are therefore syllabaries
rather than alphabets. Generally the syllables are crisp and clear combinations of one con-
sonant and one following vowel, or one vowel by itself. There is only one consonant that
exists as a syllable and kana symbol in its own right, n.

The use of English letters to refer to Japanese sounds and symbols can produce a number
of apparent irregularities. Among other things a combination of consonant and vowel in
Japanese will not necessarily have the same pronunciation as in English. For example,
while ,$\ is found in the h group (see the table that follows), its pronunciation is actually
closer to the English sound "fun than "hu." To facilitate pronunciation the romanization This order is known as the gojbnjun, meaning "the fifty sounds order." In fact, there are
used in this book is a version of the Hepbum system, which transcribes -3 \ as fu rather now only forty-six basic symbols (sounds) officially in use. Yi, ye, and wu do not exist.
than h,but readers should appreciate that there is no direct equivalent in Japanese to an Wi ( A/$) and we ( 2 / f ) were officially removed from the list in 1946 since the
English "f." Similar cases of convenient but seemingly irregular romanization are found in sounds were considered sufficiently close to i and e to be represented by the symbols for
the s group and r group. This may begin to seem complicated, but in fact correspondence these. However, the symbols for wi and we are still encountered on rare occasions.
in Japanese between kana spelling and pronunciation is much simpler than in the case of
English and its alphabet. Attempts to express certain loan words in karakam can seem The gojrionjun is the standard order followed by dictionaries and other reference works. It
 VOWELS
is therefore particularly important to remember it. To this end, the following mnemonic, r I I 1

which is a modified version of one taught by Professors Dunn and O'Neill of the univer-
sity of London, may be helpful.

Ah, kana signs! Take note how many you read well (n).

The reader will have taken note of the fact that the first letters of these words follow the
gojConjun coilsonant headings. With apologies to mathematicians, even the syllable n (XI)
is represented, by the mathematical symbol "n" indicating the utmost number (in this case
92, the scm of the two kana systems).

The syiidde n ( A )is sometimes called the "independent n" but in fact it can never be used Ji and zu are written and q: except when they clearly derive from chi (6)
and fsu (7)
truly independently. Nor can it ever start a word. When working from romanization it is in compounds or repeated symbols. For example, hanaji (nosebleed, from h a m [nose] and
sometimes difficult to tell whether a non-initial n followed by a vowel is a syllable from the chi [blood]) is 1% @j': and rsuzuku (continue, from r s u r s h ) is 7 3-< .
n- group, or whether it is n ( A ) followed by an independent vowel. For example, rani
could be either lC(val1ey) or f i A b \(unit). Context usually makes this clear. To avoid A combination of a consonant and y- is known as a yoon, meaning "conuacted sound."
ambiguity some romanization systems use an apostrophe after the n that represents A. Any of the seven basic consonants k, s, t, n, h, m, or r, or voiced or half-voiced conso-
Thus ,(, ~l can be romanized as tan'i. Note also that in romanization & is sometimes nants, can be used. The symbol that represents these consonants plus i, for example
written as rn before a p, b, or m, as in shimbun for shinbun (newspaper). This practice is (ki) or 1(shi), is followed by a symbol from the y- group - either j a , yu, or yo as appro-
by no m a n s universally followed (and is not followed in this book), but its existence does priate. This second symbol is written smaller, whi!e tke i sound is barely pronounced and is
indicate one of the exceptional cases where the pronunciation of a kana symbol could be dropped in romanization. Thus kyo is expressed as 3k and shu (syu in some romaniza-
said to vary slightly according to context tion systems) as ~ S .P If the .& or + of our examples were written the same size as the
preceding symbols, then they would be treated as uncombined symbols and read kiyo or
shiyu respectively. Full tables are given below. (See also pp. 59-62.)
Additional Sounds Represented by Kana

In addition to the forty-six basic symbols, there are sixty-one classified modifications and
combinations in each system, and a few further special combinations as well. This may
sound alarming, but in fact it involves only a handful of new points to learn.

The first is the dakuon, meaning "voiced sound" or "hardened sound." Sounds starting
with the unvoiced consonants k, s, t, and h are voiced as g, zlj, dlzlj, and b respectively if
the diacritical marks ti are added to the upper right side of the basic kana symbol, as
shown in the following table. (See also pp. 52-56.) The table also shows handakuon,
meaning "half-voiced sound," which applies only to sounds starting with h. The addition
of a small circle o to the upper right side of the appropriate basic kana symbol changes the ---

pronunciation from h t o p (as opposed to changing it to b in the case of the full dakuon ). Note that combinations rarely occur.
Some consonants - essentially k, s, t, a n d p -can be doubled by inserting a small tsu (7 Other Points to Note
or v )in fiont of them. This combination is known as a sokuon (double consonant). Thus
g& (school term) is expressed as 8% 5. The little T or v is not pronounced as such, There are three common cases where kana usage is distinctly irregular. They all involve
but the consonant that follows it is given, as it were, a double amount of time for its pro- particles, namely the topic particle wa, the object particle o, and the directional particle e
nunciation. It is important to apply this extra time to the consonant only, and not to the fol- (meaning "to"). These words are written , ,and A respectively, and not ;h,&,
lowing vowel. Thus the word in our example should be pronounced gakki and not gakkii. and k
as might be expected. The irregularities result from the failure of writing conven-
These double consonants can never begin a word. (S& also pp. 57-58.) tions to keep pace with pronunciation changes over the last century or so.

Students commonly make the mistake of trying to write a double n, as in words like annai Certain further usages need to be noted with regard to katakana loan words only. These are
(guide), with a small 9 .The correct way is to use X / to represent the fust n. Thus annai relatively recent attempts to express non-Japanese words with greater accuracy, and tend to
&,
should be written ,,/ k L! be an extension of the yoon principle etc.) seen earlier. That is, they combine two
kana symbols, the fust one lending only its consonant sound and this fact being indicated
The lengthening of vowels (including the vowel sound of syllables in which a consonant by the small size of the second symbol. For example, "f' sounds can be approximated by
precedes the vowel) can also cause errors, especially in the case of the long o. In romaniza- following fu (7) with a small vowel. Thus fa,fl, fe, and fo are written as 77-,2 , 7~,
tion long vowels are usually indicated (if at all) either by writing the vowel twice or by a and 7' respectively. Similarly, "q" can be represented by ku (3) plus a small vowel, as in
macron, as in uu or zi for a long u. For loan words in karakana, a barlike symbol - (or ) T+(quarter). A German-style "z" (as in "Mozart") can be shown by rsu (HAplus a small
with vemcal script ) is used. Thus rabZ(rubber) is written ? t i - . In hiragana, the vow- vowel, i . e . , % - \ ~ ~ ) & ~ o z a r t ) ."She" (as in "shepherd"), "chew(as in "check"), and the
els a, i, u, and e are doubled by simply writing $, 1 1 , j ,or respectively after the pre- voiced version "je" are written as yz.$-+and 9s. Though not a consonant, u (13) is
ceding symbol. Thus okiisan (mother) is written h 5 A. (The doubling of a and e used in a similar type of combination, to produce "w" sounds. As mentioned earlier, the
actually occurs infrequently in hiragana. What sounds like a long e is usually e followed by sounds wi and we are still occasionally found expressed by 4 and respectively, but
i, as in -kkL ~ L ) , [teacher].) A long o can sometimes be formed by doubling in the
sensei nowadays are usually written as 13~ and 19,. Thus "whisky" (uis&) is usually written
same way as with other vowels, that is, by adding h',but it is more commonly formed by as X - . Theoretically 3 could be used for wo, but this has become so associated
adding j (u). Thus s6 (so, thus) is written ?!j . The long o that takes & was once pro- with the object particle o that 1 9 ~ is used instead. (Wa, however, is represented by '7 .)
nounced slightly differently from the long o that takes +, but that is no longer true, and it (4
In similar fashion, i ) can be followed by a small I:to express "ye." Thus "Yemen" is
is necessary to learn each word with a long o sound case by case. Fortunately, there are dL-)(;. Remarkably, an extension of the use of 13 has'seen diacritical marks added to it
only a few common words that require the addition of &' as opposed to j. These include in order to express "v." Thus "Venus" is j>- f)!,. The English sounds "ty" or "ti" (as
6kii (big, $,-$,-2L I), oi (many, &;h.L I), r6i (far, 2$ L 1 ), t8 (ten, k &'), and t6ri (way, in "part).") and their voiced equivalents "dy" and "di," which were once expressed rather
road, k f i [ J). Students should take particular care not to be misled by the common romani- unfaithfully by 4 and )" respectively, are now written as ?+ and f; . Thus "party"
3
zation practice of writing a long o as oo, when in hiragana it is usually & ( 0 )plus (u). is I\'- 5 -. The "tu" of "tuba" and the "du" of "due " can be expressed by +1and 7 2 ,
giving 5-,\" (tuba) and duet), while the "Tou" of "Toulouse" can be shown
Caution is also needed when transcribing from kana to romanization. Always check that an by b, (a voiced version is also possible).
apparent long vowel really is a long vowel, and not two unlinked vowels. A typical case of
the latter is a verb whose variable ending starts with the same vowel as the last vowel of the These combinations have very recently received official approval, panicularly when used in
stem, or appears to combine with it to make a long o. For example, the verb j,meaning proper nouns such as place names and personal names. However, there is also official rec-
"go with," should always be romanized as sou and not s6 or soo. (By contrast, l/i jmean- ognition of established usage, such as of b for v. This means that in practice some words
ing "thus," being a genuine long vowel, is romanized as so or soo.) Similarly, suu is the 2
can be written in a number of ways. "Violin" can be e i t h e r j ; ~$ I) y or] ('4 l) Ij for
romanization for the verb $ j (suck), rather than szi, and kiite is the way to romanize the example. In cases where a certain usage has become particularly firmly entrenched in the
suspensive 3 1 1 7 (listening), rather than kze. Japanese language the old rendition is favored, such as 5IL3 e-
Ji(mirukusEki) for
"milkshake" (but note that "Shakespeare" is =/r--?A EOr). At the same time, it is also
possible to make up new combinations as appropriate, such as 5.(ni) plus a small z (e)
to express the nye sound of the Russian nyet. In short, the student should be prepared for
a range of creative and sometimes inconsistent usages.

Katakam is very occasionally used for words other than loan words. For example, i t can
be used to emphasize or highlight words, such as entries in academic reference works, and
is also used in telegrams and certain military and official documents. In such cases, when
used for purely Japanese or Chinese-derived words, its conventions of usage are identical
to those of hiragana. Long vowels, for instance, are formed by adding the appropriate
vowel and not by a bar. Thus g* (school) is $:, 3 t ? , rather than $':> 7 -.

A ~ U Msymbol can be repeated by the special symbol 4 . This can also be used when the
second symbol is a voiced version of the fust, in which case it becomes 1". Where more
than one syllable is repeated, in vertical script only.( (or {" if the fust of the repeated
I
sounds is voiced) can be used, with the symbol covering two spaces. These repetition sym-
bols u e known collectively as odoriji (jump symbols). Students need to recognize them,
but should only use them, if at all, with caution. They are not compulsory, and have a num-
ber of resmctions on their usage. For example, they cannot be used where the first symbol
of one word is the same as the last symbol of the word that precedes it (as in kuroi ishi
meaning "black stone"), or similarly in compound words where the first symbol of the sec-
ond word coincides with the last symbol of the fust word (as in tama-matsuri meaning
"festival of the dead"), or where the-first symbol of a variable word ending is the same as
the last symbol of the word stem (as in Ri-kimasu meaning "listen"). Some examples of
c o r n usage:

,
mirni kagami iroiro samazama
(ear> (mirror) (various) (various)

Finally, students should learn the basic Japanese punctuation marks, known as kur8ten.
Full stops are written o (rnaru), and commas are written \ (ten). Quotation marks (kagi),
-l
are written I- in horizontal script and in vertical script
L
 HIRAGANA

ORIGIN (AN 223)

STROKE ORDER

as "a" in "car," but

shorter
PRACTICE

ORIGIN (I 419)

STROKE ORDER

as "ee" in "meet,"

PRACTICE
PEEL-
HIRAGANA HIRAGANA

ORIGIN (u 811)

STROKE ORDER STROKE ORDER

as "u" in "hula," bul as "0" in "or," but

shorter shorter
-I
PRACTICE PRACTICE

STROKE ORDER STROKE ORDER

as "caw in "car," but

shorter
PRACTICE PRACTICE
 ORIGIN (KI 1129) ORIGIN (KEI 105)

S T R O E ORDER STROKE ORDER

as "ki" in "keep," as "ke" in "keg"

but shorter I
PRACTICE PRACTICE

ORIGIN (KO 855)

STROKE ORDER STROKE ORDER

3s "Ku" in "Kuwait,' as "cowin "core,"

mt shorter but shorter
PRACTICE PRACTICE
ai love koe voice

ue above, top kaku write

oka hill oke w&ri bucket

kiku hear, ask; chrysanthemum kao face, honor

koke moss ie house, extended family

ike pond aki autumn

kau buy

eki station akai red

iku go aoi blue

koko here kioku memory

ekaki painter

hlpl5
I I
I
1
I
I
1I
I
I
I
II
I
II
I
I
I
II
I I
 HIRAGANA HIRAGANA

ORIGIN (SA 22)

STROKE ORDER STROKE ORDER

is "sawin "sarcasm," as "Su" in "Susan,"

)ut shorter but shorter
PRACTICE PRACTICE

ORIGIN (SHI, part of 1335) ORIGIN (SE 327)

STROKE ORDER STROKE ORDER

shi
as "she" in "sheep,"
but shorter
I
PRACTICE PRACTICE
. .
--*. ...! .
I .
I..

....
HIRAGANA HIRAGANA

ORIGIN (SO,part of ZO 741) ORIGIN (CHI 169)

STROKE ORDER STROKE ORDER

chi
as "so" in "sore," 1s "chee" in "cheek,'
but shorter )ut shorter
PRACTICE PRACTICE

ORIGIN (SU 304)

STROKE ORDER STROKE ORDER

tsu
as "tawin "tar," but is "tsu" in "tsunami'
shorter
PRACTICE PRACTICE
 HIRAGANA

"T ,
ORIGIN (TEN 58)
sushi sushi

tsuchi soil
1 STROKE ORDER

I
PRACTICE sake sake'; salmon
I I I I I I I
I I I I I
I I I I I

tetsu iron, steel

seki seat; cough

tatsu stand, leave; dragon

tochi land
STROKE ORDER

uta song, poem

as "to" in "tore,"
but shorter
PRACTICE koto thing; Japanese harp

suso hem
 ORIGIN (NA)
ta sea b m

teki enemy
STROKE OKDER / IL4

shichi seven
s "na" m "narcotic,'
lut shorter
ase sweat PRACTICE

sasu thrust; indicate

ORIGIN (NI 906)

laketsu season

arhh tomorrow
STROKE ORDER

satoi clever, sharp (of senses)

ktL) I I
I 1 I

sekitei
I
1
II
I
I
I
II
I

rock garden (Jauanese stvle)

I
I
II
I I
PRACTICE
1
i s "nea" in "neat,"
3ut shorter

chikatetsu subway
I I I
I I I
I I I I 1 1
HIRAGANA HIRAGANA

STROKE ORDER STROKE ORDER

as "noo" in "noon," as "no" in "north,"

but shorter I -

but shorter
PRACTICE PRACTICE

ORIGIN (HA 367)

1
3

Jl 2~&
STROKE ORDER STROKE ORDER

as "ha" in "harm,"
as "newin "net"
but shorter
PRACTICE PRACTICE
HIRAGANA

ORIGIN (HI 771) ORIGIN 384

/ /+ STROKE ORDER STROKE ORDER

as "hea" in "heat," as "he" in "hen"

but shorter
PRACTICE PRACTICE

ORIGIN (FU 572) ORIGIN (HO 787)

3
4
STROKE ORDER
I STROKE ORDER
.
L V

as "foo" in "fool," 3s"howin "horn,"

but with softer "f' but shorter
I
PRACTICE PRACTICE
MINI REVIEW - 1% / NA - HO
nmu' what hoshi star

hone bone

~uino cloth noki eaves

hjfu skin nicihi west

heta clumsy haiku haiku

I I I I I
I I I I I
I I I I I

hmur flower. blossom; nose kafana curved sword

fune boat netsuke carved figurine

kani crab tanrrki raccoon dog

him doll, fledglmg

hashi chopsticks; bridge; edge inoshishi wild boar

kinu silk hekotsu soldier

 ORIGIN 781)

STROKE ORDER STROKE ORDER

ma
as "ms" in "mark,"
but shorter
J PRACTICE
RJ lbut shorter
PRACTICE

ORIGIN (BI 376) ORIGIN (ME 35)

STROKE ORDER STROKE ORDER

IS "mea" in "meat,"
)ut shorter
PRACTICE PRACTICE
as "me" in "met"
I
HIRAGANA

ORIGIN ( ~ 210)
6 ORIGIN (XJ399)

STROKE ORDER STROKE ORDER

--

as "mowin "more," as "you" in "youth,'

but shorter but shorter
PRACTICE PRACTICE

ORIGIN (YA. part of CHI 167) ORIGIN (YO 1873)

STROKE ORDER STROKE ORDER

as "yawin "yard," as "Yo" in "York,"

but shorter but shorter
PRACTICE I PRACTICE
HIRAGANA HIRAGANA

rcmuZ mountain, hill Idmom kimono, clothing

sashimi sliced raw fish

I I I I I I 1 I I
I I I I I I
I I I 1 I I I I

Yarnato old name for Japan

I
I I I I I I
I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I

yukata cotton kinlono

miya shrine

kome uncooked rice emaki picture scroll

tsuyu dew hanami blossom viewing

mikoshi portable shrine

mafsu pine; wait ukiyoe woodblock print

m Japanese plum setomno porcelain

mum? chest, breast sukiyaki sukiyaki

 ORIGIN (WY~ 598) ORIGIN (RU 805)

STROKE ORDER I STROKE ORDER

as "rawin "mirage," as "ru" in "rule,"

but shorter but shorter
PRACTICE
I PRACTICE

ORIGIN (RI 596) ORIGIN (REI 413)

STROKE ORDER STROKE ORDER

but shorter
PRACTICE PRACTICE
 HIRAGANA
HIRAGANA

STROKE ORDER STROKE ORDER

as "rowin "roar,"
but shorter
EIIm as "owin "or," but
shorter
PRACTICE PRACTICE

ORIGIN (WA 416) ORIGIN W)

1- 1

7
STROKE ORDER STROKE ORDER

as "wa" in "watt"

PRACTICE PRACTICE
I
 HIRAGANA

wan bowl; bay uchiwa round fan

I

1
1 I I I I
I I I I I I
I I 1 I I I I

tera temple matsun festival

tsunr crane; to fish hotmu firefly

kore this m n futon

fur0 bath rekishi history

nori edible seaweed; paste wafuku Japanese clothing

hmu spring; to stretch riron theory

I I I I I I
vli;lhl
I I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

re i politeness; soul; example furoshiki cloth wrapper for parcels

I I I
I l l
I I I

shiro castle; white ha

rm harakiri

Nihon Japan Hinomaru Rising Sun Flag

sakura cherry blossom samumrn samurai

I 1 I I I I
I l l I l l
I I I I I I
HIRAGANA HIRAGANA

VOICED AND HALF-VOICED SOUNDS

ga as "ga" in "garden" but shorter da as "da" in "dark" but shorter

gi as "gee" in "geese" but shorter ji as "jee" in "jeep" but shorter

gu as "goo" in "goose" but shorter zu as "zoo" but shorter

ge as "ge" in "get" de as "dewin "desk"

go as "go" in "gore" but shorter do as "doo" in "door" but shoncr

zu as "za" in "bizarre" but shorter ba as "ba" in "bark" but shorter pa as "pa" in "park" but shorter

ji as "jee" in "jeep" but shorter bi as " h a " in "beak" but shorter pi as "pea" in "peak" but shorter

zu as "zoo" but shorter bu as "boo" in "boot" but shorter pu as "poo" in "pool" but shorter

ze as "ze" in "zest" be as "be"in "beg" pe as in "ppg"

zo as "zo" in "Azores" but shorter bo as "bowin "bore" but shorter po as "po" in "pork" but shorter
 HIRAGANA

REVIEW OF VOICED AND HALF-VOICED SOUNDS

I obi waist sash for kimono

I writing brush
I I I
mikado
I I I
old word for emperor
I I I 1
yl ' $yJ I I I I I I I I
1 I I I I I I I 1 I

I Zen Zen manga cartoon

I soba buckwheat noodles; side mikuji written oracle

I biwa lute; loquat ~b gangster

I @a wooden clogs nigiri rice ball

I Obon Buddhist festival tengu long-nosed goblin

I Kabuki Kabuki drama hanaji nosebleed

I ojigi bow (head) mizuwan' whisky and water

I WPo walk, stroll w njiru know, believe

I monpe old-style work pants daibutsu large statue of Buddha

HIRAGANA

REVIEW O F DOUBLE VOWELS AND CONSONANTS

kamikaze kamikaze like th2t; Oh!

origami origami ii good

senpai senior Z (ee) yes

bonsai bonsai kii sky, void, nothingness

ikebana ikebana

enpitsu pencil to ten

yokozuna sumo grand champion ti3 tower, pagoda

tenpura tempura tou ask

senbei rice cracker kappa mythical creature

hanafuda flower cards (game) shikki lacquenvare

Fujisan Mt. Fuji sum5 sumo

HIRAGANA HIRAGANA

COMBINED SOUNDS KYA -RYO 15y, -

wri sandals

sDji numeral

sho
y iigen tranquil beauty

gak& school
cha chu cho

k5yO red leaves

6kii big

k e d kendo
hya hyo

jingii shrine

firin wind chime

shinta Shinto

kiki airport
< ' j:zI.jl
I I I
1
I
1I
I
1I
I
I1

I
1I
I
1
I
HIRAGANA
HIRAGANA
VOICED COMBINED SOUhTDS GYA -B Y 0 I 2-q - pi REVIEW OF COMBINED SOUhDS

kydu guest, visitor

shoji sliding screen

byobu folding screen

jinja shrine

chanoju tea ceremony

geisha geisha

yakyii baseball
HALF-VOICED COMBINED SOUNDS PYA -PYO 1 0%- VJ -

enryo reserve, restraint

my@ family name

II Il lI
I I I I I I

kingyo goldfish
 HIRAGANA HIRAGANA

GENERAL REVIEW

Nikk6 place NG Noh

Sapporo place sabi elegant simplicity; rust

Osaka place semi cicada

Kyoto place gin' dutv. honor

-
I I I

[ % I b . ;j ;kJ
1 I I
I l l I I I
I I I I I I I I 1

Muromachi period 1392 - 1573 tako kite: octouus

I 1 I

I 1 I I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
l
I
l
I

Heisei period 1989 - hakama divided skirt

Kamakura period 1185 - 1333 urushi lacquer

I Honshii place home one's real intent

)Ii%&~ljaj~I
I Taishd
1 : :-:
1 1 1 1 : 1

period 1912 - 1926

: :
1 1 1 .
kokeshi stylized wooden doll
I 1 I I
i=IL\I~lSl+( I
I 1 I I 1
I
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
I

I JGmon
- period c. 8000 - c. 250 B.C.
[ I
c , l I
1 I I 1 I
I
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1
I
I
I
I
I
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I
I
1
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T6@0 place udon wheat noodles

r- ~ : + w k
I IL (
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1
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1
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1
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 HIRAGANA

kotafsu brazier, footwarmer haori short coat

I 1 I I 1 I I
I I 1 I I I
I I 1 I I I

a m childlike de~endence mekhi name card

Ebisu name of god of wealth odori dance

I I I I I

I I J I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I I

m iai interview for marriage kaisha company

I I I I I 1 I I I I I I 1

tiifu tofu menboku reputation, "face"

seibo year-end gift shinju pearl

shibumi astringency mugicha barley tea

aware pathos tenn6 emperor

gob meal, cooked rice shiigi Japanese chess

1 I I I I I
I l l I l l
I I 1 I I I

gagaku ancient court music onsen hot spring

1
or;
I
< I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
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1

mren shop curtain misoshiru miso soup

 ninja ninja

tokonoma decorative alcove

II

soro ban abacus KATAKANA

bunraku puppet theater

bent5 box lunch

shamisen sarnisen
I I I 1
I I I I I 1
I I I I I I I I
L l1 , I I* l ~I ' b I I I I I

-
ShG~atsu
I 1 I
New Year
I I I I I
1 1 1 1 I I I I
L I & + ~ $ Y : ~ I 1 1 I
I I I I
shakuhachi flute
I I I I

L1*l<lI~I~
1 I I I
I
I
I
I I
I I I
I
I
I
I
I
I
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koinobori carp streamer

I I I I I I I 1
I l l 1 I I I I
I I I I I 1 I I

ianken "scissors-paper-stone" game

 KATAKANA

ORIGIN (A)

STROKE ORDER

3s "a" in "car," but

jhorter
PRACTICE

STROKE ORDER A'

as "ee" in "meet,"
but shorter
PRACTICE
 ORIGIN (u 811) ORIGIN (0)

STROKE ORDER STROKE ORDER

as "u" in "hula," but as "0" in "or," but

shorter shorter
PRACTICE PRACTICE

ORIGIN O(A 431)

STROKE ORDER STROKE ORDER

as "cawin "car," but

shorter
PRACTICE PRACTICE
 KATAKANA

ORIGIN (a1129) ORIGIN (KAI 1059)

STROKE ORDER STROKE ORDER

1
1s"ki" in "keep,"
)ut shorter
WI as "ke" in "keg"
I 1
PRACTICE PRACTICE

ORIGIN (KO 855)

STROKE ORDER STROKE ORDER /

as "Ku" in "Kuwait,' 9s "CO" in "core,"
but shorter bct shorter
PRACTICE PRACTICE
 ORIGKN (SAN 492) ORIGIN (SU)

STROKE ORDER STROKE ORDER

SU

as "sa" in "sarcasm," as "Su" in "Susan,"

but shorter but shorter
PRACTICE PRACTICE

ORIGIN (SHI, part of 1335) ORIGIN (SE 327)

STROKE ORDER STROKE ORDER

shi
is "shee" in "sheep," as "se" in "set"
)ut shorter
PRACTICE PRACTICE
 ORIGIN (SO, part of Zb 741) ORIGIN (CHI 47)

' STROKE ORDER STROKE ORDER

chi
1s "chee" in "cheek,'
as "so" in "sore," )ut shorter
but shorter
PRACTICE PRACTICE

ORIGIN (TA 163) ORIGIN (SU X)4)

1- 1
2 3
Y
L\ b\ )%
STROKE ORDER STROKE ORDER - I------
ta
as "tawin "tar," but as "tsu" in "tsunami"
shorter I PRACTICE PRACTICE
L
KATAKANA KATAKANA

ORIGIN (TEN 58)

MWI REVIEW 7-b / A -TO
kdsu cutlet

a h ice
Ls-7

'--%- STROKE ORDER

Zsu ace

PRACTICE kZki cake

auto out (baseball)

&hi search
I I I 1 I I
I I I I I I
ORIGIN (TO-maru 129) I I I I I I I I

kGto coat; court (sports)

$It
I I
I
I
;
I
I
I
1I
I
1I 1I II 1I
I I I I

tsuii tour
STROKE ORDER

tesuto test

but shorter
PRACTICE

sekuto sect
I

( KATAKANA

&chi coach (sports)

sasu Sauce
STROKE ORDER

suh7 ski, skiing

as "na" in "narcotic,"
but shorter
takush? taxi PRACTICE

sutZki steak

sZlii sweater
1 I I I I 1
I l l I l l

-
I I I I I I I

siikasu circus

STROKE ORDER
2> -
Zkii acre
,
1 ]
akashia acacia PRACTICE I

sukFto skate, skating

 KATAKANA

I
ORIGIN (NUDO 1638) ORIGIN (NO/NAI)

STROKE ORDER STROKE ORDER

as "noo" in "noon," as "no" in "north,"

but shorter but shorter
PRACTICE PRACTICE

ORIGIN (NE)

STROKE ORDER STROKE ORDER

as "ha" in "harm,"
as "newin "net" but shorter
PRACTICE I PRACTICE
i
KATAKANA KATAKANA

ORIGIN (HI 771) ORIGIN 384)

STROKE ORDER STROKE ORDER -p

as "hea" in "heat," as "he" in "hen"

but shorter
PRACTICE PRACTICE

ORIGIN (FU 572) ORIGIN (HO 787)

1- 2

STROKE ORDER STROKE ORDER 3

l A

d..I
J 7

+
as "foo" in "fool,"
but with softer "f' Ias "ho"
but
in "horn,"
shorter
PRACTICE PRACTICE
 KATAKANA
KATAKANA

ORIGIN (MATSU 587) ORIGIN (Mv)

STROKE ORDER STROKE ORDER

as "ma" in "mark," 1s "moo" in "moon,'

~ u shorter
t
but shorter
PRACTICE PRACTICE

ORIGIN (MI 23) ORIGIN (ME 35)

STROKE ORDER STROKE ORDER

as "mea"in "meat," as "me" in "met"

but shorter 1 PRACTICE
PRACTICE
 KATAKANA
KATAKANA

I
ORIGIN ( ~ 210)
b ORIGIN W 399)

1
%

as "mowin "more,"
but shorter
I
I
m]WI
STROKE ORDER STROKE ORDER A

-L
1
1 yu
as "you" in "youth,"
but shorter
PRACTICE PRACTICE

ORIGIN (YA, part of CHI 167) ORIGW (YO 1873)

STROKE ORDER STROKE ORDER

--

as "ya" in "yard," as "Yo" in "York,"

but shorter but shorter
L
PRACTICE PRACTICE
KATAKANA

ORIGIN CRA/RYT) 598) ORIGIN (Ru 409)

STROKE ORDER STROKE ORDER

as "ru" in "rule,"
but shorter
PRACTICE PRACTICE

ORIGIN @596)
I ONGIN (RE1 413)

FI
STROKE ORDER STROKE ORDER

as "ree" in "reek," as "re" in "red"

but shorter
PRACTICE PRACTICE I
KATAKANA KATAKANA

ORIGIN (RO 256) ORIGIN (KO, part of 856)

STROKE ORDER STROKE ORDER

as "ro" in "roar," as "owin "or," but

but shorter shorter
PRACTICE

ORIGIN ( w A 416) ORIGIN (W

T
7 STROKE ORDER
STROKE ORDER

as "wa" in "watt"

PRACTICE
KATAKANA KATAKANA

VOICED AND HALF-VOICED SOUNDS

ga as "ga" in "garden" but shorter cia as "da" in "dark" but shorter

gi as "gee" in "geese" but shorter ji as "jee" in '3eep" but shorter

gu as "goo" in "goose" but shorter zu as "zoo" but shorter

ge as "ge" in "get" & as "dewin "desk"

go as "go" in "gore" but shorter do as "doo" in "door" but shorter

za as "za" in "bizarre" but shorter ba as "ba" in "bark" but shorter pa as "pa" in "park" but shorter

ji as "jee" in "jeep" but shorter bi as "bea" in "beak"but shorter pi as "pea" in "peak" but shorter

zu as "zoo" but shorter bu as "boo" in "boot" but shorter pu as "poo" in "pool" but shorter

ze as "ze" in "zest" be as "be"in "beg" pe "pe" in "pegm

zo as "zo" in "Azores" but shorter bo as "bo" in "bore" but shorter po as "powin "pork" but shorter
 KATAKANA

REVIEW OF VOICED AND HALF-VOICED SOUNDS

him office building dabmu double

zero zm

basu bus, bath

dansu dance jirm jeans

wZpuro word processor I

gaido guide, guidebook pachinko Japanese pinball

gorufu golf dedo dessert

I I I
I l l
I I I I I I

bZsu base p b n green p e u ~ e r

I I I I 1 I I I I 1
I I I I I I
I I I 1 1 I

arbon trousers I maipfiu at one's own s ~ e e d("mv ace")

-
4'

I r I I I1 I1 I1 1I I
gorira gorilla arubaito part-time job
I I I I I 1 I I
I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1
' KATAKANA
r,
-
COMBINED SOUNDS KYA - R Y 0 / 4 - 1) 3 VOICED COMBINED SOUNDS GYA -B Y 0 I y+- k';
kvo

, I
, sha shu sho

chu

1 nya

HALF-VOICED COMBINED SOUNDS PYA -PYO I e> - t03

 1 I ~ ! I ~ r ~ r I1 I L1 ; ~a
I I 11
; 1
I..

I 1 I I I I I 1
1 1 1 1 I I I I
I I I 1 I I I I I I

Ja]!EM 9 M

I 1 I I 1 I I 1
1 1 1 1 I I I I
I I I I I I I I

Suorqmrr rc&m
 KATAKANA
(-

(I REVIEW THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PLACE NAMES

A iia Asia Mosukuwa Moscow

I Betonarnu Vietnam
i Suku Switzerland

I Rbma Rome
I I I I I 1 I I I I
I I I I I I I I I
U I - I T
I I I I I I I I 1 I
I
Kyiiba Cuba
I Kanada Canada
I I I I 1 1 I I
I I I I I I I I
I I I I I 1 I I
I
Doifsu Germany win Vienna

I Atene Athens Furansu France

I Puraha Prague Yoroppa Europe

1
I I 1 I 1 I I I
I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I 1 I
I
Amerika America F iripin Philippines

I I I I I
) I
I
I
1
I
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

I Oranda Holland Bagudaddo Baghdad

I I1 I I1 I 1I I I
I I I I I I I I

I I,girisu England Echwpia Ethiopia

I I I I I
I
I
II I
I
I
I
I1
I
1I
1
I
I
I
I 1
MeGhiko Mexico Noruwt Norway
I I 1 I 1 I 1 I
I I I I I I I I
I I I 1 I I I I
 I Jakaruta Jakarta

1 Sanchiago Santiago
I I1

I Patsumasu Portsmouth FINAL REVIEW

,$LkyI+x
I I I I
II I
I
I
I
II II
I
I
I
II
I
II
I

Hariuddo Hollywood
I

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I I I I I I I I
I I 1 I I I I I

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Myunhen
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Munich
1 I I I I
I I I I I I I I
J ' l q l yp l :
I I 1 I I I I I I I I

I Guatemara Guatemala
I I I 1
I I I I
I I I I

I MamsZyu Marseilles
I 1 1 1 I
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I 1 1
I
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1 Betsurehemu Bethlehem

I
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II I II
1
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I Dieppu
-- Dieppe
-
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II II
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II
I
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I BenechialVenechia Venice
I I 1 I I I I 1

17 I
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1
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1 --
I ChunijialTunijia Tunisia
; ; -~ i 7I
2 I I

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 FINAL REVIEW

ABOUT JAPAN
Copy each line in the space provided.
P L \3 $" 2 +- 2 L a 3 1- 12
FINAL REVIEW FINAL REVIEW,

FOOD ITEMS QIJIZ

Fill in t
k blanks with appropriate r o m a n i ~ t i o n .

egg
bread
coffee
confectionery
pork
beer
izmon tea
fruit
soy sauce
cheese
butter
omelette
vegetable
apple
Chinese noodles
yoghurt
sugar
biscuit
fermented soybean
juice
herring roe
custard pudding
mikan orange
parfait
venison
I- FINAL REVIEW FINAL REVIEW
,-

FLORA AND FAUNA QUIZ PERSONAL NAMES QUIZ

r
Fill in the blanks with hiragam (H) or kat~kona(K) as appropriate. Underline the kana error in each name and write the correct version in the blank.
/

' / 1. inum) dog Jiro (Jir6)

1 2. sakana (H) fish Carole (Kyaroru)

'
1 3. raion (K) lion Reiko
4. &em) bamboo Norman (NGman)
I 5. kaede (H) maple Teruo
I Wendy (Wend;)
6. yiikari (K) eucalyptus
I
7. tsubaki (H) camellia Masayoshi
I
1 8. chiirippu (K) tulip Vanessa (Vanesa)
1 9. maguro (H) tuna Akemi
1 10. koara (K) koala bear Dwight (Dowaito)
I 11. nihonzaru (H) Japanese monkey Kenichi (Ken'ichi)
1 12. kangarii (K) kangaroo
13. n e m i (H) mouse, rat Yukiko
14. ajisai(H) hydrangea Julie (Ju;)
, 15. haibisukasu (K) hibiscus Orie
I
16. hyG(H) leopard Sophie (S6fi)
I
17. kZnEshon (K) carnation Tsutomu
I
18. kabutomushi (H) Goliath beetle William (Wiriarnu)
I
1 19. hebi (H) snake
1 20. pengin (K) penguin Jack (Jakku)
' 1 21. hirame (H) flatfish Sawako
\
1 22. botan (H) peony David (Deviddo)
i
1 23. mahog&(K) mahogany Nozomu
i
I '' 24. suisen(H)
25. ichG (H)
narcissus
gingko
Elizabeth (Erizabesu)
Russell (Rasseru)
I
 FINAL REVIEW

KANA WORD SEARCH QUIZ ANSWERS

Food items Flor atfauna

tamago
Pm
khi
kashi
butaniku
bTru
rernon d
kudarnono
shoyu
chizu
batS
omuretsu
yasai
ringo
rzmen
ybguruto
sat0
bisuketto
natt6
jiisu
kazunoko
purin
mikan
parufe
benisodvenison

Find the fifty words below in the square above, moving in a straight line in any direction
including diagonals. The first thirty words are in hiragana, the rest katakana. (We found
over 200 other hiraguna words, most of two symbols and not found elsewhere in this ENGLISH VERSION OF "ABOUT JAPAN"
book How many can you find? Fifty or more means you have a good vocabulary.)
* * * * * Let's look at an atlas. Japan is a long, thin country lying on a north-south axis to the
&girva:oku (staff passed over for promotion), tsuri&gu (fishing gear), haragei (non- east of the Asian mainland. It's about the same size as the state of California in
verba! communication), shitsurei (rudeness), kanji (character), fugu (blowfish), hinoki America. It consists of four nuin islands. The largest is Honshu, with Tokyo at its
(cypress), kanemochi (rich person), ganbaru (try your best), darwna (Buddha doll), yuki midpoint. The beautiful Mount Fuji is also found on this island. The next largest is
(snow), lute (verticality), oya (parent), uchi (home, inner group), sewa (care), ongaeshi Hokkaido, the northernmost island. Summer here is cool, and in winter heavy snow
(repayment of favor), tsukimi (moon viewing), umeboshi (pickled plum), nemawashi makes skiing and skating possible. Kyushu, the third largest island, lies to the
(behi-the-scenes maneuvering), mwubu (bind), nukeru (be rnissing),funcraro (home- south, so it's warm here even in wintzr. The fourth largest, Shikoku, is noted for
town), arne (rain), hosoi (slender), kaiko (silkworm), heta (unskilled), tanin (stranger), rnikan oranges from its northern half and fish from the south.
yoroi (armor), nama (raw), mizu (water); nairon, kiosuku, gurafu, dezain, terebi, hosu-
teru, warutsu, gasorin, furonto, puropera, purezento, kaunto, pasokon, misairu, tarento,
rajio, gornu, masuto, denimu, yoga. (Look up the katakana words you don't know.)
1

FINAL REVIEW
, 'FINAL REVIEW

r
DO-IT-YOURSELF KANA CHARTS Basic Voiced Sounds
Fill in the following charts, writing hiragana in the left part of each box and katakizna
in the right. Then check your entries against the charts in the Explanation of Kana.

Basic Kana Symbols

VOWELS

Basic Combinations Voiced Combinations

gya gyu
gY
Ja Ju
j
Ja JU

j
 THE IRO!fA 'VTfZSE
7'hc imha verse was written a b u t a ttwcsrld years ago. Thoggh based upon a
:c:~c!:lng of Buddhism its mair: use is fw ~,:itin,qpractice, for i: inclcdes all of
this Lzm syn;b!s with h e exception of the 51:sln (A).In ancient times mu ( 2)
..+.asc ~ where
d X, is u v d today. The order of symbols in the verse - panic-
ti:--.the first half dozen - is in;pnsn; becnasc it is still sonxtines fdiowed
1;) lisdngs, in sirnilx fashion to the English order "a, b, c."

-ry copying out the verse in the space a: the foot of the page.
1

71s modem romanized version is: Iro wa nioedo chirinuru o i Waga yo tare zo
rsuru nuran I Ui no okuyama kyd b e r e / Asaki ywne miji ei nw sezu.

A liienl paraphrase is: "Colors are fragrant, but they fade away. In this world
of ours none lasts forever. Today cross the high mountain of life's illusions
[i.e., rise above this physical world], and there will be no more shallow dream-
ing, no more drunkenness [i.e., there will be no more uneasiness, no more
temptations]."

The above translation is given in the appendices of the Japanese - English Char-
acter Dictionary (edited by A. Nelson, published by Charles E. Tuttle Company,
1963). Readers who wish to learn more about the historical use of kana, such
as bt-s ,for the modem 31 j , are recommended to consult this wor!!.