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    Examples

    Question 1. Calculate the pH of 20 ml of the aqueous solution containing NH3 1M (Kb = 1.8*10-5).
    Then calculate the pH of the solution obtained by mixing the previous solution with 5 ml of HCl
    solution 0.8 M.

    Question 2. Calculate the solubility of KClO4 in water (Ksp = 2*10-2). Predict (qualitatively) if the
    solubility of this salt will increase or decrease in aqueous solution of KCl.

    Question 3. Give the IUPAC name, determine the hybridization for each carbon atom in the
    following compound and predict the possibility of isomerism in this molecule.

    Question 4. Based on their structure, rank the following compounds according to their solubility
    in water (the highest to the lowest). Explain your choice.

    (A) (B) (C)


    Solutions

    1. NH3 is a weak base, therefore


    [OH-] = √CbKb = √1*1.8*10-5 = 0.004
    pOH = 2.37
    pH = 11.63

    NH3 + HCl = NH4Cl

    Beginning (moles) 0.02 0.004 --


    Equilibrium 0.02-0.004 = 0.016 -- 0.004

    Excess of base in the presence of the salt with a strong acid → buffer solution, basic

    [OH-] = Kb(Cb/Cs) = Kb(nb/ns) = 1.8*10-5 (0.016/0.004) = 0.000072 M


    pOH = 4.14
    pH = 9.86

    2.
    KClO4 = K+ + ClO4–
    Equilibrium S S

    Kps = [K+] · [ClO4–] = S · S = 2*10-2


    S = √2*10-2 = 0.14 mol/l and = 19.4 g/l
    The solubility of KClO4 will decrease in a solution containing K+ ions (common ion effect)

    3. 5-chloro-2-pentanone, no geometrical nor optical isomerism, hybridization of C 2 is sp2,


    Carbons 1, 3, 4, 5 are hybridized sp3.

    4. (B) > (A) > (C)


    H-bonds between water and A and B, B has the shortest Carbon chain. Hydrocarbons are insoluble
    in water.
    Question 1. Calculate the pH of an aqueous solution 2.0 M HNO2. Then calculate the pH of the
    solution obtained after reaction of 50.0 mL of 2.0 M HNO2 with 100.0 ml of 1.0 M KOH.
    (Ka = 4.0*10-4).

    Question 2. PbCl2 is a poorly soluble solid. Its solubility product in water is Ksp = 1.7*10-5 at
    20°C. Calculate the solubility in mol l-1 and in gram l-1.
    Qualitatively, predict if the solubility will increase or decrease in a NaCl aqueous solution.

    Question 3. Give the IUPAC name, determine the hybridization for each Carbon atom in the
    following compound and predict the possibility of isomerism in this molecule.

    Question 4. Based on their structure and functional groups, rank the following compounds
    according to their boiling point (the lowest to the highest). Explain your choice.

    A B C

    Solutions
    Question 1.

    [H3O+] = √2.0*4.0*10-4 = 2.8*10-2, pH = 1.5

    HNO2 + KOH = KNO2 + H2O

    Initial 0.05*2 = 0.100 0.1*1 = 0.100

    Equil. 0 0 0.100

    The number of moles of the acid equals the number of moles of the base, in solution there will be
    only a salt giving basic hydrolysis

    NO2- + H2O = HNO2 + OH-


    Cs = 0.1/0.150 = 0.67 M

    [OH-] = √10-14*0.67/4*10-4 = 4.1 *10-6

    pOH = 5.39 and pH = 8.61

    Question 2.

    PbCl2 = Pb2+ + 2Cl–


    Equilibrium S 2S
    Kps = [Pb2+] · [Cl–]2 = (2S)2 · S = 1.7*10-5
    then
    S = 1.62·10–2 mol/l and 278*1.6·10–2 = 4.45 g/l

    Overall, due to the common-ion effect (Cl- ions are common to both salts) the solubility of the salt
    decreases with the added sodium chloride.

    Question 3. Give the IUPAC name, determine the hybridization for each carbon atom in the
    following compound and predict the possibility of isomerism in this molecule.

    Question 4.

    A B C

    C< A < B
    B : polar molecule, with H-bonds (donor and acceptor), B polar molecule (dipole-dipole
    interactions), C almost not polar
    Question 1. Calculate the pH of aqueous solution 0.100 M of propanoic acid (CH3CH2COOH, Ka =
    1.3 ×10-5). Calculate the pH when 40.0 mL of this solution is mixed with 30 ml of a solution 0.100
    M NaOH.

    Question 2. Evaluate the solubility in mol l-1 and in gram l-1 of Fe(OH)2 in water (Ksp = 4.1*10-15).
    Qualitatively, predict how the solubility of Fe(OH)2 will change at decreasing pH (by addition of
    acid compound).
    Question 3. Give the IUPAC name, including the isomerism, and determine the hybridization
    for each Carbon atom in the following molecule.

    Question 4. List the following compounds in order of decreasing boiling point (i.e. from the highest
    boiling point to the lowest). Explain your choice.

    A B C D

    SOLUTIONS

    Question 1.

    [H3O+] = √0.1*1.3*10-5 = 1-3*10-3, pH = 2.94

    CH3CH2COOH + NaOH = CH3CH2COO-Na+ + H2O

    Beginning (moles) 0.1* 0.04 = 0.004 0.100*0.03 = 0.003 -- --


    -
    Equilibrium 0.004 – 0.003 = 0.001 0 0.003
    excess of weak acid, therefore in solution there will be the salt and the remaining acid, forming a buffer
    acidic solution

    [H3O+] = 1.3*10-5 * 1·10-3 /3·10-3 = 4.3*10-6


    pH = 5.36

    Question 2.
    Fe(OH)2 = Fe2+ + 2OH–

    Equilibrium S 2S

    Kps = [Fe2+]*[OH–]2 = S·(2S)2 = Ksp = 4.1*10-15 , S = 1*10-5 M and 9.6*10-4 g/l

    Question 3.

    (E) 3-chloro-2-hexene, geometric isomer, carbons 2 and 3 sp2 hybridization, other Carbons sp3
    hybridization

    Question 4.

    D>B>A>C

    Molecules with similar molecular weight, D: polar molecule with 2 groups forming H-bonds, B
    polar molecule with 1 group forming H-bonds, A polar molecule, n H-bonds, C apolar molecule,
    weakest interactions

    Question 1. Calculate the pH of an aqueous solution 0.2 M of the weak acid HCN (Ka = 2*10-4).
    Calculate the pH of the aqueous solution obtained by mixing 500 ml of the same HCN solution with
    400 ml of KOH 0.25 M solution.

    Question 2. Calculate the solubility in water of CaF2 expressed in units of moles per liter and grams
    per liter (Ksp = 3.9*10-11). Qualitatively, how does the solubility of CaF2 change in a CaCl2
    solution?

    Question 3. Give the IUPAC name and determine the hybridization for each carbon atom in the
    following compound.
    Question 4. Based on their structure, rank the following compounds according to their solubility
    in water. Explain your choice.

    A B C

    SOLUTIONS

    1.
    HCN + KOH = KCN + H2O

    Beginning (moles) 0.2*0.5 = 0.1 0.4*0.25 = 0.1 -- --

    End 0 0 0.1

    [H3O+] = √KaCa = √2*10-4 * 0.2 = 6.32*10-3 M


    pH = 2.2
    There is an equivalence of acid and base → in solution there will be the salt, which gives a basic
    hydrolysis, thus pH > 7.0
    CN- + H2O  HCN + OH-

    Cs = 0.1/0.9 = 0.11 M
    [OH−] = √Kw ·Cs/Ka = √10−14·*0.11/2*10-4 = 2.3*10-6 M
    pOH = -log [OH-] = 5.63 and pH = 14 – 3.63 = 8.37
    2. If S is the molar solubility, CaF2 dissociates into:
    CaF2 = Ca2+ + 2F-
    Equilibrium S 2S
    Kps = [Ca2+] * [F–]2 = S * (2S)2 = 4S3 = 3.9*10-11
    then
    S = 2.136*10-4 corresponding to 1.67*10-2 g/l
    The solubility decreases in a CaCl2 solution: common ion effect

    3. 1,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone, sp2 hybridization of Carbon 2, sp3 hybridization of other Carbon


    atoms

    4. C > A > B

    A and C: both H-donor and H-acceptor functional groups, but A exhibits more Carbon atoms; B:
    hydrocarbon, no polarity, not soluble in water

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